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Quantitative Proteomic Approach Reveals Altered Metabolic Pathways in Response to the Inhibition of Lysine Deacetylases in A549 Cells under Normoxia and Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073378. [PMID: 33806075 PMCID: PMC8036653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence is showing that acetylation plays an essential role in cancer, but studies on the impact of KDAC inhibition (KDACi) on the metabolic profile are still in their infancy. Here, we analyzed, by using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach, the changes in the proteome of KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells in response to trichostatin-A (TSA) and nicotinamide (NAM) under normoxia and hypoxia. Part of this response was further validated by molecular and biochemical analyses and correlated with the proliferation rates, apoptotic cell death, and activation of ROS scavenging mechanisms in opposition to the ROS production. Despite the differences among the KDAC inhibitors, up-regulation of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid synthesis emerged as a common metabolic response underlying KDACi. We also observed that some of the KDACi effects at metabolic levels are enhanced under hypoxia. Furthermore, we used a drug repositioning machine learning approach to list candidate metabolic therapeutic agents for KRAS mutated NSCLC. Together, these results allow us to better understand the metabolic regulations underlying KDACi in NSCLC, taking into account the microenvironment of tumors related to hypoxia, and bring new insights for the future rational design of new therapies.
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2
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Wang K, Du B, Xu B, Lv X. JMJD6-STAT3 Y705ph axis promotes autophagy in osteosarcoma cancer cells by regulating ATG. Biofactors 2020; 46:839-848. [PMID: 31958364 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma cancer is a malignant tumor with poor outcome. Activation of STAT3 is closely related with tumor development. We intended to study the effects of JMJD6 on phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 site. METHODS Osteosarcoma cancer cell lines (Saos-2, MG-63, and HOS) and clinical specimens were obtained. Interference RNA or JMJD6 mimic was transfected into the cells to silence or mimic JMJD6. Immunoprecipitation assay and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull down was implemented to investigate whether JMJD6 is associated with STAT3. STAT3-null HOS cells were simultaneously transfected with the plasmids bearing STAT3WT or STAT3Y705F and EGFP-tagged LC3 plasmids. Recombinant full-length JMJD6 protein was subjected to in vitro kinase activity assay for testing its ability to phosphorylate STAT3. The severity of autophagy was indicated by the number of autophagosomes, expression of EGFP-LC3, ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, degradation percentage of long-lived proteins and expression of autophagy associated gene (ATG). RESULTS JMJD6 modulated the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 site in osteosarcoma cells. Results from immunoprecipitation and GST pull down assays showed that JMJD6 associated with STAT3 in osteosarcoma cells. JMJD6 silence impeded the formation of autophagosomes, inhibited the accumulation of EGFP-LC3, decreased the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, blocked the degradation of long-lived proteins, and repressed the expression of ATG. JMJD6-induced autophagy was impaired by STAT3Y705F which was not phosphorylated by JMJD6. The JMJD6-STAT3Y705ph axis was implicated in the transcriptional regulation of ATG. CONCLUSION JMJD6 was included in regulating the phosphorylation of STAT3Y705 and promoted autophagy of osteosarcoma cells through its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
- Affiliated Jining No.1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baoyin Du
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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3
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Guenter J, Abadi S, Lim H, Chia S, Woods R, Jones M, Rebic N, Renouf DJ, Laskin J, Marra M. Evaluating genomic biomarkers associated with resistance or sensitivity to chemotherapy in patients with advanced breast and colorectal cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 27:1371-1381. [PMID: 32847480 DOI: 10.1177/1078155220951845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carcinogenesis is driven by an array of complex genomic patterns; these patterns can render an individual resistant or sensitive to certain chemotherapy agents. The Personalized Oncogenomics (POG) project at BC Cancer has performed integrative genomic analysis of whole tumour genomes and transcriptomes for over 700 patients with advanced cancers, with an aim to predict therapeutic sensitivities. The aim of this study was to utilize the POG genomic data to evaluate a discrete set of biomarkers associated with chemo-sensitivity or-resistance in advanced stage breast and colorectal cancer POG patients. METHODS This was a retrospective multi-centre analysis across all BC CANCER sites. All breast and colorectal cancer patients enrolled in the POG program between July 1, 2012 and November 30, 2016 were eligible for inclusion. Within the breast cancer