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Wu P, Li B, Liu Y, Bian Z, Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhu B. Multiple Physiological and Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1832. [PMID: 38339111 PMCID: PMC10855474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important nutrient for human health and disease cures, and it is also a crucial indicator for the quality of fruit and vegetables. As a reductant, AsA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the intracellular redox balance throughout all the stages of plant growth and development, fruit ripening, and abiotic stress responses. In recent years, the de novo synthesis and regulation at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level of AsA in plants have been studied relatively thoroughly. However, a comprehensive and systematic summary about AsA-involved biochemical pathways, as well as AsA's physiological functions in plants, is still lacking. In this review, we summarize and discuss the multiple physiological and biochemical functions of AsA in plants, including its involvement as a cofactor, substrate, antioxidant, and pro-oxidant. This review will help to facilitate a better understanding of the multiple functions of AsA in plant cells, as well as provide information on how to utilize AsA more efficiently by using modern molecular biology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Zheng Bian
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiaxin Xiong
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (P.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.B.); (J.X.)
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Chandra AK, Pandey D, Sood S, Joshi DC, Tiwari A, Sharma D, Gururani K, Kumar A. Uncovering the genomic regions underlying grain iron and zinc content using genome-wide association mapping in finger millet. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:47. [PMID: 38268987 PMCID: PMC10803704 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Finger millet, being rich source of essential minerals like iron and zinc, is an ideal model to identify candidate genes contributing to high grain iron content (GIC) and zinc content (GZC) in plants. Hence, finger millet diversity panel comprised of 202 genotypes was evaluated in two geographical locations and found to have a wide variation for GIC and GZC. A genome-wide association study using 2977 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified reliable marker-trait associations (MTAs). The use of general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) approaches revealed 5 and 8 common MTAs linked to GIC and GZC, respectively, for both Almora and Pantnagar locations, with a high level of significance (P < 0.01). However, 12 significant MTAs were found to be linked with GIC for Pantnagar location alone. The MTAs were associated with specific genes that produce ferritin (Fer1), iron-regulated transporter-like protein (IRT2), and yellow stripe-like 2 proteins (YSL2). These genes are likely linked to GIC variation in finger millet. Additionally, the variation in GZC in finger millet was connected to genes that encode zinc transporters, namely ZIP1 protein (ZIP1) and ZTP29-like protein (ZTP29). Compared to low GIC and GZC genotypes, high GIC and GZC genotypes exhibited greater relative expression of these genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03889-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - Salej Sood
- Crop Improvement Division, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Dinesh Chandra Joshi
- ICAR-Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand 263601 India
| | - Apoorv Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007 India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Department of Botany, Delhi University, North Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Kavita Gururani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145 India
- Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284003 India
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Xu C, Liu C, Li Z, Zu Y, Wang J. Response of growth and Pb accumulation characteristics of plants with intercropping Arabis alpina- Zea mays to exogenous oxalic acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:472-480. [PMID: 37599450 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2248268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of oxalic acids on plant growth and Pb accumulation in different parts of the plants of intercropping Arabis alpina and Zea mays, pot experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of oxalic acid contents of the plants and Pb accumulation through exogenous oxalic acid addition (0, 5, 25 and 50 mmol kg-1). The results showed the root biomass of intercropped A. alpina and total biomass of Z. mays increased by 3.22 folds and 2.97 folds with 5 mmol kg-1 oxalic acid treatment. The oxalic acid contents of shoots and root secretions decreased by 86.5% and 44.3%, respectively. The BCF (bio-accumulation factor) and TF (translocation factor) of intercropping A. alpina reduced under 25 - 50 mmol kg-1 oxalic acid treatments. There were relationships between exogenous oxalic acid treatment concentrations and oxalic acid contents of A. alpina shoots, Z. mays root secretions. The Pb contents of shoots of A. alpina and Z. mays were related to exogenous oxalic acid additions and oxalic acid contents of shoots. In general, 5 mmol kg-1 oxalic acid treatment, that can improve plant growth of intercropped A. alpina and Z. mays, which Pb translocation and accumulation of A. alpina were promoted, whereas Pb accumulation of A. alpina was inhibited with 25 - 50 mmol kg-1 concentrations addition. This study will provide a basis for promoting the application of phytoremediation techniques and efficient crop production in heavy metal contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuran Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanqun Zu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
| | - Jixiu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, China
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Choudhary P, Shukla P, Muthamilarasan M. Genetic enhancement of climate-resilient traits in small millets: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14502. [PMID: 37064482 PMCID: PMC10102230 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is facing the challenge of feeding the ever-growing population that is projected to reach ten billion by 2050. While improving crop yield and productivity can address this challenge, the increasing effects of global warming and climate change seriously threaten agricultural productivity. Thus, genomics and genome modification technologies are crucial to improving climate-resilient traits to enable sustained yield and productivity; however, significant research focuses on staple crops such as rice, wheat, and maize. Crops that are naturally climate-resilient and nutritionally superior to staple cereals, such as small millets, remain neglected and underutilized by mainstream research. The ability of small millets to grow in marginal regions having limited irrigation and poor soil fertility makes these crops a better choice for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence, mainstreaming small millets for cultivation and using omics technologies to dissect the climate-resilient traits to identify the molecular determinants underlying these traits are imperative for addressing food and nutritional security. In this context, the review discusses the genomics and genome modification approaches for dissecting key traits in small millets and their application for improving these traits in cultivated germplasm. The review also discusses biofortification for nutritional security and machine-learning approaches for trait improvement in small millets. Altogether, the review provides a roadmap for the effective use of next-generation approaches for trait improvement in small millets. This will lead to the development of improved varieties for addressing multiple insecurities prevailing in the present climate change scenario.
