PPARA, PPARD and PPARG gene polymorphisms in patients with unstable angina

Minor alleles of FTO rs9939609 and rs17817449 polymorphisms confer a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, but not coronary artery disease in a Chinese Han population

Background

Relationships of the polymorphisms in fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta gene (PPARD) with metabolic-related diseases remain to be clarified.

Methods

One thousand three hundred and eighty-one subjects were enrolled. Metabolic-related diseases including obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) were defined based on diagnostic criteria. FTO rs9939609 and rs17817449, and PPARD rs2016520 and rs2267668 polymorphisms were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism method.

Results

Patients with T2DM or dyslipidemia had a higher frequency of AA, AT or AA + AT genotypes as well as A allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism than those free of T2DM or dyslipidemia (P ≤ 0.04 for all). Patients with T2DM or dyslipidemia had a higher frequency of GG, GT or GG + GT genotypes as well as G allele of FTO rs17817449 polymorphism than those free of T2DM or dyslipidemia (P ≤ 0.03 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that FTO rs9939609 and rs17817449 polymorphisms were independently associated with T2DM as well as dyslipidemia after adjustment for age, sex, smoking and other metabolic diseases. FTO rs9939609 and rs17817449 polymorphisms were not associated with obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension and CAD. Obese or T2DM carriers of the AA or AT genotype of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism had a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia compared to non-obese or non-T2DM carriers of the AA or AT genotype (P = 0.03 for both). Among the carriers of GG or GT genotype of the FTO rs17817449 polymorphism, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in obese patients was higher than that in non-obese subjects (P < 0.01). PPARD rs2016520 and rs2267668 polymorphisms were not correlated with any of the metabolic-related diseases in the study population.

Conclusion

Minor alleles of FTO rs9939609 and rs17817449 polymorphisms confer a higher risk of T2DM and dyslipidemia, and the risk is further increased among obese individuals. PPARD rs2016520 and rs2267668 polymorphisms are not associated with metabolic-related diseases.

The Influence of the Differentiation of Genes Encoding Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Coactivators on Nutrient and Energy Metabolism

Genetic components may play an important role in the regulation of nutrient and energy metabolism. In the presence of specific genetic variants, metabolic dysregulation may occur, especially in relation to the processes of digestion, assimilation, and the physiological utilization of nutrients supplied to the body, as well as the regulation of various metabolic pathways and the balance of metabolic changes, which may consequently affect the effectiveness of applied reduction diets and weight loss after training. There are many well-documented studies showing that the presence of certain polymorphic variants in some genes can be associated with specific changes in nutrient and energy metabolism, and consequently, with more or less desirable effects of applied caloric reduction and/or exercise intervention. This systematic review focused on the role of genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their coactivators in nutrient and energy metabolism. The literature review prepared showed that there is a link between the presence of specific alleles described at different polymorphic points in PPAR genes and various human body characteristics that are crucial for the efficacy of nutritional and/or exercise interventions. Genetic analysis can be a valuable element that complements the work of a dietitian or trainer, allowing for the planning of a personalized diet or training that makes the best use of the innate metabolic characteristics of the person who is the subject of their interventions.

Associations of Polymorphisms in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 Alpha Gene With Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease: An Individual-Level Meta-Analysis

Background: The knowledge of factors influencing disease progression in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) is still relatively limited. One potential pathway is related to peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PPARGC1A), a transcription factor linked to energy metabolism which may play a role in the heart function. Thus, its associations with subsequent CHD events remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effect of three different SNPs in the PPARGC1A gene on the risk of subsequent CHD in a population with established CHD.

Methods: We employed an individual-level meta-analysis using 23 studies from the GENetIcs of sUbSequent Coronary Heart Disease (GENIUS-CHD) consortium, which included participants (n = 80,900) with either acute coronary syndrome, stable CHD, or a mixture of both at baseline. Three variants in the PPARGC1A gene (rs8192678, G482S; rs7672915, intron 2; and rs3755863, T528T) were tested for their associations with subsequent events during the follow-up using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age and sex. The primary outcome was subsequent CHD death or myocardial infarction (CHD death/myocardial infarction). Stratified analyses of the participant or study characteristics as well as additional analyses for secondary outcomes of specific cardiovascular disease diagnoses and all-cause death were also performed.

