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Hu B, Yu H, Du S, Li Q. Protoporphyrin IX metabolism mediated via translocator protein (CgTspO) involved in orange shell coloration of pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134020. [PMID: 39038584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Mollusc shell color polymorphism is influenced by various factors. Pigments secreted in vivo by animals play a critical role in shell coloration. Among the different shell-color hues, orange pigmentation has been partially attributed to porphyrins. However, the detailed causal relationship between porphyrins and orange-shell phenotype in molluscs remains largely unexplored. The various strains of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with different shell color provide useful models to study the molecular regulation of mollusc coloration. Accordingly, oysters with orange and gold-shells, exhibiting distinct porphyrin distributions, were selected for analysis of total metabolites and gene expression profile through mantle metabolomic and transcriptomic studies. Translocator protein (TspO) and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) were identified as potential factors influencing oyster shell-color. The concentration of PPIX was measured using HPLC, while expression profiling of CgTspO was analyzed by qPCR, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques. Moreover, the roles of CgTspO in regulating PPIX metabolism and affecting the orange-shell-coloration were investigated in vitro and in vivo. These studies indicate that PPIX and its associated metabolic protein, CgTspO may serve as new regulators of orange-shell-coloration in C. gigas. Data of this study offer new insights into oyster shell coloration and enhancing understandings of mollusc shell color polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Guo C, Li S, Li Y, Huang R, Deng Y. Transcriptome and exosome proteome analyses provide insights into the mantle exosome involved in nacre color formation of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 48:101151. [PMID: 37913699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Color polymorphisms in molluscan shells play an important economic in the aquaculture industry. Among bivalves, shell color diversity can reflect properties such as growth rate and tolerance. In pearl oysters, the nacre color of the donor is closely related to the pearl color. Numerous genes and proteins involved in nacre color formation have been identified within the exosomes of the mantle. In this study, we analyzed the carotenoids present in the mantle of gold- and silver-lipped pearl oysters, identifying capsanthin and xanthophyll as crucial pigments contributing to coloration. Transcriptome analysis of the mantle revealed several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in color formation, including ferric-chelate reductase, mantle genes, and larval shell matrix proteins. We also isolated and identified exosomes from the mantles of both gold- and silver-lipped strains of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, revealing the extracellular transition mechanism of coloration-related proteins. From these exosomes, we obtained a total of 1223 proteins, with 126 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified. These proteins include those associated with carotenoid metabolism and Fe(III) metabolism, such as apolipoproteins, scavenger receptor proteins, β,β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase, ferritin, and ferritin heavy chains. This study may provide a new perspective on the nacre color formation process and the pathways involved in deposition within the pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ziman Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chengao Guo
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Siyao Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Youxi Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Marine Ecology Early Warning and Monitoring Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Williams ST, Noone ES, Smith LM, Sumner-Rooney L. Evolutionary loss of shell pigmentation, pattern, and eye structure in deep-sea snails in the dysphotic zone. Evolution 2022; 76:3026-3040. [PMID: 36221215 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations to habitats lacking light, such as the reduction or loss of eyes and pigmentation, have fascinated biologists for centuries, yet have rarely been studied in the deep sea, the earth's oldest and largest light-limited habitat. Here, we investigate the evolutionary loss of shell pigmentation, pattern, and eye structure across a family of deep-sea gastropods (Solariellidae). We show that within our phylogenetic framework, loss of these traits evolves without reversal, at different rates (faster for shell traits than eye structure), and over different depth ranges. Using a Bayesian approach, we find support for correlated evolution of trait loss with increasing depth within the dysphotic region. A transition to trait loss occurs for pattern and eye structure at 400-500 m and for pigmentation at 600-700 m. We also show that one of the sighted, shallow-water species, Ilanga navakaensis, which may represent the "best-case" scenario for vision for the family, likely has poor spatial acuity and contrast sensitivity. We therefore propose that pigmentation and pattern are not used for intraspecific communication but are important for camouflage from visual predators, and that the low-resolution vision of solariellids is likely to require high light intensity for basic visual tasks, such as detecting predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T Williams
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily S Noone
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Marie Smith
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.,Current Address: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Lauren Sumner-Rooney
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Biodiversity and Evolution, DE-10115, Berlin, Germany
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Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Vacuum Impregnation Antifreeze Protein on the Water-Holding Capacity and Texture Properties of the Yesso Scallop Adductor Muscle during Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030320. [PMID: 35159472 PMCID: PMC8834382 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of antifreeze protein (AFP) on the water-holding capacity (WHC) and texture properties of the Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscles during freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) were evaluated based on three impregnation methods: general impregnation (GI), vacuum impregnation (VI), and ultrasound-assisted VI (US-VI). The WHC, texture properties, and tissue microstructure were all evaluated. Results showed that the WHC and texture properties of adductor muscle were significantly improved in the VI and US-VI groups during FTCs (p < 0.05). The WHC of the adductor muscle in the US-VI group was maximally enhanced in terms of yield (6.63%), centrifugal loss, cooking loss, and T22. The US-VI group of the adductor muscle had the optimal chewiness and springiness compared to others, and the shear force and hardness were most effectively enhanced by VI. The growth and recrystallization of ice crystals in the frozen adductor muscle were significantly inhibited by VI and US-VI. The average cross-sectional area and roundness of ice crystals in the US-VI group were decreased by 61.89% and increased by 22.22% compared with those of the control, respectively. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model further confirmed that the WHC and texture properties of the adductor muscle were correlated appreciably with the degree of modification of ice crystal morphology through the AFP.
