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Zhu J, Li J, Wu J, Liu X, Lin Y, Deng H, Qin X, Wong MH, Chan LL. The Prevalence of Marine Lipophilic Phycotoxins Causes Potential Risks in a Tropical Small Island Developing State. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9815-9827. [PMID: 38768015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Tropical small island developing states (SIDS), with their geographical isolation and limited resources, heavily rely on the fisheries industry for food and revenue. The presence of marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) poses risks to their economy and human health. To understand the contamination status and potential risks, the Republic of Kiribati was selected as the representative tropical SIDS and 55 species of 256 coral reef fish encompassing multiple trophic levels and feeding strategies were collected to analyze 17 typical MLPs. Our results showed that the potential risks of ciguatoxins were the highest and approximately 62% of fish species may pose risks for consumers. Biomagnification of ciguatoxins was observed in the food web with a trophic magnification factor of 2.90. Brevetoxin-3, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 were first reported, but the risks posed by okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins were found to be negligible. The correlation analysis revealed that fish body size and trophic position are unreliable metrics to indicate the associated risks and prevent the consumption of contaminated fish. The potential risks of MLPs in Kiribati are of concern, and our findings can serve as valuable inputs for developing food safety policies and fisheries management strategies specific to tropical SIDS contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Transportation and Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuchen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongzhen Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Liu X, Ma Y, Wu J, Wang P, Wang Y, Wang A, Yin Q, Ma H, Chan LL, Wu B. Characterizing the Influence of a Heterotrophic Bicosoecid Flagellate Pseudobodo sp. on the Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus balechii. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:657. [PMID: 37999520 PMCID: PMC10674679 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial interactions including competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation, which can be triggered by nutrient acquisition and chemical communication, are universal phenomena in the marine ecosystem. The interactions may influence the microbial population density, metabolism, and even their environmental functions. Herein, we investigated the interaction between a heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate, Pseudobodo sp. (Bicoecea), and a dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus balechii (Dinophyceae), which is a well-known ciguatera food poisoning (CFP) culprit. The presence of Pseudobodo sp. inhibited the algal proliferation and decreased the cardiotoxicity of zebrafish in the algal extract exposure experiment. Moreover, a significant difference in microbiome abundance was observed in algal cultures with and without Pseudobodo sp. Chemical analysis targeting toxins was performed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with molecular networking (MN), showing a significant alteration in the cellular production of gambierone analogs and some super-carbon chain compounds. Taken together, our results demonstrated the impact of heterotrophic flagellate on the photosynthetic dinoflagellates, revealing the complex dynamics of algal toxin production and the ecological relationships related to dinoflagellates in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Yihan Ma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China;
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Anli Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qizhao Yin
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Haiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
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Abdul Manaff AHN, Hii KS, Luo Z, Liu M, Law IK, Teng ST, Akhir MF, Gu H, Leaw CP, Lim PT. Mapping harmful microalgal species by eDNA monitoring: A large-scale survey across the southwestern South China Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102515. [PMID: 37951609 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale sampling was undertaken during a research cruise across the South China Sea in August 2016, covering an area of about 100,000 km2 to investigate the molecular diversity and distributions of micro-eukaryotic protists, with a focus on the potentially harmful microalgal (HAB) species along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental DNAs from 30 stations were extracted and DNA metabarcoding targeting the V4 and V9 markers in the 18S rDNA was performed. Many protistan molecular units, including previously unreported HAB taxa, were discovered for the first time in the water. Our findings also revealed interesting spatial distribution patterns, with a marked signal of compositional turnover between latitudinal regimes of water masses, where dinophytes and diatom compositions were among the most strongly enhanced at the fronts, leading to distinct niches. Our results further confirmed the widespread distribution of HAB species, such as the toxigenic Alexandrium tamiyavaichii and Pseudo-nitzschia species, and the fish-killing Margalefidinium polykrikoides and Karlodinium veneficum. The molecular information obtained from this study provides an updated HAB species inventory and a toolset that could facilitate existing HAB monitoring schemes in the region to better inform management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kieng Soon Hii
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Minlu Liu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ing Kuo Law
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadzil Akhir
