Knockdown of tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59) inhibits proliferation in cholangiocarcinoma via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway

Exploring the Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets of TRIM Family in Gastrointestinal Cancer

Gastrointestinal region (GI) cancers are closely linked to the ubiquitination system, with the E3 ubiquitin ligase playing a crucial role by targeting various substrates. As E3 ubiquitin ligases, proteins of tripartite motif (TRIM) family play a role in cancer signaling, development, apoptosis, and formation. These proteins regulate diverse biological activities and signaling pathways. This study comprehensively outlines the functions of TRIM proteins in gastrointestinal physiology, contributing to our knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in gastrointestinal tumors. Gastrointestinal region (GI) cancers are closely linked to the ubiquitination system, with the E3 ubiquitin ligase playing a crucial role by targeting various substrates.

TRIM25, TRIM28 and TRIM59 and Their Protein Partners in Cancer Signaling Crosstalk: Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cancer

Aberrant expression of TRIM proteins has been correlated with poor prognosis and metastasis in many cancers, with many TRIM proteins acting as key oncogenic factors. TRIM proteins are actively involved in many cancer signaling pathways, such as p53, Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, TGFβ, JAK/STAT, AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin. Therefore, this review attempts to summarize how three of the most studied TRIMs in recent years (i.e., TRIM25, TRIM28 and TRIM59) are involved directly and indirectly in the crosstalk between the signaling pathways. A brief overview of the key signaling pathways involved and their general cross talking is discussed. In addition, the direct interacting protein partners of these TRIM proteins are also highlighted in this review to give a picture of the potential protein-protein interaction that can be targeted for future discovery and for the development of novel therapeutics against cancer. This includes some examples of protein partners which have been proposed to be master switches to various cancer signaling pathways.

TRIM59 is required for mouse GC-1 cell maintenance through modulating the ubiquitination of AXIN1

Tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) is a biomarker for multiple tumors with crucial roles. However, the specific role of TRIM59 in germ cells remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects and underlying regulatory mechanisms of TRIM59 on germ cells using the mouse spermatogonial cell line GC-1. Our results demonstrated that TRIM59 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of GC-1 cells. Mechanistically, TRIM59 maintained GC-1 cell behaviors through ubiquitination of AXIN1 to activate β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, activation of β-catenin signaling reversed the effects mediated by Trim59 knockdown in GC-1 cells. Collectively, our study revealed a major role and regulatory mechanism of TRIM59 in GC-1 cells, which sheds new light on the molecular pathogenesis of defects in spermatogenesis and may provide therapeutic targets for treatment of male infertility.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins Regulate Angiogenic Cytokines Through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway to Promote Fracture Healing in Ovariectomized Rats

Osteoporotic fractures seriously affect the quality of life of the elderly. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have the potential function of preventing osteoporosis. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is involved in the regulation of osteoporosis and has been proven to be related to VEGF secretion and angiogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of PNS on ovariectomized rats with osteoporotic fracture through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and angiogenesis-related factors. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control, fracture model, ovariectomized fracture model, low-dose PNS (100 mg/kg/d), and high-dose PNS (200 mg/kg/d). The ovariectomized rat fracture model was established. In low and high dose groups, PNS was administered intraperitoneally. The vascularization of fracture ends was detected in vitro by micro-CT on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day after modeling, and the area and number of blood vessels in the unit field of vision of the callus healing plane were seen by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of PI3K, AKT1, mTOR, hypoxia inducible factor-1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1), VEGF, Ang-1, VEGFR2, and angiopoietin like 2 Gene (ANGPTL2) were determined using Western blotting. In the PNS treatment group, the area of cortical bone increased, the area of callus decreased, and the number and area of blood vessels increased significantly when compared with the ovariectomized fracture model group. PNS regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and promotes the expression of vascular-related cytokines (VEGF, Ang-1, VEGFR2, and ANGPTL2) in osteoporotic fractures. PNS may regulate the expression of vascular-related factors through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promote the healing of osteoporotic fractures in ovariectomized rats.

Tripartite motif family - its role in tumor progression and therapy resistance: a review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review, we summarized published articles on the role of tripartite motif (TRIM) family members in the initiation and development of human malignancies.

RECENT FINDINGS

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UP-S) plays a critical role in cellular activities, and UP-S dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. One of the key regulators of the UP-S is the tripartite motif TRIM protein family, most of which are active E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM proteins are critical for the biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand how TRIM proteins function at the molecular level in cancer cells.

SUMMARY

We provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role TRIMs play in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We propose TRIM family members as potential new markers and targets to overcome therapy failure.

Cell softness reveals tumorigenic potential via ITGB8/AKT/glycolysis signaling in a mice model of orthotopic bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer, characterized by a high potential of tumor recurrence, has high lifelong monitoring and treatment costs. To date, tumor cells with intrinsic softness have been identified to function as cancer stem cells in several cancer types. Nonetheless, the existence of soft tumor cells in bladder tumors remains elusive. Thus, our study aimed to develop a micro-barrier microfluidic chip to efficiently isolate deformable tumor cells from distinct types of bladder cancer cells.

