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Cen J, Lu S, Moestrup Ø, Jiang T, Ho KC, Li S, Li M, Huan Q, Wang J. Five Karenia species along the Chinese coast: With the description of a new species, Karenia hui sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyta). HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 137:102645. [PMID: 39003019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates within the genus Karenia are well known for their potential to cause harmful algal blooms and induce detrimental ecological consequences. In this study, five Karenia species, Karenia longicanalis, Karenia papilionacea, Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia selliformis, and a new species, Karenia hui sp. nov., were isolated from Chinese coastal waters. The new species exhibits the typical characteristics of the genus Karenia, including a linear apical groove and butanoyl-oxyfucoxanthin as the major accessory pigment. It is distinguished from the other Karenia species by a wide-open sulcal intrusion onto the epicone, a conical epicone with an apical crest formed by the rim of the apical groove, and a hunchbacked hypocone. It is most closely related to Karenia cristata, with a genetic divergence of 3.16 % (22 bp out of 883 bp of LSU rDNA). Acute toxicity tests indicated that the five Karenia species from China are all toxic to marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. Karenia selliformis and K. hui were very toxic to O. melastigma, resulting in 100 % mortality within 4 h and 24 h, respectively. Further analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that four species, K. selliformis, K. longicanalis, K. papilionacea and K. mikimotoi were capable of producing Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A). The highest GYM-A content was in K. selliformis (strain HK-43), in which the value was 889 fg/cell. No GYM-A was detected in the new species K. hui, however and its toxin remains unknown. Below we provide a comprehensive report of the morphology, phylogeny, pigment composition, and toxicity profiles of Karenia species along the Chinese coast. These findings contribute new insights for monitoring of Karenia species, with important toxicological and ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, PR China
| | - Øjvind Moestrup
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Kin Chung Ho
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Si Li
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Mingmin Li
- Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, PR China
| | - Qingliu Huan
- Shenzhen Holly Technology Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jianyan Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural History Museum of China, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Wang C, Wang R, Meng L, Chang W, Chen J, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Gao P. A laboratory study of the increasing competitiveness of Karenia mikimotoi under rising CO 2 scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171688. [PMID: 38492606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) driven by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is expected to disturb marine ecological processes, including the formation and control of harmful algal blooms (HABs). In this study, the effects of rising CO2 on the allelopathic effects of macroalgae Ulva pertusa to a toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi were investigated. It was found that high level of CO2 (1000 ppmv) promoted the competitive growth of K. mikimotoi compared to the group of present ambient CO2 level (420ppmv), with the number of algal cell increased from 32.2 × 104 cells/mL to 36.75 × 104 cells/mL after 96 h mono-culture. Additionally, rising CO2 level weakened allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi, as demonstrated by the decreased inhibition rate (50.6 % under the original condition VS 34.3 % under the acidified condition after 96 h co-culture) and the decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C). Indicators for cell apoptosis of K. mikimotoi including decreased caspase-3 and -9 protease activity were observed when the co-cultured systems were under rising CO2 exposure. Furthermore, high CO2 level disturbed fatty acid synthesis in U. pertusa and significantly decreased the contents of fatty acids with allelopathy, resulting in the allelopathy weakening of U. pertusa. Collectively, rising CO2 level promoted the growth of K. mikimotoi and weakened allelopathic effects of U. pertusa on K. mikimotoi, indicating the increased difficulties in controlling K. mikimotoi using macroalgae in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Lingna Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Wenjing Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
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Lee TCH, Lam W, Tam NFY, Xu SJL, Chung WL, Lee FWF. Revealing the algicidal characteristics of Maribacter dokdonensis: An investigation into bacterial strain P4 isolated from Karenia mikimotoi bloom water. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:541-553. [PMID: 38517088 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global environmental concern, causing significant economic losses in fisheries and posing risks to human health. Algicidal bacteria have been suggested as a potential solution to control HABs, but their algicidal efficacy is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to characterize a novel algicidal bacterium, Maribacter dokdonensis (P4), isolated from a Karenia mikimotoi (Hong Kong strain, KMHK) HAB and assess the impact of P4 and KMHK's doses, growth phase, and algicidal mode and the axenicity of KMHK on P4's algicidal effect. Our results demonstrated that the algicidal effect of P4 was dose-dependent, with the highest efficacy at a dose of 25% v/v. The study also determined that P4's algicidal effect was indirect, with the P4 culture and the supernatant, but not the bacterial cells, showing significant effects. The algicidal efficacy was higher when both P4 and KMHK were in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the P4 culture at the log phase could effectively kill KMHK cells at the stationary phase, with higher algicidal efficacy in the bacterial culture than that of the supernatant alone. Interestingly, P4's algicidal efficacy was significantly higher when co-culturing with xenic KMHK (~90% efficacy at day 1) than that with the axenic KMHK (~50% efficacy at day 1), suggesting the presence of other bacteria could regulate P4's algicidal effect. The bacterial strain P4 also exhibited remarkable algicidal efficacy on four other dinoflagellate species, particularly the armored species. These results provide valuable insights into the algicidal effect of M. dokdonensis on K. mikimotoi and on their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chun-Hung Lee
