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Chen W, Liu J, Chu G, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Gao C, Gao M. Comparative evaluation of four Chlorella species treating mariculture wastewater under different photoperiods: Nitrogen removal performance, enzyme activity, and antioxidant response. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129511. [PMID: 37468008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, and antioxidant response of four Chlorella species (Chlorella sp., Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella protothecoides) were compared under different light: dark (L:D) photoperiods during treating mariculture wastewater. The increase of light duration in the range of 8L:16D to 16L:8D was beneficial to the chlorophyll synthesis of selected four Chlorella species. Chlorella vulgaris was the most effective to treat mariculture wastewater than Chlorella sp., Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlorella protothecoides. and its microalgae density, photosynthetic activity, and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity were higher than those of the other three Chlorella species. An obvious oxidative stress in microalgal cells was under 20L:4D photoperiod, which led to a decrease in photosynthetic activity and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activity. Among the four Chlorella species, Chlorella protothecoides had the highest degree of light-induced stress and ROS accumulation. This study can provide suitable microalgae and optimal photoperiod for treating mariculture wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Chen
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiateng Liu
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guangyu Chu
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qianzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mengchun Gao
- Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Oliveira CYB, Abreu JL, Santos EP, Matos ÂP, Tribuzi G, Oliveira CDL, Veras BO, Bezerra RS, Müller MN, Gálvez AO. Light induces peridinin and docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in the dinoflagellate Durusdinium glynnii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6263-6276. [PMID: 35972515 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peridinin is a light-harvesting carotenoid present in phototrophic dinoflagellates and has great potential for new drug applications and cosmetics development. Herein, the effects of irradiance mediated by light-emitting diodes on growth performance, carotenoid and fatty acid profiles, and antioxidant activity of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Durusdinium glynnii were investigated. The results demonstrate that D. glynnii is particularly well adapted to low-light conditions; however, it can be high-light-tolerant. In contrast to other light-harvesting carotenoids, the peridinin accumulation in D. glynnii occurred during high-light exposure. The peridinin to chlorophyll-a ratio varied as a function of irradiance, while the peridinin to total carotenoids ratio remained stable. Under optimal irradiance for growth, there was a peak in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) bioaccumulation. This study contributes to the understanding of the photoprotective role of peridinin in endosymbiont dinoflagellates and highlights the antioxidant activity of peridinin-rich extracts. KEY POINTS: • Peridinin has a protective role against chlorophyll photo-oxidation • High light conditions induce cellular peridinin accumulation • D. glynnii accumulates high amounts of DHA under optimal light supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Yure B Oliveira
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, St. Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Jéssika L Abreu
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, St. Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P Santos
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, St. Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Ângelo P Matos
- Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Giustino Tribuzi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 88034-801, Brazil
| | - Cicero Diogo L Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno O Veras
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Railson S Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Marius N Müller
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Alfredo O Gálvez
- Department of Fishing and Aquaculture, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, St. Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Dois Irmãos, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil
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Mai G, Song X, Xia X, Ma Z, Tan Y, Li G. Photosynthetic Characteristics of Smaller and Larger Cell Size-Fractioned Phytoplankton Assemblies in the Daya Bay, Northern South China Sea. