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Qin XJ, Hu WJ, Xu XJ. Exploring the mechanism of Corbrin capsules in the intervention of AKI-COVID-19 based on network pharmacology combined with GEO dataset. Gene 2024; 916:148438. [PMID: 38579905 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM of the study: This study used network pharmacology and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to investigate the therapeutic effects of Corbrin capsules on acute kidney injury (AKI)-COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). MATERIALS AND METHODS The active constituents and specific molecular targets of Corbrin capsules were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and Swiss Target Prediction databases. The targets related to AKI and COVID-19 disease were obtained from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), GeneCards, and GEO databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by utilizing Cytoscape. To enhance the analysis of pathways associated with the pathogenesis of AKI-COVID-19, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis was performed by using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and CIBERSORT. Molecular docking was used to assess interactions between differentially expressed genes and active ingredients. Verification was performed by utilizing GEO databases and in vivo assays. RESULTS This study revealed an overlap of 18 significantly differentially expressed genes between the Corbrin capsules group and the AKI-COVID-19 target group. Analysis of the PPI network identified TP53, JAK2, PIK3CA, PTGS2, KEAP1, and MCL1 as the top six core protein targets with the highest degrees. The results obtained from GO and KEGG analyses demonstrated that the target genes were primarily enriched in the apoptosis and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Moreover, the analysis of immune infiltration revealed a notable disparity in the percentage of quiescent memory CD4 + T cells. Western blot analyses provided compelling evidence suggesting that the dysregulation of 6 core protein targets could be effectively reversed by Corbrin capsules. CONCLUSION This study revealed the key components, targets, and pathways involved in treating AKI-related COVID-19 using Corbrin capsules. This study also provided a new understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China, 230031; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230012
| | - Wen-Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 117 Meishan Road, Hefei, China, 230031
| | - Xian-Jin Xu
- Hefei Ion Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China, 230088.
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2
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Akagi M, Ohta K, Fukada S, Sakuma M, Naruse T, Nakagawa T, Ono S, Nishi H, Shigeishi H, Aikawa T. ACE2 expression and spike S1 protein-mediated immune responses in oral mucosal cells. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2293-2305. [PMID: 37466124 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ACE2, known as a host receptor involved with SARS-CoV-2 infection, binds to viral spike proteins for host cell entry. However, details regarding its induction and function in oral mucosal cells remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined ACE2 expression and its induction by transfected mimic nucleotides and pro-inflammatory cytokines in oral keratinocytes (RT7) and fibroblasts (GT1). Subsequently, the effects of viral spike S1 protein via ACE2 on CXCL10 expression induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in both cells were examined. RESULTS ACE2 was constitutively expressed in RT7 and GT1. Transfected Poly(I:C) and Poly(dA:dT) increased ACE2 expression in those cells, while knockdown of RIG-I decreased ACE2 expression induced by those transfected ds nucleotides. IFN-γ and TNF-α enhanced transfected ds nucleotides-induced ACE2 expression in RT7 but not GT1. S1 protein alone did not affect CXCL10 expression in either cell type, whereas it enhanced IFN-β-induced CXCL10 in both, while immune responses of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-induced CXCL10 enhanced by S1 protein were different between RT7 and GT1. Finally, knockdown of ACE2 decreased cytokines and S1 protein mediated-CXCL10 levels in both cells. CONCLUSIONS ACE2 in oral mucosal cells may contribute to development of infection and inflammation in cooperation with pro-inflammatory cytokines following SARS-CoV-2 invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Akagi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomonao Aikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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3
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Lee SG, Furth PA, Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Variant- and vaccination-specific alternative splicing profiles in SARS-CoV-2 infections. iScience 2024; 27:109177. [PMID: 38414855 PMCID: PMC10897911 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants, highlights the important role of understanding host-viral molecular interactions influencing infection outcomes. Alternative splicing post-infection can impact both host responses and viral replication. We analyzed RNA splicing patterns in immune cells across various SARS-CoV-2 variants, considering immunization status. Using a dataset of 190 RNA-seq samples from our prior studies, we observed a substantial deactivation of alternative splicing and RNA splicing-related genes in COVID-19 patients. The alterations varied significantly depending on the infecting variant and immunization history. Notably, Alpha or Beta-infected patients differed from controls, while Omicron-infected patients displayed a splicing profile closer to controls. Particularly, vaccinated Omicron-infected individuals showed a distinct dynamic in alternative splicing patterns not widely shared among other groups. Our findings underscore the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination-induced immunity, and alternative splicing, emphasizing the need for further investigations to deepen understanding and guide therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gwon Lee