METHODS

The stiffness of bladder cancer cells was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The modified microfluidic chip was utilized to separate soft cells, and the 3D Matrigel culture system was to maintain the softness of tumor cells. Expression patterns of integrin β8 (ITGB8), protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were determined by Western blotting. Double immunostaining was conducted to examine the interaction between F-actin and tripartite motif containing 59 (TRIM59). The stem-cell-like characteristics of soft cells were explored by colony formation assay and in vivo studies upon xenografted tumor models.

RESULTS

Using our newly designed microfluidic approach, we identified a small fraction of soft tumor cells in bladder cancer cells. More importantly, the existence of soft tumor cells was confirmed in clinical human bladder cancer specimens, in which the number of soft tumor cells was associated with tumor relapse. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the biomechanical stimuli arising from 3D Matrigel activated the F-actin/ITGB8/TRIM59/AKT/mTOR/glycolysis pathways to enhance the softness and tumorigenic capacity of tumor cells. Simultaneously, we detected a remarkable up-regulation in ITGB8, TRIM59, and phospho-AKT in clinical bladder recurrent tumors compared with their non-recurrent counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

The ITGB8/TRIM59/AKT/mTOR/glycolysis axis plays a crucial role in modulating tumor softness and stemness. Meanwhile, the soft tumor cells become more sensitive to chemotherapy after stiffening, that offers new insights for hampering tumor progression and recurrence.

Silencing TRIM29 Sensitizes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells to Anlotinib by Promoting Apoptosis via Binding RAD50

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have proposed that the transcriptional regulatory factor tripartite motif containing 29 (TRIM29) is involved in carcinogenesis via binding with nucleic acid. TRIM29 is confirmed to be highly expressed when the cancer cells acquire therapy-resistant properties. We noticed that TRIM29 levels were significantly increased in anlotinib-resistant NCIH1975 (NCI-H1975/AR) cells via mining data information from gene expression omnibus (GEO) gene microarray (GSE142031; log2 fold change > 1, p < 0.05).

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed to investigate the function of TRIM29 on the resistance to anlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, including NCI-H1975 and A549 cells.

METHODS

Real-time RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect TRIM29 expression in anlotinib- resistant NSCLC (NSCLC/AR) cells. Apoptosis were determined through flow cytometry, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining as well as western blot. ELISA was used to measure the content of C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1. Co-Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to verify the interaction between TRIM29 and RAD50 double-strand break repair protein (RAD50).

RESULTS

TRIM29 expression was shown to be elevated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of NSCLC/ AR cells compared to normal NSCLC cells. Next, we demonstrated that TRIM29 knockdown facilitated apoptosis and enhanced the sensitivity to anlotinib in NSCLC/AR cells. Based on the refined results citing from the database BioGRID, it was proved that TRIM29 interacted with RAD50. Herein, RAD50 overexpression diminished the pro-apoptotic effect induced by silencing TRIM29 in anlotinib-resistant A549 (A549/AR) cells.

CONCLUSION

Finally, we concluded that the increased sensitivity to anlotinib in NSCLC/AR cells was achieved by knocking down TRIM29, besides, the positive effects of TRIM29 knockdown were attributed to the promotion of apoptosis via binding to RAD50 in NSCLC/AR cell nucleus. Therefore, TRIM29 might become a potential target for overcoming anlotinib resistance in NSCLC treatment.

Intricate confrontation: Research progress and application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immune escape

BACKGROUND

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins have more than 80 members and are widely found in various eukaryotic cells. Most TRIM family proteins participate in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system as E3-ubiquitin ligases; therefore, they play pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, including tumor immune escape. Due to the diversity of functional domains of TRIM family proteins, they can extensively participate in multiple signaling pathways of tumor immune escape through different substrates. In current research and clinical contexts, immune escape has become an urgent problem. The extensive participation of TRIM family proteins in curing tumors or preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis makes them promising targets.

AIM OF REVIEW

The aim of the review is to make up for the gap in the current research on TRIM family proteins and tumor immune escape and propose future development directions according to the current progress and problems.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This up-to-date review summarizes the characteristics and biological functions of TRIM family proteins, discusses the mechanisms of TRIM family proteins involved in tumor immune escape, and highlights the specific mechanism from the level of structure-function-molecule-pathway-phenotype, including mechanisms at the level of protein domains and functions, at the level of molecules and signaling pathways, and at the level of cells and microenvironments. We also discuss the application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immunotherapy, such as possible treatment strategies for combination targeting TRIM family protein drugs and checkpoint inhibitors for improving cancer treatment.