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010016. [PMID: 35056465 PMCID: PMC8846320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size of phytoplankton is known to influence their physiologies and, consequently, marine primary production. To characterize the cell size-dependent photophysiology of phytoplankton, we comparably explored the photosynthetic characteristics of piconano- (<20 µm) and micro-phytoplankton cell assemblies (>20 µm) in the Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, using a 36-h in situ high-temporal-resolution experiment. During the experimental periods, the phytoplankton biomass (Chl a) in the surface water ranged from 0.92 to 5.13 μg L-1, which was lower than that in bottom layer (i.e., 1.83-6.84 μg L-1). Piconano-Chl a accounted for 72% (mean value) of the total Chl a, with no significant difference between the surface and bottom layers. The maximum photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) of Photosystem II (PS II) and functional absorption cross-section of PS II photochemistry (σPS II) of both piconano- and micro-cells assemblies varied inversely with solar radiation, but this occurred to a lesser extent in the former than in the latter ones. The σPS II of piconano- and micro-cell assemblies showed a similar change pattern to the FV/FM in daytime, but not in nighttime. Moreover, the fluorescence light curve (FLC)-derived light utilization efficiency (α) displayed the same daily change pattern as the FV/FM, and the saturation irradiance (EK) and maximal rETR (rETRmax) mirrored the change in the solar radiation. The FV/FM and σPS II of the piconano-cells were higher than their micro-counterparts under high solar light; while the EK and rETRmax were lower, no matter in what light regimes. In addition, our results indicate that the FV/FM of the micro-cell assembly varied quicker in regard to Chl a change than that of the piconano-cell assembly, indicating the larger phytoplankton cells are more suitable to grow than the smaller ones in the Daya Bay through timely modulating the PS II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Mai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Nansha Marine Ecological and Environmental Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (G.M.); (X.S.); (X.X.); (Y.T.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen B, Liu J, Xu G, Li G. Lowering pO 2 Interacts with Photoperiod to Alter Physiological Performance of the Coastal Diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122541. [PMID: 34946142 PMCID: PMC8704836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbating deoxygenation is extensively affecting marine organisms, with no exception for phytoplankton. To probe these effects, we comparably explored the growth, cell compositions, photosynthesis, and transcriptome of a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under a matrix of pO2 levels and Light:Dark cycles at an optimal growth light. The growth rate (μ) of T. pseudonana under a 8:16 L:D cycle was enhanced by 34% by low pO2 but reduced by 22% by hypoxia. Under a 16:8 L:D cycle, however, the μ decreased with decreasing pO2 level. The cellular Chl a content decreased with decreasing pO2 under a 8:16 L:D cycle, whereas the protein content decreased under a 16:8 L:D cycle. The prolonged photoperiod reduced the Chl a but enhanced the protein contents. The lowered pO2 reduced the maximal PSII photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM), photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate (Pn), and respiration rate (Rd) under the 8:16 or 16:8 L:D cycles. Cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were higher under low pO2 than ambient pO2 or hypoxia. Moreover, the prolonged photoperiod reduced the FV/FM and Pn among all three pO2 levels but enhanced the Rd, MDA, and SOD activity. Transcriptome data showed that most of 26 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that mainly relate to photosynthesis, respiration, and metabolism were down-regulated by hypoxia, with varying expression degrees between the 8:16 and 16:8 L:D cycles. In addition, our results demonstrated that the positive or negative effect of lowering pO2 upon the growth of diatoms depends on the pO2 level and is mediated by the photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokun Chen
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Joint Laboratory for Ocean Research and Education of Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (B.C.); (G.X.)
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Centre of Ningbo, East China Sea Bureau of Ministry of Natural Resources, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
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Phytoplankton communities in temporary ponds under different climate scenarios. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17969. [PMID: 34504259 PMCID: PMC8429430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporary water bodies, especially vernal pools, are the most sensitive aquatic environments to climate change yet the least studied. Their functioning largely depends on their phytoplankton community structure. This study aimed to determine how temperature and photoperiod length (by simulating inundation in different parts of the year under five climate scenarios) affect the succession and structure of phytoplankton communities soon after inundation. Photoperiod was the most important factor affecting phytoplankton species richness, total abundance and the abundance of taxonomic groups in the course of succession. A long photoperiod (16 h) and a moderate temperature (16 °C) in vernal pool microcosms (late spring inundation after a warm snowless winter) were the most favourable conditions for phytoplankton growth (especially for the main taxonomic groups: chlorophytes and cryptophytes) and species richness. With short photoperiods (inundation in winter) and low temperatures, the communities transformed towards diatoms, euglenoids and cyanobacteria. In line with our predictions, a high temperature (25 °C) favoured a decline in phytoplankton species diversity. Our study shows that climate change will result in seasonal shifts in species abundance or even in their disappearance and, finally, in potential strong changes in the biodiversity and food webs of aquatic ecosystems in the future.