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie Lam
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nora Fung-Yee Tam
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Jing-Liang Xu
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Lam Chung
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fred Wang-Fat Lee
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Shen A, Liu H, Zhu Y, Zeng J. Long-term response of interspecific competition among three typical bloom-forming species to changes in phosphorus and temperature. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106421. [PMID: 38437778 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus and temperature play an important role in the succession of diatom-dinoflagellate blooms. However, there is little long-term research on interspecific competition based on phosphorus source and temperature. Here, interspecific competition among Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi was studied using trialgal laboratory co-cultures under different phosphorus and temperature conditions. These results suggest that S. costatum and P. donghaiense alternated as competing dominant species during the experimental period, which coincides with the different phosphorus conditions. However, K. mikimotoi growth was significantly inhibited throughout the experiment. We suggest that this may be due to different algal requirements for phosphorus, optimal growth temperatures, and possible allelopathic effects. This study provides a comprehensive mechanism of interspecific competition between diatom-dinoflagellate in response to phosphorus and temperature and elucidates the seasonal succession of diatom-dinoflagellate from late spring to early summer in the Changjiang River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anglu Shen
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Hongyue Liu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuanli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Nearshore Engineering Environment and Ecological Security of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiangning Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Nearshore Engineering Environment and Ecological Security of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang XY, Li ZF, Gu HF, Han AQ, Han FX, Ou LJ. Significance of phosphate adsorbed on the cellular surface as a storage pool and its regulation in marine microalgae. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 195:106378. [PMID: 38266549 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of phosphorus limitation in coastal waters has drawn attention to the bioavailability of cellular surface-adsorbed phosphorus (SP) as a reservoir of phosphorus in phytoplankton. This study examined the storage, utilization, and regulation of SP in the coastal waters of the East China Sea, as well as three cultivated algal bloom species (Skeletonema marinoi, Prorocentrum shikokuense, and Karenia mikimotoi) prevalent in the area. SP accounted for 14.3%-45.5% of particulate phosphorus in the field and laboratory species. After the depletion of external phosphate, the studied species can rapidly transport SP within 3-24 h. The storage of SP is regulated by both external phosphate conditions and the internal growth stage of cells, but it is not influenced by the various cellular surface structures of the studied species. This study highlights the significance of SP as a crucial phosphorus reservoir and the potential use of the SP level as an indicator of phosphorus deficiency in phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yang Zhang
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Fan Li
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Ai-Qin Han
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng-Xian Han
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Wolny JL, Whereat EB, Egerton TA, Gibala-Smith LA, McKay JR, O'Neil JM, Wazniak CE, Mulholland MR. The Occurrence of Karenia species in mid-Atlantic coastal waters: Data from the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 132:102579. [PMID: 38331544 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A bloom of Karenia papilionacea that occurred along the Delaware coast in late summer of 2007 was the first Karenia bloom reported on the Delmarva Peninsula (Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, USA). Limited spatial and temporal monitoring conducted by state agencies and citizen science groups since 2007 have documented that several Karenia species are an annual component of the coastal phytoplankton community along the Delmarva Peninsula, often present at background to low concentrations (100 to 10,000 cells L-1). Blooms of Karenia (> 105 cells L-1) occurred in 2010, 2016, 2018, and 2019 in different areas along the Delmarva Peninsula coast. In late summer and early autumn of 2017, the lower Chesapeake Bay experienced a K. papilionacea bloom, the first recorded in Bay waters. Blooms typically occurred summer into autumn but were not monospecific; rather, they were dominated by either K. mikimotoi or K. papilionacea, with K. selliformis, K. brevis-like cells, and an undescribed Karenia species also present. Cell concentrations during these mid-Atlantic Karenia spp. blooms equalled concentrations reported for other Karenia blooms. However, the negative impacts to environmental and human health often associated with Karenia red tides were not observed. The data compiled here report on the presence of multiple Karenia species in coastal waters of the Delmarva Peninsula detected through routine monitoring and opportunistic sampling conducted between 2007 and 2022, as well as findings from research cruises undertaken in 2018 and 2019. These data should be used as a baseline for future phytoplankton community analyses supporting coastal HAB monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wolny
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA.
