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Zeng J, Zhou Y, Lyu M, Huang X, Xie M, Huang M, Chen BX, Wei T. Cordyceps militaris: A novel mushroom platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108396. [PMID: 38906495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, widely recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom in East Asia, contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including cordycepin (COR), pentostatin (PTN) and other high-value compounds. This review explores the potential of developing C. militaris as a cell factory for the production of high-value chemicals and nutrients. This review comprehensively summarizes the fermentation advantages, metabolic networks, expression elements, and genome editing tools specific to C. militaris and discusses the challenges and barriers to further research on C. militaris across various fields, including computational biology, existing DNA elements, and genome editing approaches. This review aims to describe specific and promising opportunities for the in-depth study and development of C. militaris as a new chassis cell. Additionally, to increase the practicability of this review, examples of the construction of cell factories are provided, and promising strategies for synthetic biology development are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zeng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengdi Lyu
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchang Huang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muyun Xie
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Bai-Xiong Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China.
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Hu Y, Wu Y, Song J, Ma M, Xiao Y, Zeng B. Advancing Cordyceps militaris Industry: Gene Manipulation and Sustainable Biotechnological Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:783. [PMID: 39199741 PMCID: PMC11351413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is considered to be of great medicinal potential due to its remarkable pharmacological effects, safety, and edible characteristics. With the completion of the genome sequence and the advancement of efficient gene-editing technologies, coupled with the identification of gene functions in Cordyceps militaris, this fungus is poised to emerge as an outstanding strain for medicinal engineering applications. This review focuses on the development and application of genomic editing techniques, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), PEG-mediated protoplast transformation (PMT), and CRISPR/Cas9. Through the application of these techniques, researchers can engineer the biosynthetic pathways of valuable secondary metabolites to boost yields; such metabolites include cordycepin, polysaccharides, and ergothioneine. Furthermore, by identifying and modifying genes that influence the growth, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stress in Cordyceps militaris, it is possible to stimulate growth, enhance desirable traits, and increase resilience to unfavorable conditions. Finally, the green sustainable industrial development of C. militaris using agricultural waste to produce high-value-added products and the future research directions of C. militaris were discussed. This review will provide future directions for the large-scale production of bioactive ingredients, molecular breeding, and sustainable development of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (M.M.); (Y.X.)
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Zhang H, Yang J, Luo S, Liu L, Yang G, Gao B, Fan H, Deng L, Yang M. A novel complementary pathway of cordycepin biosynthesis in Cordyceps militaris. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:1009-1021. [PMID: 37987892 PMCID: PMC11300563 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
We determined whether there exists a complementary pathway of cordycepin biosynthesis in wild-type Cordyceps militaris, high-cordycepin-producing strain C. militaris GYS60, and low-cordycepin-producing strain C. militaris GYS80. Differentially expressed genes were identified from the transcriptomes of the three strains. Compared with C. militaris, in GYS60 and GYS80, we identified 145 and 470 upregulated and 96 and 594 downregulated genes. Compared with GYS80, in GYS60, we identified 306 upregulated and 207 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that upregulated genes were mostly involved in detoxification, antioxidant, and molecular transducer in GYS60. By Clusters of Orthologous Groups of Proteins and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses, eight genes were significantly upregulated: five genes related to purine metabolism, one to ATP production, one to secondary metabolite transport, and one to RNA degradation. In GYS60, cordycepin was significantly increased by upregulation of ATP production, which promoted 3',5'-cyclic AMP production. Cyclic AMP accelerated 3'-AMP accumulation, and cordycepin continued to be synthesized and exported. We verified the novel complementary pathway by adding the precursor adenosine and analyzing the expression of four key genes involved in the main pathway of cordycepin biosynthesis. Adenosine addition increased cordycepin production by 51.2% and 10.1%, respectively, in C. militaris and GYS60. Four genes in the main pathway in GYS60 were not upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Zhang
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Linying Liu
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Guowei Yang
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Bioengineering College Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Lina Deng
- Department of English, Beijing Health Vocational College, Beijing, 102402, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Institute of Cardiac Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100141, China.