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Opposite Growth Responses of Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium catenella to Photoperiods and Temperatures. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061056. [PMID: 34070469 PMCID: PMC8229041 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Shift of phytoplankton niches from low to high latitudes has altered their experienced light exposure durations and temperatures. To explore this interactive effect, the growth, physiology, and cell compositions of smaller Alexandrium minutum and larger A. catenella, globally distributed toxic red tide dinoflagellates, were studied under a matrix of photoperiods (light:dark cycles of 8:16, 16:8, and 24:0) and temperatures (18 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, and 28 °C). Under continuous growth light condition (L:D 24:0), the growth rate (µ) of small A. minutum increased from low to medium temperature, then decreased to high temperature, while the µ of large A. catenella continuously decreased with increasing temperatures. Shortened photoperiods reduced the µ of A. minutum, but enhanced that of A. catenella. As temperature increased, cellular Chl a content increased in both A. minutum and A. catenella, while the temperature-induced effect on RubisCO content was limited. Shortened photoperiods enhanced the Chl a but reduced RubisCO contents across temperatures. Moreover, shortened photoperiods enhanced photosynthetic capacities of both A. minutum and A. catenella, i.e., promoting the PSII photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM, ΦPSII), saturation irradiance (EK), and maximum relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax). Shortened photoperiods also enhanced dark respiration of A. minutum across temperatures, but reduced that of A. catenella, as well as the antioxidant activities of both species. Overall, A. minutum and A. catenella showed differential growth responses to photoperiods across temperatures, probably with cell size.
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Wu K, Ying K, Liu L, Zhou J, Cai Z. High irradiance compensated with CO 2 enhances the efficiency of Haematococcus lacustris growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 26:e00444. [PMID: 32215258 PMCID: PMC7090360 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Haematococcus lacustris (H. lacustris), a promising source for astaxanthin production, is a light-sensitive microalga that is prone to sluggish growth when subjected to high levels of irradiance. A challenge in H. lacustris culture is to find a way to efficiently use illumination to maintain vigorous growth and harvest dense biomass, which is essential for further exploiting the potential for astaxanthin production. Previous studies have shown that in addition to illumination, carbon supply in culture is a key limitation for algae growth. Here, we investigated a combined culture approach involving high light intensity (110 μmol m-2s-1) and injection of a 1% (v/v) CO2 air-gas mixture which provided an effective method for H. lacustris culture to achieve both a high growth rate and high cell density. The cell number in the group with high light exposure combined with CO2 enrichment was increased almost four-fold compared with a high light group (110 μmol m-2s-1 without CO2 injection). Additional experiments suggested a possible mechanism in which elevated CO2 increases the electron sink capacity, thus alleviating photoinhibition and oxidative damage. The scaled-up photobioreactor demonstrated much better performance, with growth rates improved by 50-350 %, providing further evidence that this new method can improve algal cell production. Overall, our work provides an efficient way for H. lacustris culture and manufacture, with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100086, PR China.,Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Kezhen Ying
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100086, PR China.,Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening and Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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Song X, Tan M, Xu G, Su X, Liu J, Ni G, Li Y, Tan Y, Huang L, Shen P, Li G. Is phosphorus a limiting factor to regulate the growth of phytoplankton in Daya Bay, northern South China Sea: a mesocosm experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:559-568. [PMID: 31123966 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous field investigations implied a potential phosphorus (P)-limitation on the growth of phytoplankton in Daya Bay, a mesotrophic bay in the northern South China Sea. Using a total of 15 mesocosms (3 × 3 × 1.5 m, with ~10.8 m3 natural seawater containing phytoplankton assemblages for each), we found P-enrichment caused no obvious effect on phytoplankton (Chl a) growth across 8-day's cultivation in neither winter nor summer, while nitrogen (N)-enrichment greatly increased Chl a in both seasons. N plus P-enrichment further increased Chl a content. The N- or N plus P-enrichments increased the allocation of nano-Chl a but decreased micro-Chl a in most cases, with no obvious effect by P-alone. Coincided with nutrients effect on Chl a content, N- or N plus P-enrichments significantly enhanced the maximum photochemical quantum yield of Photosystem II (FV/FM) and maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), but declined the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), as well as the threshold for light saturation of electron transport (EK); again, P-enrichment had no significant effect. Moreover, the absorption cross section for PSII photochemistry (σPSII) and electron transport efficiency (α) increased due to N- or N plus P-enrichments, indicating the increased nutrients enhance the light utilization efficiency through promoting PSII light harvesting ability, and thus to enhance phytoplankton growth. Our findings indicate that N- or N plus P-enrichments rigorously fuel phytoplankton blooms regardless of N:P ratios, making a note of caution on the expected P-deficiency or P-limitation on the basis of Redfield N:P ratios in Daya Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiting Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Xu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Xinying Su
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Gaungyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510160, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Liangmin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 164, Xingangxi Road, Guangdong, 510301, Guangzhou, China.
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