population, those treated with capecitabine, paclitaxel, and everolimus were analyzed, and for the colorectal cancer patients, those treated with capecitabine, bevacizumab, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin were analyzed. The expression levels of the selected biomarkers of interest (EPHB4, FIGF, CD133, DICER1, DPYD, TYMP, TYMS, TAP1, TOP1, CKDN1A, ERCC1, GSTP1, BRCA1, PTEN, ABCB1, TLE3, and TXNDC17) were reported as mRNA percentiles. RESULTS For the breast cancer population, there were 32 patients in the capecitabine cohort, 15 in the everolimus cohort, and 12 in the paclitaxel cohort. For the colorectal cancer population, there were 29 patients in the bevacizumab cohort, 12 in the oxaliplatin cohort, 29 in the irinotecan cohort, and 6 in the capecitabine cohort. Of the biomarkers evaluated, the strongest associations were found between Bevacizumab-based therapy and DICER1 (P = 0.0445); and between capecitabine therapy and TYMP (P = 0.0553). CONCLUSIONS Among breast cancer patients, higher TYMP expression was associated with sensitivity to capecitabine. Among colorectal cancer patients, higher DICER1 expression was associated with sensitivity to bevacizumab-based therapy. This study supports further assessment of the potential predictive value of mRNA expression of these genomic biomarkers.
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Parri E, Kuusanmäki H, van Adrichem AJ, Kaustio M, Wennerberg K. Identification of novel regulators of STAT3 activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230819. [PMID: 32231398 PMCID: PMC7108870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 mediates signalling downstream of cytokine and growth factor receptors where it acts as a transcription factor for its target genes, including oncogenes and cell survival regulating genes. STAT3 has been found to be persistently activated in many types of cancers, primarily through its tyrosine phosphorylation (Y705). Here, we show that constitutive STAT3 activation protects cells from cytotoxic drug responses of several drug classes. To find novel and potentially targetable STAT3 regulators we performed a kinase and phosphatase siRNA screen with cells expressing either a hyperactive STAT3 mutant or IL6-induced wild type STAT3. The screen identified cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), casein kinase 2, alpha 1 (CSNK2), discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2), cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha (PI4KII), C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase H (PTPRH) as potential STAT3 regulators. Using small molecule inhibitors targeting these proteins, we confirmed dose and time dependent inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription, suggesting that inhibition of these kinases may provide strategies for dampening STAT3 activity in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Parri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kuusanmäki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Meri Kaustio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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5
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Zhou L, Gao W, Wang K, Huang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Nice EC, Huang C. Brefeldin A inhibits colorectal cancer growth by triggering Bip/Akt-regulated autophagy. FASEB J 2019; 33:5520-5534. [PMID: 30668917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801983r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent neoplastic diseases worldwide, and effective treatment remains a challenge. Here, we found that the macrolide antibiotic brefeldin A (BFA) exhibits considerable antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Induction of complete autophagic flux is characterized as a key event in BFA-induced CRC suppression. Mechanistically, BFA provokes endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) expression, leading to increased Bip/Akt interaction and resultant decreased Akt phosphorylation, thereby activating autophagy. Autophagy inhibition or Bip suppression relieves BFA-induced cell death, suggesting a key role for Bip-regulated autophagy in the antitumor properties of BFA. Moreover, BFA acts synergistically with paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil in CRC suppression. Collectively, our study provides an important molecular basis for BFA-induced autophagy and suggests that the antibiotic BFA could be repositioned as a potential anticancer drug for CRC treatment.-Zhou, L., Gao, W., Wang, K., Huang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhou, J., Nice, E. C., Huang, C. Brefeldin A inhibits colorectal cancer growth by triggering Bip/Akt-regulated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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6
