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Zhang Z, Yang Y, Kong W, Huang S, Tan Y, Huang S, Zhang M, Lu H, Li Y, Li X, Liu S, Wen Y, Shang D. A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Studies in Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:302-322. [PMID: 37581520 PMCID: PMC10788886 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230815125430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphism has been proven to have an important association with depression, which can influence the risk of developing depression, the efficacy of medications, and adverse effects via metabolic and neurological pathways. Nonetheless, aspects of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and depression have not been systematically investigated by bibliometric analysis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the current status and trends of single nucleotide polymorphism research on depression through bibliometric and visual analysis. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve 10,043 articles that were published between 1998 and 2021. CiteSpace (6.1 R4) was used to perform collaborative network analysis, co-citation analysis, co-occurrence analysis, and citation burst detection. RESULTS The most productive and co-cited journals were the Journal of Affective Disorders and Biological Psychiatry, respectively, and an analysis of the references showed that the most recent research focused on the largest thematic cluster, "5-HT", reflecting the important research base in this area. "CYP2D6" has been in the spotlight since its emergence in 2009 and has become a research hotspot since its outbreak in 2019. However, "BDNF ", "COMT ", "older adults", "loci", and "DNA methylation" are also the new frontier of research, and some of them are currently in the process of exploration. CONCLUSION These findings offer a useful perspective on existing research and potential future approaches in the study of the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and depression, which may assist researchers in selecting appropriate collaborators or journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Wan Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Shanqing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Yuguan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
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Genetics of antidepressant response and treatment-resistant depression. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Marcatili M, Borgonovo R, Cimminiello N, Cornaggia RD, Casati G, Pellicioli C, Maggioni L, Motta F, Redaelli C, Ledda L, Pozzi FE, Krivosova M, Pagano J, Nava R, Colmegna F, Dakanalis A, Caldiroli A, Capuzzi E, Benatti B, Dell’Osso B, Bertola F, Villa N, Piperno A, Ippolito S, Appollonio I, Sala C, Conti L, Clerici M. Possible Use of Minocycline in Adjunction to Intranasal Esketamine for the Management of Difficult to Treat Depression following Extensive Pharmacogenomic Testing: Two Case Reports. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091524. [PMID: 36143309 PMCID: PMC9503866 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of intra-nasal esketamine (ESK), one of the first so called fast-acting antidepressant, promises to revolutionize the management of treatment resistant depression (TRD). This NMDA receptor antagonist has proven to be rapidly effective in the short- and medium-term course of the illness, revealing its potential in targeting response in TRD. Although many TRD ESK responders are able to achieve remission, a considerable portion of them undergo a metamorphosis of their depression into different clinical presentations, characterized by instable responses and high recurrence rates that can be considered closer to the concept of Difficult to Treat Depression (DTD) than to TRD. The management of these DTD patients usually requires a further complex multidisciplinary approach and can benefit from the valuable contribution of new personalized medicine tools such as therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacogenetics. Despite this, these patients usually come with long and complex previous treatments history and, often, advanced and sophisticated ongoing pharmacological schemes that can make the finding of new alternative options to face the current recurrences extremely challenging. In this paper, we describe two DTD patients—already receiving intranasal ESK but showing an instable course—who were clinically stabilized by the association with minocycline, a semisynthetic second-generation tetracycline with known and promising antidepressant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marcatili
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Riccardo Borgonovo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Noemi Cimminiello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Casati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Cristian Pellicioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Maggioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Federico Motta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Redaelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Luisa Ledda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Federico Emanuele Pozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Michaela Krivosova
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jessica Pagano
- National Research Council Neuroscience Institute, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Nava
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Colmegna
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Caldiroli
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Enrico Capuzzi
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Beatrice Benatti
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
- CRC “Aldo Ravelli” for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
- CRC “Aldo Ravelli” for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertola
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Centre for Disorders of Iron Metabolism, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Villa
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Centre for Disorders of Iron Metabolism, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Piperno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Centre for Disorders of Iron Metabolism, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Ippolito
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- National Research Council Neuroscience Institute, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Psychiatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Polymorphisms of COMT and CREB1 are associated with treatment-resistant depression in a Chinese Han population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:85-93. [PMID: 34767111 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a crucial role for the pathophysiology of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It has been established that Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and cyclic amp-response element-binding protein (CREB) are associated with antidepressant response. The aim of this study was to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT and CREB1 genes and TRD in a Chinese population. We recruited 181 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 80 healthy controls, including 81 TRD patients. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS). Genotyping was performed using mass spectrometry. Genetic analyses were conducted by PLINK Software. The distribution of COMT SNP rs4818 allele and genotypes were significantly different between TRD and controls. Statistical differences in allele frequencies were observed between TRD and non-TRD groups, including rs11904814 and rs6740584 in CREB1 gene, rs4680 and rs4818 in COMT gene. There were differences in the distribution of HDRS total scores among different phenotypes of CREB1 rs11904814, CREB1 rs6740584, COMT rs4680 and rs4818. Gene-gene interaction effect of COMT-CREB1 (rs4680 × rs6740584) revealed significant epistasis in TRD. There findings indicate that COMT and CREB1 polymorphisms influence the risk of TRD and affect the severity of depressive symptoms of MDD.