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Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Hu T, Guo Y. Multifactorial interaction of selenium, iron, xylose, and glycine on cordycepin metabolism in Cordyceps militaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7403-7416. [PMID: 37773218 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin, a nucleoside analog, is the main antioxidative and antimicrobial substance in Cordyceps militaris. To improve the metabolism of cordycepin, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, and precursors were studied by single factor, Plackett-Burman, and central composite designs in C. militaris mycelial fermentation. Under the regulation of the multifactorial interactions of selenite, ferrous chloride, xylose, and glycine, cordycepin production was increased by 5.2-fold compared with the control. The gene expression of hexokinase, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, adenylosuccinate synthetase, and cns1-3 in the glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and adenosine synthesis pathways were increased by 3.2-7.5 times due to multifactorial interactions, while the gene expression of histidine biosynthesis trifunctional protein and histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase in histidine synthesis pathway were decreased by 23.4%-56.2%. Increasing with cordycepin production, glucose uptake was accelerated, mycelia growth was inhibited, and the cell wall was damaged. Selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocysteine (SeCys), and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were the major Se species in C. militaris mycelia. This study provides a new insight for promoting cordycepin production by regulating glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and histidine metabolism. KEY POINTS: • Cordycepin production in the CCDmax group was 5.2-fold than that of the control. • Glucose uptake of the CCDmax group was accelerated and cell wall was damaged. • The metabolic flux was concentrated to the cordycepin synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sasa Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanbin Guo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Long L, Liu Z, Wang Y, Lin Q, Ding S, Li C, Deng C. High-level production of cordycepin by the xylose-utilising Cordyceps militaris strain 147 in an optimised medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129742. [PMID: 37734485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin is an important active metabolite of Cordyceps militaris. Xylose, an attractive feedstock for producing chemicals through microbial fermentation, cannot be effectively utilised by many reported C. militaris strains. Herein, a xylose-utilising C. militaris strain 147 produced the highest level of cordycepin (3.03 g/L) in xylose culture. Xylose, alanine, and ammonium citrate were determined as the main affecting factors on the cordycepin production using a Plackett-Burman design. The combination of these factors was optimised using response surface methodology, and the maximal 6.54 g/L of cordycepin was produced by the fungus in the optimal medium. Transcriptome analysis revealed that xylose utilisation upregulated the transcriptional levels of genes participating in purine and energy metabolisms in the fungus, which may facilitate the formation of precursors for cordycepin biosynthesis. This investigation provides new insights into the efficient production of cordycepin and is conducive to the valorisation of biomass rich in xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilisation of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilisation of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211111, China.
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Efficient Processing and Utilisation of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilisation of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuanhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Chunying Deng
- Guizhou Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China.
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Raethong N, Thananusak R, Cheawchanlertfa P, Prabhakaran P, Rattanaporn K, Laoteng K, Koffas M, Vongsangnak W. Functional genomics and systems biology of Cordyceps species for biotechnological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102939. [PMID: 37075529 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of Cordyceps species for the manufacture of natural products has been established; however, the tremendous advances observed in recent years in genetic engineering and molecular biology have revolutionized the optimization of Cordyceps as cell factories and drastically expanded the biotechnological potential of these fungi. Here, we present a review of systems and synthetic biology studies of Cordyceps and their implications for fungal biology and industrial applications. We summarize the current status of synthetic biology for enhancing targeted metabolites in Cordyceps species, such as cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharide, and pentostatin. Progress in the systems and synthetic biology of Cordyceps provides a strategy for comprehensively comprehensive controlling efficient cell factories of natural bioproducts and novel synthetic biology toolbox for targeted engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pattsarun Cheawchanlertfa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Fermentation Technology Research Center (FTRC), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Yu J, Sun M, Wang X, Qi D, Han C. Poly-pathways metabolomics for high-yielding cordycepin of Cordyceps militaris. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5551. [PMID: 36408993 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin is an important quality control marker in Cordyceps militaris. This study aimed to explain the metabolic mechanisms for high-yielding cordycepin of C. militaris. In this study, high-yielding strains of cordycepin were obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis, and the polysaccharide and protein contents were also changed. In high-yielding strains, the protein content significantly increased, whereas the polysaccharide content decreased. Simultaneously, metabolic differences for high- and low-yielding cordycepin strains were detected by metabolomics. Metabolomics results showed that the relative content of most metabolites decreased in high-yielding cordycepin strains. Various metabolic pathways have been altered in high-yielding cordycepin strains, such as the citric acid cycle, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism, leading to an increase in cordycepin content. In addition, changes in metabolic poly-pathways related to polysaccharide and protein synthesis, such as galactose metabolism and amino acid metabolism, promoted an increase in cordycepin content. This study analyzes the high yield of cordycepin in C. militaris at the metabolic level and provides a theoretical basis for further increasing cordycepin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Min Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Increasing the production of the bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms: an omics perspective. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:11. [PMID: 36647087 PMCID: PMC9841694 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic fungi, mainly higher basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes, are considered medicinal mushrooms and have long been used in different areas due to their pharmaceutically/nutritionally valuable bioactive compounds. However, the low production of these bioactive metabolites considerably limits the utilization of medicinal mushrooms both in commerce and clinical trials. As a result, many attempts, ranging from conventional methods to novel approaches, have been made to improve their production. The novel strategies include conducting omics investigations, constructing genome-scale metabolic models, and metabolic engineering. So far, genomics and the combined use of different omics studies are the most utilized omics analyses in medicinal mushroom research (both with 31% contribution), while metabolomics (with 4% contribution) is the least. This article is the first attempt for reviewing omics investigations in medicinal mushrooms with the ultimate aim of bioactive compound overproduction. In this regard, the role of these studies and systems biology in elucidating biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds and their contribution to metabolic engineering will be highlighted. Also, limitations of omics investigations and strategies for overcoming them will be provided in order to facilitate the overproduction of valuable bioactive metabolites in these valuable organisms.
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de Menezes TA, Aburjaile FF, Quintanilha-Peixoto G, Tomé LMR, Fonseca PLC, Mendes-Pereira T, Araújo DS, Melo TS, Kato RB, Delabie JHC, Ribeiro SP, Brenig B, Azevedo V, Drechsler-Santos ER, Andrade BS, Góes-Neto A. Unraveling the Secrets of a Double-Life Fungus by Genomics: Ophiocordyceps australis CCMB661 Displays Molecular Machinery for Both Parasitic and Endophytic Lifestyles. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010110. [PMID: 36675931 PMCID: PMC9864599 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps australis (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a classic entomopathogenic fungus that parasitizes ants (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae, Ponerini). Nonetheless, according to our results, this fungal species also exhibits a complete set of genes coding for plant cell wall degrading Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes), enabling a full endophytic stage and, consequently, its dual ability to both parasitize insects and live inside plant tissue. The main objective of our study was the sequencing and full characterization of the genome of the fungal strain of O. australis (CCMB661) and its predicted secretome. The assembled genome had a total length of 30.31 Mb, N50 of 92.624 bp, GC content of 46.36%, and 8,043 protein-coding genes, 175 of which encoded CAZymes. In addition, the primary genes encoding proteins and critical enzymes during the infection process and those responsible for the host-pathogen interaction have been identified, including proteases (Pr1, Pr4), aminopeptidases, chitinases (Cht2), adhesins, lectins, lipases, and behavioral manipulators, such as enterotoxins, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs), and Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs). Our findings indicate that the presence of genes coding for Mad2 and GHs in O. australis may facilitate the infection process in plants, suggesting interkingdom colonization. Furthermore, our study elucidated the pathogenicity mechanisms for this Ophiocordyceps species, which still is scarcely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Almeida de Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Flávia Figueira Aburjaile
- Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Quintanilha-Peixoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Thairine Mendes-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Araújo
- Program in Bioinformatics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Tarcisio Silva Melo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana 44036-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie
- Laboratory of Myrmecology, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau, Ilhéus 45600-000, BA, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus 45600-970, BA, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ecology of Diseases and Forests, Nucleus of Biological Science, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35402-163, MG, Brazil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Burckhardtweg, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Sudoeste da Bahia, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n, Jequiezinho, Jequié 45205-490, BA, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3409-3050