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Section of Genetics and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Lee SG, Furth PA, Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Variant- and Vaccination-Specific Alternative Splicing Profiles in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.24.568603. [PMID: 38076812 PMCID: PMC10705549 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.24.568603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and its subsequent variants has underscored the importance of understanding the host-viral molecular interactions to devise effective therapeutic strategies. A significant aspect of these interactions is the role of alternative splicing in modulating host responses and viral replication mechanisms. Our study sought to delineate the patterns of alternative splicing of RNAs from immune cells across different SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccination statuses, utilizing a robust dataset of 190 RNA-seq samples from our previous studies, encompassing an average of 212 million reads per sample. We identified a dynamic alteration in alternative splicing and genes related to RNA splicing were highly deactivated in COVID-19 patients and showed variant- and vaccination-specific expression profiles. Overall, Omicron-infected patients exhibited a gene expression profile akin to healthy controls, unlike the Alpha or Beta variants. However, significantly, we found identified a subset of infected individuals, most pronounced in vaccinated patients infected with Omicron variant, that exhibited a specific dynamic in their alternative splicing patterns that was not widely shared amongst the other groups. Our findings underscore the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination-induced immune responses, and alternative splicing, emphasizing the necessity for further investigations into these molecular cross-talks to foster deeper understanding and guide strategic therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gwon Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Priscilla A. Furth
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
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Rojas-Cruz AF, Bermúdez-Santana CI. Computational Prediction of RNA-RNA Interactions between Small RNA Tracks from Betacoronavirus Nonstructural Protein 3 and Neurotrophin Genes during Infection of an Epithelial Lung Cancer Cell Line: Potential Role of Novel Small Regulatory RNA. Viruses 2023; 15:1647. [PMID: 37631989 PMCID: PMC10458423 DOI: 10.3390/v15081647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether RNA-RNA interactions of cytoplasmic RNA viruses, such as Betacoronavirus, might end in the biogenesis of putative virus-derived small RNAs as miRNA-like molecules has been controversial. Even more, whether RNA-RNA interactions of wild animal viruses may act as virus-derived small RNAs is unknown. Here, we address these issues in four ways. First, we use conserved RNA structures undergoing negative selection in the genomes of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 circulating in different bat species, intermediate animals, and human hosts. Second, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify Betacoronavirus-targeting hsa-miRNAs involved in lung cell infection. Third, we employed sophisticated long-range RNA-RNA interactions to refine the seed sequence homology of hsa-miRNAs with conserved RNA structures. Fourth, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing of a Betacoronavirus-infected epithelial lung cancer cell line (Calu-3) to validate the results. We proposed nine potential virus-derived small RNAs: two vsRNAs in SARS-CoV (Bats: SB-vsRNA-ORF1a-3p; SB-vsRNA-S-5p), one vsRNA in MERS-CoV (Bats: MB-vsRNA-ORF1b-3p), and six vsRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 (Bats: S2B-vsRNA-ORF1a-5p; intermediate animals: S2I-vsRNA-ORF1a-5p; and humans: S2H-vsRNA-ORF1a-5p, S2H-vsRNA-ORF1a-3p, S2H-vsRNA-ORF1b-3p, S2H-vsRNA-ORF3a-3p), mainly encoded by nonstructural protein 3. Notably, Betacoronavirus-derived small RNAs targeted 74 differentially expressed genes in infected human cells, of which 55 upregulate the molecular mechanisms underlying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the 19 downregulated genes might be implicated in neurotrophin signaling impairment. These results reveal a novel small RNA-based regulatory mechanism involved in neuropathogenesis that must be further studied to validate its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Felipe Rojas-Cruz
- Theoretical and Computational RNomics Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Center of Excellence in Scientific Computing, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Clara Isabel Bermúdez-Santana
- Theoretical and Computational RNomics Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Center of Excellence in Scientific Computing, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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Guan T, Zhou X, Zhou W, Lin H. Regulatory T cell and macrophage crosstalk in acute lung injury: future perspectives. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 36646692 PMCID: PMC9841501 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) describes the injury to endothelial cells in the lungs and associated vessels due to various factors. Furthermore, ALI accompanied by inflammation and thrombosis has been reported as a common complication of SARS-COV-2 infection. It is widely accepted that inflammation and the cytokine storm are main causes of ALI. Two classical anti-inflammatory cell types, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2 macrophages, are theoretically capable of resisting uncontrolled inflammation. Recent studies have indicated possible crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages involving their mutual activation. In this review, we discuss the current findings related to ALI pathogenesis and the role of Tregs and macrophages. In particular, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between Tregs and macrophages in ALI pathogenesis. Understanding the role of Tregs and macrophages will provide the potential targets for treating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Guan
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Queen Mary university, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi Province China
| | - Xv Zhou
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Queen Mary university, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi Province China
| | - Wenwen Zhou
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Hui Lin
- grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 330006 Nanchang, Jiangxi China