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Nguyen-Ngoc L, Larsen J, Doan-Nhu H, Nguyen XV, Chomérat N, Lundholm N, Phan-Tan L, Dao HV, Nguyen NL, Nguyen HH, Van Chu T. Gambierdiscus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) diversity in Vietnamese waters with description of G. vietnamensis sp. nov. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:496-517. [PMID: 36866508 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viet Nam has a coastline of 3200 km with thousands of islands providing diverse habitats for benthic harmful algal species including species of Gambierdiscus. Some of these species produce ciguatera toxins, which may accumulate in large carnivore fish potentially posing major threats to public health. This study reports five species of Gambierdiscus from Vietnamese waters, notably G. australes, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, G. pacificus, and G. vietnamensis sp. nov. All species are identified morphologically by LM and SEM, and identifications are supported by molecular analyses of nuclear rDNA (D1-D3 and D8-D10 domains of LSU, SSU, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) based on cultured material collected during 2010-2021. Statistical analyses of morphometric measurements may be used to differentiate some species if a sufficiently large number of cells are examined. Gambierdiscus vietnamensis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to other strongly reticulated species, such as G. belizeanus and possibly G. pacificus; the latter species is morphologically indistinguishable from G. vietnamensis sp. nov., but they are genetically distinct, and molecular analysis is deemed necessary for proper identification of the new species. This study also revealed that strains denoted G. pacificus from Hainan Island (China) should be included in G. vietnamensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Nguyen-Ngoc
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Jacob Larsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Hai Doan-Nhu
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Vy Nguyen
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Station of Marine Biology of Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Luom Phan-Tan
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Ha Viet Dao
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Lan Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy-Hoang Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuoc Van Chu
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Zhu J, Lee WH, Yip KC, Wu Z, Wu J, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Lu CK, Chan LL. Regional comparison on ciguatoxicity, hemolytic activity, and toxin profile of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus from Kiribati and Malaysia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162236. [PMID: 36791857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa can produce Ciguatoxins (CTXs) and Maitotoxins (MTXs) that lead to ciguatera poisoning (CP). The CP hotspots, however, do not directly relate to the occurrence of the ciguatoxic Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Species-wide investigations often showed no association between CTX level and the molecular identity of the dinoflagellates. In the Pacific region, Kiribati is known as a CP hotspot, while Malaysia has only three CP outbreaks reported thus far. Although ciguatoxic strains of Gambierdiscus were isolated from both Kiribati and Malaysia, no solid evidence on the contribution of ciguatoxic strains to the incidence of CP outbreak was recorded. The present study aims to investigate the regional differences in CP risks through region-specific toxicological assessment of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. A total of 19 strains of Gambierdiscus and a strain of Fukuyoa were analyzed by cytotoxicity assay of the neuro-2a cell line, hemolytic assay of fish erythrocytes, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Gambierdiscus from both Kiribati and Malaysia showed detectable ciguatoxicity; however, the Kiribati strains were more hemolytic. Putative 44-methylgambierone was identified as part of the contributors to the hemolytic activity, and other unknown hydrophilic toxins produced can be potentially linked to higher CP incidence in Kiribati.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ki Chun Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chung Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Tartaglione L, Loeffler CR, Miele V, Varriale F, Varra M, Monti M, Varone A, Bodi D, Spielmeyer A, Capellacci S, Penna A, Dell'Aversano C. Dereplication of Gambierdiscusbalechii extract by LC-HRMS and in vitro assay: First description of a putative ciguatoxin and confirmation of 44-methylgambierone. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137940. [PMID: 36702405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins have a significant impact on seafood resources and human health. Up to date, mainly based on bioassays results, two genera of toxic microalgae, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been hypothesized to produce a suite of biologically active compounds, including maitotoxins (MTXs) and ciguatoxins (CTXs) with the latter causing ciguatera poisoning (CP) in humans. The global ubiquity of these microalgae and their ability to produce (un-)known bioactive compounds, necessitates strategies for screening, identifying, and reducing the number of target algal species and compounds selected for structural elucidation. To accomplish this task, a dereplication process is necessary to screen and profile algal extracts, identify target compounds, and support the discovery of novel bioactive chemotypes. Herein, a dereplication strategy was applied to a crude extract of a G. balechii culture to investigate for bioactive compounds with relevance to CP using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, in vitro cell-based bioassay, and a combination thereof via a bioassay-guided micro-fractionation. Three biologically active fractions exhibiting CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity were identified. A naturally incurred fish extract (Sphyraena barracuda) was used for confirmation where standards were unavailable. Using this approach, a putative I/C-CTX congener in G. balechii was identified for the first time, 44-methylgambierone was confirmed at 8.6 pg cell-1, and MTX-like compounds were purported. This investigative approach can be applied towards other harmful algal species of interest. The identification of a microalgal species herein, G. balechii (VGO920) which was found capable of producing a putative I/C-CTX in culture is an impactful advancement for global CP research. The large-scale culturing of G. balechii could be used as a source of I/C-CTX reference material not yet commercially available, thus, fulfilling an analytical gap that currently hampers the routine determination of CTXs in various environmental and human health-relevant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Christopher R Loeffler
