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Afshar Hosseinabadi Z, Amini-Rarani M, Amiresmaili M, Shaarbafchizadeh N, Raeisi AR. Strengthening public health systems during an emerging respiratory disease pandemic: A realist review. Arch Med Res 2024; 56:103096. [PMID: 39454275 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 has highlighted the need to strengthen public health systems to respond effectively to such crises. While previous research has identified various public health interventions for pandemics, there remains a significant gap in understanding which interventions can strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory pandemics and under what conditions. To address this gap, we conducted a realist review to examine public health interventions during emerging respiratory disease pandemics, focusing on context, mechanisms, and outcomes. We conducted a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science for studies published since 2003. Finally, we analyzed and assessed the quality of 601 articles and analyzed 32 of them. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the situational, structural, cultural, and environmental contexts that influence public health interventions within the six building blocks of public health systems. We have also identified the mechanisms of these interventions at the individual, organizational, and national levels for successful outcomes, such as improved access to health services, health equity, and effectiveness. This information is important for policymakers and practitioners who can use it to develop evidence-based strategies to strengthen public health systems during emerging respiratory disease pandemics. Our review introduced a new conceptual model to explore the interaction between context, interventions, mechanisms, and outcomes to strengthen public health systems. However, further research is needed to determine the effect of specific contextual factors on public health system interventions during respiratory disease pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Afshar Hosseinabadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Amini-Rarani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Amiresmaili
- Health in Disaster and Emergencies Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nasrin Shaarbafchizadeh
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Hospital Management Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Raeisi
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kamalrathne T, Amaratunga D, Haigh R, Kodituwakku L, Rupasinghe C. Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Response in a Multi-Hazard Context: COVID-19 Pandemic as a Point of Reference. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1238. [PMID: 39338121 PMCID: PMC11431425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21091238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases manifesting in the form of epidemics or pandemics do not only cause devastating impacts on public health systems but also disrupt the functioning of the socio-economic structure. Further, risks associated with pandemics and epidemics become exacerbated with coincident compound hazards. This study aims to develop a framework that captures key elements and components of epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response systems, focusing on a multi-hazard context. A systematic literature review was used to collect data through peer-reviewed journal articles using three electronic databases, and 17 experts were involved in the validation. Epidemiological surveillance and early detection, risk and vulnerability assessments, preparedness, prediction and decision making, alerts and early warning, preventive strategies, control and mitigation, response, and elimination were identified as key elements associated with epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response systems in a multi-hazard context. All elements appear integrated within three interventional phases: upstream, interface, and downstream. A holistic approach focusing on all interventional phases is required for preparedness and response to pandemics and epidemics to counter their cascading and systemic effects. Further, a paradigm shift in the preparedness for multi-hazards during an epidemic or pandemic is essential due to the multiple challenges posed by concurrent hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Kamalrathne
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Dilanthi Amaratunga
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Richard Haigh
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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Ahmed SM, Khanam M, Shuchi NS. COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A scoping review of governance issues affecting response in public sector. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2024; 7:100457. [PMID: 38226180 PMCID: PMC10788493 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2023.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background On January 30, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as a Global Public Health Emergency. The first three COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh were confirmed on March 8, 2020. Thus, Bangladesh got substantial time to prepare the people and the health systems to respond to the outbreak However, neither the health ministry nor the government was found to rise to the occasion and provide the necessary stewardship for a coordinated and comprehensive response. Objective The importance of governance to mount an evidence-based pandemic response cannot be overemphasised. This study presents critical reflections on the Bangladesh government's COVID-19 response through a review of selected papers, with expert deliberations on the review findings to consolidate emerging lessons for future pandemic preparedness. Study design A scoping review approach