Association between ZIP10 gene expression and tumor aggressiveness in renal cell carcinoma

Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets

Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.

Roles of zinc in cancers: From altered metabolism to therapeutic applications

Zinc (Zn) is a crucial trace element involved in various cellular processes, including oxidative stress, apoptosis and immune response, contributing to cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of Zn homeostasis occurs in certain cancers. This review discusses the role of Zn in cancer and its associated components, such as Zn-related proteins, their potential as biomarkers and the use of Zn-based strategies for tumor treatment. ZIP and ZnT proteins regulate Zn metabolism under normal conditions, but their expression is aberrant in cancer. These Zn proteins can serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers, aiding in early cancer detection and disease monitoring. Moreover, targeting Zn and its pathways offers potential therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Modulating Zn biodistribution within cells using metal-binding agents allows for the control of downstream signaling pathways. Direct utilization of zinc as a therapeutic agent, including Zn supplementation or Zn oxide nanoparticle administration, holds promise for improving the prognosis of cancer patients.

From zinc homeostasis to disease progression: Unveiling the neurodegenerative puzzle

Zinc is a crucial trace element in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as oxidative stress, neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and DNA repair. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) family members are responsible for exporting intracellular zinc, while Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) are involved in importing extracellular zinc. These processes are essential for maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis. Imbalances in zinc metabolism have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in zinc levels can impact the survival and activity of neurons, thereby contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through mechanisms like cell apoptosis regulation, protein phase separation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, conducting a systematic review of the regulatory network of zinc and investigating the relationship between zinc dysmetabolism and neurodegenerative diseases can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Additionally, it may offer new insights and approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

SLC39A10 promotes malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells by activating the CK2-mediated MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways

Solute carrier family 39 member 10 (SLC39A10) belongs to a subfamily of zinc transporters and plays a key role in B-cell development. Previous studies have reported that its upregulation promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing the influx of zinc ions (Zn2+); however, its role in gastric cancer remains totally unclear. Here, we found that SLC39A10 expression was frequently increased in gastric adenocarcinomas and that SLC39A10 upregulation was strongly associated with poor patient outcomes; in addition, we identified SLC39A10 as a direct target of c-Myc. Functional studies showed that ectopic expression of SLC39A10 in gastric cancer cells dramatically enhanced the proliferation, colony formation, invasiveness abilities of these gastric cancer cells and tumorigenic potential in nude mice. Conversely, SLC39A10 knockdown inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation. Mechanistically, SLC39A10 exerted its carcinogenic effects by increasing Zn2+ availability and subsequently enhancing the enzyme activity of CK2 (casein kinase 2). As a result, the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways, two major downstream effectors of CK2, were activated, while c-Myc, a downstream target of these two pathways, formed a vicious feedback loop with SLC39A10 to drive the malignant progression of gastric cancer. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SLC39A10 is a functional oncogene in gastric cancer and suggest that targeting CK2 is an alternative therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer patients with high SLC39A10 expression.

The role of cell surface proteins gene expression in diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance of colorectal cancer: In silico analysis and validation

Cell surface proteins (CSPs) are an important type of protein in different essential cell functions. This study aimed to distinguish overexpressed CSPs in colorectal cancer to investigate their biomarker, prognosis, and drug resistance potential. Raw data of three datasets including 1187 samples was downloaded then normalization and differential expression were performed. By the combination of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) clinical data, survival analysis was carried out. Information of all CSPs was collected from cell surface protein atlas. The role of each candidate gene expression was investigated in drug resistance by CCEL and GDSC data from PharmacoGX. CRC samples including 30 tumor samples and adjacent normal were used to confirm data by RT-qPCR. Outcomes showed that 66 CSPs overexpressed in three datasets, and 146 CSPs expression associated with poor prognosis features in TCGA data that TIMP1 and QSOX2 can associate with poor patient survival independently. High-risk patients illustrated more fatality than low-risk patients based on the risk score calculated by the expression level of these genes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that 39 CSPs as perfect biomarkers for diagnosis in CRC. Furthermore, QSOX2 and TIMP1 expression levels increased in tumor samples compared to adjacent normal samples. The Drug resistance analysis demonstrated ADAM12 and COL1A2 up-regulation among 66 overexpressed CSPs caused resistance to Venetoclax and Cyclophosphamide with a high estimate, respectively. Many CSPs are deregulated in CRC, and can be valuable candidates as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance.

