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Lv LL, Li LY, Xiao LQ, Pi JH. Transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic analyses provide insights into the flavonoids biosynthesis in the flowers of Lonicera macranthoides. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38609923 PMCID: PMC11015657 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are one of the bioactive ingredients of Lonicera macranthoides (L. macranthoides), however, their biosynthesis in the flower is still unclear. In this study, combined transcriptomic and targeted metabolomic analyses were performed to clarify the flavonoids biosynthesis during flowering of L. macranthoides. RESULTS In the three sample groups, GB_vs_WB, GB_vs_WF and GB_vs_GF, there were 25, 22 and 18 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in flavonoids biosynthetic pathway respectively. A total of 339 flavonoids were detected and quantified at four developmental stages of flower in L. macranthoides. In the three sample groups, 113, 155 and 163 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs) were detected respectively. Among the DAFs, most apigenin derivatives in flavones and most kaempferol derivatives in flavonols were up-regulated. Correlation analysis between DEGs and DAFs showed that the down-regulated expressions of the CHS, DFR, C4H, F3'H, CCoAOMT_32 and the up-regulated expressions of the two HCTs resulted in down-regulated levels of dihydroquercetin, epigallocatechin and up-regulated level of kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-acetyl)-glucoside, cosmosiin and apigenin-4'-O-glucoside. The down-regulated expressions of F3H and FLS decreased the contents of 7 metabolites, including naringenin chalcone, proanthocyanidin B2, B3, B4, C1, limocitrin-3,7-di-O-glucoside and limocitrin-3-O-sophoroside. CONCLUSION The findings are helpful for genetic improvement of varieties in L.macranthoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, 418008, Huaihua, China.
| | - Li Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, 418008, Huaihua, China
| | - Long Qian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, 418008, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian Hui Pi
- Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education for Western Hunan Medicinal Plant and Ethnobotany, Huaihua University, 418008, Huaihua, China
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2
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Zhang Z, Qu P, Hao S, Li R, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Wen P, Cheng C. Characterization and Functional Analysis of Chalcone Synthase Genes in Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13882. [PMID: 37762185 PMCID: PMC10530253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first key enzyme-catalyzing plant flavonoid biosynthesis. Until now, however, the blueberry CHS gene family has not been systematically characterized and studied. In this study, we identified 22 CHS genes that could be further classified into four subfamilies from the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) genome. This classification was well supported by the high nucleotide and protein sequence similarities and similar gene structure and conserved motifs among VcCHS members from the same subfamily. Gene duplication analysis revealed that the expansion of the blueberry CHS gene family was mainly caused by segmental duplications. Promoter analysis revealed that the promoter regions of VcCHSs contained numerous cis-acting elements responsive to light, phytohormone and stress, along with binding sites for 36 different types of transcription factors. Gene expression analysis revealed that Subfamily I VcCHSs highly expressed in fruits at late ripening stages. Through transient overexpression, we found that three VcCHSs (VcCHS13 from subfamily II; VcCHS8 and VcCHS21 from subfamily I) could significantly enhance the anthocyanin accumulation and up-regulate the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic structural genes in blueberry leaves and apple fruits. Notably, the promoting effect of the Subfamily I member VcCHS21 was the best. The promoter of VcCHS21 contains a G-box (CACGTG) and an E-box sequence, as well as a bHLH binding site. A yeast one hybridization (Y1H) assay revealed that three anthocyanin biosynthesis regulatory bHLHs (VcAN1, VcbHLH1-1 and VcbHLH1-2) could specifically bind to the G-box sequence (CACGTG) in the VcCHS21 promoter, indicating that the expression of VcCHS21 was regulated by bHLHs. Our study will be helpful for understanding the characteristics and functions of blueberry CHSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pengfei Wen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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3
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Tariq H, Asif S, Andleeb A, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Flavonoid Production: Current Trends in Plant Metabolic Engineering and De Novo Microbial Production. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010124. [PMID: 36677049 PMCID: PMC9864322 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that represent a heterogeneous family of plant polyphenolic compounds. Recent research has determined that the health benefits of fruits and vegetables, as well as the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, are based on the presence of various bioactive natural products, including a high proportion of flavonoids. With current trends in plant metabolite research, flavonoids have become the center of attention due to their significant bioactivity associated with anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, the use of traditional approaches, widely associated with the production of flavonoids, including plant extraction and chemical synthesis, has not been able to establish a scalable route for large-scale production on an industrial level. The renovation of biosynthetic pathways in plants and industrially significant microbes using advanced genetic engineering tools offers substantial promise for the exploration and scalable production of flavonoids. Recently, the co-culture engineering approach has emerged to prevail over the constraints and limitations of the conventional monoculture approach by harnessing the power of two or more strains of engineered microbes to reconstruct the target biosynthetic pathway. In this review, current perspectives on the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of flavonoids in plants have been summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the most recent developments in the microbial production of major classes of flavonoids. Finally, we describe the recent achievements in genetic engineering for the combinatorial biosynthesis of flavonoids by reconstructing synthesis pathways in microorganisms via a co-culture strategy to obtain high amounts of specific bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnat Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saaim Asif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Anisa Andleeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Eure et Loir Campus, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (B.H.A.)
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (B.H.A.)
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4
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Kaur A, Ghai D, Yadav VG, Pawar SV, Sembi JK. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) of secondary metabolism: in silico identification and characterization in orchids. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35735783 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyse the formation of an array of polyketides with diverse structures that play an important role in secondary metabolism in plants. This group of enzymes is encoded by a multigene family, the Type III polyketide synthase (PKS) gene family. Vast reserves of secondary metabolites in orchids make these plants suitable candidates for research in the area. In this study, genome-wide searches lead to the identification of five PeqPKS, eight DcaPKS and six AshPKS genes in Phalaenopsis equestris, Dendrobium catenatum and Apostasia shenzhenica, respectively. All the members showed the presence of two characteristic conserved domains (Chal_sti_synt_N and Chal_sti_synt_C) and were generally localised in the cytoplasm. The phylogenetic analysis led to the classification of these proteins into two groups: CHS (chalcone synthase (CHS) and non-CHS. A single protein in P. equestris and two proteins each in D. catenatum and A. shenzhenica clustered within the CHS clade. The majority of the genes exhibited similar structural patterns with a single intron. Expression profiling revealed the tissue-specific expression of these genes with high expression in reproductive tissues for most genes. A number of stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements were predicted, noteworthy amongst these are, ABRE and CGTCA that are chiefly responsible for responding to abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate, respectively. Our study provides a reference framework for future studies involving functional elucidation of PKS genes and biotechnological production of polyketides.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devina Ghai
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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5
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Zou H, Han L, Yuan M, Zhang M, Zhou L, Wang Y. Sequence Analysis and Functional Verification of the Effects of Three Key Structural Genes, PdTHC2'GT, PdCHS and PdCHI, on the Isosalipurposide Synthesis Pathway in Paeonia delavayi var. lutea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5696. [PMID: 35628506 PMCID: PMC9147737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isosalipurposide (ISP) is the most important yellow pigment in tree peony. In ISP biosynthesis, CHS catalyzes 1-molecule coumaroyl-CoA and 3-molecule malonyl-CoA to form 2',4',6',4-tetrahyroxychalcone (THC), and THC generates a stable ISP in the vacuole under the action of chalcone2'-glucosyltransferases (THC2'GT). In tree peony, the details of the THC2'GT gene have not yet been reported. In this study, the candidate THC2'GT gene (PdTHC2'GT) in Paeonia delavayi var. lutea was screened. At the same time, we selected the upstream CHS gene (PdCHS) and the competitive CHI gene (PdCHI) to study the biosynthesis pathway of ISP. We successfully cloned three genes and sequenced them; subcellular localization showed that the three genes were located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The overexpression of PdTHC2'GT in tobacco caused the accumulation of ISP in tobacco petals, which indicated that PdTHC2'GT was the key structural gene in the synthesis of ISP. After the overexpression of PdCHS and PdCHI in tobacco, the accumulation of anthocyanins in tobacco petals increased to different degrees, showing the role of PdCHS and PdCHI in anthocyanin accumulation. The analysis of NtCHS and NtCHI of transgenic tobacco lines by qRT-PCR showed that the THC2'GT gene could increase the expression of CHS. THC2'GT and CHI were found to be competitive; hence, the overexpression of THC2'GT could lead to a decrease in CHI expression. The CHS gene and CHI gene could increase the expression of each other. In conclusion, we verified the key structural gene PdTHC2'GT and studied the operation of the genes in its upstream and competitive pathway, providing a new perspective for the biosynthesis of ISP and new candidate genes for the directional breeding of tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.Z.); (L.H.); (M.Y.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.Z.); (L.H.); (M.Y.); (M.Z.)