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Jain NK, Tailang M, Jain HK, Chandrasekaran B, Sahoo BM, Subramanian A, Thangavel N, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Alagusundaram M, Kumar S, Selvam P. Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135145. [PMID: 37021053 PMCID: PMC10067607 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hyperinflammation induced by cytokine storm, ARDS leading to multiorgan failure and death. JAK-STAT signaling has been implicated in immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection under different stages such as viral entry, escaping innate immunity, replication, and subsequent inflammatory processes. Prompted by this fact and prior utilization as an immunomodulatory agent for several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions, Jakinibs have been recognized as validated small molecules targeting the rapid release of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, and GM-CSF. Various clinical trials are under investigation to evaluate Jakinibs as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. Till date, there is only one small molecule Jakinib known as baricitinib has received FDA-approval as a standalone immunomodulatory agent in treating critical COVID-19 patients. Though various meta-analyses have confirmed and validated the safety and efficacy of Jakinibs, further studies are required to understand the elaborated pathogenesis of COVID-19, duration of Jakinib treatment, and assess the combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlighted JAK-STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and clinically approved Jakinibs. Moreover, this review described substantially the promising use of Jakinibs and discussed their limitations in the context of COVID-19 therapy. Hence, this review article provides a concise, yet significant insight into the therapeutic implications of Jakinibs as potential anti-COVID agents which opens up a new horizon in the treatment of COVID-19, effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nem Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Tailang
- School of Studies in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Jain
- Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Anandhalakshmi Subramanian
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Alagusundaram
- School of Pharmacy, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Palani Selvam
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jijiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Balakumar Chandrasekaran, ; Palani Selvam,
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Arjmand B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Sarvari M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rezazadeh- Mafi A, Arjmand R, Nikandish M, Nasli‐Esfahani E, Larijani B. Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:171-206. [PMID: 36600055 PMCID: PMC9812357 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been a shocking disaster for healthcare systems worldwide since December 2019. This virus can affect all systems of the body and its symptoms vary from a simple upper respiratory infection to fatal complications including end-organ damage. On the other hand, the normal immune system plays a pivotal role in the recovery of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, occasionally, exaggerated immune system inflammation and an excessive synthesis of cytokines, known as a "cytokine storm," can deteriorate the patient's clinical condition. Secondary bacterial co-infection is another problem in COVID-19 which affects the prognosis of patients. Although there are a few studies about this complication, they suggest not using antibiotics commonly, especially broad-spectrum ones. During this pandemic, various approaches and therapeutics were introduced for treating COVID-19 patients. However, available treatments are not helpful enough, especially for complicated cases. Hence, in this era, cell therapy and regenerative medicine will create new opportunities. Therefore, the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells, especially their antimicrobial activity, will help us understand how to treat COVID-19. Herein, mesenchymal stem cells may stop the immune system from becoming overactive in COVID-19 patients. On the other side, the stem cells' capacity for repair could encourage natural healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Cancer Control Center (MACSA), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ahmad Rezazadeh- Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasta Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli‐Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pizon K, Hampal S, Orzechowska K, Muhammad SN. A Review of Pathology and Analysis of Approaches to Easing Kidney Disease Impact: Host-Pathogen Communication and Biomedical Visualization Perspective : Advanced Microscopy and Visualization of Host-Pathogen Communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1406:41-57. [PMID: 37016110 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26462-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In addition to affecting the upper respiratory tract, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2) can target kidneys resulting in disease impact. There is a lack of effective treatment for SARs-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and so one approach could be to consider to lower the probable risk and onset of disease amongst immunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals and patients. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) has a promising impact including acting against SARs-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Current literature states that ACE2 is expressed across several physiological systems, including the lungs, cardiovascular, gut, kidneys, and central nervous, and across endothelia. AIMS This chapter seeks to investigate causes and potential mechanisms during SARS infection (CoV-2), renal interaction, and the effects of acute kidney Injury (AKI). OBJECTIVES This chapter will provide an overview of microscopy and visualization of host-pathogen communication and principles of ACE2 in the context of immunology and impact on renal pathophysiology. DESIGN This chapter focuses to provide basic principles of ACE2 and the analysis and effect of immunology and pathological components important in relation to SARs infection. DISCUSSION There has been a surge in literature surrounding mechanisms attributing to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 action on immune response to pathogens. There is an advantage to implementing ACE2 treatment to improve immune response against infection. CONCLUSION ACE2 may provide appropriate strategies for the management of symptoms that relate to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in most immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. Visualization of ACE2 action can be achieved through microscopy to understand host-pathogen communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Pizon