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Espinosa B, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa as a modulator of redox signalling pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:544-553. [PMID: 30129655 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa (TRP14; also named TXNDC17 for thioredoxin domain-containing protein 17) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed oxidoreductase. It is expressed in parallel with thioredoxin 1 (Trx1, TXN; TXN1), an efficient substrate for the mammalian cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1; TXNRD1). However, TRP14, in sharp contrast to Trx1, cannot support the activities of ribonucleotide reductase, peroxiredoxins or methionine sulfoxide reductases, thus is unable to directly support cell proliferation or antioxidant defence through these pathways. However, TRP14 has been shown to efficiently reduce l-cystine, which thereby indirectly supports glutathione synthesis. TRP14 can also suppress NF-κB signalling, is functionally linked to STAT3 signalling, and can directly reactivate oxidized protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B. Furthermore, TRP14 can efficiently reduce persulfidated or nitrosylated cysteine residues in many proteins, thereby having the capacity to modulate signalling through hydrogen sulfide or NO. Additional bioinformatics analyses and observations suggest further roles for TRP14; therefore, further studies of its functions are warranted. Collectively, the results available suggest that TRP14 is a member of the thioredoxin system dedicated to the control of cellular redox signalling pathways. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Espinosa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Liu H, Li C, Yang J, Sun Y, Zhang S, Yang J, Yang L, Wang Y, Jiao B. Long noncoding RNA CASC9/miR-519d/STAT3 positive feedback loop facilitate the glioma tumourigenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6338-6344. [PMID: 30270508 PMCID: PMC6237610 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence have illustrated the vital roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in glioma. Nevertheless, the majority of their roles and mechanisms in gliomagenesis are still largely unclear. In this study, we investigate the roles of lncRNA CASC9 on glioma tumourigenesis and authenticate its potential mechanisms. Results manifested that CASC9 was highly expressed in glioma specimens and cells, moreover, the ectopic overexpression was correlated with glioma patients’ clinic. Functional studies found that siRNA‐mediated CASC9 silencing inhibited the proliferative ability, invasion in vitro, and impaired the tumour growth in vivo. Mechanical studies revealed that miR‐519d both targeted the 3′‐UTR of CASC9 and STAT3 mRNA, which was identified by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assay revealed that STAT3, an oncogenic transcription factor, could bind with the promoter of CASC9 and activate its transcriptional level. In conclusion, our results concluded that CASC9 promotes STAT3 expression via sponging miR‐519d, in return, STAT3 activate CASC9 transcription, forming a positive feedback loop of CASC9/miR‐519d/STAT3. The novel finding provides a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiankai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Department of Pathology at Basic Medical College of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shunyao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jipeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Baohua Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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8
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Wang L, Wang Q, Gao M, Fu L, Li Y, Quan H, Lou L. STAT3 activation confers trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3305-3315. [PMID: 30076657 PMCID: PMC6172075 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab‐emtansine (T‐DM1) is an antibody‐drug conjugate that has been approved for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive metastatic breast cancer. Despite the remarkable efficacy of T‐DM1 in many patients, resistance to this therapeutic has emerged as a significant clinical problem. In the current study, we used BT‐474/KR cells, a T‐DM1‐resistant cell line established from HER2‐positive BT‐474 breast cancer cells, as a model to investigate mechanisms of T‐DM1 resistance and explore effective therapeutic regimens. We show here for the first time that activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediated by leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) overexpression confers resistance to T‐DM1. Moreover, secreted factors induced by activated STAT3 in resistant cells limit the responsiveness of cells that were originally sensitive to T‐DM1. Importantly, STAT3 inhibition sensitizes resistant cells to T‐DM1, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the combination T‐DM1 with STAT3‐targeted therapy is a potential treatment for T‐DM1‐refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanren Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhao Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haitian Quan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liguang Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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Dagnell M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:484-496. [PMID: 29278740 PMCID: PMC5771652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins) that propel a large number of functions through reduction of several substrates including the active site disulfide of thioredoxins (Trxs). Well-known enzymatic systems that in turn are supported by Trxs and TrxRs include deoxyribonucleotide synthesis through ribonucleotide reductase, antioxidant defense through peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, and redox modulation of a number of