was taken for this study. Methods Documents focusing on COVID-19 governance were selected from a repository of peer-reviewed articles published by researchers using data from Bangladesh (n = 11). Results Findings reveal Bangladesh's COVID-19 response to be delayed, slow, and ambiguous, reflecting poorly on its governance. Lack of governance capability in screening for COVID-19, instituting quarantine and lockdown measures in the early weeks, safety and security of frontline healthcare providers, timely and equitable COVID-19 testing, and logistics and procurement were phenomenal. The pandemic unmasked the weaknesses of the health system in this regard and "created new opportunities for corruption." The failure to harmonise coordination among the government's different agencies for the COVID-19 response, along with poor risk communication, which was not culture-sensitive and context-specific. Over time, the government initiated necessary actions to mitigate the pandemic's impact on the lives and livelihoods of the people. Diagnostic and case management services gained strength after some initial faltering; however, the stewardship functions were not seamless. Conclusions Shortage of healthcare workers, incapability of health facilities to cater to COVID-19 suspects and cases, absence of health system resilience, and corruption in procurement and purchases were limited the government's COVID-19 response. These need urgent attention from policymakers to better prepare for the next epidemic/pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Masud Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence for Health Systems and Universal Health Coverage (CoE HS&UHC), BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Bangladesh
| | - Mahruba Khanam
- Bangladesh Health Watch, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noshin Sayiara Shuchi
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
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Islam MT, Bruce M, Alam K. Patterns and determinants of healthcare utilization and medication use before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:416. [PMID: 38570763 PMCID: PMC10988829 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 rapidly spread through South Asian countries and overwhelmed the health systems that were unprepared for such an outbreak. Evidence from high-income countries showed that COVID-19 impacted healthcare utilization, including medication use, but empirical evidence is lacking in South Asia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on healthcare utilization and medication use in South Asia. METHOD The current study used longitudinal data from the 'Premise Health Service Disruption Survey' 2020 and 2021. The countries of interest were limited to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India. In these surveys, data related to healthcare utilization and medication use were collected for three-time points; 'Pre-COVID phase', 'Initial phase of COVID-19 outbreak', and 'One year of COVID-19 outbreak'. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) along with McNemar's test, Kruskal-Wallis test and χ2 test were applied in this study following the conceptualization of Andersen's healthcare utilization model. RESULT The use of healthcare and medication was unevenly impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and India. Immediately after the COVID-19 outbreak, respondents in Bangladesh reported around four times higher incomplete healthcare utilization compared to pre-COVID phase. In contrast, respondents in Afghanistan reported lower incomplete utilization of healthcare in a similar context. In the post COVID-19 outbreak, non-adherence to medication use was significantly higher in Afghanistan (OR:1.7; 95%CI:1.6,1.9) and India (OR:1.3; 95%CI:1.1,1.7) compared to pre-COVID phase. Respondents of all three countries who sought assistance to manage non-communicable diseases (NCDs) had higher odds (Afghanistan: OR:1.5; 95%CI:1.3,1.8; Bangladesh: OR: 3.7; 95%CI:1.9,7.3; India: OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4,3.6) of non-adherence to medication use after the COVID-19 outbreak compared to pre-COVID phase. CONCLUSION The present study documented important evidence of the influence of COVID-19 epidemic on healthcare utilization and medication use in three countries of South Asia. Lessons learned from this study can feed into policy responses to the crisis and preparedness for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tauhidul Islam
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, 6150, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Khurshid Alam
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, 6150, Perth, WA, Australia
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Yuan B. The application of policy composite indicators to predicting the health risk and recovery: a global comparative investigation. Public Health 2023; 224:209-214. [PMID: 37852057 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There emerges increasing doubt regarding whether the policy composite indicators are applicable to the COVID-19 pandemic. A few early studies demonstrate that the association between some composite indicators of policy preparedness and the risk of COVID-19 is statistically insignificant, and the relation between any composite indicators and recovery process (e.g., vaccination coverage) remains unexplored. To examine the relation between composite indicators and pandemic risk (as well as the vaccination coverage) with robustness, this study applies different policy preparedness indicators by using data from multi-sources. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis was performed. METHOD Regression analysis is adopted to examine the relation between four policy preparedness indicators (i.e., [1] International Health Regulations core capacity index, [2] Global Health Security Index, [3] epidemic preparedness index, and [4] World Governance Index) and COVID-19-confirmed cases/death/vaccination coverage at different time points. The linear regression is performed, and the spatial distribution of indicators are illustrated. RESULTS Countries with higher ranking in policy preparedness indexes can experience less severity of pandemic risk (e.g., confirmed cases and mortality) and faster recovery process (e.g., higher vaccination coverage). However, slight disparity in effectiveness exists across different indicators. CONCLUSION Results show that the policy preparedness indicators have predictive value of the confirmed cases, mortality, and vaccination coverage of COVID-19 pandemic, given sufficiently long-time span is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yuan