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Miele
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Varriale
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Monti
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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Characterization of New Gambierones Produced by Gambierdiscus balechii 1123M1M10. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010003. [PMID: 36662176 PMCID: PMC9866745 DOI: 10.3390/md21010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus is the primary producer of toxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), a food intoxication endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. We used high-performance liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) to investigate the toxin profile of Gambierdiscus balechii 1123M1M10, which was obtained from Marakei Island (2°01'N, 173°15'E), Republic of Kiribati, located in the central Pacific Ocean. Four new gambierone analogues including 12,13-dihydro-44-methylgambierone, 38-dehydroxy-12,13-dihydro-44-methylgambierone, 38-dehydroxy-44-methylgambierone, and desulfo-hydroxyl gambierone, and two known compounds, gambierone and 44-methylgambierone, were proposed by analyzing their fragmentation behaviors and pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the toxin profile of Gambierdiscus balechii 1123M1M10, which can be used as a biomarker for species identification, and lay the foundation for further toxin isolation and bioactivity studies of gambierones.
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Darius HT, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Cruchet P, Longo S, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Litaker RW, McCall JR, Hess P, Chinain M. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060348. [PMID: 35736151 PMCID: PMC9229625 DOI: 10.3390/md20060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sébastien Longo
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Donnie Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
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9
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Wu Z, Yang X, Lin S, Lee WH, Lam PKS. A Rhizobium bacterium and its population dynamics under different culture conditions of its associated toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus balechii. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:542-551. [PMID: 37073262 PMCID: PMC10077202 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium bacteria are known as symbionts of legumes for developing nodules on plant roots and fixing N2 for the host plants but unknown for associations with dinoflagellates. Here, we detected, isolated, and characterized a Rhizobium species from the marine toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus culture. Its 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) is 99% identical to that of Rhizobium rosettiformans, and the affiliation is supported by the phylogenetic placement of its cell wall hydrolase -encoding gene (cwh). Using quantitative PCR of 16S rDNA and cwh, we found that the abundance of this bacterium increased during the late exponential growth phase of Gambierdiscus and under nitrogen limitation, suggesting potential physiological interactions between the dinoflagellate and the bacterium. This is the first report of dinoflagellate-associated Rhizobium bacterium, and its prevalence and ecological roles in dinoflagellate-Rhizobium relationships remain to be investigated in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00102-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K. S. Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057 China
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10
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Dao HV, Uesugi A, Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Lim ZF, Jipanin SJ, Pham KX, Phan MT, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Suzuki T. Identification of Fish Species and Toxins Implicated in a Snapper Food Poisoning Event in Sabah, Malaysia, 2017. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090657. [PMID: 34564661 PMCID: PMC8470750 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coastal countries of Southeast Asia, fish is a staple diet and certain fish species are food delicacies to local populations or commercially important to individual communities. Although there have been several suspected cases of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Southeast Asian countries, few have been confirmed by ciguatoxins identification, resulting in limited information for the correct diagnosis of this food-borne disease. In the present study, ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B) in red snapper (Lutjanus bohar) implicated in a CFP case in Sabah, Malaysia, in December 2017 was determined by single-quadrupole selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Continuous consumption of the toxic fish likely resulted in CFP, even when the toxin concentration in the fish consumed was low. The identification of the fish species was performed using the molecular characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene marker, with a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Lutjanus. This is the first report identifying the causative toxin in fish-implicated CFP in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Viet Dao
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (K.X.P.); (M.-T.P.)