transcription factors. Although these functions may be essential for cells due to crucial roles in maintenance of cell viability and proliferation, findings during the last decade reveal that mammals have major redundancy in their cellular reductive systems. The synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and reductive functions of GSH-dependent pathways typically act in parallel with Trx-dependent pathways, with only one of these systems often being sufficient to support viability. Importantly, this does not imply that a modulation of the Trx system will remain without consequences, even when GSH-dependent pathways remain functional. As suggested by several recent findings, the Trx system in general and the TrxRs in particular, function as key regulators of signaling pathways. In this review article we will discuss findings that collectively suggest that modulation in mammalian systems of cytosolic TrxR1 (TXNRD1) or mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2) influence cell patterning and cellular stress responses. Effects of lower activities include increased adipogenesis, insulin responsiveness, glycogen accumulation, hyperproliferation, and distorted embryonic development, while increased activities correlate with decreased proliferation and extended lifespan, as well as worse cancer prognosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these diverse effects, involving regulation of protein phosphorylation cascades and of key transcription factors that guide cellular differentiation pathways, will be discussed. We conclude that the selenium-dependent oxidoreductases TrxR1 and TrxR2 should be considered as key components of signaling pathways that control cell differentiation and cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dagnell
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Cui X, Jing X, Yi Q, Long C, Tan B, Li X, Chen X, Huang Y, Xiang Z, Tian J, Zhu J. Systematic analysis of gene expression alterations and clinical outcomes of STAT3 in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3198-3213. [PMID: 29423040 PMCID: PMC5790457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated studies have provided controversial evidences of prognostic value for signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 3 (STAT3) in cancers. To address this inconsistency, we performed a systematic analysis to determine whether STAT3 can serve as a prognostic marker in human cancers. STAT3 expression was assessed using Oncomine analysis. cBioPortal, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and Prognoscan were performed to identify the prognostic roles of STAT3 in human cancers. The copy number alteration, mutation, interactive analysis, and visualize the altered networks were performed by cBioPortal. We found that STAT3 was more frequently overexpressed in lung, ovarian, gastric, blood and brain cancers than their normal tissues and its expression might be negatively related with the prognosis. In addition, STAT3 mutation mainly occurred in uterine cancer and existed in a hotspot in SH2 domain. Those findings suggest that STAT3 might serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for certain types of cancer, such as lung, ovarian, gastric, blood and brain cancers. However, future research is required to validate our findings and thus promote the clinical utility of STAT3 in those cancers prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Cui
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Clinical laboratory, Shanxi Province people's hospital, Shanxi 030000, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xin Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xueni Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Zhongping Xiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Cardiovascular Department (Internal Medicine), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
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11
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Hu F, Zhao Y, Yu Y, Fang JM, Cui R, Liu ZQ, Guo XL, Xu Q. Docetaxel-mediated autophagy promotes chemoresistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by inhibiting STAT3. Cancer Lett 2017; 416:24-30. [PMID: 29246644 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 expression is correlated with neoplasm growth, metastasis, and prognosis; it has also been implicated in the regulation of autophagy, which may in turn contribute to tumor chemoresistance. However, it is unknown whether STAT3 is involved in cancer cell survival in response to chemotherapy. In this study, we show that autophagy is triggered during chemotherapy and that inhibiting autophagy increased chemosensitivity of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Meanwhile, docetaxel induced autophagy was inhibited by STAT3 activation, which increased mitochondrial damage and decreased CRPC cell viability. These results suggest that STAT3 contributes to CRPC cell survival and chemoresistance by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Jue-Min Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Ran Cui
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Zhu-Qing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Xian-Ling Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200072, PR China; Department of Oncology, Dermatology Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, PR China.