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10
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Wang X, Li Y, Li X, Sun L, Feng Y, Sa F, Ge Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Li W, Cheng X. Transcriptome and metabolome profiling unveils the mechanisms of naphthalene acetic acid in promoting cordycepin synthesis in Cordyceps militaris. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1104446. [PMID: 36875834 PMCID: PMC9977999 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, an important active substance in Cordyceps militaris, possesses antiviral and other beneficial activities. In addition, it has been reported to effectively promote the comprehensive treatment of COVID-19 and thus has become a research hotspot. The addition of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is known to significantly improve the yield of cordycepin; however, its related molecular mechanism remains unclear. We conducted a preliminary study on C. militaris with different concentrations of NAA. We found that treatment with different concentrations of NAA inhibited the growth of C. militaris, and an increase in its concentration significantly improved the cordycepin content. In addition, we conducted a transcriptome and metabolomics association analysis on C. militaris treated with NAA to understand the relevant metabolic pathway of cordycepin synthesis under NAA treatment and elucidate the relevant regulatory network of cordycepin synthesis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), transcriptome, and metabolome association analysis revealed that genes and metabolites encoding cordycepin synthesis in the purine metabolic pathway varied significantly with the concentration of NAA. Finally, we proposed a metabolic pathway by analyzing the relationship between gene-gene and gene-metabolite regulatory networks, including the interaction of cordycepin synthesis key genes; key metabolites; purine metabolism; TCA cycle; pentose phosphate pathway; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and histidine metabolism. In addition, we found the ABC transporter pathway to be significantly enriched. The ABC transporters are known to transport numerous amino acids, such as L-glutamate, and participate in the amino acid metabolism that affects the synthesis of cordycepin. Altogether, multiple channels work together to double the cordycepin yield, thereby providing an important reference for the molecular network relationship between the transcription and metabolism of cordycepin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yin Li
- Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, China
| | - Xiue Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yetong Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Fangping Sa
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yupeng Ge
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shude Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Weihuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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11
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Duan X, Yang H, Wang C, Liu H, Lu X, Tian Y. Microbial synthesis of cordycepin, current systems and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Zhang H, Chen P, Xu L, Xu D, Hu W, Cheng Y, Yang S. Construction of Cordycepin High-Production Strain and Optimization of Culture Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2022; 80:12. [PMID: 36459233 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase cordycepin production by over-expressing bio-synthetic enzyme genes, including the adenylosuccinate synthase, adenylosuccinate lyase, and 5'-nucleotidase genes. Research data showed that the extracellular and intracellular cordycepin concent of 24 recombinant strains were higher than those of C. militaris WT, indicating that over-expression of key enzyme genes increased cordycepin production. Among them, the CM-adss-5 strain had highest cordycepin production, and the extracellular and intracellular cordycepin concent were 1119.75 ± 1.61 and 65.56 ± 0.97 mg/L, which were 1.26 and 2.61 times that of C. militaris WT. This study also optimized the culture conditions of CM-adss-5 strain through single factor experiments to obtain the best culture conditions. The best culture condition was 25 °C constant temperature, 180-rpm shaking culture, fermentation period 12 days, inoculate amount 5%, initial pH 6, seed age 108 h, and liquid volume 110/250 mL. Then, the extracellular and intracellular cordycepin content of CM-adss-5 strain reached 2581.96 ± 21.07 and 164.08 ± 1.44 mg/L, which were higher by 130.6% and 150.3%, respectively. Therefore, our research provides a way to efficiently produce cordycepin for the development of cordycepin and its downstream products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Chen
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - De Xu
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wendi Hu