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Klimenko A, Rodina EE, Silachev D, Begun M, Babenko VA, Benditkis AS, Kozlov AS, Krasnovsky AA, Khotimchenko YS, Katanaev VL. Chlorin Endogenous to the North Pacific Brittle Star Ophiura sarsii for Photodynamic Therapy Applications in Breast Cancer and Glioblastoma Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010134. [PMID: 35052813 PMCID: PMC8773836 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a powerful avenue for anticancer treatment. PDT relies on the use of photosensitizers—compounds accumulating in the tumor and converted from benign to cytotoxic upon targeted photoactivation. We here describe (3S,4S)-14-Ethyl-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-oxo-3-phorbinepropanoic acid (ETPA) as a major metabolite of the North Pacific brittle stars Ophiura sarsii. As a chlorin, ETPA efficiently produces singlet oxygen upon red-light photoactivation and exerts powerful sub-micromolar phototoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines in vitro. In a mouse model of glioblastoma, intravenous ETPA injection combined with targeted red laser irradiation induced strong necrotic ablation of the brain tumor. Along with the straightforward ETPA purification protocol and abundance of O. sarsii, these studies pave the way for the development of ETPA as a novel natural product-based photodynamic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Klimenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Elvira E. Rodina
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Denis Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Maria Begun
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Anton S. Benditkis
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Anton S. Kozlov
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Krasnovsky
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.B.); (A.S.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Yuri S. Khotimchenko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.K.); (E.E.R.); (M.B.); (Y.S.K.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H. RNA Interference by Ingested Dsrna-Expressing Bacteria to Study Porphyrin Pigmentation in Crassostrea gigas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116120. [PMID: 34204154 PMCID: PMC8201132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins are a widespread group of pigments in nature which are believed to contribute to shell colors in mollusks. Previous studies have provided candidate genes for porphyrin shell coloration, however, the linkage analysis between functional genes and porphyrin pigmentation remains unclear in mollusks. RNA interference is a powerful molecular tool for analyzing the loss of functions of genes in vivo and alter gene expression. In this study, we used unicellular alga Platymonas subcordiformis and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima as vectors to feed oysters with Escherichia coli strain HT115 engineered to express double-stranded RNAs targeting specific genes involved in porphyrin synthesis. A strain of Crassostrea gigas with orange shell was used to target key haem pathway genes expression using the aforementioned approach. We show here that feeding the oysters with E. coli, containing dsRNA targeting pigmentation genes, can cause changes in the color of the newly deposited shell. For example, the RNAi knockdown of CgALAS and CgPBGD resulted in the loss of uroporphyrin pigmentation from the shell due to the accumulation of the pigment in the oyster's mantle. The study probed the crucial role of ALAS and PBGD genes potential functions of uroporphyrin production and shell color pigmentation in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.H.); (H.Y.)
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Hu B, Li Q, Yu H, Du S. Identification and characterization of key haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110595. [PMID: 33753220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molluscs exhibit diverse shell colors. The molecular regulation of shell coloration is however not well understood. To investigate the connection of shell coloration with pigment synthesis, we analyzed the distribution of porphyrins, a widespread group of pigments in nature, in four Pacific oyster strains of different shell colors including black, orange, golden, and white. The porphyrin distribution was analyzed in oyster mantles and shells by fluorescence imaging and UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that red fluorescence emitted by porphyrins under the UV light was detected only on the nacre of the orange-shell strain and mantles of orange, black and white-shell strains. Extracts from newly deposit shell, nacre and mantle tissue from orange-shell specimens showed peaks in UV-vis spectra that are characteristic of porphyrins, but these were not observed for the other shell-color strains. In addition, genes of the haem synthetic pathway were isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of CgALAS, CgALAD, CgPBGD, CgUROS, and CgUROD provide further evidence for a conserved genetic pathway of haem synthesis during evolution. Differential expression of the haem genes expressed in mantle tissues support these findings and are consistent with porphyrins being produced by the orange strain only. Tissue in situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of these candidate genes at the outer fold of C. gigas mantles where shell is deposited. Our studies provide a better understanding of shell pigmentation in C. gigas and candidate genes for future mechanistic analysis of shell color formation in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojun Du
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Saenko SV, Schilthuizen M. Evo-devo of shell colour in gastropods and bivalves. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:1-5. [PMID: 33388521 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent technical innovations are revealing surprising patterns in mollusc shell pigmentation, such as an unexpectedly modest role for melanins and rapid divergences in the mix of pigments used to achieve similar colour patterns. The elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of shell pigmentation has been slow, probably because of the high genome complexity of gastropods and bivalves. Recent work within the old field of evolutionary ecology of shell pigmentation allows a greater role for the analysis of large-geographic-scale patterns (sometimes employing citizen-science data), as well as experimental field studies. However, the field remains dominated by land snails as model organisms, while colour pattern evolution in marine gastropods and bivalves, particularly those not exposed to visual predators, remains mysterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Saenko
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
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