- Sun Yat-sen University, West Xingang Rd 135, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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Burman J, Roy Choudhury N, Chattopadhyay A, Sembiah S, Karmakar A, Shukla M. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Parental Willingness to Vaccinate Children: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata. Cureus 2023; 15:e49585. [PMID: 38156120 PMCID: PMC10754491 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has affected the physical and mental health of people globally, and vaccination is seen as a crucial tool in controlling the pandemic. However, the readiness to vaccinate children remains a concern, particularly in India. Aim The study aimed to investigate the association between the psychological impact of COVID-19 and willingness to vaccinate their children among attendees of the COVID-19 vaccination clinic at Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata. Method The study used an observational, cross-sectional design and collected data from 356 participants between August and September 2022. The COVID-19 Perceived Stress Scale-10 was used to assess participants' psychological impact, and willingness to vaccinate was determined using a survey. Results Approximately 64% (n=227) and 71% (n=253) of the participants exhibited a high level of perceived stress and willingness to vaccinate their children. The vaccine acceptance was significantly associated with perceived stress level and other factors such as family type, presence of chronic illness, and history of acquaintances suffering from COVID-19. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of addressing parental stress and anxiety to enhance vaccination rates among children. To achieve this, population-level awareness of vaccine safety measures and benefits should be raised to alleviate stress and increase vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Burman
- Community Medicine, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College & Hospital, Uluberia, IND
| | | | | | - Sembagamuthu Sembiah
- Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Kalyani, IND
| | - Anubrata Karmakar
- Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, IND
| | - Mukesh Shukla
- Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli, Raebareli, IND
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Kamalrathne T, Amaratunga D, Haigh R, Kodituwakku L. Need for effective detection and early warnings for epidemic and pandemic preparedness planning in the context of multi-hazards: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION : IJDRR 2023; 92:103724. [PMID: 37197332 PMCID: PMC10148710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The need for effective early detection and timely surveillance for a robust pandemic and epidemic early warning and preparedness has been widely discussed amidst the Covid-19 pandemic, which suddenly erupted worldwide. This need is further established by various other hazards reported in many countries amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the failure of early detection of pathogens and their source of origin has been largely connected with global transmission and severe outbreaks in many contexts. Therefore, effective early detection , timely surveillance and early warning are key aspects of a successful response to an epidemic or pandemic. . Hence, this paper aims to identify key elements and stages of an effective epidemic and pandemic early warning (EW) and response system. Further, the paper analyses inter-connections of the elements of the early warning system, focusing on the COVID-19 and multi-hazard context. The systematic literature review method was used to collect data from electronic databases. Results suggest that epidemiological surveillance & detection, primary screening of raw data & information, risk and vulnerability assessments, prediction and decision-making, alerts & early warnings are critical components of epidemic and pandemic EW. In addition, response-control & mitigation, preparedness-preventive strategies, and reducing transmission , elimination and eradication of the disease are integrated components of the early warning and response ecosystem that largely depend on effective early warnings. The significance of integrating epidemic and pandemic EW with other EWs to operate as multi-hazard early warning systems is also analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Kamalrathne
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Dilanthi Amaratunga
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Richard Haigh
- Global Disaster Resilience Centre, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Lahiru Kodituwakku