SLC39A10 Upregulation Predicts Poor Prognosis, Promotes Proliferation and Migration, and Correlates with Immune Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Recent evidence has shown that Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 10 (SLC39A10) promoted tumor progression in several cancer types. The study intended to explore the expression and function of SLC39A10 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Multiple bioinformatics analyses were used to evaluate SLC39A10 expression and potential role in HCC. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm SLC39A10 expression. Intro studies were performed to assess the effects of SLC39A10 on HCC cells proliferation and migration. Furthermore, flow cytometry was conducted to identify its specific function in apoptosis of HCC.

Results

SLC39A10 was significantly over-expressed in HCC samples from both bioinformatic databases and our cohort. Survival analyses suggested patients with high expression of SLC39A10 had poor overall survival and disease-free survival (P-value <0.01). Further, the expression of SLC39A10 was positively correlated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and some immune checkpoints like CTLA4, TIM3 and TGFB1. In HCC cell lines, SLC39A10 knockdown inhibited cells proliferation and migration, but promoted apoptosis.

Conclusion

An increased SLC39A10 expression was found and served as an unfavorable indicator of survival in HCC. Further studies suggested SLC39A10 promotes tumor aggressiveness and may provide a novel target for HCC therapy.

Toward unzipping the ZIP metal transporters: structure, evolution, and implications on drug discovery against cancer

The Zrt-/Irt-like protein (ZIP) family consists of divalent metal transporters, ubiquitous in all kingdoms of life. Since the discovery of the first ZIPs in the 1990s, the ZIP family has been expanding to contain tens of thousands of members playing key roles in uptake and homeostasis of life-essential trace elements, primarily zinc, iron and manganese. Some family members are also responsible for toxic metal (particularly cadmium) absorption and distribution. Their central roles in trace element biology, and implications in many human diseases, including cancers, have elicited interest across multiple disciplines for potential applications in biomedicine, agriculture and environmental protection. In this review and perspective, selected areas under rapid progress in the last several years, including structural biology, evolution, and drug discovery against cancers, are summarised and commented. Future research to address the most prominent issues associated with transport and regulation mechanisms are also discussed.

Large-Scale Analysis Reveals Gene Signature for Survival Prediction in Primary Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary central nervous system tumour. Despite extensive therapy, GBM patients usually have poor prognosis with a median survival of 12–15 months. Novel molecular biomarkers that can improve survival prediction and help with treatment strategies are still urgently required. Here we aimed to robustly identify a gene signature panel for improved survival prediction in primary GBM patients. We identified 2166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using meta-analysis of microarray datasets comprising of 955 samples (biggest primary GBM cohort for such studies as per our knowledge) and 3368 DEGs from RNA-seq dataset with 165 samples. Based on the 1443 common DEGs, using univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with multivariate Cox regression, we identified a survival associated 4-gene signature panel including IGFBP2, PTPRN, STEAP2 and SLC39A10 and thereafter established a risk score model that performed well in survival prediction. High-risk group patients had significantly poorer survival as compared with those in the low-risk group (AUC = 0.766 for 1-year prediction). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that predictive value of the 4-gene signature panel was independent of other clinical and pathological features and hence is a potential prognostic biomarker. More importantly, we validated this signature in three independent GBM cohorts to test its generality. In conclusion, our integrated analysis using meta-analysis approach maximizes the use of the available gene expression data and robustly identified a 4-gene panel for predicting survival in primary GBM.

