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Mazzarino M, Melis I, Quaresima E, Botrè F. Detection of synthetic analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1 in different biological fluids by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: comparison of different immunoaffinity protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6117-6131. [PMID: 37566232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 analogues are prohibited in sport for their ability to enhance athletic performance in several sport disciplines. Their detection presents several analytical challenges, mainly due to the minimum required performance limits fixed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Here, we are presenting analytical workflows to detect IGF-1 and its analogues in different biological matrices. Several off-line immunocapture techniques and protocols were comparatively evaluated. Separation and detection were performed by using standard flow reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The best recoveries were obtained using magnetic beads or pipette tips functionalized with protein A. The analytical workflows were fully validated for qualitative determinations: all the target analytes were clearly distinguishable from the interference of the matrices, with limits of detection and identification in the range of 0.05-0.30 ng/mL in urine and 0.5-2.0 ng/mL in serum/plasma. The extraction efficiency proved to be repeatable (CV% < 10) with recoveries higher than 50%. Intra- and inter-day precision were found to be smaller than 10 and 15%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of authentic matrix samples containing the target peptides at the minimum required performance limits, proving that the method developed can be successfully applied to detect and identify IGF-1 analogues for doping control purposes in all the matrices selected. The analytical workflow developed here to detect the target peptides in different matrices can be readily implemented in anti-doping laboratories and has the potential to be adapted for the simultaneous analysis of different similarly sized peptide hormones of doping relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Melis
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Quaresima
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Cox HD, Knussmann GN, Moore C, Eichner D. Detection of insulin analogues and large peptides > 2 kDa in urine. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1264-1272. [PMID: 35261185 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues and large bioactive peptides may be used by athletes to enhance performance and are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In addition to insulin analogues, the large peptides include a structurally diverse set of peptides including analogues of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and mechano-growth factor (MGF). Detection of this class of peptides is difficult due to their absorptive losses and presence at very low concentrations in urine. In this report, a high throughput method is described that allows sensitive detection of 4 classes of large peptides in one assay. Sample extraction is performed by ultrafiltration to concentrate the urine followed by solid phase extraction in a 96-well micro-elution plate. Peptides in the urine samples are detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to standard flow liquid chromatography. The method was validated and evaluated for limit of detection, limit of identification, specificity, precision, carry-over, recovery, matrix interference, and post-extraction stability. The limit of detection for insulin analogues is between 5 - 25 pg/ml and between 5 - 50 pg/ml for the other peptide classes. Specificity was good with no detection of interfering peaks in blank urine samples. Carry-over from a high concentration sample was not observed and the post-extraction stability was between 77 - 107%. The method was able to detect insulin analogues in three diabetic urine samples. Increased screening for this class of peptides will improve detection and deterrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | | | - Chad Moore
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South, Jordan, UT
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3
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A high-throughput assay for the quantification of intact Insulin-like Growth Factor I in human serum using online SPE-LC-HRMS. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:391-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Reichel C, Gmeiner G, Thevis M. Detection of black market follistatin 344. Drug Test Anal 2020; 11:1675-1697. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory Seibersdorf, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, A‐2444 Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping AgentsGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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5
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Janvier S, De Spiegeleer B, Vanhee C, Deconinck E. Falsification of biotechnology drugs: current dangers and/or future disasters? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:175-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Delahaut P, Fichant E, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of LongR 3-IGF-I, R 3-IGF-I, Des1-3 IGF-I and their metabolites in human plasma samples by means of LC-MS. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 35:33-39. [PMID: 28668757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), growth promoting peptides such as the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its synthetic analogues belong to the class of prohibited compounds. While several assays to quantify endogenous IGF-I have been established, the potential misuse of synthetic analogues such as LongR3-IGF-I, R3-IGF-I and Des1-3-IGF-I remains a challenge and superior pharmacokinetic properties have been described for these analogues. Within the present study, it was demonstrated that the target peptides can be successfully detected in plasma samples by means of magnetic beads-based immunoaffinity purification and subsequent nanoscale liquid chromatographic separation with high resolution mass spectrometric detection. Noteworthy, the usage of a specific antibody for LongR3-IGF-I enables the determination in low ng/mL levels despite the presence of an enormous excess of endogenous human IGF-I. In addition, different metabolism studies (in-vitro and in-vivo) were performed using sophisticated strategies such as incubation with skin tissue microsomes, degradation in biological fluids (for all analogues), and administration to rats (for LongR3-IGF-I). Herewith, several C-and N-terminally truncated metabolites were identified and their relevancy was additionally confirmed by in-vivo experiments with rodents. Especially for LongR3-IGF-I, a metabolite ((Des1-11)-LongR3-IGF-I) was identified that prolonged the detectability in-vivo by a factor of approximately 2. The method was validated for qualitative interpretation considering the parameters specificity, identification capability, recovery (26-60%), limit of detection (0.5ng/mL), imprecision (<25%), linearity, stability, and matrix effects. A stable isotope labelled (15N)-IGF-I was used as internal standard to control all sample preparation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe - Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour, 8, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Eric Fichant