Results: Meta-analysis revealed no significant association between any of the three variants in the PPARGC1A gene and the primary outcome of CHD death/myocardial infarction among those with established CHD at baseline: rs8192678, hazard ratio (HR): 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.05 and rs7672915, HR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–1.00; rs3755863, HR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.06. Similarly, no significant associations were observed for any of the secondary outcomes. The results from stratified analyses showed null results, except for significant inverse associations between rs7672915 (intron 2) and the primary outcome among 1) individuals aged ≥65, 2) individuals with renal impairment, and 3) antiplatelet users.

Conclusion: We found no clear associations between polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A gene and subsequent CHD events in patients with established CHD at baseline.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ameliorates neuronal ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury in mice by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2

Among the multiple kinds of neuronal cell death triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI), ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidative regulatory cell death, has a critical role. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates lipid metabolism and suppresses neuronal inflammation. However, the role of PPARγ in neuronal ferroptosis induced by TBI remains unclear. Here, we investigated the regulatory effect of PPARγ on neuronal ferroptosis in a weight-drop TBI model in vivo and an RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3)-activated ferroptotic neuronal model in vitro. PPARγ was mainly localized in the nucleus of neurons and was decreased in both the in vivo TBI model and the in vitro ferroptotic neuronal model. The addition of a specific agonist, pioglitazone, activated PPARγ, which protected neuronal function post-TBI in vivo and increased the viability of ferroptotic neurons in vitro. Further investigation suggested that PPARγ probably attenuates neuronal ferroptosis by downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) protein expression levels in vivo and in vitro. This study revealed the relationship among PPARγ, ferroptosis and TBI and identified a potential target for comprehensive TBI treatment.

PPARγ Gene Polymorphisms, Metabolic Disorders, and Coronary Artery Disease

Being activated by endogenous and exogenous ligands, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) enhances insulin sensitivity, promotes adipocyte differentiation, stimulates adipogenesis, and has the properties of anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. The Human PPARγ gene (PPARG) contains thousands of polymorphic loci, among them two polymorphisms (rs10865710 and rs7649970) in the promoter region and two polymorphisms (rs1801282 and rs3856806) in the exonic region were widely reported to be significantly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Mechanistically, PPARG polymorphisms lead to abnormal expression of PPARG gene and/or dysfunction of PPARγ protein, causing metabolic disorders such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and thereby increasing susceptibility to CAD.

Associations between maternal mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate levels, nuclear receptor gene polymorphisms, and fatty acid levels in pregnant Japanese women in the Hokkaido study

We assessed how the interaction between mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in maternal sera and the maternal genotypes associated with nuclear receptors affect fatty acid levels in a prospective birth cohort study of pregnant Japanese individuals (n = 437) recruited in Sapporo between 2002 and 2005. We analyzed MEHP and fatty acids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPAR gamma (PPARG), PPARG coactivator 1A (PPARGC1A), PPAR delta, constitutive androstane receptor, liver X receptor (LXR) alpha, and LXR beta (LXRB) were analyzed using real-time PCR. Multiple linear regression models were used to confirm the influence of log₁₀-transformed MEHP levels and maternal genotypes on log₁₀-transformed fatty acid levels. When the effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and the maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678) genotype on oleic acid levels were evaluated, the estimated changes (95 % confidence intervals) in oleic acid levels against MEHP levels, maternal PPARGC1A (rs8192678)-GA/AA genotype, and the interaction between them showed a mean reduction of 0.200 (0.079, 0.322), mean reduction of 0.141 (0.000, 0.283), and mean increase of 0.145 (0.010, 0.281), respectively, after adjusting for the perfluorooctanesulfonate level. The effects of the interaction between MEHP levels and maternal LXRB (rs2303044) genotype on linoleic acid levels was also significant (p_int = 0.010). In conclusion, the interaction between MEHP and the maternal genotypes PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and LXRB (rs2303044) decreased fatty acid levels. Further, the interaction between MEHP and PPARGC1A (rs8192678) may have a greater effect on fatty acid levels than the interaction between PFOS and PPARGC1A.