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6
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Hou Q, Li S, Shang C, Wen Z, Cai X, Hong Y, Qiao G. Genome-wide characterization of chalcone synthase genes in sweet cherry and functional characterization of CpCHS1 under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989959. [PMID: 36061761 PMCID: PMC9437463 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherries are one of the important fruit trees. The growth of cherry is greatly affected by abiotic stresses such as drought, which hinders its development. Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is a crucial rate-limiting enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway that plays an important role in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress tolerance. In the current study, three genes encoding chalcone synthase were identified in the genome of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). The three genes contained fewer introns and showed high homology with CHS genes of other Rosaceae members. All members are predicted to localize in the cytoplasm. The conserved catalytic sites may be located at the Cys163, Phe214, His302, and Asn335 residues. These genes were differentially expressed during flower bud dormancy and fruit development. The total flavonoid content of Chinese cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus Lindl.) was highest in the leaves and slightly higher in the pulp than in the peel. No significant difference in total flavonoid content was detected between aborted kernels and normally developing kernels. Overexpression of Chinese cherry CpCHS1 in tobacco improved the germination frequency of tobacco seeds under drought stress, and the fresh weight of transgenic seedlings under drought stress was higher than that of the wild type, and the contents of SOD, POD, CAT, and Pro in OE lines were significantly increased and higher than WT under drought stress. These results indicate cherry CHS genes are conserved and functionally diverse and will assist in elucidating the functions of flavonoid synthesis pathways in cherry and other Rosaceae species under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiandong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunqiong Shang
- College of Forestry, Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Qiao,
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7
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Yuan Y, Zuo J, Zhang H, Li R, Yu M, Liu S. Integration of Transcriptome and Metabolome Provides New Insights to Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Dendrobium huoshanense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850090. [PMID: 35360302 PMCID: PMC8964182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium huoshanense is both a traditional herbal medicine and a plant of high ornamental and medicinal value. We used transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate the effects of growth year on the secondary metabolites of D. huoshanense stems obtained from four different years of cultivation. In this study, a total of 428 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 1802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs and DAMs revealed significant differences in "Flavonoid biosynthesis", "Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" and "Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis". We summarize the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids in D. huoshanense, providing new insights into the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of flavonoids in D. huoshanense. Additionally, we identified two candidate genes, FLS (LOC110107557) and F3'H (LOC110095936), which are highly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, by WGCNA analysis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of growth year on secondarily metabolites in the plant and provide a theoretical basis for determining a reasonable harvesting period for D. huoshanense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingdan Yuan,
| | - Jiajia Zuo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Runze Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maoyun Yu
- Anhui Tongjisheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Lu’an, China
- Maoyun Yu,
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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8
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Ma Q, Hu Y, Dong X, Zhou G, Liu X, Gu Q, Wei Q. Metabolic Profiling and Gene Expression Analysis Unveil Differences in Flavonoid and Lipid Metabolisms Between 'Huapi' Kumquat ( Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) and Its Wild Type. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:759968. [PMID: 34925410 PMCID: PMC8675212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.759968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism underlying special characteristic differences between a spontaneous seedling mutant 'Huapi' kumquat (HP) and its wild-type 'Rongan' kumquat (RA), the fruit quality, metabolic profiles, and gene expressions of the peel and flesh were comprehensively analyzed. Compared with RA, HP fruit has distinctive phenotypes such as glossy peel, light color, and few amounts of oil glands. Interestingly, HP also accumulated higher flavonoid (approximately 4.1-fold changes) than RA. Based on metabolomics analysis, we identified 201 differential compounds, including 65 flavonoids and 37 lipids. Most of the differential flavonoids were glycosylated by hexoside and accumulated higher contents in the peel but lower in the flesh of HP than those of RA fruit. For differential lipids, most of them belonged to lysophosphatidycholines (LysoPCs) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LysoPEs) and exhibited low abundance in both peel and flesh of HP fruit. In addition, structural genes associated with the flavonoid and lipid pathways were differentially regulated between the two kumquat varieties. Gene expression analysis also revealed the significant roles of UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) and phospholipase genes in flavonoid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms, respectively. These findings provide valuable information for interpreting the mutation mechanism of HP kumquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongwei Hu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Gu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingjiang Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Tong Y, Lyu Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Zhou J. Optimum chalcone synthase for flavonoid biosynthesis in microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1194-1208. [PMID: 33980085 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1922350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chalcones and the subsequently generated flavonoids, as well as flavonoid derivatives, have been proven to have a variety of physiological activities and are widely used in: the pharmaceutical, food, feed, and cosmetic industries. As the content of chalcones and downstream products in native plants is low, the production of these compounds by microorganisms has gained the attention of many researchers and has a history of more than 20 years. The mining and engineering of chalcone synthase (CHS) could be one of the most important ways to achieve more efficient production of chalcones and downstream products in microorganisms. CHS has a broad spectrum of substrates, and its enzyme activity and expression level can significantly affect the efficiency of the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This review summarizes the recent advances in the: structure, mechanism, evolution, substrate spectrum, transformation, and expression regulation in the flavonoid biosynthesis of this vital enzyme. Future development directions were also suggested. The findings may further promote the research and development of flavonoids and health products, making them vital in the fields of human diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Tong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunbin Lyu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Liu Y, Wu L, Deng Z, Yu Y. Two putative parallel pathways for naringenin biosynthesis in Epimedium wushanense. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13919-13927. [PMID: 35423948 PMCID: PMC8697707 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00866h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids that exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are found in a wide range of medicinal plants. Among the flavonoid-producing plants identified so far, the genus Epimedium is recognised as a group of prolific prenyl-flavonoid glycoside producers with high economic value in the global dietary supplement market. To date, the biosynthetic genes for prenyl-flavonoid glycosides still remain elusive in Epimedium. Here, we identified five genes in Epimedium wushanense responsible for the biosynthesis of naringenin, the common precursor for flavonoid natural products. We successfully set up the biosynthetic pathway of naringenin using l-tyrosine as the precursor through enzymatic assays of these genes' encoding products, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EwPAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ew4CL1), chalcone synthase (EwCHS1), chalcone isomerase (EwCHI1) and CHI-like protein (EwCHIL3). Intriguingly, in vitro characterisation of the above catalytic enzymes' substrate specificity indicated a route parallel to naringenin biosynthesis, which starts from l-phenylalanine and ends in pinocembrin. The fact that there is no pinocembrin or pinocembrin-derived flavonoid accumulated in E. wushanense prompted us to propose that pinocembrin is likely converted into naringenin in vivo, constituting two parallel biosynthetic pathways for naringenin. Therefore, our study provides a basis for the full elucidation of the biosynthetic logic of prenyl-flavonoid glycoside in Epimedium, paving the way for future metabolite engineering and molecular breeding of E. wushanense to acquire a higher titre of desired, bioactive flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Linrui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430071 China
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11
