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Fang H, Liu Y, Yang Q, Han S, Zhang H. Prognostic Biomarkers Based on Proteomic Technology in COPD: A Recent Review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:1353-1365. [PMID: 37408604 PMCID: PMC10319291 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s410387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common heterogeneous respiratory disease which is characterized by persistent and incompletely reversible airflow limitation. Due to the heterogeneity and phenotypic complexity of COPD, traditional diagnostic methods provide limited information and pose a great challenge to clinical management. In recent years, with the development of omics technologies, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, etc., have been widely used in the study of COPD, providing great help to discover new biomarkers and elucidate the complex mechanisms of COPD. In this review, we summarize the prognostic biomarkers of COPD based on proteomic studies in recent years and evaluate their association with COPD prognosis. Finally, we present the prospects and challenges of COPD prognostic-related studies. This review is expected to provide cutting-edge evidence in prognostic evaluation of clinical patients with COPD and to inform future proteomic studies on prognostic biomarkers of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Fang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- The Second Health and Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyu Han
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongchun Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
- The Second Health and Medical Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
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Yu HH, Chen YC, Su HP, Chen L, Chen HH, Lin KYA, Lin CH. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of tungsten trioxide and tungsten trioxide hydrate nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158885. [PMID: 36169020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity because of their exciting potential for photocatalytic applications; however, the toxic potential of WO3-based NPs remains a concern. In this study, we evaluated the toxic risk of WO3 NPs and hydrated WO3 NPs (WO3·H2O NPs) using lung cells and explored the underlying mechanism. WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs significantly decreased the number of viable cells (59.5 %-85.8 % of control) and promoted apoptosis in human alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells after a 24-h exposure. Both WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs reduced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (0.15-0.33 folds of control) and superoxide dismutase 2 (0.31-0.66 folds of control) and increased reactive oxygen species production (1.4-2.6 folds of control) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine accumulation (1.22-1.43 folds of control). The results showed that WO3 NPs have higher cytotoxicity and oxidative potential than WO3·H2O NPs. In addition, the WO3 NP cellular uptake rate was significantly higher than the WO3·H2O NPs uptake rate in pulmonary cells. The greater extent of oxidative adverse effects induced by WO3-based NPs appears to be related to the enhanced particle uptake. WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs exposure led to the secretion of inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (1.63-3.42 folds of control). Decreases in serpin family A member 1 gene expression (0.28-0.58 folds of control) and increases in the oxidation of neutrophil elastase inhibitor (1.34-1.62 folds of control) in pulmonary cells also suggest that exposure to WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs raises the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Taken together, our findings indicate that the toxic risk of WO3 NPs and WO3·H2O NPs must be considered when manufacturing and applying WO3-based NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin Her Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pang Su
- Third Research Division, Taiwan Research Institute, New Taipei City 251030, Taiwan
| | - Liliang Chen
- Johnson & Johnson Medical (Suzhou) Ltd., Suzhou 215126, China
| | - Hung-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan.
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Lin CH, Lung SCC, Chen YC, Wang LC. Pulmonary toxicity of actual alveolar deposition concentrations of ultrafine particulate matters in human normal bronchial epithelial cell. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50179-50187. [PMID: 33954916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major worldwide concern, and exposure to particulate matter (PM) can increase the risks of pulmonary diseases. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were applied to clarify the role of ultrafine PM (UFPM) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary toxic effects with realistic alveolar deposition doses. The UFPM used in this research originated from vehicular emissions and coal combustion. UFPM exposure of up to 72 h was found to induce significant time- and concentration-dependent decreases in cell viability. Exposure to UFPM increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibition and induced massive oxidative stress that increased the interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. UFPM also reduced the pulmonary trans-epithelial electrical resistance through the depletion of zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. Finally, UFPM decreased the α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) expression, which implies high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The evidence demonstrates that exposure to UFPM, even at very low concentrations, may affect the functions of the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
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4
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Viglio S, Iadarola P, D’Amato M, Stolk J. Methods of Purification and Application Procedures of Alpha1 Antitrypsin: A Long-Lasting History. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174014. [PMID: 32887469 PMCID: PMC7504755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present report is to review the literature addressing the methods developed for the purification of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) from the 1950s to the present. AAT is a glycoprotein whose main function is to protect tissues from human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and other proteases released by neutrophils during an inflammatory state. The lack of this inhibitor in human serum is responsible for the onset of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), which is a severe genetic disorder that affects lungs in adults and for which there is currently no cure. Being used, under special circumstances, as a medical treatment of AATD in the so-called “replacement” therapy (consisting in the intravenous infusion of the missing protein), AAT is a molecule with a lot of therapeutic importance. For this reason, interest in AAT purification from human plasma or its production in a recombinant version has grown considerably in recent years. This article retraces all technological advances that allowed the manufacturers to move from a few micrograms of partially purified AAT to several grams of highly purified protein. Moreover, the chronic augmentation and maintenance therapy in individuals with emphysema due to congenital AAT deficiency (current applications in the clinical setting) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.V.); (M.D.)