| | - Edward B Whereat
- University of Delaware, Delaware Sea Grant, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes DE 19958 USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, 830 Southampton Avenue, Suite 200, Norfolk VA 23510 USA
| | - Leah A Gibala-Smith
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
| | - John R McKay
- Maryland Department of Environment, Water and Science Administration, 416 Chinquapin Round Road, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Judith M O'Neil
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge MD 21613 USA
| | - Catherine E Wazniak
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, 580 Taylor Avenue, Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Margaret R Mulholland
- Old Dominion University, Department of Ocean and Earth Sciences, 4402 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk VA 23508 USA
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7
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Chen XW, Chen H, Zhao HL, Li DW, Ou LJ. Triazine herbicide reduced the toxicity of the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi by impairing its photosynthetic systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115740. [PMID: 38042131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are common contaminants in coastal waters, and they are recognized as inhibitors of photosystem II, causing significant hinderance to the growth and reproduction of phytoplankton. However, the influence of these herbicides on microalgal toxin production remains unclear. This study aimed to examine this relationship by conducting a comprehensive physiological and 4D label-free quantitative proteomic analysis on the harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in the presence of the triazine herbicide dipropetryn. The findings demonstrated a significant decrease in photosynthetic activity and pigment content, as well as reduced levels of unsaturated fatty acids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hemolytic toxins in K. mikimotoi when exposed to dipropetryn. The proteomic analysis revealed a down-regulation in proteins associated with photosynthesis, ROS response, and energy metabolism, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. In contrast, an up-regulation of proteins related to energy-producing processes, such as fatty acid β-oxidation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, was observed. This study demonstrated that dipropetryn disrupts the photosynthetic systems of K. mikimotoi, resulting in a notable decrease in algal toxin production. These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxin production in toxigenic microalgae and explore the potential effect of herbicide pollution on harmful algal blooms in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wu Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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8
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Xiao X, Peng Y, Zhang W, Yang X, Zhang Z, Ren B, Zhu G, Zhou S. Current status and prospects of algal bloom early warning technologies: A Review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119510. [PMID: 37951110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, frequent occurrences of algal blooms due to environmental changes have posed significant threats to the environment and human health. This paper analyzes the reasons of algal bloom from the perspective of environmental factors such as nutrients, temperature, light, hydrodynamics factors and others. Various commonly used algal bloom monitoring methods are discussed, including traditional field monitoring methods, remote sensing techniques, molecular biology-based monitoring techniques, and sensor-based real-time monitoring techniques. The advantages and limitations of each method are summarized. Existing algal bloom prediction models, including traditional models and machine learning (ML) models, are introduced. Support Vector Machine (SVM), deep learning (DL), and other ML models are discussed in detail, along with their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the future development of algal bloom warning techniques, proposing to combine various monitoring methods and prediction models to establish a multi-level and multi-perspective algal bloom monitoring system, further improving the accuracy and timeliness of early warning, and providing more effective safeguards for environmental protection and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Yazhou Peng
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Bozhi Ren
- School of Earth Sciences and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Guocheng Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Saijun Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
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Huang XL, Zhuang YQ, Xiong YY, Li DW, Ou LJ. Efficient modulation of cellular phosphorus components in response to phosphorus deficiency in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0086723. [PMID: 37850723 PMCID: PMC10686090 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00867-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dinoflagellates are the most common phytoplankton group and account for more than 75% of harmful algal blooms in coastal waters. In recent decades, dinoflagellates seem to prevail in phosphate-depleted waters. However, the underlying acclimation mechanisms and competitive strategies of dinoflagellates in response to phosphorus deficiency are poorly understood, especially in terms of intracellular phosphorus modulation and recycling. Here, we focused on the response of intracellular phosphorus metabolism to phosphorus deficiency in the model dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Our work reveals the strong capability of K. mikimotoi to efficiently regulate intracellular phosphorus resources, particularly through membrane phospholipid remodeling and miRNA regulation of energy metabolism. Our research improved the understanding of intracellular phosphorus metabolism in marine phytoplankton and underscored the advantageous strategies of dinoflagellates in the efficient modulation of internal phosphorus resources to maintain active physiological activity and growth under unsuitable phosphorus conditions, which help them outcompete other species in coastal phosphate-depleted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ling Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Zhuang