- CER Groupe - Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour, 8, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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7
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In Vitro Metabolic Studies of REV-ERB Agonists SR9009 and SR9011. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101676. [PMID: 27706103 PMCID: PMC5085709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SR9009 and SR9011 are attractive as performance-enhancing substances due to their REV-ERB agonist effects and thus circadian rhythm modulation activity. Although no pharmaceutical preparations are available yet, illicit use of SR9009 and SR9011 for doping purposes can be anticipated, especially since SR9009 is marketed in illicit products. Therefore, the aim was to identify potential diagnostic metabolites via in vitro metabolic studies to ensure effective (doping) control. The presence of SR9009 could be demonstrated in a black market product purchased over the Internet. Via human liver microsomal metabolic assays, eight metabolites were detected for SR9009 and fourteen metabolites for SR9011 by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Structure elucidation was performed for all metabolites by LC–HRMS product ion scans in both positive and negative ionization mode. Retrospective data analysis was applied to 1511 doping control samples previously analyzed by a full-scan LC–HRMS screening method to verify the presence of SR9009, SR9011 and their metabolites. So far, the presence of neither the parent compound nor the metabolites could be detected in routine urine samples. However, to further discourage use of these potentially harmful compounds, incorporation of SR9009 and SR9011 into screening methods is highly recommended.
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Geldof L, Pozo OJ, Lootens L, Morthier W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:168-178. [PMID: 26767942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic agents are often used by athletes to enhance their performance. However, use of steroids leads to considerable side effects. Non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of substances that have not been approved so far but seem to have a more favourable anabolic/androgenic ratio than steroids and produce fewer side effects. Therefore the use of SARMs has been prohibited since 2008 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Several of these SARMs have been detected on the black market. Metabolism studies are essential to identify the best urinary markers to ensure effective control of emerging substances by doping control laboratories. As black market products often contain non-pharmaceutical-grade substances, alternatives for human excretion studies are needed to elucidate the metabolism. A black market product labelled to contain the SARM LGD-4033 was purchased over the Internet. Purity verification of the black market product led to the detection of LGD-4033, without other contaminants. Human liver microsomes and S9 liver fractions were used to perform phase I and phase II (glucuronidation) metabolism studies. The samples of the in vitro metabolism studies were analyzed by gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)), liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-(HR)MS/MS). LC-HRMS product ion scans allowed to identify typical fragment ions for the parent compound and to further determine metabolite structures. In total five metabolites were detected, all modified in the pyrrolidine ring of LGD-4033. The metabolic modifications ranged from hydroxylation combined with keto-formation (M1) or cleavage of the pyrrolidine ring (M2), hydroxylation and methylation (M3/M4) and dihydroxylation (M5). The parent compound and M2 were also detected as glucuronide-conjugates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- IMIM - Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Bioanalysis Research Group, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Wouter Morthier
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30B, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
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9
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10
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van den Broek I, Blokland M, Nessen MA, Sterk S. Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports-doping control. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:571-594. [PMID: 24375671 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of misuse of peptides and proteins as growth promoters is a major issue for sport and food regulatory agencies. The limitations of current analytical detection strategies for this class of compounds, in combination with their efficacy in growth-promoting effects, make peptide and protein drugs highly susceptible to abuse by either athletes or farmers who seek for products to illicitly enhance muscle growth. Mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative analysis of peptides and proteins is well-established, particularly due to tremendous efforts in the proteomics community. Similarly, due to advancements in targeted proteomic strategies and the rapid growth of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, MS for quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins is becoming more widely accepted. These continuous advances in MS instrumentation and MS-based methodologies offer enormous opportunities for detection and confirmation of peptides and proteins. Therefore, MS seems to be the method of choice to improve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide and proteins with growth-promoting properties. This review aims to address the opportunities of MS for peptide and protein analysis in veterinary control and sports-doping control with a particular focus on detection of illicit growth promotion. An overview of potential peptide and protein targets, including their amino acid sequence characteristics and current MS-based detection strategies is, therefore, provided. Furthermore, improvements of current and new detection strategies with state-of-the-art MS instrumentation are discussed for qualitative and quantitative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Broek
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Nessen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Identification of the growth hormone-releasing hormone analogue [Pro1, Val14]-hGHRH with an incomplete C-term amidation in a confiscated product. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1155-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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13
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Sensitive quantification of IGF-1 and its synthetic analogs in dried blood spots. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2651-62. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dried blood spot sample collection could improve detection of the misuse of IGF-1, its analogs and growth hormone. An LC–MS/MS method was developed to measure two IGF-1 peptides and one analog peptide after trypsin digestion. In addition to standard method validation parameters, the effect of hematocrit on cysteine alkylation, trypsin digestion and the selection of internal standard were evaluated. Results: Quantification of IGF-1 peptides was possible with an LLOQ of 25 ng/ml and imprecision of less than 15%. Conclusion: While the effects of hematocrit must be evaluated empirically for each method, dried blood spots are a suitable matrix for the measurement of IGF-1 and its analogs by MS.