- Department of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
- The Renal Patient Support Group (RPSG), Coventry, England, UK
| | - Savita Hampal
- Department of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
- The Renal Patient Support Group (RPSG), Coventry, England, UK
| | - Kamila Orzechowska
- Department of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
- The Renal Patient Support Group (RPSG), Coventry, England, UK
| | - Shahid Nazir Muhammad
- Department of Health, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK.
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, England, UK.
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10
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Lennol MP, García-Ayllón MS, Esteban M, García-Arriaza J, Sáez-Valero J. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a potential biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine efficacy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001951. [PMID: 36311758 PMCID: PMC9597869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of the SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), are present in serum, which may result from virus entry and subsequent proteolytic processing of the membrane receptor. We have recently demonstrated changes of particular ACE2 species in virus infected humans, either cleaved fragments or circulating full-length species. Here, we further explore the potential of serum ACE2 as a biomarker to test SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine efficacy in virus susceptible transgenic K18-hACE2 mice expressing human ACE2. First, in serum samples derived from K18-hACE2 mice challenged with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2, we observed an increase in the levels of cleaved ACE2 fragment at day 2 post-challenge, which may represent the subsequent proteolytic processing through virus entry. These elevated levels were maintained until the death of the animals at day 6 post-challenge. The circulating full-length ACE2 form displayed a sizable peak at day 4, which declined at day 6 post-challenge. Noticeably, immunization with two doses of the MVA-CoV2-S vaccine candidate prevented ACE2 cleaved changes in serum of animals challenged with a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of the MVA-CoV2-S was extended to vaccinated mice after virus re-challenge. These findings highlight that ACE2 could be a potential serum biomarker for disease progression and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Lennol
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan García-Arriaza, ; Javier Sáez-Valero,
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan García-Arriaza, ; Javier Sáez-Valero,
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11
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Richard D, Muthuirulan P, Aguiar J, Doxey AC, Banerjee A, Mossman K, Hirota J, Capellini TD. Intronic regulation of SARS-CoV-2 receptor (ACE2) expression mediated by immune signaling and oxidative stress pathways. iScience 2022; 25:104614. [PMID: 35756893 PMCID: PMC9213013 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is a key catalytic regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), involved in fluid homeostasis and blood pressure modulation. ACE2 also serves as a cell-surface receptor for some coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Improved characterization of ACE2 regulation may help us understand the effects of pre-existing conditions on COVID-19 incidence, as well as pathogenic dysregulation following viral infection. Here, we perform bioinformatic analyses to hypothesize on ACE2 gene regulation in two different physiological contexts, identifying putative regulatory elements of ACE2 expression. We perform functional validation of our computational predictions via targeted CRISPR-Cas9 deletions of these elements in vitro, finding them responsive to immune signaling and oxidative-stress pathways. This contributes to our understanding of ACE2 gene regulation at baseline and immune challenge. Our work supports pursuit of these putative mechanisms in our understanding of infection/disease caused by current, and future, SARS-related viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Lung expression patterns suggest ACE2 regulation by immune and oxidative signaling CRISPR deletion of intronic regulatory elements (REs) alters ACE2 expression Effects of RE deletion are modified by immune stimulation and oxidative stress Propose two mechanisms for regulating ACE2 at baseline and after immune challenge
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richard
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
| | | | - Jennifer Aguiar
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1 Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1 Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1 Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3 Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4 Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Jeremy Hirota
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1 Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5 Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142 MA, USA
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12