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Duraiswamy A, Sneha A. NM, Jebakani K. S, Selvaraj S, Pramitha J. L, Selvaraj R, Petchiammal K. I, Kather Sheriff S, Thinakaran J, Rathinamoorthy S, Kumar P. R. Genetic manipulation of anti-nutritional factors in major crops for a sustainable diet in future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1070398. [PMID: 36874916 PMCID: PMC9976781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of healthy food, in order to strengthen the immune system, is now a major focus of people worldwide and is essential to tackle the emerging pandemic concerns. Moreover, research in this area paves the way for diversification of human diets by incorporating underutilized crops which are highly nutritious and climate-resilient in nature. However, although the consumption of healthy foods increases nutritional uptake, the bioavailability of nutrients and their absorption from foods also play an essential role in curbing malnutrition in developing countries. This has led to a focus on anti-nutrients that interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients and proteins from foods. Anti-nutritional factors in crops, such as phytic acid, gossypol, goitrogens, glucosinolates, lectins, oxalic acid, saponins, raffinose, tannins, enzyme inhibitors, alkaloids, β-N-oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are synthesized in crop metabolic pathways and are interconnected with other essential growth regulation factors. Hence, breeding with the aim of completely eliminating anti-nutrition factors tends to compromise desirable features such as yield and seed size. However, advanced techniques, such as integrated multi-omics, RNAi, gene editing, and genomics-assisted breeding, aim to breed crops in which negative traits are minimized and to provide new strategies to handle these traits in crop improvement programs. There is also a need to emphasize individual crop-based approaches in upcoming research programs to achieve smart foods with minimum constraints in future. This review focuses on progress in molecular breeding and prospects for additional approaches to improve nutrient bioavailability in major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Duraiswamy
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nancy Mano Sneha A.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sherina Jebakani K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sellakumar Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha J.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramchander Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Indira Petchiammal K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sharmili Kather Sheriff
- Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jenita Thinakaran
- Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Samundeswari Rathinamoorthy
- Crop Physiology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar P.
- Plant Biochemistry, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
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Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhaka N, Dhewa T, Puniya AK. Nutritional and health-promoting attributes of millet: current and future perspectives. Nutr Rev 2022; 81:684-704. [PMID: 36219789 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Millet is consumed as a staple food, particularly in developing countries, is part of the traditional diet in a number of relatively affluent countries, and is gaining popularity throughout the world. It is a valuable dietary energy source. In addition to high caloric value, several health-promoting attributes have been reported for millet seeds. This review describes many nutritional characteristics of millet seeds and their derivatives that are important to human health: antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory, antibacterial or antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-carcinogenic potential, and their role as modulators of gut health. There are several varieties, but the main focus of this review is on pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus [synonym Pennisetum glaucum]), one of the most widely eaten millet crops grown in India, though other millet types are also covered. In this article, the health-promoting properties of the natural components (ie, proteins, peptides, polyphenols, polysaccharides, oil, isoflavones, etc.) present in millet seeds are discussed. Although many of these health benefits have been demonstrated using animal models in vitro studies, human intervention-feeding trials are required to confirm several of the potential health benefits of millet seeds. Based on the nutritional and health-promoting attributes known for pearl millet (discussed in this review), finger millet and foxtail millet are suggested as good candidates for use in future nutritional interventions for improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Namrata Dhaka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- is with the Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Pendergast TH, Qi P, Odeny DA, Dida MM, Devos KM. A high-density linkage map of finger millet provides QTL for blast resistance and other agronomic traits. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20175. [PMID: 34904374 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is a critical subsistence crop in eastern Africa and southern Asia but has few genomic resources and modern breeding programs. To aid in the understanding of finger millet genomic organization and genes underlying disease resistance and agronomically important traits, we generated a F2:3 population from a cross between E. coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. coracana accession ACC 100007 and E. coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. africana , accession GBK 030647. Phenotypic data on morphology, yield, and blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance traits were taken on a subset of the F2:3 population in a Kenyan field trial. The F2:3 population was genotyped via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and the UGbS-Flex pipeline was used for sequence alignment, nucleotide polymorphism calling, and genetic map construction. An 18-linkage-group genetic map consisting of 5,422 markers was generated that enabled comparative genomic analyses with rice (Oryza sativa L.), foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Notably, we identified conserved acrocentric homoeologous chromosomes (4A and 4B in finger millet) across all species. Significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were discovered for flowering date, plant height, panicle number, and blast incidence and severity. Sixteen putative candidate genes that may underlie trait variation were identified. Seven LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN genes, with homology to nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) disease resistance proteins, were found on three chromosomes under blast resistance QTL. This high-marker-density genetic map provides an important tool for plant breeding programs and identifies genomic regions and genes of critical interest for agronomic traits and blast resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Pendergast