The ZIP6/ZIP10 heteromer is essential for the zinc-mediated trigger of mitosis

Zinc has been known to be essential for cell division for over 40 years but the molecular pathways involved remain elusive. Cellular zinc import across biological membranes necessitates the help of zinc transporters such as the SLC39A family of ZIP transporters. We have discovered a molecular process that explains why zinc is required for cell division, involving two highly regulated zinc transporters, as a heteromer of ZIP6 and ZIP10, providing the means of cellular zinc entry at a specific time of the cell cycle that initiates a pathway resulting in the onset of mitosis. Crucially, when the zinc influx across this heteromer is blocked by ZIP6 or ZIP10 specific antibodies, there is no evidence of mitosis, confirming the requirement for zinc influx as a trigger of mitosis. The zinc that influxes into cells to trigger mitosis additionally changes the phosphorylation state of STAT3 converting it from a transcription factor to a protein that complexes with this heteromer and pS³⁸Stathmin, the form allowing microtubule rearrangement as required in mitosis. This discovery now explains the specific cellular role of ZIP6 and ZIP10 and how they have special importance in the mitosis process compared to other ZIP transporter family members. This finding offers new therapeutic opportunities for inhibition of cell division in the many proliferative diseases that exist, such as cancer.

Dietary Intakes of Trace Elements and the Risk of Kidney Cancer: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

Background: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated separately that patients with kidney stone may have higher dietary intake of zinc and higher risk of developing kidney cancer. We prospectively assessed the associations of dietary zinc and other trace elements with kidney cancer risk for the first time.Methods: We used data from the prospective Singapore Chinese Health Study that recruited 63,257 adult Chinese residing in Singapore between 1993 and 1998. A validated food frequency questionnaire and the Singapore Food Composition Database was used to compute the values of intake for zinc, copper and manganese. We identified incident cancer cases via linkage with nationwide cancer registry, and used Cox proportional hazard models to compute hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association with kidney cancer risk.Results: There were 229 incident kidney cancer cases after median follow-up of 20.1 years. Dietary zinc intake was positively associated with higher kidney cancer risk; the HR comparing the extreme quartiles of zinc intake was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.02-2.97; P-trend = 0.033). Conversely, intakes of copper and manganese were not associated with kidney cancer risk.Conclusions: The positive association between dietary zinc and risk of kidney cancer suggests that zinc may be implicated in renal carcinogenesis.

Zinc dysregulation in cancers and its potential as a therapeutic target

Zinc is an essential element and serves as a structural or catalytic component in many proteins. Two families of transporters are involved in maintaining cellular zinc homeostasis: the ZIP (SLC39A) family that facilitates zinc influx into the cytoplasm, and the ZnT (SLC30A) family that facilitates zinc efflux from the cytoplasm. Zinc dyshomeostasis caused by the dysfunction of zinc transporters can contribute to the initiation or progression of various cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. In addition, intracellular zinc fluctuations lead to the disturbance of certain signaling pathways involved in the malignant properties of cancer cells. This review briefly summarizes our current understanding of zinc dyshomeostasis in cancer, and discusses the potential roles of zinc or zinc transporters in cancer therapy.

Cloning, function, and localization of human, canine, and Drosophila ZIP10 (SLC39A10), a Zn2+ transporter

