A Rapid Assessment Study on the Implementation of a Core Set of Interventions to Improve Cardiovascular Health in Latin America and the Caribbean

Total and whole grain intake in Latin America: findings from the multicenter cross-sectional Latin American Study of Health and Nutrition (ELANS)

PURPOSE

Understanding whole-grain intake and its associated factors is essential to tackle the double burden of malnutrition faced by Latin American countries. This study aimed to characterize total and whole grain intake in Latin American countries and to investigate foods contributing to these intake in the region.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the multicenter cross-sectional survey Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), including 9128 participants residing in urban areas of eight Latin American countries. Data collection was performed via two household visits using a standardized questionnaire and two 24 h dietary recalls. Usual dietary intake of total grain foods and foods containing whole grains was estimated. The association between the intake of grain food groups and sociodemographic variables was investigated using multiple linear regression models with random intercepts.

RESULTS

Mean intake of total grain foods and foods containing whole grains was 318.6 g/d and 14.7 g/d, respectively. Total grain foods were less consumed by participants at older ages (-9.8 g/d), and females (-9.9 g/d), and more consumed by those in the lowest socioeconomic category (24.8 g/d). Foods containing whole grains were more consumed by participants at older ages (3.3 g/d), and females (4.0 g/d), while those in the lowest socioeconomic category consumed 2.9 g/d less. Major contributors to energy provided from foods containing whole grains were oatmeal, masa harina, whole-wheat bread, corn chips, and wheat crackers.

CONCLUSION

The intake of grain foods represented a substantial part of the Latin American population's diet, but the intake of foods containing whole grains was extremely low in all assessed countries.

Impact of diet on CVD and diabetes mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: a comparative risk assessment analysis

OBJECTIVE

To quantify diet-related burdens of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) by country, age and sex in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

DESIGN

Intakes of eleven key dietary factors were obtained from the Global Dietary Database Consortium. Aetiologic effects of dietary factors on CMD outcomes were obtained from meta-analyses. We combined these inputs with cause-specific mortality data to compute country-, age- and sex-specific absolute and proportional CMD mortality of eleven dietary factors in 1990 and 2010.

SETTING

Thirty-two countries in LAC.

PARTICIPANTS

Adults aged 25 years and older.

RESULTS

In 2010, an estimated 513 371 (95 % uncertainty interval (UI) 423 286-547 841; 53·8 %) cardiometabolic deaths were related to suboptimal diet. Largest diet-related CMD burdens were related to low intake of nuts/seeds (109 831 deaths (95 % UI 71 920-121 079); 11·5 %), low fruit intake (106 285 deaths (95 % UI 94 904-112 320); 11·1 %) and high processed meat consumption (89 381 deaths (95 % UI 82 984-97 196); 9·4 %). Among countries, highest CMD burdens (deaths per million adults) attributable to diet were in Trinidad and Tobago (1779) and Guyana (1700) and the lowest were in Peru (492) and The Bahamas (504). Between 1990 and 2010, greatest decline (35 %) in diet-attributable CMD mortality was related to greater consumption of fruit, while greatest increase (7·2 %) was related to increased intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages.

CONCLUSIONS

Suboptimal intakes of commonly consumed foods were associated with substantial CMD mortality in LAC with significant heterogeneity across countries. Improved access to healthful foods, such as nuts and fruits, and limits in availability of unhealthful factors, such as processed foods, would reduce diet-related burdens of CMD in LAC.

Hypertension control activities in Latin America and the Caribbean: opportunities for late-stage (T4) translation research

This work had two objectives: (1) to identify the extent of the problem and gaps pertaining to hypertension control in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) to identify the potential role for late-stage (T4) translation research to tackle the current and future hypertension burden in that region. We explored the extent of the problem and the potential opportunities to use late-stage (T4) translation research to address it. We analyzed calls to action and policies implemented within several LAC countries and also at the regional level. Some LAC countries are currently developing comprehensive plans for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is working on implementing a comprehensive plan of action within the PAHO Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. These endeavors underscore the need for and the relevance of implementing effective, evidence-based, affordable interventions for treating and controlling hypertension. In these efforts, late-stage (T4) translation research can help to determine the best strategies for delivery of hypertension control. This late-stage (T4) translation research should involve all relevant stakeholders and partners in order to best enhance and scale up appropriate, affordable, and sustainable public health interventions.