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Elahi R, Karami P, Heidary AH, Esmaeilzadeh A. An updated overview of recent advances, challenges, and clinical considerations of IL-6 signaling blockade in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108536. [PMID: 35074571 PMCID: PMC8747952 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 2019, COVID-19 has become the most important health dilemma around the world. The dysregulated immune response which results in ARDS and cytokine storm has an outstanding role in the progression of pulmonary damage in COVID-19. IL-6, through induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, is the pioneer of the hyperinflammatory condition and cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. Therefore, IL-6 pathway blockade is considered an emerging approach with high efficacy to reduce lung damage in COVID-19. This article aims to review the pleiotropic roles of the IL-6 pathway in lung damage and ARDS in severe COVID-19, and the rationale for IL-6 signaling blockade at different levels, including IL-6 soluble and membrane receptor pathways, IL-6 downstream signaling (such as JAK-STAT) inhibition, and non-specific anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches. Recent clinical data of each method, with specific concentration on tocilizumab, along with other new drugs, such as sarilumab and siltuximab, have been discussed. Challenges of IL-6 signaling inhibition, such as the risk of superinfection and hepatic injury, and possible solutions have also been explained. Moreover, to achieve the highest efficacy, ongoing clinical trials and special clinical considerations of using different IL-6 inhibitors have been discussed in detail. Special considerations, including the appropriate timing and dosage, monotherapy or combination therapy, and proper side effect managment must be noticed regarding the clinical administration of these drugs. Future studies are still necessary to improve the productivity and unknown aspects of IL-6 signaling blockade for personalized treatment of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Elahi
- Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parsa Karami
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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13
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Mahboubi Mehrabani M, Karvandi MS, Maafi P, Doroudian M. Neurological complications associated with Covid-19; molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2334. [PMID: 35138001 PMCID: PMC9111040 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the progression of investigations on the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), neurological complications have emerged as a critical aspect of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic. Besides the well‐known respiratory symptoms, many neurological manifestations such as anosmia/ageusia, headaches, dizziness, seizures, and strokes have been documented in hospitalised patients. The neurotropism background of coronaviruses has led to speculation that the neurological complications are caused by the direct invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 into the nervous system. This invasion is proposed to occur through the infection of peripheral nerves or via systemic blood circulation, termed neuronal and haematogenous routes of invasion, respectively. On the other hand, aberrant immune responses and respiratory insufficiency associated with Covid‐19 are suggested to affect the nervous system indirectly. Deleterious roles of cytokine storm and hypoxic conditions in blood‐brain barrier disruption, coagulation abnormalities, and autoimmune neuropathies are well investigated in coronavirus infections, as well as Covid‐19. Here, we review the latest discoveries focussing on possible molecular mechanisms of direct and indirect impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on the nervous system and try to elucidate the link between some potential therapeutic strategies and the molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi Mehrabani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sobhan Karvandi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Maafi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Al‐Ani B, ShamsEldeen AM, Kamar SS, Haidara MA, Al‐Hashem F, Alshahrani MY, Al‐Hakami AM, Kader DHA, Maarouf A. Lipopolysaccharide induces acute lung injury and alveolar hemorrhage in association with the cytokine storm, coagulopathy and AT1R/JAK/STAT augmentation in a rat model that mimics moderate and severe Covid‐19 pathology. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:483-491. [PMID: 35066912 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahjat Al‐Ani
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine King Khalid University Abha 61421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M. ShamsEldeen
- Department of Physiology Kasr Al‐Aini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Samaa S. Kamar
- Department of Medical Histology Kasr Al‐Aini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Haidara
- Department of Physiology Kasr Al‐Aini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Fahaid Al‐Hashem
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine King Khalid University Abha 61421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS) King Khalid University Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences King Khalid University Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Al‐Hakami
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology College of Medicine King Khalid University Abha 61421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina H. Abdel Kader
- Department of Medical Histology Kasr Al‐Aini Faculty of Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Amro Maarouf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK
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15
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Janus Kinase Signaling Pathway and Its Role in COVID-19 Inflammatory, Vascular, and Thrombotic Manifestations. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020306. [PMID: 35053424 PMCID: PMC8773838 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to be a worldwide public health crisis. Among the several severe manifestations of this disease, thrombotic processes drive the catastrophic organ failure and mortality in these patients. In addition to a well-established cytokine storm associated with the disease, perturbations in platelets, endothelial cells, and the coagulation system are key in triggering systemic coagulopathy, involving both the macro- and microvasculatures of different organs. Of the several mechanisms that might contribute to dysregulation of these cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the current review focuses on the role of activated Janus kinase (JAK) signaling in augmenting thrombotic processes and organ dysfunction. The review concludes with presenting the current understanding and emerging controversies concerning the potential therapeutic applications of JAK inhibitors for ameliorating the inflammation-thrombosis phenotype in COVID-19 patients.