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Gao J, Liu J, Jiang C, Chen S, Huang L. Identification of suitable reference genes for studies of Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1041-1053. [PMID: 33484622 PMCID: PMC8016119 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. (Oleaceae) is a species of shrub with a limited distribution in China. Several chemical compounds with pharmacological effects have been isolated from S. pinnatifolia, including new lignans and sesquiterpenes. Studies of gene expression in this species require the identification of suitable reference genes that are stably expressed under different conditions and in different tissues. To identify candidate reference genes, here we used the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms to analyze the stability of 12 candidate genes. The geometric mean of the rankings generated with these algorithms was used to obtain a comprehensive ranking. TBP and PP2A were found to be appropriate reference genes for calli treated with different external stimuli, and TIP41 and TBP were found to be appropriate reference genes in differentiated tissues. When calli and differentiated tissues were considered together, TBP and TIP41 were found to be the most reliable reference genes. The selected genes were validated by analysis of HMGR expression in calli and differentiated tissues. This study is the first to screen candidate reference genes in the genus Syringa and could help guide future molecular studies in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gao
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suyile Chen
- Alashan Mongolian Hospital, Alashan East Banner of Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Two Chalcone Synthase Isozymes Participate Redundantly in UV-Induced Sakuranetin Synthesis in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113777. [PMID: 32471084 PMCID: PMC7312121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid pathway, participating in the production of phenolic phytoalexins. The rice genome contains 31 CHS family genes (OsCHSs). The molecular characterization of OsCHSs suggests that OsCHS8 and OsCHS24 belong in the bona fide CHSs, while the other members are categorized in the non-CHS group of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). Biochemical analyses of recombinant OsCHSs also showed that OsCHS24 and OsCHS8 catalyze the formation of naringenin chalcone from p-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, while the other OsCHSs had no detectable CHS activity. OsCHS24 is kinetically more efficient than OsCHS8. Of the OsCHSs, OsCHS24 also showed the highest expression levels in different tissues and developmental stages, suggesting that it is the major CHS isoform in rice. In oschs24 mutant leaves, sakuranetin content decreased to 64.6% and 80.2% of those in wild-type leaves at 2 and 4 days after UV irradiation, respectively, even though OsCHS24 expression was mostly suppressed. Instead, the OsCHS8 expression was markedly increased in the oschs24 mutant under UV stress conditions compared to that in the wild-type, which likely supports the UV-induced production of sakuranetin in oschs24. These results suggest that OsCHS24 acts as the main CHS isozyme and OsCHS8 redundantly contributes to the UV-induced production of sakuranetin in rice leaves.
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Cuadra P, Guajardo J, Carrasco-Orellana C, Stappung Y, Fajardo V, Herrera R. Differential expression after UV-B radiation and characterization of chalcone synthase from the Patagonian hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112179. [PMID: 31669976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deschampsiaantarctica inhabits the maritime territory of Antarctica and South Patagonia. It grows under very harsh environmental conditions. The survival of this species in low freezing temperatures and under high levels of UV-B radiation may constitute some of the most remarkable adaptive plant responses and suggests that this plant possesses genes associated with cold and UV tolerance. Frequently, increased levels of flavonoids have been linked to highly UV-B irradiated plants. Studies examining the biosynthesis of flavonoids in D. antarctica may provide clues to its success in this extreme environment. In this study, we characterized the family of genes encoding chalcone synthase, a key enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. DaCHS was cloned, sequenced and characterized by using software tools. CHS contains two domains, the N-terminal domain ranges from amino acid 8 to 231 and the C-terminal domain ranges from amino acid 241 to 391. Sequence analysis of the three family members revealed a high degree of identity after comparison with other monocotyledons such as Oryza sativa L., Zea mays L. and Hordeum vulgare L. According to these results, DaCHS can be grouped together with H. vulgare CHS1 in the same branch. The phylogenetic tree was built using MEGA software and the neighbour join method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. A model of DaCHS was constructed by way of structural tools and key amino acid residues were identified at the active motif site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cuadra
- Universidad de Magallanes, Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, P.O. Box 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Joselin Guajardo
- Universidad de Talca, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 2 norte 685, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Yazmina Stappung
- Universidad de Talca, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 2 norte 685, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Víctor Fajardo
- Universidad de Magallanes, Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, P.O. Box 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Universidad de Talca, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, 2 norte 685, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile.