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Srivastava K, Ochuba O, Sandhu JK, Alkayyali T, Ruo SW, Waqar A, Jain A, Joseph C, Poudel S. Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Genotype Polymorphism on Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Progressing Towards Personalized Medicine. Cureus 2021; 13:e18311. [PMID: 34725583 PMCID: PMC8553290 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Different polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene affect the COMT enzyme activity. The COMT enzyme plays a major role in the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review article aims to discuss what recent research has discovered about the association of COMT genotype polymorphism with neurological and psychiatric disorders and the scope for the knowledge to be applied for advancement in therapeutics. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases and found 1656 articles. We included observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses in the English language published between 2019 and 2021. We screened the articles based on the title and the abstract and found 26 relevant articles. Diseases or conditions studied primarily were schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, substance use, and depression. This article highlights how genetics influences the susceptibility of an individual to neurological and psychiatric diseases and the variations in the specific symptoms of those diseases. The review showed that the variability in individual response to therapeutic interventions stems from the gene level. This knowledge can contribute towards the dawn of a new era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosha Srivastava
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Olive Ochuba
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jasmine K Sandhu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tasnim Alkayyali
- Pathology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sheila W Ruo
- General Surgery Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ahsan Waqar
- Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ashish Jain
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Christine Joseph
- Urology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sujan Poudel
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Division of Research & Academic Affairs, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
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Scherf-Clavel M, Weber H, Deckert J, Erhardt-Lehmann A. The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of anxiety disorders and the future potential for targeted therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1249-1260. [PMID: 34643143 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1991912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety disorders (AD) are among the most common mental disorders worldwide. Pharmacotherapy, including benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants is currently based on 'trial-and-error,' and is effective in a subset of patients or produces partial response only. Recent research proposes that treatment response and tolerability of the drugs are associated with genetic factors. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we provide information on pharmacogenetics (PGx) in AD, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes. Moreover, we discuss the future potential of PGx for personalized treatment. EXPERT OPINION In psychiatry, PGx testing is still in its infancy, especially in the treatment of AD. As of today, implementation in clinical routine is recommended only for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, mainly in terms of safety of treatment and potentially of treatment outcome in general. However, the evidence for PGx testing addressing pharmacodynamics for specific AD is limited to date. Nevertheless, PGx may develop into a valuable and promising tool to improve therapy in AD, but there is a need for more research to fully exploit its possibilities. Future perspectives include research into single genes, polygenic risk scores, and pharmacoepigenetics to provide targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Scherf-Clavel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Erhardt-Lehmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Translational Department, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, München, Germany
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Maffioletti E, Carvalho Silva R, Bortolomasi M, Baune BT, Gennarelli M, Minelli A. Molecular Biomarkers of Electroconvulsive Therapy Effects and Clinical Response: Understanding the Present to Shape the Future. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091120. [PMID: 34573142 PMCID: PMC8471796 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) represents an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). One priority of this research field is the clarification of ECT response mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers predicting its outcomes. We propose an overview of the molecular studies on ECT, concerning its course and outcome prediction, including also animal studies on electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an experimental analogue of ECT. Most of these investigations underlie biological systems related to major depressive disorder (MDD), such as the neurotrophic and inflammatory/immune ones, indicating effects of ECT on these processes. Studies about neurotrophins, like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have shown evidence concerning ECT neurotrophic effects. The inflammatory/immune system has also been studied, suggesting an acute stress reaction following an ECT session. However, at the end of the treatment, ECT produces a reduction in inflammatory-associated biomarkers such as cortisol, TNF-alpha and interleukin 6. Other biological systems, including the monoaminergic and the endocrine, have been sparsely investigated. Despite some promising results, limitations exist. Most of the studies are concentrated on one or few markers and many studies are relatively old, with small sample sizes and methodological biases. Expression studies on gene transcripts and microRNAs are rare and genetic studies are sparse. To date, no conclusive evidence regarding ECT molecular markers has been reached; however, the future may be just around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717255; Fax: +39-030-3701157
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Bian Z, Li H, Liu Y, Cao Y, Kang Y, Yu Y, Zhang F, Li C, Kang Y, Wang F. The Association Between Hypoxia Improvement and Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2987-2994. [PMID: 34588778 PMCID: PMC8473930 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s318919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of depression was related with a state of mild hypoxia for a long time. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) modulates the process from acute to chronic hypoxia, consequently regulating changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Increasing levels of iNOS combined with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been associated with the concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which increase the severity of depression. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate whether depressive symptoms might be improved by regulating HIF-2α levels to decrease the degree of oxidative stress and inflammation using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). METHODS In this observational study, 49 MDD patients were divided into the ECT group (n=32) and control group (n=17). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms of patients at enrollment and after 2 weeks of treatment. The levels of HIF-2α, NOS, IL-6, and TNF-α in plasma were analyzed accordingly. RESULTS The total score in each dimension of HAMD decreased more efficiently in the ECT group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The plasma levels of IL-6 in the ECT group were notably decreased after the 2-week treatment (t = 3.596, p = 0.001). The decreased trend to statistical significance of HIF-2α was observed after treatment in the ECT group (p = 0.091). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of long-term ECT therapy for MDD may further benefit from and contribute to the improvement of MDD-associated chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Bian
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010110, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, 830063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Kang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010110, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunbao Li
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010110, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Kang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010110, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, People's Republic of China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, 830063, People's Republic of China
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