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
- Correspondence:
| | - Aya Uesugi
- Environment and Fisheries Applied Techniques Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan; (A.U.); (H.U.); (R.W.); (R.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Environment and Fisheries Applied Techniques Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan; (A.U.); (H.U.); (R.W.); (R.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- Environment and Fisheries Applied Techniques Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan; (A.U.); (H.U.); (R.W.); (R.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- Environment and Fisheries Applied Techniques Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan; (A.U.); (H.U.); (R.W.); (R.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Zhen Fei Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.F.L.); (C.P.L.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Steffiana J. Jipanin
- Likas Fisheries Complex, Department of Fisheries Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Ky Xuan Pham
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (K.X.P.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Minh-Thu Phan
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam; (K.X.P.); (M.-T.P.)
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.F.L.); (C.P.L.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia; (Z.F.L.); (C.P.L.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Environment and Fisheries Applied Techniques Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8648, Japan; (A.U.); (H.U.); (R.W.); (R.M.); (T.S.)
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11
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Habibi N, Uddin S, Bottein MYD, Faizuddin M. Ciguatera in the Indian Ocean with Special Insights on the Arabian Sea and Adjacent Gulf and Seas: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:525. [PMID: 34437396 PMCID: PMC8402595 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus are found in almost all oceans and seas between the coordinates 35° N and 35° S. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are known to cause foodborne disease associated with contaminated seafood. The occurrence and effects of CTXs are well described in the Pacific and the Caribbean. However, historically, their properties and presence have been poorly documented in the Indian Ocean (including the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and the Gulf). A higher occurrence of these microorganisms will proportionately increase the likelihood of CTXs entering the food chain, posing a severe threat to human seafood consumers. Therefore, comprehensive research strategies are critically important for developing effective monitoring and risk assessments of this emerging threat in the Indian Ocean. This review presents the available literature on ciguatera occurrence in the region and its adjacent marginal waters: aiming to identify the data gaps and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazima Habibi
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait;
| | - Saif Uddin
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat 13109, Kuwait;
| | | | - Mohd Faizuddin
- Gulf Geoinformation Solutions, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
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12
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Yñiguez AT, Lim PT, Leaw CP, Jipanin SJ, Iwataki M, Benico G, Azanza RV. Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned? HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101776. [PMID: 33875175 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines and Malaysia are two of the most affected by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using long-term observations of HAB events, we determined if these are increasing in frequency and duration, and expanding across space in each country. Blooms of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing species in the Philippines did increase in frequency and duration during the early to mid-1990s, but have stabilized since then. However, the number of sites affected by these blooms continue to expand though at a slower rate than in the 1990s. Furthermore, the type of HABs and causative species have diversified for both toxic blooms and fish kill events. In contrast, Malaysia showed no increasing trend in the frequency of toxic blooms over the past three decades since Pyrodinium bahamense was reported in 1976. However, similar to the Philippines, other PST producers such as Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii have become a concern. No amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) has been confirmed in either Philippines or Malaysia thus far, while ciguatera fish poisoning cases are known from the Philippines and Malaysia but the causative organisms remain poorly studied. Since the 1990s and early 2000s, recognition of the distribution of other PST-producing species such as species of Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum in Southeast Asia has grown, though there has been no significant expansion in the known distributions within the last decade. A major more recent problem in the two countries and for Southeast Asia in general are the frequent fish-killing algal blooms of various species such as Prorocentrum cordatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Chattonella spp., and unarmored dinoflagellates (e.g., Karlodinium australe and Takayama sp.). These new sites affected and the increase in types of HABs and causative species could be attributed to various factors such as introduction through mariculture and eutrophication, and partly because of increased scientific awareness. These connections still need to be more concretely investigated. The link to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) should also be better understood if we want to discern how climate change plays a role in these patterns of HAB occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aletta T Yñiguez
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Steffiana J Jipanin
- Department of Fisheries Sabah, Likas Fisheries Complex, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Garry Benico
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rhodora V Azanza