Multiple Roles of TRIM21 in Virus Infection

The tripartite motif protein 21 (TRIM21) belongs to the TRIM family, possessing an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Similar to other TRIMs, TRIM21 also contains three domains (named RBCC), including the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain, one or two B-Box domains (B-Box), and one PRY/SPRY domain. Notably, we found that the RING and B-Box domains are relatively more conservative than the PRY/SPRY domain, suggesting that TRIM21 of different species had similar functions. Recent results showed that TRIM21 participates in virus infection by directly interacting with viral proteins or modulating immune and inflammatory responses. TRIM21 also acts as a cytosol high-affinity antibody Fc receptor, binding to the antibody-virus complex and triggering an indirect antiviral antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN). This paper focuses on the recent progress in the mechanism of TRIM21 during virus infection and the application prospects of TRIM21 on virus infection.

TRIM family contribute to tumorigenesis, cancer development, and drug resistance

The tripartite-motif (TRIM) family represents one of the largest classes of putative single protein RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM family is involved in a variety of cellular signaling transductions and biological processes. TRIM family also contributes to cancer initiation, progress, and therapy resistance, exhibiting oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions in different human cancer types. Moreover, TRIM family members have great potential to serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we focus on the specific mechanisms of the participation of TRIM family members in tumorigenesis, and cancer development including interacting with dysregulated signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and p53 hub. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that the TRIM family are related to tumor resistance; modulate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and guarantee the acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) phenotype. In the end, we havediscussed the potential of TRIM family members for cancer therapeutic targets.

The roles and targeting options of TRIM family proteins in tumor

Tripartite motif (TRIM) containing proteins are a class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, which are critically implicated in the occurrence and development of tumors. They can function through regulating various aspects of tumors, such as tumor proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and the development of drug resistance during tumor therapy. Some members of TRIM family proteins can mediate protein ubiquitination and chromosome translocation via modulating several signaling pathways, like p53, NF-κB, AKT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin and other molecular regulatory mechanisms. The multi-domain nature/multi-functional biological role of TRIMs implies that blocking just one function or one domain might not be sufficient to obtain the desired therapeutic outcome, therefore, a detailed and systematic understanding of the biological functions of the individual domains of TRIMs is required. This review mainly described their roles and underlying mechanisms in tumorigenesis and progression, and it might shade light on a potential targeting strategy for TRIMs in tumor treatment, especially using PROTACs.

The AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway Was Mediated through the LINC00514/miR-28-5p/TRIM44 Axis

Objective. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the essential role of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis. LINC00514, a novel lncRNA, was reported to be a promoter of malignant behaviors in cancer, but in pituitary adenoma (PA), its biological functions remain unclear. Methods. Herein, we measured LINC00514 expression by RT-qPCR analysis which indicated a significant elevation of LINC00514 expression in human PA tissues. Moreover, the effect of LINC00514 silencing on PA cell proliferation and invasion was, respectively, examined by CCK-8 and transwell assays. Results. The results showed that LINC00514 deletion markedly inhibited PA cell proliferation and invasion. Besides, investigation on the molecular mechanisms showed that LINC00514 might function as an endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-28-5p and TRIM44 was mediated by LINC00514-derived miR-28-5p in PA cells. Furthermore, the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was mediated through the LINC00514/miR-28-5p/TRIM44 axis. Conclusion. To sum up, we suggested LINC00514 as a novel therapeutic target for PA treatment.

JQ1 inhibits high glucose-induced migration of retinal microglial cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. The current study elucidates the role of JQ1 in DR. A diabetic model was constructed by STZ injection and a high-fat diet. After establishment of the diabetic model, rats were assigned to treatment groups: 1) control, 2) diabetic model, and 3) diabetic+JQ1 model. In vitro Transwell and wound-healing assays were used to measure BV2 cell viability by stimulation with low glucose and high glucose with or without JQ1 and 740Y-P. Pathological methods were used to analyze DR, and Western blotting was used to analyze protein expression. Identification of enriched pathways in DR was performed by bioinformatics. Histopathological examination demonstrated that JQ1 rescued the loss of retinal cells and increased the thickness of retinal layers in diabetic rats. JQ1 attenuated high glucose-stimulated BV2 microglial motility and migration. The bioinformatics analysis implied that the Pl3K-Akt signaling pathway was enriched in DR. JQ1 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT as well as the immunostaining of PI3K in BV2 cells. 740Y-P (a PI3K agonist) significantly reversed the decrease in p-PI3K and p-AK in BV2 cells. Additionally, JQ1 decreased the protein expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and MMP2/9 and immunostaining of PI3K in retinal tissues of rats. JQ1 suppresses the PI3K/Akt cascade by targeting MMP expression, thus decreasing the viability and invasion capacity of retinal microglia, suggesting an interesting treatment target for DR.

