Multifactorial interaction of selenium, iron, xylose, and glycine on cordycepin metabolism in Cordyceps militaris

Cordycepin, a nucleoside analog, is the main antioxidative and antimicrobial substance in Cordyceps militaris. To improve the metabolism of cordycepin, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, and precursors were studied by single factor, Plackett-Burman, and central composite designs in C. militaris mycelial fermentation. Under the regulation of the multifactorial interactions of selenite, ferrous chloride, xylose, and glycine, cordycepin production was increased by 5.2-fold compared with the control. The gene expression of hexokinase, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, adenylosuccinate synthetase, and cns1-3 in the glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and adenosine synthesis pathways were increased by 3.2-7.5 times due to multifactorial interactions, while the gene expression of histidine biosynthesis trifunctional protein and histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase in histidine synthesis pathway were decreased by 23.4%-56.2%. Increasing with cordycepin production, glucose uptake was accelerated, mycelia growth was inhibited, and the cell wall was damaged. Selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocysteine (SeCys), and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were the major Se species in C. militaris mycelia. This study provides a new insight for promoting cordycepin production by regulating glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and histidine metabolism. KEY POINTS: • Cordycepin production in the CCDmax group was 5.2-fold than that of the control. • Glucose uptake of the CCDmax group was accelerated and cell wall was damaged. • The metabolic flux was concentrated to the cordycepin synthesis pathway.

Systemic lupus erythematosus: latest insight into etiopathogenesis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology. Multifactorial interaction among various susceptible factors such as environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors makes it more heterogeneous and complex. Genetic and epigenetic modifications have been realized to regulate the immunobiology of lupus through environmental modifications such as diet and nutrition. Although these interactions may vary from population to population, the understanding of these risk factors can enhance the perception of the mechanistic basis of lupus etiology. To recognize the recent advances in lupus, an electronic search was conducted among search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed, where we found about 30.4% publications of total studies related to genetics and epigenetics, 33.5% publications related to immunobiology and 34% related to environmental factors. These outcomes suggested that management of diet and lifestyle have a direct relationship with the severity of lupus that influence via modulating the complex interaction among genetics and immunobiology. The present review emphasizes the knowledge about the multifactorial interactions between various susceptible factors based on recent advances that will further update the understanding of mechanisms involved in disease pathoetiology. Knowledge of these mechanisms will further assist in the creation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options.