- National Dengue Control Unit, 7th Floor, Public Health Complex, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka, 555/5, Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Maziar P, Maher A, Alimohammadzadeh K, Jafari M, Hosseini SM. Identifying the preparedness components in COVID-19: Systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:385. [PMID: 36618467 PMCID: PMC9818771 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_28_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic posed a major challenge to the world. Since the world is constantly exposed to communicable diseases, comprehensive preparedness of countries is required. Therefore, the present systematic review is aimed at identifying the preparedness components in COVID-19. In this systematic literature review, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Science Direct, Iran Medex, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database were searched from 2019 to 2021 to identify preparedness components in COVID-19. Thematic content analysis method was employed for data analysis. Out of 11,126 journals retrieved from searches, 45 studies were included for data analysis. Based on the findings, the components of COVID-19 preparedness were identified and discussed in three categories: governance with three subcategories of characteristics, responsibilities, and rules and regulations; society with two subcategories of culture and resilience; and services with three subcategories of managed services, advanced technology, and prepared health services. Among these, the governance and its subcategories had the highest frequency in studies. Considering the need to prepare for the next pandemic, countries should create clear and coherent structures and responsibilities for crisis preparedness through legal mechanisms, strengthening the infrastructure of the health system, coordination between organizations through analysis and identification of stakeholders, culture building and attracting social participation, and service management for an effective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Maziar
- Ph.D. Student of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maher
- Department of Health Policy, Economics and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Alimohammadzadeh
- Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Health Economics Policy Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Jafari
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini
- Department of Health Services Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Cui P, Zou P, Ju X, Liu Y, Su Y. Research Progress and Improvement Ideas of Anti-Epidemic Resilience in China's Urban Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15293. [PMID: 36430012 PMCID: PMC9690367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the post-epidemic era, China's urban communities are at the forefront of implementing the whole chain of accurate epidemic prevention and control. However, the uncertainty of COVID-19, the loopholes in community management and people's overly optimistic judgment of the epidemic have led to the frequent rebound of the epidemic and serious consequences. Existing studies have not yet formed a panoramic framework of community anti-epidemic work under the concept of resilience. Therefore, this article first summarizes the current research progress of resilient communities from three perspectives, including ideas and perspectives, theories and frameworks and methods and means, and summarizes the gap of the current research. Then, an innovative idea on the epidemic resilience of urban communities in China is put forward: (1) the evolution mechanism of community anti-epidemic resilience is described through the change law of dynamic networks; (2) the anti-epidemic resilience of urban communities is evaluated or predicted through the measurement criteria; (3) a simulation platform based on Multi-Agent and dynamic Bayesian networks simulates the interactive relationship between "epidemic disturbance-cost constraint--epidemic resilience"; (4) the anti-epidemic strategies are output intelligently to provide community managers with decision-making opinions on community epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Engineering Management, School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Upadhyay K, Goel S, Soundappan K. Perception of Global Participants of ITEC Nations on Country's Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:835330. [PMID: 35757637 PMCID: PMC9221997 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.835330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exposed the public health preparedness and response system across the world. The current study was conducted to gauge the perception of public health professionals of Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) countries regarding the preparedness and responses of their countries in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology Three capacity-building programs, namely “Managing COVID-19 Pandemic–Experience and Best practices of India” were conducted by PGIMER, Chandigarh, for public health professionals from ITEC countries from April to May 2021 in which 97 participants from 13 countries have participated. The tools used in the study were adapted from WHO's COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response (SPRP), Monitoring and Evaluation Framework, interim guidelines for Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19, and a strategic framework for emergency preparedness, and finalized using Delphi technique. The overall preparedness of managing COVID-19 was rated using five-point Likert scale, whereas the overall score for the country in combating the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed using 10 point scale. Results We found that the perception of public health professionals to government response regarding COVID-19 for fostering improvement on COVID-19 situation was “moderate” with respect to transmission and surveillance mechanism, uniform reporting mechanism, and availability of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) for health workers. However, the participants rated government response as “poor” in the availability of multisectoral national operational plan, human resource capacity, availability of trained rapid response team (RRT), preparedness in prevention and clinical management, training of healthcare workers, communication and community engagement strategies, facilities to test samples of patients, and transparent governance and administration. Conclusion A poor level of preparedness of countries in diverse domains of managing the COVID-19 pandemic was observed. As the global threat of COVID-19 is still looming, great efforts on building a robust preparedness and response system for COVID-19 and similar pandemics are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Upadhyay