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14
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Walpurgis K, Krug O, Thomas A, Laussmann T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Detection of an unknown fusion protein in confiscated black market products. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1117-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Tim Laussmann
- Centre for Education and Science of the Federal Revenue Administration; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
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15
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Identification of black market products and potential doping agents in Germany 2010–2013. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Guha N, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, Bartlett C, Nevitt SP, Francis M, Bassett EE, Cowan DA, Sönksen PH, Holt RIG. Biochemical markers of insulin-like growth factor-I misuse in athletes: the response of serum IGF-I, procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide, and the GH-2000 score to the administration of rhIGF-I/rhIGF binding protein-3 complex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2259-68. [PMID: 24606087 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The GH-2000 and GH-2004 research groups developed a method for detecting GH misuse in athletes based on the measurement of serum IGF-I and procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (P-III-NP). There are reports that IGF-I is also misused by athletes, but currently there is no internationally recognized test designed to detect recombinant human IGF-I misuse. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the response of serum IGF-I, P-III-NP, and the GH-2000 score to recombinant human (rh) IGF-I/rhIGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) administration in recreational athletes. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 administration study at Southampton General Hospital (Southampton, United Kingdom). PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six recreational athletes (26 women, 30 men) participated in the study. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to treatment with low-dose (30 mg/d) or high-dose (60 mg/d) rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 complex or placebo for 28 days. Blood was collected throughout the drug administration and washout periods. Serum IGF-I and P-III-NP were measured using commercial immunoassays and GH-2000 scores were calculated. RESULTS IGF-I, P-III-NP, and the GH-2000 score rose in response to both low- and high-dose rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 administration. The relative maximum response of IGF-I (approximately 4-fold increase in women and men) was greater than that of P-III-NP (40%-50% increase in women, 35%-50% increase in men). The GH-2000 formulae, which incorporate IGF-I and P-III-NP results, detected up to 61% of women and 80% of men in the rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 groups but, using IGF-I concentrations alone, the sensitivity increased to 94% in both women and men during the administration period. CONCLUSIONS The rise in P-III-NP after rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 administration is small compared with that after rhGH administration. Although rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 administration can be detected using the GH-2000 score method, a test based on serum IGF-I alone provides better sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Guha
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit (N.G., I.E.-M., S.P.N., M.F., P.H.S., R.I.G.H.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; Drug Control Centre (C.B., D.A.C.), Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; and School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Actuarial Science (E.E.B.), University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
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Kimergård A, McVeigh J, Knutsson S, Breindahl T, Stensballe A. Online marketing of synthetic peptide hormones: poor manufacturing, user safety, and challenges to public health. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:396-8. [PMID: 24639203 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kimergård
- Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The worldwide clinical and scientific interest in peptides belonging to the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has brought along a call for standardization of assays used to quantify the different IGF related proteins. This relates in particular to the measurement of IGF-I, which has stood the test of time as an important biochemical tool in the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) related disorders. The first international consensus statement on the measurement of IGF-I in 2011 represents an important milestone and will undoubtedly improve commutability of reference ranges for IGF-I and clinically applicable cut-off values. By contrast, there is no consensus addressing the measurements of the other IGF-related peptides. Nevertheless, measurement of these peptides may be of interest, either as additional tools in GH disorders or as prognostic biomarkers of various diseases. Therefore, standardization of assays for the other IGF-related peptides is highly relevant. This chapter discusses the recent consensus on IGF-I measurements and how this approach may be applied to measurement of the other IGF-related peptides. In addition, assay pitfalls, pre- and post-analytical challenges, alternative methods for IGF-I measurements and potential assays of tomorrow will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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19
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Guha N, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, Nevitt SP, Francis M, Bartlett C, Cowan DA, Bassett EE, Sönksen PH, Holt RIG. Biochemical markers of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I)/rhIGF binding protein-3 (rhIGFBP-3) misuse in athletes. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:843-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishan Guha
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - Simon P. Nevitt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Michael Francis