Evaluation of tripartite motif 59 and its diagnostic utility in benign bowel diseases and colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in developing countries. Tripartite motif-59 (TRIM59) a member of the TRIM ubiquitin ligase family, is a surface molecule that regulates biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. Previous studies reported that TRIM59 expression was upregulated in human CRC, however, the expression pattern and role of TRIM59 in benign colorectal lesions remain unclear. Sixty patients diagnosed with CRC and 60 patients with benign lesions (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, adenoma, and familial adenomatous polyposis) were recruited to the present study. TRIM59 gene expression was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Expression of TRIM59 protein and p-AKT were determined using, enzyme-linked immunoassay while p53 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Antioxidant/oxidant role of glutathione (GSH)/malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated by colorimetric methods in all of the studied groups. Our results showed upregulated expressions of TRIM59 gene and protein levels in CRC tissues and benign colonic lesions compared to nontumor tissues. Their levels were higher in inflammatory compared to noninflammatory bowel lesions. There were significant interrelations among TRIM59 gene expression, protein levels, tumor, node, metastasis staging, and the presence of metastasis (p < 0.0001). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analyses showed that at the cutoff point of 2.5 TRIM59 mRNA expression can discriminate between CRC cases and benign bowel group (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.639, sensitivity: 86.7%, specificity: 41.7%), and between CRC and controls (AUC: 0.962, sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 91.7%). TRIM59 could be a potential biomarker in the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of benign colonic lesions and CRC.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta as a potential biomarker for Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma

The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov), the primary risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA), is a parasite endemic to southeast Asian countries. With no effective treatments for CHCA currently available, early diagnosis and treatment of Ov infection remains the only practical method for the prevention of CHCA. In this study, plasma phosphoproteomes of patients in the non-Ov infection, non-cholangiocarcinoma subject group (non-OVCCA), the asymptomatic Ov infected group (OV), and the CHCA group (CCA), were investigated to identify potential biomarkers for Ov infection and CHCA. The AKT signalling pathway was found to be up-regulated. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform (PIK3CB), an upstream signalling molecule, was selected as a potential biomarker and evaluated using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results demonstrated evidence that levels of PIK3CB in both the OV group and CCA group was statistically different compared to the non-OVCCA group (P < 0.01). However, the levels of PIK3CB between the OV group and the CCA group were found not to be statistically different. Sensitivity and specificity for OV using OD450 cut-off at >1.570 was 76 and 72%, respectively. For CCA, sensitivity and specificity using OD450 cut-off at >1.398 was 68 and 76%, respectively. Application of indirect ELISA detecting plasma PIK3CB will be of great benefit for screening of opisthorchiasis and CHCA.

Sporoderm-Removed Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder May Suppress the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk Pathway

Tumor metastasis is a key factor of therapeutic failure in tumor patients, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be explored and novel effective curative strategies are urgently required. Emerging evidence suggests that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder can suppress tumor growth and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of action remain elusive. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder against esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). The expression of MCP-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells was detected by Western blotting. The MTS assay was used to assess the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells viability. The clone formation assay was used to evaluate to the proliferation ability of KYSE140 and KYSE510 cells. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to analyze the migration of KYSE140 and KYSE510 cells. Invasion was also analyzed by the Transwell assay. The expressions of PI3K, AKT/p-AKT, Erk/p-Erk, JNK1, and mTOR were detected by Western blotting. We found that the MCP-1 protein was highly expressed in KYSE140 and KYSE510. In addition, sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder treatment was found to inhibit esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation, to block the cell cycle, to induce cell apoptosis and to inhibit cell migration and invasion. Finally, we found that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder decreased the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinomas by involving MCP-1, regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Erk signal pathways.

Protein profiling reveals potential isomiR-associated cross-talks among RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma

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Protein profiling identified crucial genes that were used to screen related ncRNAs.

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Both miRNAs and isomiRs were involved in coding-non-coding RNA regulatory network.

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IsomiR-associated ceRNA networks implied the complex interactions among RNAs.

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are tumors that arise from the cholangiocytes. Although some genes have been shown with important roles in pathological process, interactions or cross-talks among different RNAs are important to understand the detailed molecular mechanisms in cancer development, especially discussing cross-talks among isomiRs and other RNAs. Herein, to characterize crucial genes in CCA, the protein expression profile was performed to survey potential crucial mRNAs and related non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in mRNA-ncRNA network, mainly including miRNAs/isomiRs and lncRNAs. Deregulated mRNAs were firstly obtained if consistent expression patterns were found at protein and mRNA levels, and related miRNAs/isomiRs were screened according to regulatory relationships. Diverse isomiRs from a given miRNA locus also contributed to interactions between the small RNAs and target mRNAs, and miRNAs were further used to survey related lncRNAs to expand the interactions. Thus, several groups of RNAs were constructed as candidate competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. Finally, we found that RAB11FIP1:miR-101-3p:MIR3142HG may be a potential ceRNA network, and the interactions among them may be more complex due to variety of isomiRs. Simultaneously, RAB11FIP1 and miR-194-5p were also detected other related lncRNAs (FBXL19-AS1, SNHG1 and PVT1) that may be crucial in coding-non-coding RNA regulatory network. Our results show that diverse isomiRs with sequence and expression heterogeneities contribute to ceRNA regulatory network that may have crucial roles in CCA, which will expand our understanding of interactions among diverse RNAs and their contributions in cancer development.