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “L.Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987264; Fax: +39-0382-423108
| | - Maura D’Amato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.V.); (M.D.)
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands;
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5
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Tian X, Solomon DH, Smith RA. A Stress Buffering Perspective on the Progression of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 35:747-755. [PMID: 30843437 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1584782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study used the stress buffering perspective to identify social resources, including social network support, having a high quality marriage, and spousal support, that protect against deleterious effects of the progression of Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) on quality of life. Participants included 130 married adults living with AATD. We measured participants' quality of life in three ways: perceived stress, life satisfaction, and perceptions of social stigma. The results suggested that disease progression corresponded positively with perceived stress and negatively with life satisfaction. Social network support moderated the association between disease progression and perceived stress and social stigma, and spousal support moderated the association between disease progression and perceived stress and life satisfaction. Marital quality was not a significant moderator. The discussion highlights the stress buffering effects of social support from close others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Rachel A Smith
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
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6
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Jülicher K, Wähner A, Haase K, Barbour KW, Berger FG, Wiehlmann L, Davenport C, Schuster-Gossler K, Stitz J, Cantz T, Eggenschwiler R. Functional characterization of the mouse Serpina1 paralog DOM-7. Biol Chem 2018; 399:577-582. [PMID: 29498931 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of authentic mouse-models for human α1-antitrypsin (A1AT)-deficiency is difficult due to the high complexity of the mouse Serpina1 gene locus. Depending on the exact mouse strain, three to five paralogs are expressed, with different proteinase inhibitory properties. Nowadays with CRISPR-technology, genome editing of complex genomic loci is feasible and could be employed for the generation of A1AT-deficiency mouse models. In preparation of a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-engineering approach we identified cDNA clones with a functional CDS for the Serpina1-paralog DOM-7. Here, we show that DOM-7 functionally inhibits neutrophil elastase (ELANE) and chymotrypsin, and therefore needs to be considered when aiming at the generation of A1AT-deficient models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jülicher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Campus Leverkusen, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Annabell Wähner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Karen W Barbour
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Franklin G Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Lutz Wiehlmann
- Core Unit 'Next Generation Sequencing', Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Colin Davenport
- Core Unit 'Next Generation Sequencing', Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Stitz
- University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Campus Leverkusen, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reto Eggenschwiler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.,Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Janciauskiene S, Wrenger S, Immenschuh S, Olejnicka B, Greulich T, Welte T, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. The Multifaceted Effects of Alpha1-Antitrypsin on Neutrophil Functions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29719508 PMCID: PMC5914301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the predominant immune cells in human blood possessing heterogeneity, plasticity and functional diversity. The activation and recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissue in response to stimuli are tightly regulated processes. Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT), an acute phase protein, is one of the potent regulators of neutrophil activation via both -protease inhibitory and non-inhibitory functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of AAT on neutrophils, illustrating the interplay between AAT and the key effector functions of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beata Olejnicka
- Department of Medicine, Trelleborg Hospital, Trelleborg, Sweden
| | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
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Smith RA, Sillars A, Chesnut RP, Zhu X. Investigating Married Adults' Communal Coping with Genetic Health Risk and Perceived Discrimination. COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPHS 2017; 85:181-202. [PMID: 29731540 PMCID: PMC5930874 DOI: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1404618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased genetic testing in personalized medicine presents unique challenges for couples, including managing disease risk and potential discrimination as a couple. This study investigated couples' conflicts and support gaps as they coped with perceived genetic discrimination. We also explored the degree to which communal coping was beneficial in reducing support gaps, and ultimately stress. Dyadic analysis of married adults (N = 266, 133 couples), in which one person had the genetic risk for serious illness, showed that perceived discrimination predicted more frequent conflicts about AATD-related treatment, privacy boundaries, and finances, which, in turn, predicted wider gaps in emotion and esteem support, and greater stress for both spouses. Communal coping predicted lower support gaps for both partners and marginally lower stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xun Zhu
- The Pennsylvania State University
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9
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Abstract
Proteases play an important role in health and disease of the lung. In the normal lungs, proteases maintain their homeostatic functions that regulate processes like its regeneration and repair. Dysregulation of proteases–antiproteases balance is crucial in the manifestation of different types of lung diseases. Chronic inflammatory lung pathologies are associated with a marked increase in protease activities. Thus, in addition to protease activities, inhibition of anti-proteolytic control mechanisms are also important for effective microbial infection and inflammation in the lung. Herein, we briefly summarize the role of different proteases and to some extent antiproteases in regulating a variety of lung diseases.