Zinc (Zn²⁺) is the second most abundant trace element, but is considered a micronutrient, as it is a cofactor for many enzymes and transcription factors. Whereas Zn²⁺ deficiency can cause cognitive immune or metabolic dysfunction and infertility, excess Zn²⁺ is nephrotoxic. As for other ions and solutes, Zn²⁺ is moved into and out of cells by specific membrane transporters: ZnT, Zip, and NRAMP/DMT proteins. ZIP10 is reported to be localized at the apical membrane of renal proximal tubules in rats, where it is believed to play a role in Zn²⁺ import. Renal regulation of Zn²⁺ is of particular interest in light of growing evidence that Zn²⁺ may play a role in kidney stone formation. The objective of this study was to show that ZIP10 homologs transport Zn²⁺, as well as ZIP10, kidney localization across species. We cloned ZIP10 from dog, human, and Drosophila ( CG10006), tested clones for Zn²⁺ uptake in Xenopus oocytes and localized the protein in renal structures. CG10006, rather than foi (fear-of-intimacy, CG6817) is the primary ZIP10 homolog found in Drosophila Malpighian tubules. The ZIP10 antibody recognizes recombinant dog, human, and Drosophila ZIP10 proteins. Immunohistochemistry reveals that ZIP10 in higher mammals is found not only in the proximal tubule, but also in the collecting duct system. These ZIP10 proteins show Zn²⁺ transport. Together, these studies reveal ZIP10 kidney localization, a role in renal Zn²⁺ transport, and indicates that CG10006 is a Drosophila homolog of ZIP10.

Zinc Transporter Proteins

Zinc, which is involved in the structure of all enzyme classes, is a micro nutrient element and necessary for growth and development. The ability of zinc to function without causing toxic effects is depends on the protection of its homeostasis. Zinc transporter proteins are responsible for keeping zinc at certain concentrations. Based on their predicted membrane topology, Zn transporters are divided into two major families, SLC39s/ZIPs and SLC30s/ZnTs, which transport Zn in opposite directions through cellular and intracellular membranes. ZIPs increases the zinc concentration in the cytosol. For this, the ZIPs carries the zinc from extracellular and intracellular compartments to the cytosol. ZnTs, reduces the concentration of zinc in the cytosol. For this, ZnTs carries the zinc from the cytosol to extracellular and intracellular compartments. After being transported to the cell, 50% of the zinc is found in the cytoplasm, 30-40% in the nucleus, and 10% in the plasma and organelle membranes. The expression of many zinc transporter proteins in the cell is depending on the concentration of zinc and the physiological problems. The aim of this study is to give information about association of zinc transporter proteins with physiological events and health problems.

Recent Advances in the Role of SLC39A/ZIP Zinc Transporters In Vivo

Zinc (Zn), which is an essential trace element, is involved in numerous mammalian physiological events; therefore, either a deficiency or excess of Zn impairs cellular machineries and influences physiological events, such as systemic growth, bone homeostasis, skin formation, immune responses, endocrine function, and neuronal function. Zn transporters are thought to mainly contribute to Zn homeostasis within cells and in the whole body. Recent genetic, cellular, and molecular studies of Zn transporters highlight the dynamic role of Zn as a signaling mediator linking several cellular events and signaling pathways. Dysfunction in Zn transporters causes various diseases. This review aims to provide an update of Zn transporters and Zn signaling studies and discusses the remaining questions and future directions by focusing on recent progress in determining the roles of SLC39A/ZIP family members in vivo.

Physiological roles of zinc transporters: molecular and genetic importance in zinc homeostasis

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace mineral that regulates the expression and activation of biological molecules such as transcription factors, enzymes, adapters, channels, and growth factors, along with their receptors. Zn deficiency or excessive Zn absorption disrupts Zn homeostasis and affects growth, morphogenesis, and immune response, as well as neurosensory and endocrine functions. Zn levels must be adjusted properly to maintain the cellular processes and biological responses necessary for life. Zn transporters regulate Zn levels by controlling Zn influx and efflux between extracellular and intracellular compartments, thus, modulating the Zn concentration and distribution. Although the physiological functions of the Zn transporters remain to be clarified, there is growing evidence that Zn transporters are related to human diseases, and that Zn transporter-mediated Zn ion acts as a signaling factor, called "Zinc signal". Here we describe critical roles of Zn transporters in the body and their contribution at the molecular, biochemical, and genetic levels, and review recently reported disease-related mutations in the Zn transporter genes.