- Zhejiang Skyherb Biotechnology Inc., Anji, 313300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Zhejiang Skyherb Biotechnology Inc., Anji, 313300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Cheawchanlertfa P, Chitcharoen S, Raethong N, Liu Q, Chumnanpuen P, Soommat P, Song Y, Koffas M, Laoteng K, Vongsangnak W. Enhancing Genome-Scale Model by Integrative Exometabolome and Transcriptome: Unveiling Carbon Assimilation towards Sphingolipid Biosynthetic Capability of Cordyceps militaris. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:887. [PMID: 36012875 PMCID: PMC9409897 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an industrially important fungus, which is often used in Asia as traditional medicine. There has been a published genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) of C. militaris useful for predicting its growth behaviors; however, lipid metabolism, which plays a vital role in cellular functions, remains incomplete in the GSMM of C. militaris. A comprehensive study on C. militaris was thus performed by enhancing GSMM through integrative analysis of metabolic footprint and transcriptome data. Through the enhanced GSMM of C. militaris (called iPC1469), it contained 1469 genes, 1904 metabolic reactions and 1229 metabolites. After model evaluation, in silico growth simulation results agreed well with the experimental data of the fungal growths on different carbon sources. Beyond the model-driven integrative data analysis, interestingly, we found key metabolic responses in alteration of lipid metabolism in C. militaris upon different carbon sources. The sphingoid bases (e.g., sphinganine, sphingosine, and phytosphingosine) and ceramide were statistically significant accumulated in the xylose culture when compared with other cultures; this study suggests that the sphingolipid biosynthetic capability in C. militaris was dependent on the carbon source assimilated for cell growth; this finding provides a comprehensive basis for the sphingolipid biosynthesis in C. militaris that can help to further redesign its metabolic control for medicinal and functional food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suwalak Chitcharoen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Qing Liu
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Panyawarin Soommat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuanda Song
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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14
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Liu W, Dun M, Liu X, Zhang G, Ling J. Effects on total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of beans by solid-state fermentation with Cordyceps militaris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2048009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SD, China
| | - Mengqian Dun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SD, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SD, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, SD, China
| | - Jianya Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SD, China
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15
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Yoo CH, Sadat MA, Kim W, Park TS, Park DK, Choi J. Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis of Cordyceps militaris Cultivated on Germinated Soybeans. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:1-11. [PMID: 35291592 PMCID: PMC8890544 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2035906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Cordyceps militaris infects lepidopteran larvae and pupae and forms characteristic fruiting bodies. Owing to its immune-enhancing effects, the fungus has been used as a medicine. For industrial application, this fungus can be grown on geminated soybeans as an alternative protein source. In our study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to identify core gene sets during C. militaris cultivation on germinated soybeans. RNA-Seq technology was applied to the fungal cultures at seven-time points (2, 4, and 7-day and 2, 3, 5, 7-week old cultures) to investigate the global transcriptomic change. We conducted a time-series analysis using a two-step regression strategy and chose 1460 significant genes and assigned them into five clusters. Characterization of each cluster based on Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases revealed that transcription profiles changed after two weeks of incubation. Gene mapping of cordycepin biosynthesis and isoflavone modification pathways also confirmed that gene expression in the early stage of GSC cultivation is important for these metabolic pathways. Our transcriptomic analysis and selected genes provided a comprehensive molecular basis for the cultivation of C. militaris on germinated soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyuk Yoo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Small Machines Company, Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Md. Abu Sadat
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Wonjae Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gacheon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dong Ki Park
- Cell Activation Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
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16
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Yue P, Zhang H, Tong X, Peng T, Tang P, Gao T, Guo J. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of thes MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK gene families in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Gene 2022; 807:145930. [PMID: 34461151 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have a universal cell signaling mechanism in eukaryotes. A typical MAPK signal transduction module comprises three kinds of sequentially phosphorylated protein kinases: MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). However, little is known regarding the genes involved in MAPK cascades in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Nine genes (three MAPK, three MAPKK, and three MAPKKK) were identified in this study. The MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK genes were divided into three subfamilies, according to the phylogenetic analysis. TEY and TGY represented the activation domains of the MAPKs; the corresponding domains in MAPKKs were SDIWS and SDVWS, and those in the MAPKKs were GSVFYWMAPEV and GTPMYMSPEV. Transcription data analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that the MAPK cascade was related to the growth of the fruiting body. This is the first study to report a genome-wide identification of the MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKK gene families in O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Peng