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10
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Yang L, Wang WC, Lung SCC, Sun Z, Chen C, Chen JK, Zou Q, Lin YH, Lin CH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during haze events in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1649-1658. [PMID: 27614859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5μm (PM2.5) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major components of PM2.5 in COPD pathogenesis are controversial. Here we employed the human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B to elucidate the association between COPD and the organic and water-soluble components of PM2.5. We found that the PM2.5 organic extract was a potential major risk factor for pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction through the depletion of proteins from the zonula occludens. This extract induced severe oxidative stress that increased DNA damage and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by BEAS-2B cells as well as decreased α1-antitrypsin expression, suggesting a mechanism that increases the risk of COPD. These effects were mainly mediated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. PAHs with high benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-equivalent concentrations, but not major PAH components, have an increased risk of causing COPD, suggesting that BaP-equivalent concentrations represent a PM2.5-induced COPD risk metric, which may contribute to provide a rationale for the remediation of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Zhelin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chongjun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Qiang Zou
- Suzhou Environmental Monitor Center, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, Taipei 11174, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan.
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11
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Practical Methods for Assessing Emphysema Severity Based on Estimation of Linear Mean Intercept (Lm) in the Context of Animal Models of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1639:93-106. [PMID: 28752449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7163-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is typified by panacinar emphysema in humans. Whilst animal models of (α1A-TD) that more accurately reflect the histology and molecular pathology of α1A-TD are in development, it is timely to discuss methods to assess emphysema severity. Several methods exist to quantify emphysema from histologic sections, including linear mean intercept (Lm), equivalent diameters (D) or their statistical derivatives (D2), and more recently probability models of D2 ("severity index"). Given proper attention to lung inflation, reference volume, and random sampling, Lm determined by intersect point counting provides a robust analytical tool to quantify emphysema severity. Details of lung preparation, processing for random sampling, and batch processing of prescreened images are provided herein.
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Intermittent Hypoxia Contributes to the Lung Damage by Increased Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Disbalance in Protease/Antiprotease System. Lung 2016; 194:1015-1020. [PMID: 27738828 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent hypoxia as a surrogate of obstructive sleep apnea is associated with different cardiovascular complications. However, the effects of intermittent hypoxia on the lung tissue are less known. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to investigate if intermittent hypoxia may influence oxidative stress, inflammation, and protease/antiprotease system in the lung. Additionally, potential protective properties of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drugs have been evaluated. METHODS 32 mice were divided into four groups: (1) intermittent hypoxia, (2) intermittent hypoxia with infliximab, (3) intermittent hypoxia with L-glutathione, and (4) normoxia. After 4 weeks, lungs and blood were collected. Levels of reactive oxygen species in the lung were calculated by L-O12-enhanced chemiluminescence. CD68-positive lung macrophages were detected by immunofluorescence. Concentrations of elastase and desmosine in lung and of alpha-1-antitrypsin in blood were calculated by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared to a control, intermittent hypoxia augmented the release of free oxygen radicals, expression of CD68+ macrophages, and concentration of elastase in the lung tissue. Despite increased blood levels of protective alpha-1-antitrypsin, concentrations of desmosine-degradation product of elastin were higher versus control. The application of anti-inflammatory infliximab und anti-oxidative L-glutathione prevented at least partly the above-observed hypoxia-associated changes. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent hypoxia contributes to the lung damage by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and disbalance in protease/antiprotease system. Infliximab and L-glutathione may prevent adverse hypoxia-induced lung alternations.
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13
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Ethical considerations for genetic testing in the context of mandated cardiac screening before athletic participation. Genet Med 2016; 19:493-495. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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