TRIM59: A potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human tumors

TRIM59 is a protein that is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and promotes tumor development. However, the use of TRIM59 as tumor diagnosis and prognosis biomarker has not been fully explored. We collected datasets from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus (GEO) to investigate its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. A total of 46 studies, including 11,558 patients were included in this study. Here, we showed that TRIM59 was significantly upregulated in 15 type of human solid tumors in comparison to their adjacent tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) results provided further evidence for the use of TRIM59 as a potential tumor diagnosis biomarker. Overall survival (OS) was compared between TRIM59 high expression and low expression groups. High expression of TRIM59 indicated a poor prognosis in multiple solid tumors. Taken together, these analyses showed that TRIM59 was upregulated in various types of tumors and had the potential to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human solid tumors.

Potential value of tripartite motif-containing 59 as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In recent years, related studies have revealed that tripartite motif-containing 59 (TRIM59) is related to the prognosis of lung cancer. However, these results have not been proved by any evidence. Therefore, this study evaluated the relationship between TRIM59 and the prognosis of lung cancer by carrying out meta-analysis. In addition, we explored the mechanism and related pathways of TRIM59 in lung cancer through bioinformatics analysis.

METHODS

Comprehensive literature search was performed in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical literature Database, Chinese Scientific and Journal Database, Wan Fang, Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE databases, and eligible studies were obtained based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled hazard ratios and odds ratios were applied to assess the clinical value of TRIM59 expression for overall survival and clinicopathological features. Meanwhile, meta-analysis was conducted on the Stata 16.0. The mRNA expression level of TRIM59 in lung cancer was analyzed using Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to predict the signaling pathways that TRIM59 might be involved in. The correlation between the expression level of TRIM59 in lung cancer and the abundance of immune cell invasion was analyzed by TIMER database. The survival analysis was verified by Kaplan-Meier Plotter database.

RESULTS

The results of this meta-analysis would be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the application of meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis will provide evidence support for the study on the prognosis and mechanism of TRIM59 in lung cancer.

TRIM15 promotes the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by mediating APOA1 ubiquitination and degradation

Most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) are diagnosed at an advanced or metastatic stage. Metastasis is the one of the major obstacles to prolonging the survival time of patients with pancreatic cancer. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family member TRIM15 has been implicated in cancer development. Our bioinformatics analysis indicated that TRIM15 might be involved in the regulation of pancreatic cancer metastasis. However, the role of TRIM15 in PDAC remains unclear. Metabolic reprogramming involving dysregulated lipid synthesis is common in patients with PDAC. Targeting lipid anabolism has been proposed as a strategy to treat PDAC. In this study, we demonstrated that TRIM15 expression was elevated in PDAC tissues, and this elevated expression was associated with a poor prognosis. TRIM15 silencing suppressed the invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, the mass spectrometry analysis suggested that Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), the main component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that is involved in lipid transport and metabolism, might be one of the binding partners of TRIM15. Further experiment indicated that TRIM15 interacted with APOA1 through its PRY/SPRY domain and promoted APOA1 polyubiquitination via its RING domain. APOA1 degradation enhanced lipid anabolism and promoted lipid droplet accumulation in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, we showed that TRIM15 might promote PDAC metastasis by regulating lipid metabolism via the APOA1-LDLR axis. Consequently, targeting the TRIM15-APOA1-LDLR axis may be a strategy to inhibit PDAC metastasis by blocking triglyceride synthesis.

Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis

The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14^ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.

The translational values of TRIM family in pan-cancers: From functions and mechanisms to clinics

Cancer is the second leading cause of human death across the world. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family, with E3 ubiquitin ligase activities in majority of its members, is reported to be involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. TRIM proteins have critical effects in the regulation of biological behaviors of cancer cells. Here, we discussed the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRIM proteins regulation of cancer cells. We also comprehensively reviewed published studies on TRIM family members as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the oncogenesis, development, and progression of a variety of types of human cancers. Finally, we highlighted that certain TRIM family members are potential molecular biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets.

The Roles of TRIMs in Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling

The Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, which contains over 80 members in human sapiens, is the largest subfamily of the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase family. It is implicated in regulating various cellular functions, including cell cycle process, autophagy, and immune response. The dysfunction of TRIMs may lead to numerous diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lots of studies in recent years have demonstrated that many TRIM proteins exert antiviral roles. TRIM proteins could affect viral replication by regulating the signaling pathways of antiviral innate immune responses. Besides, TRIM proteins can directly target viral components, which can lead to the degradation or functional inhibition of viral protein through degradative or non-degradative mechanisms and consequently interrupt the viral lifecycle. However, new evidence suggests that some viruses may manipulate TRIM proteins for their replication. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries on the interactions between TRIM protein and virus, especially TRIM proteins’ role in the signaling pathway of antiviral innate immune response and the direct “game” between them.