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Yue Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- College of Life Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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10
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Oh JW, Pushparaj SSC, Muthu M, Gopal J. Review of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Causing Marine Fish Kills: Toxicity and Mitigation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3936. [PMID: 38068573 PMCID: PMC10871120 DOI: 10.3390/plants12233936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Extensive growth of microscopic algae and cyanobacteria results in harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments. HABs can harm humans and animals through their toxicity or by producing ecological conditions such as oxygen depletion, which can kill fish and other economically or ecologically important organisms. This review summarizes the reports on various HABs that are able to bring about marine fish kills. The predominant HABs, their toxins, and their effects on fishes spread across various parts of the globe are discussed. The mechanism of HAB-driven fish kills is discussed based on the available reports, and existing mitigation methods are presented. Lapses in the large-scale implementation of mitigation methods demonstrated under laboratory conditions are projected. Clay-related technologies and nano-sorption-based nanotechnologies, although proven to make significant contributions, have not been put to use in real-world conditions. The gaps in the technology transfer of the accomplished mitigation prototypes are highlighted. Further uses of remote sensing and machine learning state-of-the-art techniques for the detection and identification of HABs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Lu J, Niu X, Wang H, Zhang H, Guan W. Toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi induces apoptosis in Neuro-2a cells through an oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115667. [PMID: 37944466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic bloom-forming species that threatens aquaculture and public health worldwide. Previous studies showed that K. mikimotoi induces neurotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, three neural cell lines were used to investigate the potential neurotoxicity of K. mikimotoi. The tested cells were exposed to a ruptured cell solution (RCS) of K. mikimotoi at different concentrations (0.5 × 105, 1.0 × 105, 2.0 × 105, 4.0 × 105, and 6 × 105 cells mL-1) for 24 h, and the RCS decreased cell viabilities and promoted Neuro-2a (N2A) cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The underlying mechanism was further investigated in N2A cells. At the biochemical level, the RCS stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, decreased SOD activity, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). At the gene level, the moderate RCS treatment (2.0 × 105 cells mL-1) upregulated antioxidant response genes (e.g., nrf-2, HO-1, NQO-1, and cat) to alleviate RCS-induced oxidative stress, while the high RCS treatment (4.0 × 105 cells mL-1) downregulated these genes, thereby aggravating oxidative stress. Meanwhile, apoptosis-related genes (e.g., p53, caspase 3, and bax2) were significantly upregulated and the anti-apoptotic gene bcl2 was suppressed after RCS treatment. Western blotting results for Caspase 3, Bax2 and Bcl2 were consistent with the mRNA trends. These results revealed that K. mikimotoi RCS can induce neural cell apoptosis via the oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial pathway, providing novel insights into the neurotoxicity of K. mikimotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Lu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaoqin Niu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - He Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Institute of Marine Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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12
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Jin WY, Chen XW, Tan JZ, Lin X, Ou LJ. Variation in intracellular polyphosphate and associated gene expression in response to different phosphorus conditions in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102532. [PMID: 37951614 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) has long been recognized as a crucial intracellular reservoir for phosphorus in microorganisms. However, the dynamics of polyP and its regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic phytoplankton in response to variations in external phosphorus conditions remain poorly understood. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to examine the intracellular polyP-associated metabolic response of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, a harmful algal bloom species, through integrated physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional analyses under varying external phosphorus conditions. Comparable growth curves and Fv/Fm between phosphorus-replete conditions and phosphorus-depleted conditions suggested that K. mikimotoi has a strong capability to mobilize the intracellular phosphorus pool for growth under phosphorus deficiency. Intracellular phosphate (IPi) and polyP contributed approximately 6-23 % and 1-3 %, respectively, to the overall particulate phosphorus (PP) content under different phosphorus conditions. The significant decrease in PP and increase in polyP:PP suggested that cellular phosphorus components other than polyP are preferred for utilization under phosphorus deficiency. Genes involved in polyP synthesis and hydrolysis were upregulated to maintain phosphorus homeostasis in K. mikimotoi. These findings provide novel insights into the specific cellular strategies for phosphorus storage and the transcriptional response in intracellular polyP metabolism in K. mikimotoi. Additionally, these results also indicate that polyP may not play a crucial role in cellular phosphorus storage in phytoplankton, at least in dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Jin
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Wenzhou Marine Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Wu Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Tan
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Lin-Jian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
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13
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Wang X, Liu C, Zhang QC, Chen JF, Wang JX, Zhao QY, Yan T, Yu RC. A dinoflagellate bloom caused by multiple species of Kareniaceae in the coastal waters of Fujian in June 2022 and its adverse impacts on Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia salina. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115685. [PMID: 37864862 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently, dinoflagellate blooms have frequently occurred in the coastal waters of Fujian, East China Sea. In June 2022, a fish-killing bloom of Kareniaceae species occurred in this region. In this study, four species of Kareniaceae, namely, Karenia longicanalis, K. papilionacea, Karlodinium veneficum, and Karl. digitatum were identified from this bloom event based on the results of single-cell PCR and clone libraries, and intraspecies genetic diversity was found in the Karl. veneficum population. The results of acute toxicity assays of the bloom water to two zooplankton species (Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia salina) demonstrated this bloom event strongly inhibited their swimming capacities and survival. The results of this study suggested that the bloom events caused by multiple species of Kareniaceae in the Fujian coastal waters had adverse impacts on the local fishery resources and zooplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jin-Fei Chen
- Putian Ocean and Fisheries Environmental Monitoring Station, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qi-Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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14
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Shin YK, Seo DY, Eom HJ, Park M, Lee M, Choi YE, Han YS, Rhee JS, Kim YJ. Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Pagrus major by the Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:620. [PMID: 37888651 PMCID: PMC10611101 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a common species of red tide dinoflagellate that causes the mass mortality of marine fauna in coastal waters of Republic of Korea. Despite continuous studies on the ecophysiology and toxicity of K. mikimotoi, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Red sea bream, Pagrus major, is a high-value aquaculture fish species, and the coastal aquaculture industry of red sea bream has been increasingly affected by red tides. To investigate the potential oxidative effects of K. mikimotoi on P. major and the molecular mechanisms involved, we exposed the fish to varying concentrations of K. mikimotoi and evaluated its toxicity. Our results showed that exposure to K. mikimotoi led to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage in the gill tissue of P. major. Furthermore, we found that K. mikimotoi induced the activation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, in the gill tissue of P. major, with a significant increase in activity at concentrations above 5000 cells/mL. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase did not significantly increase at the equivalent concentration. Our study confirms that oxidative stress and DNA damage is induced by acute exposure to K. mikimotoi, as it produces ROS and hypoxic conditions in P. major. In addition, it was confirmed that gill and blood samples can be used as biomarkers to detect the degree of oxidative stress in fish. These findings have important implications for the aquaculture of red sea bream, particularly in the face of red tide disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Shin
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea;
| | - Do Yeon Seo
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.S.); (H.-J.E.); (Y.-E.C.)
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Eom
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.S.); (H.-J.E.); (Y.-E.C.)
| | - Mira Park
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;
| | - Minji Lee
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Yeosu 59780, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Eun Choi
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.S.); (H.-J.E.); (Y.-E.C.)
- Eco Sustainable Solution Center Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon 40684, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Han
- Neo Environmental Business Co., Bucheon 14523, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.S.); (H.-J.E.); (Y.-E.C.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;
- Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.S.); (H.-J.E.); (Y.-E.C.)