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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13
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Longo S, Sibat M, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E767. [PMID: 33291542 PMCID: PMC7761829 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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14
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Neves RAF, Pardal MA, Nascimento SM, Silva A, Oliveira PJ, Rodrigues ET. High sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 223:105475. [PMID: 32325308 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a frequently reported non-bacterial food-borne illness related to the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins, and possibly maitotoxins. These toxins are synthesized by marine dinoflagellate species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa genera, and their abundance is a matter of great concern due to their adverse effects to aquatic life and human health. The present study aims to assess the sensitivity of rat cardiomyoblast H9c2(2-1) cells to Gambierdiscus toxic compounds using concentration- and time-dependent sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assays. Low concentrations of Gambierdiscus extracts (corresponding to 1.3-2.3 cells mL-1) induced a concentration-dependent response. Specificity in time-dependent response of H9c2(2-1) cells was demonstrated for G. excentricus after a 180 min exposure compared to both G. cf. belizeanus and G. silvae species, with EC50s obtained after 720 and 360 min, respectively. The sensitivity of H9c2(2-1) cells to dinoflagellate toxic compounds was also tested with other genera from benthic (Coolia malayensis, Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. lima) and planktonic (Amphidinium carterae and Lingulodinium polyedrum) habitats. Amphidinium, Coolia and Lingulodinium data did not present any concentration-response relationships, and EC50 values could only be obtained after 720 and 1440 min of exposure to both Prorocentrum species and O. cf. ovata, respectively. This study demonstrated that the H9c2(2-1) SRB assay represents a promising and sensitive tool for the detection of Gambierdiscus toxic compounds present in water samples, particularly of G. excentricus at very low cell abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Miguel A Pardal
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av Pasteur 458-307, 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Phytoplankton Laboratory, Division of Oceanography and Environment, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Biotech Building, Lot 8A, Biocant Park, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| | - Elsa T Rodrigues
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Wu Z, Luo H, Yu L, Lee WH, Li L, Mak YL, Lin S, Lam PKS. Characterizing ciguatoxin (CTX)- and Non-CTX-producing strains of Gambierdiscus balechii using comparative transcriptomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137184. [PMID: 32084685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. can produce the polyketide compound, ciguatoxin (CTX), and are hence responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Studying the molecular mechanism that regulates CTX production is crucial for understanding the environmental trigger of CTX as well as for better informing fishery management. Commonly, polyketide synthases are important for polyketide synthesis; however, no gene has been confirmatively assigned to CTX production. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) were used to compare a CTX-producing strain with a non-CTX-producing strain. Using both methods, a total of 52 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were identified to be up-regulated in the CTX-producing G. balechii, including transcripts encoding single-domain PKSs as well as transcripts encoding multi-domain PKSs. Using reverse transcription quantitative PCR, the expression of these genes in the CTX-producing strain and in nitrogen-limited cultures of the strain was further documented. These data suggest that PKSs are likely involved in polyketide synthesis and potentially in CTX synthesis in this dinoflagellate species. Our study provides the candidate biomarkers for the detection of CTXs or CFP in waters or any other organisms as well as a valuable genomic resource for the research on Gambierdiscus and other dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wai Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
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17
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Soliño L, Costa PR. Global impact of ciguatoxins and ciguatera fish poisoning on fish, fisheries and consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109111. [PMID: 31927300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is one of the most devastating food-borne illnesses caused by fish consumption. Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent neurotoxins synthesized by the benthic microalgae Gambierdiscus spp. and Fukuyoa spp. that are transmitted to fish by grazing and predation. Despite the high incidence of CFP, affecting an estimated number of 50,000 persons per year in tropical and subtropical latitudes, the factors underlying CTXs occurrence are still not well understood. Toxin transfer and dynamics in fish and food-webs are complex. Feeding habits and metabolic pathways determine the toxin profile and toxicity of fish, and migratory species may transport and spread the hazard. Furthermore, CTX effect on fish may be a limiting factor for fish recruitment and toxin prevalence. Recently, new occurrences of Gambierdiscus spp. in temperate areas have been concomitant with the detection of toxic fish and CFP incidents in non-endemic areas. CFP cases in Europe have led to implementation of monitoring programs and fisheries restrictions with considerable impact on local economies. More than 400 species of fish can be vectors of CTXs, and most of them are high-valued commercial species. Thus, the risk uncertainty and the spread of Gambierdiscus have serious consequences for fisheries and food safety. Here, we present a critical review of CTXs impacts on fish, fisheries, and humans, based on the current knowledge on CFP incidence and CTXs prevalence in microalgae and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Soliño