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Zhang J, Sui C, Wang Y, Liu S, Liu H, Zhang Z, Liu H. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Reveals Key DEGs in Flower Color Regulation of Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:E31. [PMID: 31888085 PMCID: PMC7017146 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers (HPA), a species in the family Liliaceae, is an important landscaping plant and herbaceous ornamental flower. However, because the flower has only two colors, white and purple, color matching applications are extremely limited. To date, the mechanism underlying flower color regulation remains unclear. METHODS In this study, the transcriptomes of three cultivars-H. plantaginea (HP, white flower), H. Cathayana (HC, purple flower), and H. plantaginea 'Summer Fragrance' (HS, purple flower)-at three flowering stages (bud stage, initial stage, and late flowering stage) were sequenced with the Illumina HiSeq 2000 (San Diego, CA, USA). The RNA-Seq results were validated by qRT-PCR of eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, we further analyzed the relationship between anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), chalcone synthase (CHS), and P450 and the flower color regulation by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) network and pathway enrichment analyses. The overexpression of CHS and ANS in transgenic tobacco petals was verified using qRT-PCR, and the petal colors associated with the overexpression lines were confirmed using absorbance values. RESULTS Over 434,349 transcripts were isolated, and 302,832 unigenes were identified. Additionally, through transcriptome comparisons, 2098, 722, and 606 DEGs between the different stages were found for HP, HC, and HS, respectively. Furthermore, GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that 84 color-related DEGs were enriched in 22 pathways. In particular, the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, regulated by CHS, ANS, and the cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase gene, was upregulated in both purple flower varieties in the late flowering stage. In contrast, this gene was hardly expressed in the white flower variety, which was verified in the CHS and ANS overexpression transgenic tobacco petals. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that CHS, ANS, and the cytochrome P450s-regulated flavonoid biosynthetic pathway might play key roles in the regulation of flower color in HPA. These insights into the mechanism of flower color regulation could be used to guide artificial breeding of polychrome varieties of ornamental flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Changhai Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Vocational College, Siping 136001, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shuying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhengren Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Hongzhang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
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15
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Liu HF, Chen FB. Candidate genes in red pigment biosynthesis of a red-fleshed radish cultivar (Raphanus sativus L.) as revealed by transcriptome analysis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Chen C, Zhang H, Dong C, Ji H, Zhang X, Li L, Ban Z, Zhang N, Xue W. Effect of ozone treatment on the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis of postharvest strawberries. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25429-25438. [PMID: 35530059 PMCID: PMC9070013 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03988k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone treatment at a suitable concentration can improve the antioxidant capacity of postharvest fruits. However, few studies have examined the antioxidant bioactive compounds in ozone-treated postharvest strawberries, especially in relation to proteomics. In this study, the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were used as the main antioxidant compound indicators and unlabeled proteomics was used to study the metabolism of phenylpropanoids in postharvest strawberries (Jingtaoxiang) treated with different concentrations of ozone (0, 1, 3, and 5 ppm) throughout the duration of storage. The results showed that the postharvest strawberries treated with 5 ppm ozone concentration exhibited improved accumulation of total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the antioxidant bioactive compounds, which was beneficial to the expression of phenylpropanoid metabolism-related proteins over the whole storage period compared with the other three groups. The results of proteomics were consistent with the changes in the key metabolites of phenylpropanoids, which indicated that ozone treatment at a suitable concentration aids the accumulation of TPC, TAC and TFC by promoting the key proteins associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunkun Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agriculture University Beijing China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Chenghu Dong
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, China, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products Tianjin China
| | - Haipeng Ji
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, China, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products Tianjin China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agriculture University Beijing China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhaojun Ban
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Products, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou China
| | - Na Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products, China, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products Tianjin China
| | - Wentong Xue
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agriculture University Beijing China
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