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - TingHui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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17
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In-on A, Thananusak R, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Vongsangnak W, Laomettachit T. Construction of Light-Responsive Gene Regulatory Network for Growth, Development and Secondary Metabolite Production in Cordyceps militaris. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010071. [PMID: 35053069 PMCID: PMC8773263 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an edible fungus that produces many beneficial compounds, including cordycepin and carotenoid. In many fungi, growth, development and secondary metabolite production are controlled by crosstalk between light-signaling pathways and other regulatory cascades. However, little is known about the gene regulation upon light exposure in C. militaris. This study aims to construct a gene regulatory network (GRN) that responds to light in C. militaris. First, a genome-scale GRN was built based on transcription factor (TF)-target gene interactions predicted from the Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools (RSAT). Then, a light-responsive GRN was extracted by integrating the transcriptomic data onto the genome-scale GRN. The light-responsive network contains 2689 genes and 6837 interactions. From the network, five TFs, Snf21 (CCM_04586), an AT-hook DNA-binding motif TF (CCM_08536), a homeobox TF (CCM_07504), a forkhead box protein L2 (CCM_02646) and a heat shock factor Hsf1 (CCM_05142), were identified as key regulators that co-regulate a large group of growth and developmental genes. The identified regulatory network and expression profiles from our analysis suggested how light may induce the growth and development of C. militaris into a sexual cycle. The light-mediated regulation also couples fungal development with cordycepin and carotenoid production. This study leads to an enhanced understanding of the light-responsive regulation of growth, development and secondary metabolite production in the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarin In-on
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- School of Information Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- Theoretical and Computational Physics (TCP) Group, Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (T.L.)
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18
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SHARMA SHIVANI, MADAAN KASHISH, KAUR RAVNEET. Cordycepin: A hidden metabolite with pharmacological potential. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:1-20. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Zhang J, Jian T, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Ling J. Dynamic content changes of cordycepin and adenosine and transcriptome in Cordyceps kyushuensis Kob at different fermentation stages. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:1793-1803. [PMID: 33786675 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
20% (w/w) Astragali radix was added to the rice medium to cultivate C. kyushuensis Kob. The fermentation product was collected at mycelium stage, coloring stage, stromata-forming initial stage and fruiting body stage of C. kyushuensis Kob. The dynamic content changes of cordycepin and adenosine were detected at different fermentation stages. In the rice medium with Astragalus radix, both cordycepin and adenosine reached the highest content value on the 30th day of fermentation, 17.31 mg/g and 0.94 mg/g, respectively, which were 8.6 times and 2.0 times of that in rice medium at the same stage. At the same time, transcriptomics technology was used to analyze C. kyushuensis Kob during these four periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tongtong Jian
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Jianya Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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20
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Thananusak R, Laoteng K, Raethong N, Zhang Y, Vongsangnak W. Metabolic Responses of Carotenoid and Cordycepin Biosynthetic Pathways in Cordyceps militaris under Light-Programming Exposure through Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E242. [PMID: 32825642 PMCID: PMC7576481 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is currently exploited for commercial production of specialty products as its biomass constituents are enriched in bioactive compounds, such as cordycepin. The rational process development is important for economically feasible production of high quality bioproducts. Light is an abiotic factor affecting the cultivation process of this entomopathogenic fungus, particularly in its carotenoid formation. To uncover the cell response to light exposure, this study aimed to systematically investigate the metabolic responses of C. militaris strain TBRC6039 using integrative genome-wide transcriptome and genome-scale metabolic network (GSMN)-driven analysis. The genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed 8747 expressed genes in the glucose and sucrose cultures grown under light-programming and dark conditions. Of them, 689 differentially expressed genes were significant in response to the light-programming exposure. Through integration with the GSMN-driven analysis using the improved network (iRT1467), the reporter metabolites, e.g., adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and 2-oxoglutarate, were identified when cultivated under the carotenoid-producing condition controlled by light-programming exposure, linking to up-regulations of the metabolic genes involved in glyoxalase system, as well as cordycepin and carotenoid biosynthesis. These results indicated that C. militaris had a metabolic control in acclimatization to light exposure through transcriptional co-regulation, which supported the cell growth and cordycepin production in addition to the accumulation of carotenoid as a photo-protective bio-pigment. This study provides a perspective in manipulating the metabolic fluxes towards the target metabolites through either genetic or physiological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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21