- Dep. of Plant Biology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Peng Qi
- Dep. of Plant Biology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Damaris Achieng Odeny
- The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics-Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathews M Dida
- Dep. of Applied Sciences, Maseno Univ., Private Bag-40105, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Dep. of Plant Biology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Mirahmadi SF, Hassandokht M, Fatahi R, Naghavi MR, Rezaei K. High and low oxalate content in spinach: an investigation of accumulation patterns. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:836-843. [PMID: 34233027 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxalic acid is a common antinutrient in the human diet, found in large quantities in spinach. However, spinach is highly regarded by vegetable producers because of its nutritional content and economic value. One of the primary purposes of spinach-breeding programs is to improve the nutritional value of spinach by adjusting oxalate accumulation. Knowledge of the biosynthetic patterns of oxalic acid, and its different forms, is important for a better understanding of this process. RESULTS We found three biosynthetic patterns of accumulation and concentration of oxalates. Two of them are related to the maximum type and one is related to the minimum type. We also developed a general model of variations in these compounds in the genotypes that were studied. CONCLUSION This study introduced a unique type of spinach with high oxalate accumulation, which could be particularly suitable for consumption. This had the highest ratio of insoluble oxalate to soluble oxalate. It also accumulated more ascorbic acid (AA) than other types. Our findings in this study also indicate a small role for AA as a precursor to oxalate production in spinach, possibly confirming the significant role of glyoxylate as the most critical precursor in this plant. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fazel Mirahmadi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hassandokht
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Fatahi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Biotechnology, Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Karamatollah Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Metal based nanoparticles trigger the differential expression of key regulatory genes which regulate iron and zinc homeostasis mechanism in finger millet. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chandra AK, Pandey D, Tiwari A, Sharma D, Agarwal A, Sood S, Kumar A. An Omics Study of Iron and Zinc Homeostasis in Finger Millet: Biofortified Foods for Micronutrient Deficiency in an Era of Climate Change? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24:688-705. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Dinesh Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Apoorv Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Department of Botany, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Aparna Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Salej Sood
- Department of Crop Improvement, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Director of Education, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, India
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Genetic and genomic resources, and breeding for accelerating improvement of small millets: current status and future interventions. THE NUCLEUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-020-00322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCurrent agricultural and food systems encourage research and development on major crops, neglecting regionally important minor crops. Small millets include a group of small- seeded cereal crops of the grass family Poaceae. This includes finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet, little millet, teff, fonio, job’s tears, guinea millet, and browntop millet. Small millets are an excellent choice to supplement major staple foods for crop and dietary diversity because of their diverse adaptation on marginal lands, less water requirement, lesser susceptibility to stresses, and nutritional superiority compared to major cereal staples. Growing interest among consumers about healthy diets together with climate-resilient features of small millets underline the necessity of directing more research and development towards these crops. Except for finger millet and foxtail millet, and to some extent proso millet and teff, other small millets have received minimal research attention in terms of development of genetic and genomic resources and breeding for yield enhancement. Considerable breeding efforts were made in finger millet and foxtail millet in India and China, respectively, proso millet in the United States of America, and teff in Ethiopia. So far, five genomes, namely foxtail millet, finger millet, proso millet, teff, and Japanese barnyard millet, have been sequenced, and genome of foxtail millet is the smallest (423-510 Mb) while the largest one is finger millet (1.5 Gb). Recent advances in phenotyping and genomics technologies, together with available germplasm diversity, could be utilized in small millets improvement. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the importance of small millets, the global status of their germplasm, diversity, promising germplasm resources, and breeding approaches (conventional and genomic approaches) to accelerate climate-resilient and nutrient-dense small millets for sustainable agriculture, environment, and healthy food systems.
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