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.,Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Kathirvel Soundappan
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Wang W, Ahoto AT. Influence of Supervisors’ Fairness on Work Climate, Job Satisfaction, Task Performance, and Helping Behavior of Health Workers During COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychol 2022; 13:822265. [PMID: 35572296 PMCID: PMC9102609 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.822265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for supervisors to exhibit fairness was a key motivating tool for effective health service delivery during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. Nonetheless, the number of deaths and hospitalization was alarming health workers were actively working throughout the time. This study explores the role of supervisors’ fairness in creating a work climate and job satisfaction that promote workers’ task performance and helping behaviors. The researchers adopted a quantitative method with a questionnaire used for data collection. SPSS and AMOS were used for data analysis, and statistical models of correlation and hierarchical regression were used to examine relationships among the variables. The study established that supervisors’ fairness has a positive effect on work climate, job satisfaction, task performance, and helping behavior of health workers. Work climate has positive effects of task performance and helping behaviors, whereas job satisfaction also has positive effects on employees’ task performance and helping behavior. The researchers recommended the need for supervisors to exhibit fairness to workers at all times and create room for the workers to appeal their decision to avoid the feeling of supervisors’ biasness.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenXin Wang
- Department of Public Administration, Law School, Shantou University/Institute of Local Government Development, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Ahotovi T. Ahoto
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ahotovi T. Ahoto,
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Salman HM, Syed J, Riaz A, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Bokhari SHAA, Ojeda IC. An epidemiological, strategic and response analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia: a population-based observational study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:457. [PMID: 35255848 PMCID: PMC8900114 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION South Asia has had a dynamic response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The overall burden and response have remained comparable across highly-burdened countries within the South Asian Region. METHODOLOGY Using a population-based observational design, all eight South Asian countries were analyzed using a step-wise approach. Data were obtained from government websites and publicly-available repositories for population dynamics and key variables. RESULTS South Asian countries have a younger average age of their population. Inequitable distribution of resources centered in urban metropolitan cities within South Asia is present. Certain densely populated regions in these countries have better testing and healthcare facilities that correlate with lower COVID-19 incidence per million populations. Trends of urban-rural disparities are unclear given the lack of clear reporting of the gaps within these regions. COVID-19 vaccination lag has become apparent in South Asian countries, with the expected time to complete the campaign being unfeasible as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses. CONCLUSION With a redesigning of governance policies on preventing the rise of COVID-19 promptly, the relief on the healthcare system and healthcare workers will allow for adequate time to roll out vaccination campaigns with equitable distribution. Capacity expansion of public health within the Region is required to ensure a robust healthcare response to the ongoing pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atif Riaz
- Fatima Memorial Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Azza Sarfraz
- Aga Khan University, P.O. Box: 3500, Stadium Road, 74800 Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ivan Cherrez Ojeda
- Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; ii. Respiralab Research Center, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Khan MA, Naqvi HA, Hakeem MM, Din GMU, Iqbal N. Economic and financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15703-15712. [PMID: 34636009 PMCID: PMC8504559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The world is facing a COVID-19 pandemic outbreak with an unprecedented and enormous impact on the lives of humankind. The economic engine has suffered a big blow in economic and financial performance in all the regions. South Asian countries are also trying to cope with the challenges posed by the pandemic. This paper attempts to understand the severity of the pandemic, the responses by the governments of the region, and the way forward. The pandemic affected the services, manufacturing, trade, supply chain, and particularly the small businesses, which disrupted all the economic indicators, forecasts, and growth patterns. The paper also discusses the strategies devised by the countries to counter the shocks of pandemics and what new opportunities are identified under the circumstances.