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12
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Abstract
The cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, encoded in human by TXNRD1) is implied to have several different roles in relation to cancer. Its physiologic functions may protect normal cells from carcinogenesis, but may also promote cancer progression if carcinogenesis nonetheless occurs. With distinct links to Nrf2 signaling, ribonucleotide reductase-dependent production of deoxyribonucleotides and its support of several antioxidant systems counteracting oxidative stress, the metabolic pathways regulated, and affected by TrxR1, are altogether of crucial importance in cancer. These pathways and causal relationships are at the same time highly intricate. In spite of the complexity in the cellular redox networks, several observations discussed in this chapter suggest that specific targeting of TrxR1 may be promising as a mechanistic principle for anticancer therapy.
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13
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Wu HT, Liu J, Li GW, Shen JX, Huang YT. The transcriptional STAT3 is a potential target, whereas transcriptional STAT5A/5B/6 are new biomarkers for prognosis in human breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:36279-36288. [PMID: 28422733 PMCID: PMC5482654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activators of Transcription (STAT) is a set of transcription factors, involved in diverse cellular functions. Evidences from cell lines, mouse models and human tissues implicate these transcription factors in the oncogenesis of breast cancer. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of 7 STATs remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we mined the transcriptional and survival data of STATs in patients with breast carcinoma (BC) through ONCOMINE, bc-GenExMiner, Kaplan-Meier Plotter and cBioPortal. It was found that STAT1/2 were up-regulated, whereas STAT3/4/5A/5B were down-regulated in BC patients compared with the normal tissues. The expressions of STAT5A/5B/6 were correlated with decreased levels of histological differentiation. In survival analyses through the Kaplan-Meier plotter database, high transcription levels of STAT2/4/5A/5B/6 were associated with better relapse-free survival (RFS) in all BC patients. Conversely, high STAT3 predicted shorter RFS in BC patients, suggesting that STAT3 is potential targets for precision therapy to BC patients. These data also provided STAT5A/5B/6 as new biomarker for BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
- Chang Jiang Scholar's Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Guan-Wu Li
- Open Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, The Key Lab of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Jia-Xin Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
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14
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Lv C, Qu H, Zhu W, Xu K, Xu A, Jia B, Qing Y, Li H, Wei HJ, Zhao HY. Low-Dose Paclitaxel Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth by Regulating Glutaminolysis in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:244. [PMID: 28522974 PMCID: PMC5415623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a natural alkaloid isolated from the bark of a tree, Taxus brevifolia, and is currently used to treat a variety of tumors. Recently, it has been found that low-dose PTX is a promising treatment for some cancers, presenting few side effects. However, antitumor mechanisms of low-dose PTX (<1 nM) have rarely been illuminated. Here we report a new antitumor mechanism of low-dose PTX in colorectal carcinoma cells. We treated colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells with PTX at 0.1 and 0.3 nM for 0, 1, 2, or 3 days, and found that low-dose PTX inhibits cell growth without altering cell morphology and cell cycle. There was a significant decrease of pH in culture media with 0.3 nM PTX for 3 days. Also, lactate production was significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, expression of glutaminolysis-related genes GLS, SLC7A11 and SLC1A5 were significantly decreased in the colorectal carcinoma cells treated with low-dose PTX. Meanwhile, protein expression levels of p53 and p21 increased significantly in colorectal carcinoma cells so treated. In summary, low-dose PTX down-regulated glutaminolysis-related genes and increased their lactate production, resulting in decreased pH of tumor microenvironments and inhibition of tumor cell growth. Up-regulation of p53 and p21 in colorectal carcinoma cells treated with low-dose PTX also contributed to inhibition of tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hao Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Wanyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali UniversityDali, China
| | - Kaixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Anyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Baoyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yubo Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Honghui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biodiversity and Plant Disease Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China.,College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali UniversityDali, China
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15