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16
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Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z, Pirsadeghi A, Rahnama A, Bahrehmand F, Abbasifard M. Is there any relationship between serum zinc levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression in patients with coronavirus disease 2019? Meta Gene 2021; 31:100991. [PMID: 34778004 PMCID: PMC8572017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in different tissues is essential in the sensitivity, symptoms and consequences of COVID-19 infection. It seems that zinc is involved in the structure of the ACE2 enzyme has been identified; nonetheless, the relationship between ACE2 expression and zinc serum levels in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of ACE2 in peripheral blood-derived immune cells of COVID-19 patients and its relationship with serum zinc levels. Methods Thirty healthy subjects and thirty patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study. The COVID-19 infection was confirmed by positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radiological data. Peripheral blood samples were taken from healthy subjects and COVID-19 patients. Whole blood samples were also used to measure ACE2 gene expression by RT-PCR technique. The correlation matrix evaluated the relationship between ACE2 expression, serum zinc levels, and other related variables. Results The outcomes showed no considerable alteration in serum zinc levels between patients and the control group. Likewise, the ACE2 gene expression results showed a significant decrease in this receptor's expression in COVID-19 patients compared with the healthy subjects. A significant positive correlation was observed between serum zinc level and ACE2 gene expression in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion The immune system seems to reduce the mRNA expression of the ACE2 in the peripheral blood leukocytes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, zinc deficiency can make patients more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Pirsadeghi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Rahnama
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahrehmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasifard
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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17
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Low ZY, Yip AJW, Lal SK. Repositioning Ivermectin for Covid-19 treatment: Molecular mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2 replication. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166294. [PMID: 34687900 PMCID: PMC8526435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is an FDA approved macrocyclic lactone compound traditionally used to treat parasitic infestations and has shown to have antiviral potential from previous in-vitro studies. Currently, IVM is commercially available as a veterinary drug but have also been applied in humans to treat onchocerciasis (river blindness - a parasitic worm infection) and strongyloidiasis (a roundworm/nematode infection). In light of the recent pandemic, the repurposing of IVM to combat SARS-CoV-2 has acquired significant attention. Recently, IVM has been proven effective in numerous in-silico and molecular biology experiments against the infection in mammalian cells and human cohort studies. One promising study had reported a marked reduction of 93% of released virion and 99.98% unreleased virion levels upon administration of IVM to Vero-hSLAM cells. IVM's mode of action centres around the inhibition of the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of viral proteins by disrupting the Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1) and downregulating STAT3, thereby effectively reducing the cytokine storm. Furthermore, the ability of IVM to block the active sites of viral 3CLpro and S protein, disrupts important machinery such as viral replication and attachment. This review compiles all the molecular evidence to date, in review of the antiviral characteristics exhibited by IVM. Thereafter, we discuss IVM's mechanism and highlight the clinical advantages that could potentially contribute towards disabling the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2. In summary, the collective review of recent efforts suggests that IVM has a prophylactic effect and would be a strong candidate for clinical trials to treat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia; Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE, Malaysia.