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Huang C, Wang M, Rafaqat W, Shabbir S, Lian L, Zhang J, Lo S, Song W. Data-driven test strategy for COVID-19 using machine learning: A study in Lahore, Pakistan. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING SCIENCES 2022; 80:101091. [PMID: 34121777 PMCID: PMC8184360 DOI: 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed at giving a preliminary analysis of the weakness of a current test strategy, and proposing a data-driven strategy that was self-adaptive to the dynamic change of pandemic. The effect of driven-data selection over time and space was also within the deep concern. METHODS A mathematical definition of the test strategy were given. With the real COVID-19 test data from March to July collected in Lahore, a significance analysis of the possible features was conducted. A machine learning method based on logistic regression and priority ranking were proposed for the data-driven test strategy. With performance assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), time series analysis and spatial cross-test were conducted. RESULTS The transition of risk factors accounted for the failure of the current test strategy. The proposed data-driven strategy could enhance the positive detection rate from 2.54% to 28.18%, and the recall rate from 8.05% to 89.35% under strictly limited test capacity. Much more optimal utilization of test resources could be realized where 89.35% of total positive cases could be detected with merely 48.17% of the original test amount. The strategy showed self-adaptability with the development of pandemic, while the strategy driven by local data was proved to be optimal. CONCLUSIONS We recommended a generalization of such a data-driven test strategy for a better response to the global developing pandemic. Besides, the construction of the COVID-19 data system should be more refined on space for local applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
- Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Warda Rafaqat
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Salman Shabbir
- Program Officer, Punjab Information Technology Board, Arfa Kareem Tower, Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liping Lian
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, No. 2199, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Siuming Lo
- Department of Architectural and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
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Ahoto AT, Wang W. Effects of COVID-19 Outbreak on Persons with Chronic Health Conditions in Anglophone West Africa: A Qualitative Study Involving Key Stakeholders. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221092830. [PMID: 35522190 PMCID: PMC9083033 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221092830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the suffering of persons with chronic health conditions due to the increased demand for healthcare services in the pandemic. Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a key determinant of how health systems function, with most existing health conditions being given less attention. This study focused on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on persons with chronic diseases in four Anglophone West African countries (Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone) using in-depth interviews of a qualitative method to collect data from key stakeholders in chronic disease issues. The finding shows that COVID-19 caused fear, anxiety, and affected planned health delivery and resource location to interventions designed for chronic disease patients. The study also suggested training, improved technology in health delivery, increased resource location, and factoring persons with chronic health conditions into emergency health decision-making to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and other future pandemics on persons with chronic health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - WenXin Wang
- Department of Public Administration, Law School/ Institute of Local Government Development, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Dasman H, Yetti H, Abdiana A, Firdawati F. Content Analysis of Policymakers Communication Narrative Addressing Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Pandemic in Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic severely affected Indonesia in health and socio-economic sectors. As a new disease and the challenge became an opportunity for policy creation of the government.
AIM: The study explored how the government as a policymaker responded to the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of the policy window, as seen in the news media. This study also looked at how the public perceived the policy creation and the implementation.
METHODS: A qualitative case study was conducted to answer the research questions by reviewing three main national news media, namely, Respublika, Media Indonesia, and Kompas, on primary communication from three policies makers (president, ministry of health, and COVID-19 task force). The searching coverage was within 1 year of the pandemic, from March 2019 to February 2020. The articles were analyzed using content and contextual analysis approaches. The articles were coded thematically using open coding in the native language, supported by MS Excel and qualitative software ATLAS.ti version 8. The data discuss with the existing literature using the policy window framework.