Zinc transporters and dysregulated channels in cancers

As a nutritionally essential metal ion, zinc (Zn) not only constitutes a structural element for more than 3000 proteins but also plays important regulatory functions in cellular signal transduction. Zn homeostasis is tightly controlled by regulating the flux of Zn across cell membranes through specific transporters, i.e. ZnT and ZIP family proteins. Zn deficiency and malfunction of Zn transporters have been associated with many chronic diseases including cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying Zn regulatory functions in cellular signaling and their impact on the pathogenesis and progression of cancers remain largely unknown. In addition to these acknowledged multifunctions, Zn modulates a wide range of ion channels that in turn may also play an important role in cancer biology. The goal of this review is to propose how zinc deficiency, through modified Zn homeostasis, transporter activity and the putative regulatory function of Zn can influence ion channel activity, and thereby contribute to carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis. This review intends to stimulate interest in, and support for research into the understanding of Zn-modulated channels in cancers, and to search for novel biomarkers facilitating effective clinical stratification of high risk cancer patients as well as improved prevention and therapy in this emerging field.

Zinc transporter ZIP10 forms a heteromer with ZIP6 which regulates embryonic development and cell migration

Zinc is involved in cell migration during embryo development and in cancer. We show that a zinc transporter consisting of two proteins, ZIP6 and ZIP10, stimulates both cell migration and division in mammalian cells and in the zebrafish embryo.

There is growing evidence that zinc and its transporters are involved in cell migration during development and in cancer. In the present study, we show that zinc transporter ZIP10 (SLC39A10) stimulates cell motility and proliferation, both in mammalian cells and in the zebrafish embryo. This is associated with inactivation of GSK (glycogen synthase kinase)-3α and -3β and down-regulation of E-cadherin (CDH1). Morpholino-mediated knockdown of zip10 causes delayed epiboly and deformities of the head, eye, heart and tail. Furthermore, zip10 deficiency results in overexpression of cdh1, zip6 and stat3, the latter gene product driving transcription of both zip6 and zip10. The non-redundant requirement of Zip6 and Zip10 for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is consistent with our finding that they exist as a heteromer. We postulate that a subset of ZIPs carrying prion protein (PrP)-like ectodomains, including ZIP6 and ZIP10, are integral to cellular pathways and plasticity programmes, such as EMT.

Augmented telomerase activity, reduced telomere length and the presence of alternative lengthening of telomere in renal cell carcinoma: plausible predictive and diagnostic markers

In this study, we analyzed 100 cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for telomerase activity, telomere length and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) using the TRAP assay, TeloTTAGGG assay kit and immunohistochemical analysis of ALT associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies respectively. A significantly higher (P=0.000) telomerase activity was observed in 81 cases of RCC which was correlated with clinicopathological features of tumor for instance, stage (P=0.008) and grades (P=0.000) but not with the subtypes of RCC (P = 0.355). Notwithstanding, no correlation was found between telomerase activity and subtypes of RCC. Strikingly, the telomere length was found to be significantly shorter in RCC (P=0.000) to that of corresponding normal renal tissues and it is well correlated with grades (P=0.016) but not with stages (P=0.202) and subtypes (P=0.669) of RCC. In this study, telomere length was also negatively correlated with the age of patients (r(2)=0.528; P=0.000) which supports the notion that it could be used as a marker for biological aging. ALT associated PML bodies containing PML protein was found in telomerase negative cases of RCC. It suggests the presence of an ALT pathway mechanism to maintain the telomere length in telomerase negative RCC tissues which was associated with high stages of RCC, suggesting a prevalent mechanism for telomere maintenance in high stages. In conclusion, the telomerase activity and telomere length can be used as a diagnostic as well as a predictive marker in RCC. The prevalence of ALT mechanism in high stages of RCC is warranted for the development of anti-ALT inhibitors along with telomerase inhibitor against RCC as a therapeutic approach.