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Christiaan Bartlett
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring; King's College London; UK
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring; King's College London; UK
| | - E. Eryl Bassett
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Peter H. Sönksen
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Richard I. G. Holt
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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20
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Cox HD, Eichner D. Detection of human insulin-like growth factor-1 in deer antler velvet supplements. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2170-2178. [PMID: 23996390 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Reported incidents of the use of nutritional supplements containing deer antler velvet by athletes has increased significantly in recent years. The supplements have been reported to contain insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which is a banned substance included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. The presence of deer and human IGF-1 was tested in six commercially available supplements. METHODS IGF-1 was extracted from the six deer antler velvet supplements using chloroform and acetonitrile precipitation methods. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) methods were developed to measure intact IGF-1 protein and IGF-1 trypsin peptides using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Five deer-specific and five human-specific multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions for intact IGF-1were measured as well as six deer-specific and seven human-specific MRM transitions for an IGF-1 trypsin peptide. RESULTS The peak area from each MRM transition was used to calculate the product ion ratios relative to the most abundant transition. Product ion ratios measured in the supplements were matched to ratios measured in purified protein standards. A match to human IGF-1 was identified for all the MRM transitions measured in four of the supplements tested. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a pharmaceutical protein, human IGF-1, was confirmed in four commercially available products sold as all natural, nutritional supplements. These methods can be used to screen additional products to further prevent the illegal sale of adulterated supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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21
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Guha N, Cowan DA, Sönksen PH, Holt RIG. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) misuse in athletes and potential methods for detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9669-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, Van der Eycken J, Van Eenoo P. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:733-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4); B-9000; Ghent; Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4); B-9000; Ghent; Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab); Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30; B-9052; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
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23
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Detection of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in human anti-doping control: past, present and future. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1565-75. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of erythropoiesis is one of the most efficient ways of doping. This type of doping is advantageous for aerobic physical exercise and of particular interest to endurance athletes. Erythropoiesis, which takes place in bone marrow, is under the control of EPO, a hormone secreted primarily by the kidneys when the arterial oxygen tension decreases. In certain pathological disorders, such as chronic renal failure, the production of EPO is insufficient and results in anemia. The pharmaceutical industry has, thus, been very interested in developing drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis. With this aim, various strategies have been, and continue to be, envisaged, giving rise to an expanding range of drugs that are good candidates for doping. Anti-doping control has had to deal with this situation by developing appropriate methods for their detection. This article presents an overview of both the drugs and the corresponding methods of detection, and thus follows a roughly chronological order.
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24
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Abstract
GH is believed to be widely employed in sports as a performance-enhancing substance. Its use in athletic competition is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and athletes are required to submit to testing for GH exposure. Detection of GH doping is challenging for several reasons including identity/similarity of exogenous to endogenous GH, short half-life, complex and fluctuating secretory dynamics of GH, and a very low urinary excretion rate. The detection test currently in use (GH isoform test) exploits the difference between recombinant GH (pure 22K-GH) and the heterogeneous nature of endogenous GH (several isoforms). Its main limitation is the short window of opportunity for detection (~12-24 h after the last GH dose). A second test to be implemented soon (the biomarker test) is based on stimulation of IGF-I and collagen III synthesis by GH. It has a longer window of opportunity (1-2 wk) but is less specific and presents a variety of technical challenges. GH doping in a larger sense also includes doping with GH secretagogues and IGF-I and its analogs. The scientific evidence for the ergogenicity of GH is weak, a fact that is not widely appreciated in athletic circles or by the general public. Also insufficiently appreciated is the risk of serious health consequences associated with high-dose, prolonged GH use. This review discusses the GH biology relevant to GH doping; the virtues and limitations of detection tests in blood, urine, and saliva; secretagogue efficacy; IGF-I doping; and information about the effectiveness of GH as a performance-enhancing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard P Baumann
- Partnership for Clean Competition, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80919, USA.