RESULTS: We found that 147 articles were eligible for the study, which the majority of them were president communication. The president communicated in all aspects COVID-19 related policy, including integrated policy, health policy, and the economic. Ministry of health mainly focused on health policy and the task force on public education. The study showed that the government has utilized a policy window for policy creation in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy addressed all related issues that were affected by the pandemic, ranging from healthcare to financing. There were weaknesses in the implementation, such as not adequately informed to the public and some inconsistency among stakeholders.
CONCLUSION: Policy creation without consistent implementation led to public distrust and rejection.
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Are Working Children in Developing Countries Hidden Victims of Pandemics? SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10090321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of the recent pandemic have been disproportionately disruptive to several social groups, including children. As developing economies have been firefighting the recent pandemic, the welfare of minors could be affected and children’s economic exploitation and abuse could increase. Therefore, the present research aims to shed light on and to investigate the association between child labour in developing countries and pandemics, including the coronavirus, through conducting a systematic literature review on previous empirical studies. The present research concludes that previous studies on non-COVID-19 pandemics have mainly focused on the African economies, while studies on the recent pandemic have focused on Asian countries. In addition, differences were observed in relation to the methodological approaches and the characteristics of minor employees and the protection services in certain countries have proven to be insufficient. Suggestions for future research and policy implications are presented.
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Kulikowski CA. Pandemics: Historically Slow "Learning Curve" Leading to Biomedical Informatics and Vaccine Breakthroughs. Yearb Med Inform 2021; 30:290-301. [PMID: 33882592 PMCID: PMC8416199 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide tragedy of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic vividly demonstrates just how inadequate mitigation and control of the spread of infectious diseases can be when faced with a new microorganism with unknown pathogenic effects. Responses by governments in charge of public health, and all other involved organizations, have proved largely wanting. Data infrastructure and the information and communication systems needed to deal with the pandemic have likewise not been up to the task. Nevertheless, after a year of the worldwide outbreak, hope arises from this being the first major pandemic event in history where genomic and related biosciences - relying on biomedical informatics - have been essential in decoding the viral sequence data and producing the mRNA and other biotechnologies that unexpectedly rapidly have led to investigation, design, development, and testing of useful vaccines. Medical informatics may also help support public health actions and clinical interventions - but scalability and impact will depend on overcoming ingrained human shortcomings to deal with complex socio-economic, political, and technological disruptions together with the many ethical challenges presented by pandemics. OBJECTIVES The principal goal is to review the history of biomedical information and healthcare practices related to past pandemics in order to illustrate just how exceptional and dependent on biomedical informatics are the recent scientific insights into human immune responses to viral infection, which are enabling rapid antiviral vaccine development and clinical management of severe cases - despite the many societal challenges ahead. METHODS This paper briefly reviews some of the key historical antecedents leading up to modern insights into epidemic and pandemic processes with their biomedical and healthcare information intended to guide practitioners, agencies, and the lay public in today's ongoing pandemic events. CONCLUSIONS Poor scientific understanding and excessively slow learning about infectious disease processes and mitigating behaviors have stymied effective treatment until the present time. Advances in insights about immune systems, genomes, proteomes, and all the other -omes, became a reality thanks to the key sequencing technologies and biomedical informatics that enabled the Human Genome Project, and only now, 20 years later, are having an impact in ameliorating devastating zoonotic infectious pandemics, including the present SARS-CoV-2 event through unprecedently rapid vaccine development. In the future these advances will hopefully also enable more targeted prevention and treatment of disease. However, past and present shortcomings of most of the COVID-19 pandemic responses illustrate just how difficult it is to persuade enough people - and especially political leaders - to adopt societally beneficial risk-avoidance behaviors and policies, even as these become better understood.