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Islam MT. Diterpenes and Their Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Phytother Res 2017; 31:691-712. [PMID: 28370843 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As therapeutic tools, diterpenes and their derivatives have gained much attention of the medicinal scientists nowadays. It is due to their pledging and important biological activities. This review congregates the anticancer diterpenes. For this, a search was made with selected keywords in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, The American Chemical Society and miscellaneous databases from January 2012 to January 2017 for the published articles. A total 28, 789 published articles were seen. Among them, 240 were included in this study. More than 250 important anticancer diterpenes and their derivatives were seen in the databases, acting in the different pathways. Some of them are already under clinical trials, while others are in the nonclinical and/or pre-clinical trials. In conclusion, diterpenes may be one of the lead molecules in the treatment of cancer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
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16
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Son YO, Pratheeshkumar P, Divya SP, Zhang Z, Shi X. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 enhances carcinogenesis by suppressing apoptosis and promoting autophagy in nickel-transformed cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8315-8330. [PMID: 28330870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel-containing compounds are widely used in industry. Nickel is a known human carcinogen that primarily affects the lungs. Proposed mechanisms of nickel-induced carcinogenesis include disruption of cellular iron homeostasis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of hypoxia signaling. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced malignant transformation and tumor development remain unclear. This study shows that the transcription factor Nrf2 is highly expressed in lung tumor tissue and in nickel-transformed human lung bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells (NiT cells). Additionally, constitutively high levels of Nrf2 play a critical role in apoptosis resistance in NiT cells. Basal ROS levels were extremely low in NiT cells and were correlated with elevated expression levels of both antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase and superoxide dismutases) and antiapoptotic proteins (e.g. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). These processes are tightly controlled by Nrf2. Autophagy inhibition, induced pharmacologically or genetically, enhanced Ni2+-induced apoptosis, indicating that the induction of autophagy is the cause of apoptosis resistance in NiT cells. Using similar approaches, we show that in NiT cells the inhibition of apoptosis decreases autophagy. We have shown that Stat3, which is up-regulated by Nrf2, controls autophagy induction in NiT cells. Colony formation and tumor growth were significantly attenuated by knockdown of Nrf2 or Bcl-2. Taken together, this study demonstrates that in NiT cells constitutively high Nrf2 expression inhibits apoptosis by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes and antiapoptotic proteins to increase autophagy via Stat3 signaling. These findings indicate that the Nrf2-mediated suppression of apoptosis and promotion of autophagy contribute to nickel-induced transformation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ok Son
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305; National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea.
| | - Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305
| | - Xianglin Shi
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0305.
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17
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Essential oil from Siegesbeckia pubescens induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in human HepG2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:87-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Multifunctional Thioredoxin-Like Protein from the Gastrointestinal Parasitic Nematodes Strongyloides ratti and Trichuris suis Affects Mucosal Homeostasis. J Parasitol Res 2016; 2016:8421597. [PMID: 27872753 PMCID: PMC5107843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8421597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular redox state is important for the regulation of multiple functions and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and antioxidant defense. In the excretory/secretory (E/S) products of Strongyloides ratti and Trichuris suis sequences for thioredoxin (Trx) and Trx-like protein (Trx-lp) were identified. To characterize the antioxidant Trx-lp and its interaction with the parasite's mucosal habitat, S. ratti and T. suis Trx-lps were cloned and recombinantly expressed. The primary antioxidative activity was assured by reduction of insulin and IgM. Further analysis applying an in vitro mucosal 3D-cell culture model revealed that the secreted Trx-lps were able to bind to monocytic and intestinal epithelial cells and induce the time-dependent release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-22, and TSLP. In addition, the redox proteins also possessed chemotactic activity for monocytic THP-1 cells and fostered epithelial wound healing activity. These results confirm that the parasite-secreted Trx-lps are multifunctional proteins that can affect the host intestinal mucosa.
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