TRIM proteins in lung cancer: Mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic targets

The tripartite motif (TRIM) family is defined by the presence of a Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain, one or two B-box motifs and a coiled-coil region. TRIM proteins play key roles in many biological processes, including innate immunity, tumorigenesis, cell differentiation and ontogenetic development. Alterations in TRIM gene and protein levels frequently emerge in a wide range of tumors and affect tumor progression. As canonical E3 ubiquitin ligases, TRIM proteins participate in ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of prominent components of the p53, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. The occurrence of ubiquitylation events induced by TRIM proteins sustains internal balance between tumor suppressive and tumor promoting genes. In this review, we summarized the diverse mechanism of TRIM proteins responsible for the most common malignancy, lung cancer. Furthermore, we also discussed recent progress in both the diagnosis and therapeutics of tumors contributed by TRIM proteins.

TRIM59 Promotes Retinoblastoma Progression by Activating the p38-MAPK Signaling Pathway

Purpose

Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor of the developing retina that mostly occurs in children. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) on retinoblastoma growth and the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We performed bioinformatic analysis of three datasets (GSE24673, GSE97508, and GSE110811) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and immunoblotting of three retinoblastoma cell lines were conducted to verify TRIM59 as a differentially expressed gene. Specific siRNAs were used to inhibit TRIM59 expression in the HXO-Rb44 cell line. A lentiviral vector was transfected into the Y79 cell line to overexpress TRIM59. The effects of TRIM59 on retinoblastoma cell proliferation, cell cycling, and apoptosis were explored in vitro using the abovementioned cell lines. The effect of TRIM59 expression on retinoblastoma cell proliferation was evaluated in a mouse xenograft tumor model.

Results

TRIM59 expression in three retinoblastoma cell lines was remarkably elevated compared with normal control. Knocking down TRIM59 expression remarkably suppressed cell proliferation and growth and promoted cell apoptosis in HXO-Rb44 cells, whereas TRIM59 overexpression promoted tumor progression in Y79 cells. Silencing TRIM59 also markedly inhibited in vivo tumor growth in the xenograft model. Mechanistic studies revealed that TRIM59 upregulated phosphorylated p38, p-JNK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-c-JUN expression in retinoblastoma cells. Notably, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the effects of TRIM59 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the G1/S phase transition.

Conclusions

TRIM59 plays an oncogenic role in retinoblastoma and exerts its tumor-promotive function by activating the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Blockade of TRIM59 enhances esophageal cancer cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin by upregulating p53

Human esophageal cancer (hESC) cell motility adopts various modes, resulting in hESC progression and poor survival. However, how tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59), as the ubiquitination machinery, participates in hESC metastasis is not completely understood. The results indicated that TRIM59 was aberrantly upregulated in hESC tissues compared with adjacent healthy esophageal tissues, which was associated with poor survival and advanced TNM state among patients with hESC. Moreover, patients with hESC with higher TRIM59 expression displayed undetectable p53 expression, which contributed to enhanced progression and motility of hESC. At the molecular level, TRIM59 was indicated to be an E3 putative ubiquitin ligase that targeted the p53 protein, leading to increased degradation of p53, which resulted in decreased chemosensitivity to cisplatin. TRIM59 knockdown reduced TRIM59 expression, increased p53 protein expression, and decreased hESC cell viability, clone formation and migration compared with the small interfering RNA negative control (siNC) group. Furthermore, hESC cell lines were more sensitive to cisplatin in the TRIM59-knockdown group compared with the siNC group. The results indicated a relationship between TRIM59, p53 and the chemosensitivity of cisplatin. The present study suggested that TRIM59 may serve as a promising prognostic indicator for patients with hESC.

TRIM59 suppresses NO production by promoting the binding of PIAS1 and STAT1 in macrophages

Macrophages, which can secret various inflammation mediators, have an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism(s) to regulate the production of inflammation mediator is not completely clear. Here we found that TRIM 59 could inhibit the production of NO and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytochrome c oxidase subunit2 (COX2) and TNFα. TRIM59 mediated suppression on nitric oxide (NO) production is through inhibiting the activation of JAK2-STAT1 signal pathway. In response to LPS, TRIM59 in macrophages was translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus and directly bound with STAT1. During this process, TRIM59 could recruit much more PIAS1 to bind with STAT1 to suppress the activation of STAT1. Finally, TRIM59 modified macrophages could promote tumor growth. Thus, TRIM59 mediated suppression on NO production by promoting the binding of PIAS1 and STAT1 in macrophages may regulate tumor growth.