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RANA MUHAMMADSULEMAN, ALAM MUHAMMADMASROOR, USMAN MUHAMMAD, IKRAM AAMER, SALMAN MUHAMMAD, UMAIR MASSAB. Prevention and control of coronavirus epidemic: role of clinical awareness and flow of accurate information. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E326-E328. [PMID: 34604573 PMCID: PMC8451334 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MUHAMMAD SULEMAN RANA
- Correspondence: Muhammad Suleman Rana, Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan - Tel.: +92-51-9255147 - E-mail:
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Ahmad M, Akhtar N, Jabeen G, Irfan M, Khalid Anser M, Wu H, Işık C. Intention-Based Critical Factors Affecting Willingness to Adopt Novel Coronavirus Prevention in Pakistan: Implications for Future Pandemics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6167. [PMID: 34200335 PMCID: PMC8200947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since human beings have a long tradition of coexistence with pandemics, which may profoundly impact them, adopting preventive measures is crucial for humankind's survival. This study explores the intention-based critical factors affecting the willingness of individuals to adopt pandemic prevention. To this end, a representative sample of 931 Pakistanis filled in an online questionnaire. However, only 828 questionnaires were found to be complete and valid for path modeling analysis. The core findings are as follows: Firstly, peer groups' beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived risk, pandemic knowledge, ease of pandemic prevention adoption, and risk-averse behavior are revealed as driving forces of the individuals' willingness to adopt pandemic prevention. Contrastingly, a lack of trust in political will and mythical attitude towards pandemics are uncovered as inhibitors. Nevertheless, moral values depict a neutral role. Secondly, the peer groups' beliefs are highest ranked, followed by the lack of trust in political will and a mythical attitude towards pandemic prevention. Finally, moral values are determined as the lowest-ranked critical factor. Based on these results, the government should promote awareness campaigns on lethality and fatality of the pandemic at both centralized and decentralized levels to win people's trust at the grass-roots level and overcome the mythical attitude of individuals at all societal levels. Besides, access to personal protective gears should be made feasible since an easier pandemic prevention adoption would increase the individuals' willingness to adopt such preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Ahmad
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- School of Urban Culture, Nanhai Campus, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
- Pakistan Center, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750001, China
| | - Gul Jabeen
- Research Institute of Business Analytics and Supply Chain Management, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.I.); (H.W.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Khalid Anser
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710000, China;
| | - Haitao Wu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (M.I.); (H.W.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cem Işık
- Faculty of Tourism, Anadolu University, 26470 Tepebaşı-Eskişehir, Turkey;
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21
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Teh JKL, Bradley DA, Chook JB, Lai KH, Ang WT, Teo KL, Peh SC. Multivariate visualization of the global COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of 161 countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252273. [PMID: 34048477 PMCID: PMC8162616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to visualize the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic over the first 90 days, through the principal component analysis approach of dimensionality reduction. Methods This study used data from the Global COVID-19 Index provided by PEMANDU Associates. The sample, representing 161 countries, comprised the number of confirmed cases, deaths, stringency indices, population density and GNI per capita (USD). Correlation matrices were computed to reveal the association between the variables at three time points: day-30, day-60 and day-90. Three separate principal component analyses were computed for similar time points, and several standardized plots were produced. Results Confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 showed positive but weak correlation with stringency and GNI per capita. Through principal component analysis, the first two principal components captured close to 70% of the variance of the data. The first component can be viewed as the severity of the COVID-19 surge in countries, whereas the second component largely corresponded to population density, followed by GNI per capita of countries. Multivariate visualization of the two dominating principal components provided a standardized comparison of the situation in the161 countries, performed on day-30, day-60 and day-90 since the first confirmed cases in countries worldwide. Conclusion Visualization of the global spread of COVID-19 showed the unequal severity of the pandemic across continents and over time. Distinct patterns in clusters of countries, which separated many European countries from those in Africa, suggested a contrast in terms of stringency measures and wealth of a country. The African continent appeared to fare better in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and the burden of mortality in the first 90 days. A noticeable worsening trend was observed in several countries in the same relative time frame of the disease’s first 90 days, especially in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K. L. Teh
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Bradley
- School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jack Bee Chook
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kee Huong Lai
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kok Lay Teo
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suat-Cheng Peh
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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