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25
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Esposito S, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Characterization and identification of a C-terminal amidated mechano growth factor (MGF) analogue in black market products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:686-692. [PMID: 22328223 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechano growth factor (MGF) is a splice variant of insulin-like growth factor that possesses anabolic properties and has not yet been approved for therapeutic use. Nevertheless, it is readily available on the black market. Although the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has banned the use of MGF in sports, no routinely performed methods have been reported for its detection. In this work, two preparations from the black market containing an unknown MGF analogue were characterized. METHODS Mass spectrometry characterizations of unknown preparations and a reference human MGF were performed on an Orbitrap and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometers after separation by liquid chromatography. High accuracy measurements allowed protein identification from full scan MS data, and low-resolution full scan MS/MS provided further information on fragmentation. RESULTS HCD scans of the analytes showed the presence of common b series product ions in the black market preparations and the human MGF reference standard, but all the y series ions starting from (y(1))(+) exhibited a difference of 1 m/z unit in nominal mass. This difference was demonstrated to be due to a C-terminal amidation of MGF. High-resolution data demonstrated that the black market products were both C-terminal amidated analogues of human MGF. In addition, low-resolution MS/MS characterization revealed a potentially diagnostic transition (m/z 717.8 → 431.1) for the discrimination of C-amidated MGF from the endogenous form. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative identification of a MGF C-terminal amidated analogue in two black market products was successfully achieved. This report demonstrates that illegal MGF preparations are commercially available for use as doping agent in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Esposito
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Technologiepark 30-B, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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26
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Doping control analysis of selected peptide hormones using LC–MS(/MS). Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Walpurgis K, Thomas A, Laussmann T, Horta L, Metzger S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Identification of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) in a black market product. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:791-7. [PMID: 21998075 DOI: 10.1002/dta.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of growth factors for accelerated healing of sports injuries is restricted under the terms of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) anti-doping code. Cheating athletes have used the black market as a source of performance-enhancing substances. Drugs that currently undergo clinical trials are frequently offered--despite the unknown health risks associated with the administration of unapproved pharmaceuticals. Recently, a new growth factor (referred to as fibroblast growth factor 1/FGF-1) with known effects on the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue was detected in an unlabelled black market product confiscated by the German customs. The identification of the protein was achieved by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE and 2D-PAGE), different proteolytic digestions, immunological methods and nano-liquid chromatography high-resolution/high-accuracy Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed slight differences concerning the molecular weight of recombinant human and black market FGF-1. Using in-gel proteolysis, a truncation or modification located at the N-terminus of the protein was suggested. These findings demonstrate that drug candidates without clinical approval can be readily obtained from the black market, regardless of potential dangerous consequences for the consumer, which corroborates the necessity of proactive and preventive doping control approaches. In that regard, physiological concentrations of blood and urine specimens collected from healthy individuals were analyzed and were found to range below 28 pg/ml in urine, while there was no detectable FGF-1 in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Walpurgis
- Centre for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
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29
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Reichel C. OMICS-strategies and methods in the fight against doping. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:20-34. [PMID: 21862249 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade OMICS-methods not only continued to have their impact on research strategies in life sciences and in particular molecular biology, but also started to be used for anti-doping control purposes. Research activities were mainly reasoned by the fact that several substances and methods, which were prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), were or still are difficult to detect by direct methods. Transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in theory offer ideal platforms for the discovery of biomarkers for the indirect detection of the abuse of these substances and methods. Traditionally, the main focus of transcriptomics and proteomics projects has been on the prolonged detection of the misuse of human growth hormone (hGH), recombinant erythropoietin (rhEpo), and autologous blood transfusion. An additional benefit of the indirect or marker approach would also be that similarly acting substances might then be detected by a single method, without being forced to develop new direct detection methods for new but comparable prohibited substances (as has been the case, e.g. for the various forms of Epo analogs and biosimilars). While several non-OMICS-derived parameters for the indirect detection of doping are currently in use, for example the blood parameters of the hematological module of the athlete's biological passport, the outcome of most non-targeted OMICS-projects led to no direct application in routine doping control so far. The main reason is the inherent complexity of human transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes and their inter-individual variability. The article reviews previous and recent research projects and their results and discusses future strategies for a more efficient application of OMICS-methods in doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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30
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:1-14. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Thomas A, Kohler M, Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Determination of IGF-1 and IGF-2, their degradation products and synthetic analogues in urine by LC-MS/MS. Analyst 2011; 136:1003-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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