Functional roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer

To date, >650 E3 ubiquitin ligases have been described in humans, including >600 really interesting new genes (RINGs), 28 homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECTs) and several RING-in-between-RINGs. They are considered key regulators and therapeutic targets of many types of human cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Among them, some RING and HECT E3 ligases are closely related to the proliferation, infiltration and prognosis of GC. During the past few years, abnormal expressions and functions of many E3 ligases have been identified in GC. However, the functional roles of E3 ligases in GC have not been fully elucidated. The present article focuses on the functional roles of E3 ligases related to the proteasome in GC. In this comprehensive review, the latest research progress on E3 ligases involved in GC and elaborate their structure, classification, functional roles and therapeutic value in GC was summarized. Finally, 30 E3 ligases that serve essential roles in regulating the development of GC were described. Some of these ligases may serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in GC, whereas the pathological mechanism of others needs further study; for example, constitutive photomorphogenic 1. In conclusion, the present review demonstrated that E3 ligases are crucial tumor regulatory factors and potential therapeutic targets in GC. Therefore, more studies should focus on the therapeutic targeting of E3 ligases in GC.

Circular RNA CDR1as Exerts Oncogenic Properties Partially through Regulating MicroRNA 641 in Cholangiocarcinoma

It has been found that the circular RNA (circRNA) CDR1as is upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tissues. In this study, we tried to explore the roles of CDR1as in CCA. CDR1as was overexpressed or knocked down in human CCA cells to assess the effects of CDR1as on cell behaviors and tumor xenograft growth. In vitro, the CDR1as level was significantly increased in CCA cell lines. The results showed that CDR1as promoted the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and activation of the AKT3/mTOR pathway in CCA cells. Moreover, miR-641, a predicted target microRNA (miRNA) of CDR1as, could partially reverse the effects of CDR1as on cell behaviors in CCA cells. Furthermore, CDR1as improved tumor xenograft growth, and it could be attenuated by miR-641 in vivo Additionally, CDR1as expression was inversely correlated with miR-641 in CCA cells, and miR-641 could directly bind with CDR1as and its target genes, the AKT3 and mTOR genes. Mechanistically, CDR1as could bind with miR-641 and accelerate miR-641 degradation, which possibly leads to the upregulation of the relative mRNA levels of AKT3 and mTOR in RBE cells. In conclusion, our findings indicated that CDR1as might exert oncogenic properties, at least partially, by regulating miR-641 in CCA. CDR1as and miR-641 could be considered therapeutic targets for CCA.

Bioinformatics combined with quantitative proteomics analyses and identification of potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an invasive malignancy arising from biliary epithelial cells; it is the most common primary tumour of the bile tract and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to screen prognostic biomarkers for CCA by integrated multiomics analysis.

METHODS

The GSE32225 dataset was derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and comprehensively analysed by using R software and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to obtain the differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) associated with CCA prognosis. Quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics was used to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between CCA and nontumour tissues. Through integrated analysis of DERNA and DEP data, we obtained candidate proteins APOF, ITGAV and CASK, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of these proteins in CCA. The relationship between CASK expression and CCA prognosis was further analysed.

RESULTS

Through bioinformatics analysis, 875 DERNAs were identified, of which 10 were associated with the prognosis of the CCA patients. A total of 487 DEPs were obtained by using the iTRAQ technique. Comprehensive analysis of multiomics data showed that CASK, ITGAV and APOF expression at both the mRNA and protein levels were different in CCA compared with nontumour tissues. CASK was found to be expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of CCA cells in 38 (45%) of 84 patients with CCA. Our results suggested that patients with positive CASK expression had significantly better overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than those with negative CASK expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that negative expression of CASK was a significantly independent risk factor for OS and RFS in CCA patients.

CONCLUSIONS

CASK may be a tumour suppressor; its low expression is an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in CCA patients, and so it could be used as a clinically valuable prognostic marker.

TRIM59 Protects Mice From Sepsis by Regulating Inflammation and Phagocytosis in Macrophages

Sepsis is associated with bacterial invasion and inflammation and has a high mortality rate. Previous studies have demonstrated that tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59) was involved in NF-κB signaling and could promote phagocytosis of macrophages, but the role of TRIM59 in sepsis is still unknown. In our study, we found that TRIM59 was downregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis mice model, the mortality of Trim59^flox/floxLyz-Cre (Trim59-cKO) mice was higher, the immune cell infiltration and damage of liver and lung were more severe, and bacteria burden was increased. We also found that TRIM59 altered the production of pro-inflammation cytokines, as well as macrophage phagocytosis ability. Further analysis indicated that NF-κB signal pathway and Fcγ receptors might be involved in these regulations. Our study demonstrated for the first time that TRIM59 protects mice from sepsis by regulating inflammation and phagocytosis in macrophages.