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Chen BX, Wei T, Xue LN, Zheng QW, Ye ZW, Zou Y, Yang Y, Yun F, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Flexibility of Cordycepin Network in Cordyceps militaris Activated by L-Alanine Addition. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32390960 PMCID: PMC7193312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, isolated from the traditional medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, has gained much attention due to its various clinical functions. Previous reports of L-alanine addition could significantly improve cordycepin production, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, transcriptome analysis of C. militaris with doubled cordycepin production induced by L-alanine addition provides an insight into the flexibility of the cordycepin network. The biopathways of energy generation and amino acid conversion were activated so that cordycepin substrate generation was consequently improved. Specific genes of rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways, as well as related transcription factors, were figured out. Two key Zn2Cys6-type transcription factors CmTf1 and CmTf2 were verified to play the roles of doubling the cordycepin production by overexpression of their coding genes in C. militaris wild type. These results provide a complete map of the cordycepin network in C. militaris with a distinct understanding of the flexibility of joints, giving a better foundation for increasing cordycepin yield and strain breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xiong Chen
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Na Xue
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yun
- Guangzhou Alchemy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Kryukov VY, Kryukova NA, Tomilova OG, Vorontsova Y, Chertkova E, Pervushin AL, Slepneva I, Glupov VV, Yaroslavtseva ON. Comparative analysis of the immune response of the wax moth Galleria mellonella after infection with the fungi Cordyceps militaris and Metarhizium robertsii. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Raethong N, Wang H, Nielsen J, Vongsangnak W. Optimizing cultivation of Cordyceps militaris for fast growth and cordycepin overproduction using rational design of synthetic media. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 18:1-8. [PMID: 31890138 PMCID: PMC6926140 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus which is often used in Asia as a traditional medicine developed from age-old wisdom. Presently, cordycepin from C. militaris is a great interest in medicinal applications. However, cellular growth of C. militaris and the association with cordycepin production remain poorly understood. To explore the metabolism of C. militaris as potential cell factories in medical and biotechnology applications, this study developed a high-quality genome-scale metabolic model of C. militaris, iNR1329, based on its genomic content and physiological data. The model included a total of 1329 genes, 1821 biochemical reactions, and 1171 metabolites among 4 different cellular compartments. Its in silico growth simulation results agreed well with experimental data on different carbon sources. iNR1329 was further used for optimizing the growth and cordycepin overproduction using a novel approach, POPCORN, for rational design of synthetic media. In addition to the high-quality GEM iNR1329, the presented POPCORN approach was successfully used to rationally design an optimal synthetic medium with C:N ratio of 8:1 for enhancing 3.5-fold increase in cordycepin production. This study thus provides a novel insight into C. militaris physiology and highlights a potential GEM-driven method for synthetic media design and metabolic engineering application. The iNR1329 and the POPCORN approach are available at the GitHub repository: https://github.com/sysbiomics/Cordyceps_militaris-GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Systems Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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24
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Improved Cordycepin Production by Cordyceps militaris KYL05 Using Casein Hydrolysate in Submerged Conditions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090461. [PMID: 31500325 PMCID: PMC6770387 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, a beneficial bioactive product specifically found in Cordyceps, has received attention in various bioindustrial applications such as in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmetics, due to its significant functions. However, low productivity of cordycepin is a barrier to commercialization. In this study, Cordyceps militaris was mutated by UV irradiation to improve the cordycepin production. The highest producer KYL05 strain was finally selected and its cordycepin production was increased about 1.5-fold compared to wild type. In addition, the effects of culture conditions were fundamentally investigated. Optimal conditions were as follows: pH 6, temperature of 25 °C, shaking speed of 150 rpm, and culture time of 6 days. Effects of medium component on cordycepin production were also investigated by using various carbon and nitrogen sources. It was found that glucose and casein hydrolysate (CH) were most effective as carbon and nitrogen sources in cordycepin production (2.3-fold improvement) with maximum cordycepin production of about 445 mg/L. In particular, production was significantly affected by CH. These results should be of value in improving the efficiency of mass production of cordycepin.