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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18
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Tester PA, Litaker RW, Berdalet E. Climate change and harmful benthic microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101655. [PMID: 32057343 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea surface temperatures in the world's oceans are projected to warm by 0.4-1.4 °C by mid twenty-first century causing many tropical and sub-tropical harmful dinoflagellate genera like Gambierdiscus, Fukuyoa and Ostreopsis (benthic harmful algal bloom species, BHABs) to exhibit higher growth rates over much of their current geographic range, resulting in higher population densities. The primary exception to this trend will be in the tropics where temperatures exceed species-specific upper thermal tolerances (30-31 °C) beyond which growth slows significantly. As surface waters warm, migration to deeper habitats is expected to provide refuge. Range extensions of several degrees of latitude also are anticipated, but only where species-specific habitat requirements can be met (e.g., temperature, suitable substrate, low turbulence, light, salinity, pH). The current understanding of habitat requirements that determine species distributions are reviewed to provide fuller understanding of how individual species will respond to climate change from the present to 2055 while addressing the paucity of information on environmental factors controlling small-scale distribution in localized habitats. Based on the available information, we hypothesized how complex environmental interactions can influence abundance and potential range extensions of BHAB species in different biogeographic regions and identify sentinel sites appropriate for long-term monitoring programs to detect range extensions and reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Longo S, Sibat M, Viallon J, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120735. [PMID: 31861242 PMCID: PMC6950660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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20
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Kretzschmar AL, Verma A, Kohli G, Murray S. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus lapillus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224664. [PMID: 31730656 PMCID: PMC6857910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, CFP is prevalent in tropical Queensland and increasingly in sub-tropical regions of Australia, but has a report rate of approximately 10%. Yet the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species first described from Australia. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, to determine the presence and patchiness of this species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. macroalgal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liza Kretzschmar
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- ithree institute (i3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kohli
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Shauna Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Mustapa NI, Yong HL, Lee LK, Lim ZF, Lim HC, Teng ST, Luo Z, Gu H, Leaw CP, Lim PT. Growth and epiphytic behavior of three Gambierdiscus species (Dinophyceae) associated with various macroalgal substrates. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 89:101671. [PMID: 31672230 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Species of the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus produce polyether neurotoxins that caused ciguatera fish/shellfish poisoning in human. The toxins enter marine food webs by foraging of herbivores on the biotic substrates like macroalgae that host the toxic dinoflagellates. Interaction of Gambierdiscus and their macroalgal substrate hosts is believed to shape the tendency of substrate preferences and habitat specialization. This was supported by studies that manifested epiphytic preferences and behaviors in Gambierdiscus species toward different macroalgal hosts. To further examine the supposition, a laboratory-based experimental study was conducted to examine the growth, epiphytic behaviors and host preferences of three Gambierdiscus species towards four macroalgal hosts over a culture period of 40 days. The dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus balechii, G. caribaeus, and a new ribotype, herein designated as Gambierdiscus type 7 were initially identified based on the thecal morphology and molecular characterization. Our results showed that Gambierdiscus species tested in this study exhibited higher growth rates in the presence of macroalgal hosts. Growth responses and attachment behaviors, however, differed among different species and strains of Gambierdiscus over different macroalgal substrate hosts. Cells of Gambierdiscus mostly attached to substrate hosts at the beginning of the experiments but detached at the later time. Localized Gambierdiscus-host interactions, as demonstrated in this study, could help to better inform efforts of sampling and monitoring of this benthic toxic dinoflagellate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurin Izzati Mustapa
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hwa Lin Yong
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Li Keat Lee
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Fei Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hong Chang Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch Campus, 85000, Segamat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sing Tung Teng
- Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaysia, Bachok, 16310, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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22