CYP2E1 changes the biological function of gastric cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

The present study investigated the role of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). The expression levels of CYP2E1 in MGC‑803 GC cells and normal GES‑1 cells were investigated via western blotting, and it was identified that the expression of CYP2E1 was different between GES‑1 and MGC‑803 cells. CYP2E1 was overexpressed in MGC‑803 cells using a lentiviral vector GV358. Cell Counting Kit‑8, flow cytometry, cell migration and Matrigel invasion assays suggested that overexpression of CYP2E1 promoted the proliferation and invasion, and inhibited the apoptosis of GC cells. The relationship between CYP2E1 expression and key signaling molecules in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was assessed. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis showed that mTOR mRNA expression was significantly increased after overexpression of CYP2E1 (P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that overexpression of CYP2E1 upregulated the expression of phosphorylated (p)‑Akt, p‑mTOR and p‑p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K; Ser371) proteins (P<0.05). To further investigate the relationship between CYP2E1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in GC cells, MGC‑803 cells were treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and changes in the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR, P70S6K and CYP2E1 were observed. The present results showed that LY294002 downregulated the expression of PI3K, CYP2E1, AKT, mTOR and P70S6K (P<0.05). Therefore, changes in the biological function of GC cells induced by CYP2E1 overexpression may be via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

[Expression of TRIM59 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Correlation with Prognosis]

BACKGROUND

TRIM proteins are important members of E3 ubiquitin ligases, and many studies have confirmed that TRIM family members play an important role in the development of various tumors. We found that TRIM59 expression level in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was significantly increased through second-generation sequencing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of TRIM59 in NSCLC and its relationship with the clinicopathological parameters as well as the prognosis of patients.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were excavated to analyze the expression of TRIM59 mRNA in NSCLC and its relationship with the prognosis of patients; The expression of TRIM59 protein in 90 tumor tissues and adjacent tissues was detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship between the expression of TRIM59 protein and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was analyzed.

RESULTS

Overexpression of TRIM59 mRNA in tumor tissues predicted poor prognosis. The expression level of TRIM59 protein was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissues, and TRIM59 protein expression was correlated with tumor size (P=0.007), tumor differentiation (P=0.009), tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.003) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.003). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that along with TNM stage, overexpression of TRIM59 could be considered an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of TRIM59 is closely related to the prognosis of NSCLC patients, and it is an independent risk factor for NSCLC patients.

TRIM59 predicts poor prognosis and promotes pancreatic cancer progression via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR-glycolysis signaling axis

Aberrant expression of the tripartite motif containing 59 (TRIM59) has been reported to participate in the development and progression of various human cancers. However, its expression pattern and cellular roles in pancreatic cancer (PC) remains unclear. In our study, we found that TRIM59 expression was significantly increased in PC tissues and was positively correlated with several malignant behaviors and poor overall survival of PC patients based on bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemistry staining. Functionally, small interfering RNA-mediated TRIM59 depletion inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro, while TRIM59 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration in vitro and drove tumor growth and liver metastasis in vivo. Mechanically, TRIM59 was found to enhance glycolysis through activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, ultimately contributing to PC progression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TRIM59 may be a potential predictor for PC and promotes PC progression via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR-glycolysis signaling pathway, which establishes the rationale for targeting the TRIM59-related pathways to treat PC.

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM Proteins, Cell Cycle and Mitosis

The cell cycle is a series of events by which cellular components are accurately segregated into daughter cells, principally controlled by the oscillating activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their co-activators. In eukaryotes, DNA replication is confined to a discrete synthesis phase while chromosome segregation occurs during mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosomes are pulled into each of the two daughter cells by the coordination of spindle microtubules, kinetochores, centromeres, and chromatin. These four functional units tie chromosomes to the microtubules, send signals to the cells when the attachment is completed and the division can proceed, and withstand the force generated by pulling the chromosomes to either daughter cell. Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays a central role in cellular homeostasis. E3 ubiquitin ligases mediate the transfer of ubiquitin to substrate proteins determining their fate. One of the largest subfamilies of E3 ubiquitin ligases is the family of the tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins, whose dysregulation is associated with a variety of cellular processes and directly involved in human diseases and cancer. In this review we summarize the current knowledge and emerging concepts about TRIMs and their contribution to the correct regulation of cell cycle, describing how TRIMs control the cell cycle transition phases and their involvement in the different functional units of the mitotic process, along with implications in cancer progression.

Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 59 (TRIM59) Promotes Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Progression via the Focal Adhesion Kinase(FAK)/AKT/Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Pathway

Background

The tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) is an important member of the TRIM family, which regulates biological processes. However, the relationship between TRIM59 and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is not clear.

Material/Methods

The TRIM59 expression level was detected in EOC tissues and cell lines. CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, and wound healing assay were performed to determine the effects of TRIM59 on EOC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Silencing of the expression of TRIM59 in EOC cells and expression of FAK/AKT/MMP pathway-related protein were detected by Western blot analysis.

Results

Through bioinformatics analysis, TRIM59 was found to be highly expressed in EOC and was correlated with prognosis of patients. TRIM59 was upregulated in EOC tissues and cells. Silencing TRIM59 significantly suppressed EOC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In terms of molecular mechanism, silencing TRIM59 inhibited the FAK/AKT/MMP pathway.

Conclusions

TRIM59 is a biomarker for the prognosis of EOC. It is also oncogenic and a potential target for EOC therapy.