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25
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Therapeutic Potential and Biological Applications of Cordycepin and Metabolic Mechanisms in Cordycepin-Producing Fungi. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122231. [PMID: 31207985 PMCID: PMC6632035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a cytotoxic nucleoside analogue found in Cordyceps militaris, has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic potential and biological value. Cordycepin interacts with multiple medicinal targets associated with cancer, tumor, inflammation, oxidant, polyadenylation of mRNA, etc. The investigation of the medicinal drug actions supports the discovery of novel targets and the development of new drugs to enhance the therapeutic potency and reduce toxicity. Cordycepin may be of great value owing to its medicinal potential as an external drug, such as in cosmeceutical, traumatic, antalgic and muscle strain applications. In addition, the biological application of cordycepin, for example, as a ligand, has been used to uncover molecular structures. Notably, studies that investigated the metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin-producing fungi have yielded significant information related to the biosynthesis of high levels of cordycepin. Here, we summarized the medicinal targets, biological applications, cytotoxicity, delivery carriers, stability, and pros/cons of cordycepin in clinical applications, as well as described the metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin in cordycepin-producing fungi. We posit that new approaches, including single-cell analysis, have the potential to enhance medicinal potency and unravel all facets of metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris.
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26
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Wongsa B, Raethong N, Chumnanpuen P, Wong-Ekkabut J, Laoteng K, Vongsangnak W. Alternative metabolic routes in channeling xylose to cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris identified by comparative transcriptome analysis. Genomics 2019; 112:629-636. [PMID: 31022437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The responsive mechanism of C. militaris TBRC7358 on xylose utilization was investigated by comparative analysis of transcriptomes, growth kinetics and cordycepin productions. The result showed that the culture grown on xylose exhibited high production yield of cordycepin on dry biomass. Comparing xylose to other carbon sources, a set of significantly up-regulated genes in xylose were enriched in pentose and glucuronate interconversion, and cordycepin biosynthesis. After validating up-regulated genes using quantitative real-time PCR, interestingly, putative alternative 3'-AMP-associated metabolic route on cordycepin biosynthesis was identified. Through reporter metabolites analysis of C. militaris, significant metabolites (e.g., AMP, glycine and L-glutamate) were identified guiding involvement of growth and cordycepin production. These findings suggested that there was a cooperative mechanism in transcriptional control of the supplying precursors pool directed towards the cordycepin biosynthesis through main and putative alternative metabolic routes for leverage of cell growth and cordycepin production on xylose of C. militaris strain TBRC7358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boontariga Wongsa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jirasak Wong-Ekkabut
- Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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27
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Raethong N, Laoteng K, Vongsangnak W. Uncovering global metabolic response to cordycepin production in Cordyceps militaris through transcriptome and genome-scale network-driven analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9250. [PMID: 29915355 PMCID: PMC6006141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular metabolic adaptations of Cordyceps militaris have been progressively studied. In particular, the cordycepin pathway is of interest in medicinal applications. Even though the metabolic pathways for cordycepin production are known to be related to different carbon sources, the regulatory mechanisms at a systems level are poorly characterized. To explore the regulatory mechanisms, this study therefore aimed to investigate the global metabolic response to cordycepin production in C. militaris through transcriptome analysis and genome-scale network-driven analysis. Here, transcriptome analysis of 16,805 expressed genes in C. militaris strain TBRC6039 grown on different carbon sources was performed. Of these genes, 2,883 were significantly differentially expressed genes, uncovering sucrose- and glucose-mediated changes in the transcriptional regulation of central carbon metabolism in C. militaris, which was shown using the CmSNF1 mechanism as an example. After applying genome-scale metabolic network-driven analysis, reporter metabolites and key metabolic subnetworks involving adenosine, cordycepin and methionine were proposed through the up-regulation of cordycepin biosynthetic genes. Our findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of these pathways is a ubiquitous feature in response to specific culture conditions during cordycepin overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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