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Kretzschmar AL, Larsson ME, Hoppenrath M, Doblin MA, Murray SA. Characterisation of Two Toxic Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia): G. lewisii sp. nov. and G. holmesii sp. nov. Protist 2019; 170:125699. [PMID: 31770639 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2019.125699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a human illness caused via consumption of seafood contaminated with neurotoxins produced by some species from the epiphytic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus. In this study, we describe two new species of Gambierdiscus isolated from Heron Island in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. These new species were analysed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear encoded ribosomal ITS, SSU as well as D1-D3 and D8-D10 of the LSU gene regions. Gambierdiscus lewisii sp. nov. (Po, 3', 0a, 7″, 6c,? s, 5‴, 0p, 2'‴) is distinguished by its strong reticulate-foveate ornamentation and is genetically distinct from its sister species, G. pacificus. Gambierdiscus holmesii sp. nov. (Po, 3', 0a, 7″, 6c, 6s?, 5‴, 0p, 2'‴) is morphologically distinct from the genetically similar species G. silvae because of a strongly ventrally displaced apical pore complex and a characteristic fold at the anterior edge of the sulcus. Both G. lewisii and G. holmesii produce putative Maitotoxin-(44-Methylgambierone) and compounds which show ciguatoxin and maitotoxin-like activities. Identification of two new Gambierdiscus species will enable us to more accurately assess the risk of CFP in Australia and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Kretzschmar
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michaela E Larsson
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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23
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Jang SH, Jeong HJ, Yoo YD. Gambierdiscus jejuensis sp. nov., an epiphytic dinoflagellate from the waters of Jeju Island, Korea, effect of temperature on the growth, and its global distribution. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:149-157. [PMID: 30502807 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Gambierdiscus produces ciguatera toxins, which has led to extensive studies of this genus. Epiphytic dinoflagellate cells were isolated from coralline macroalgae collected from the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea, and two clonal cultures were established. The morphology of these cells was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the sequences of the small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA were determined. The phylogenetic trees based on SSU, LSU (D1-D3), and LSU (D8-D10) rDNA showed the two Korean isolates forming a clade with unidentified strains named Gambierdiscus sp. type 2. This clade showed a clear divergence from the two closest clades containing of the G. caribaeus and G. carpenteri strains. Morphologically, the Korean isolates had an anteroposteriorly compressed cell shape having a smooth theca ornamentation. Growth of the Korean isolates ceased when water temperatures were <20 °C or >30 °C with an optimum at 26 °C. This temperature preference may account for why Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 has only been isolated from the temperate waters of Korea and Japan. However, the two most closely related species G. caribaeus and G. carpenteri have broader temperature ranges tolerating as high as 34-36 °C and are globally distributed. Based on these results, the Korean isolates are proposed as a new species in the genus Gambierdiscus and named Gambierdiscus jejuensis sp. nov. Furthermore, it is suggested that the unidentified strains belonging to the Gambierdiscus sp. type 2 be transferred to the new species, G. jejuensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyeon Jang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
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24
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Yong HL, Mustapa NI, Lee LK, Lim ZF, Tan TH, Usup G, Gu H, Litaker RW, Tester PA, Lim PT, Leaw CP. Habitat complexity affects benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages in the fringing reef of Rawa Island, Malaysia. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 78:56-68. [PMID: 30196925 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effect of fine-scale habitat differences on the dynamics of benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages. To determine how these microhabitat differences affect the distribution and abundance of the major benthic harmful dinoflagellate genera in a tropical coral reef ecosystem, a field study was undertaken between April-September 2015 and January 2016 on the shallow reef flat of the fringing reef of Rawa Island, Terengganu, Malaysia. Sampling of benthic dinoflagellates was carried out using an artificial substrate sampling method (fiberglass screens). Benthic microhabitats surrounding the sampling screens were characterized simultaneously from photographs of a 0.25-m2 quadrat based on categories of bottom substrate types. Five taxonomic groups of benthic dinoflagellates, Ostreopsis, Gambierdiscus, Prorocentrum, Amphidinium, and Coolia were identified, and cells were enumerated using a light microscope. The results showed Gambierdiscus was less abundant than other genera throughout the study period, with maximum abundance of 1.2 × 103 cells 100 cm-2. While most taxa were present on reefs with high coral cover, higher cell abundances were observed in reefs with high turf algal cover and coral rubble, with the exception of Ostreopsis, where the abundance reached a maximum of 3.4 × 104 cells 100 cm-2 in habitats with high coral cover. Microhabitat heterogeneity was identified as a key factor governing the benthic harmful dinoflagellate assemblages and may account for much of the observed variability in dominant taxa. This finding has significant implications for the role of variability in the benthic harmful algal bloom (BHAB) outbreaks and the potential in identifying BHAB-related toxin transfer pathways and the key vectors in the food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Lin Yong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurin Izzati Mustapa
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Li Keat Lee
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zhen Fei Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Toh Hii Tan
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Gires Usup
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Po Teen Lim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok 16310 Kelantan, Malaysia.