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18
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Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Coronavirus disease 2019 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:969-978. [PMID: 34630869 PMCID: PMC8473503 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may present with a broad range of clinical manifestations, from no or mild symptoms to severe disease. Patients with specific pre-existing comorbidities, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are at high risk of coming out with a critical form of COVID-19. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and, because of its frequent association with metabolic alterations including obesity and type 2 diabetes, it has recently been re-named as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Several studies and systematic reviews pointed out the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in NAFLD/MAFLD patients. Even though dedicated mechanistic studies are missing, this higher probability may be justified by systemic low-grade chronic inflammation associated with immune dysregulation in NAFLD/MAFLD, which could trigger cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. This review focuses on the predisposing role of NAFLD/MAFLD in favoring severe COVID-19, discussing the available information on specific risk factors, clinical features, outcomes, and pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
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19
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Kelleni MT. COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, and Nipah virus infection reclassification as novel acute immune dysrhythmia syndrome (n-AIDS): potential crucial role for immunomodulators. Immunol Res 2021; 69:457-460. [PMID: 34357535 PMCID: PMC8342655 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Nipah virus infection, SARS, and MERS are suggested to be considered for a novel immunological reclassification as acute onset immune dysrhythmia syndrome (n-AIDS) due to altered monocytic, Th1/Th2, as well as cytokines and chemokines balances. n-AIDs is postulated to be the cause of the acute respiratory distress and multi-inflammatory syndromes which are described with fatal COVID-19, and immunomodulators are suggested to effectively manage the mentioned diseases as well as for other disorders caused by Th1/Th2 imbalance. Meanwhile, para COVID syndrome is suggested to describe various immune-related complications, whether before or after recovery, and to embrace a potential of a latent infection, that might be discovered later, as occurred with Ebola virus disease. Finally, our hypothesis has evolved out of our real-life practice that uses immunomodulatory drugs to manage COVID-19 safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina T Kelleni
- Pharmacology Department, College of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt.
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20
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Montero P, Milara J, Roger I, Cortijo J. Role of JAK/STAT in Interstitial Lung Diseases; Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6211. [PMID: 34207510 PMCID: PMC8226626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise different fibrotic lung disorders characterized by cellular proliferation, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. The JAK/STAT molecular pathway is activated under the interaction of a broad number of profibrotic/pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-11, and IL-13, among others, which are increased in different ILDs. Similarly, several growth factors over-expressed in ILDs, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activate JAK/STAT by canonical or non-canonical pathways, which indicates a predominant role of JAK/STAT in ILDs. Between the different JAK/STAT isoforms, it appears that JAK2/STAT3 are predominant, initiating cellular changes observed in ILDs. This review analyzes the expression and distribution of different JAK/STAT isoforms in ILDs lung tissue and different cell types related to ILDs, such as lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial type II cells and analyzes JAK/STAT activation. The effect of JAK/STAT phosphorylation on cellular fibrotic processes, such as proliferation, senescence, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or epithelial/fibroblast to mesenchymal transition will be described. The small molecules directed to inhibit JAK/STAT activation were assayed in vitro and in in vivo models of pulmonary fibrosis, and different JAK inhibitors are currently approved for myeloproliferative disorders. Recent evidence indicates that JAK inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies directed to block IL-6 are used as compassionate use to attenuate the excessive inflammation and lung fibrosis related to SARS-CoV-2 virus. These altogether indicate that JAK/STAT pathway is an attractive target to be proven in future clinical trials of lung fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.R.); (J.C.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.R.); (J.C.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (I.R.); (J.C.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, 46014 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Khanal P, Duyu T, Patil BM, Dey YN, Pasha I, Kavalapure RS, Chand S, Gurav S. Screening of JAK-STAT modulators from the antiviral plants of Indian traditional system of medicine with the potential to inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus using network pharmacology. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:119. [PMID: 33585152 PMCID: PMC7869079 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the bioactives under investigation were predicted to target TNF receptor-associated factor 5 in the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of the transcription pathway. Similarly, druglikeness prediction identified vitexilactone to possess the highest druglikeness score, i.e., 0.88. Furthermore, proteins targeted in the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway were also predicted to regulate multiple pathways, i.e., ErbB, AGE-RAGE, NF-kappa B, Measles, insulin, mTOR, chemokine, Ras, and pathways associated with infectious and non-infectious pathogenesis, where the immune system is compromised. Similarly, the docking study identified sesaminol 2-O-β-D-gentiobioside to possess the highest binding affinity with 3CLpro, PLpro, and spike proteins. Furthermore, phylogeny comparison identified the common protein domains with other stains of microbes like murine hepatitis virus strain A59, avian infectious bronchitis virus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CV777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pukar Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, 590010 India
| | - Taaza Duyu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, 590010 India
| | - B. M. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, 590010 India
| | - Yadu Nandan Dey
- School of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ismail Pasha
- Department of Pharmacology, Orotta College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Asmara University, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Rohini S. Kavalapure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE College of Pharmacy Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, 590010 India
| | - Sharad Chand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE (Deemed To Be University), Paneer, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Shailendra Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panaji, Goa 403 001 India
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