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25
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Clausing RJ, Losen B, Oberhaensli FR, Darius HT, Sibat M, Hess P, Swarzenski PW, Chinain M, Dechraoui Bottein MY. Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:257-265. [PMID: 29803968 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent algal toxins that cause widespread ciguatera poisoning and are found ubiquitously in coral reef food webs. Here we developed an environmentally-relevant, experimental model of CTX trophic transfer involving dietary exposure of herbivorous fish to the CTX-producing microalgae Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Juvenile Naso brevirostris were fed a gel-food embedded with microalgae for 16 weeks (89 cells g-1 fish daily, 0.4 μg CTX3C equiv kg-1 fish). CTXs in muscle tissue were detectable after 2 weeks at levels above the threshold for human intoxication (1.2 ± 0.2 μg CTX3C equiv kg-1). Although tissue CTX concentrations stabilized after 8 weeks (∼3 ± 0.5 μg CTX3C equiv kg-1), muscle toxin burden (total μg CTX in muscle tissue) continued to increase linearly through the end of the experiment (16 weeks). Toxin accumulation was therefore continuous, yet masked by somatic growth dilution. The observed CTX concentrations, accumulation rates, and general absence of behavioural signs of intoxication are consistent with field observations and indicate that this method of dietary exposure may be used to develop predictive models of tissue-specific CTX uptake, metabolism and depuration. Results also imply that slow-growing fish may accumulate higher CTX flesh concentrations than fast-growing fish, which has important implications for global seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Clausing
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Barbara Losen
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Francois R Oberhaensli
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - H Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé- UMR 241 EIO, Laboratoire des Micro-algues Toxiques, BP 30, 98713, Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311, Nantes, France
| | - Peter W Swarzenski
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé- UMR 241 EIO, Laboratoire des Micro-algues Toxiques, BP 30, 98713, Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Litaker RW, Holland WC, Hardison DR, Pisapia F, Hess P, Kibler SR, Tester PA. Ciguatoxicity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185776. [PMID: 29045489 PMCID: PMC5646788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellate species belonging to the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa produce ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins that concentrate in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. While the structures and toxicities of ciguatoxins isolated from fish in the Pacific and Caribbean are known, there are few data on the variation in toxicity between and among species of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Quantifying the differences in species-specific toxicity is especially important to developing an effective cell-based risk assessment strategy for CFP. This study analyzed the ciguatoxicity of 33 strains representing seven Gambierdiscus and one Fukuyoa species using a cell based Neuro-2a cytotoxicity assay. All strains were isolated from either the Caribbean or Gulf of Mexico. The average toxicity of each species was inversely proportional to growth rate, suggesting an evolutionary trade-off between an investment in growth versus the production of defensive compounds. While there is 2- to 27-fold variation in toxicity within species, there was a 1740-fold difference between the least and most toxic species. Consequently, production of CTX or CTX-like compounds is more dependent on the species present than on the random occurrence of high or low toxicity strains. Seven of the eight species tested (G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, Gambierdiscus ribotype 2, G. silvae and F. ruetzleri) exhibited low toxicities, ranging from 0 to 24.5 fg CTX3C equivalents cell-1, relative to G. excentricus, which had a toxicity of 469 fg CTX3C eq. cell-1. Isolates of G. excentricus from other regions have shown similarly high toxicities. If the hypothesis that G. excentricus is the primary source of ciguatoxins in the Atlantic is confirmed, it should be possible to identify areas where CFP risk is greatest by monitoring only G. excentricus abundance using species-specific molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Wayne Litaker
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - D. Ransom Hardison
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francesco Pisapia
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- L'Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Nantes, France
| | - Steven R. Kibler
- National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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