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea;
- Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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15
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Aoki K, Sugimatsu K, Yoshimura N, Kuroki Y, Nakashima H, Hoshina K, Ura K. Dynamics of a fish-killing dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi red-tide captured by composite data sources. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115472. [PMID: 37657157 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Bloom dynamics of K. mikimotoi during summer 2015 in the Yatsushiro Sea, Japan, which caused fish mortality was studied using field survey data and satellite data. The bloom initially formed in the western area, subsequently appeared in the southern area, and finally expanded to the central area. The field-survey detected the horizontal displacement of the bloom which was also assessed by satellite data. Acoustic backscattering intensity of the current meter captured the modulation of the diurnal vertical migration of K. mikimotoi. After the modulation, K. mikimotoi distributed at a shallower depth in the nighttime than the period prior to the modulation. Factors affecting the modulation are suggested to be the continuous low nutrient conditions. Synchronization between the shallowed distribution during the nighttime and the wind driven surface northeastward current enabled a sudden horizontal transport toward the central area. Satellite and acoustic backscattering data are beneficial subsidiary tools for detecting blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Aoki
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Koichi Sugimatsu
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yoshimura
- Kumamoto Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 2450-2 Naka, Oyano-machi, Kami-amakusa, Kumamoto 869-3603, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroki
- Kumamoto Prefectural Fisheries Development Division, 6-18-1 Suizenji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakashima
- Kagoshima Prefectural Fisheries Technology and Development Center, 160-10 Aza Takadaue, Iwamoto, Ibusuki-shi, Kagoshima 891-0315, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hoshina
- Kagoshima Prefectural Government Fisheries Promotion Division, 10-1 Kamoike-shinmachi, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ura
- Azuma-cho Fishery Cooperative Association, 1769-1 Takanosu, Nagashima-cho, Izumi-gun, Kagoshima 899-1401, Japan
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16
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Wang L, Chen X, Pan F, Yao G, Chen J. Development of a rapid detection method for Karenia mikimotoi by using CRISPR-Cas12a. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205765. [PMID: 37608945 PMCID: PMC10440436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs), mainly formed by dinoflagellates, have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and public health. Therefore, detecting HABs is crucial for early warning and prevention of HABs as well as the mitigation of their adverse effects. Although various methods, such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, real-time PCR, and microarrays, have already been established for the detection of HABs, they are still cumbersome to be exploited in the field. Therefore, rapid nucleic detection methods such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-lateral flow dipstick (LFD) have been developed for monitoring bloom-forming algae. However, the CRISPR/Cas-based detection of HABs has yet to be applied to this field. In this study, we developed a method for detecting Karenia mikimotoi (K. mikimotoi), a typical ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate responsible for global blooms. Our method utilized Cas12a from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 (LbCas12a) to target and cleave the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of K. mikimotoi, guided by RNA. We leveraged the target-activated non-specific single-stranded deoxyribonuclease cleavage activity of LbCas12a to generate signals that can be detected using fluorescence-read machines or LFDs. By combining RPA and LbCas12a with reporters, we significantly enhanced the sensitivity, enabling the detection of ITS-harboring plasmids at concentrations as low as 9.8 aM and genomic DNA of K. mikimotoi at levels as low as 3.6 × 10-5 ng/μl. Moreover, we simplified the genomic DNA extraction method using cellulose filter paper (CFP) by directly eluting the DNA into RPA reactions, reducing the extraction time to < 30 s. The entire process, from genomic DNA extraction to result reporting, takes less than an hour, enabling the identification of nearly a single cell. In conclusion, our method provided an easy, specific, and sensitive approach for detecting K. mikimotoi, offering the potential for efficient monitoring and management of K. mikimotoi blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyao Chen
- Fishery Resources Monitoring Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feifei Pan
- Fishery Resources Monitoring Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangshan Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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17
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Liang Y, Yang J, Ni Z, Zheng J, Gu H. Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on the growth performance, antioxidative responses, and physiological activities of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:768-781. [PMID: 37480494 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi is responsible for the mortality of aquatic animals. However, the mechanism behind these toxic effects has not been fully determined. Herein, the toxic effects of K. mikimotoi on the growth performance, antioxidative responses, physiological activities, and energetic substance contents of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were assessed. Rotifers were exposed to Nannochloropsis salina (Eustigmatophyceae), K. mikimotoi, and a mixture of N. salina and K. mikimotoi with biomass ratio proportions of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, respectively. Results indicated that K. mikimotoi negatively affected the population growth, survival, and specific growth rates of rotifers within 24 h. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the content of malondialdehyde, and the activity of amylase increased. However, the total antioxidant capacity level, pepsase, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, and glycogen and protein contents decreased with increasing proportions of K. mikimotoi. The mixture of 50% N. salina and 50% K. mikimotoi promoted the increase in glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and triglyceride content. These findings underscore ROS-mediated antioxidative responses, physiological responses, and energetic substance content changes in B. plicatilis work together to affect population dynamics inhibition of rotifers by K. mikimotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, 210044, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, No. 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, 210044, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, 210044, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, No. 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, No. 219 Ningliu Road, 210044, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, No. 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
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18
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Yu L, Li T, Li H, Ma M, Li L, Lin S. In Situ Molecular Ecological Analyses Illuminate Distinct Factors Regulating Formation and Demise of a Harmful Dinoflagellate Bloom. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0515722. [PMID: 37074171 PMCID: PMC10269597 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05157-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and demise of a harmful algal bloom (HAB) are generally regulated by multiple processes; identifying specific critical drivers for a specific bloom is important yet challenging. Here, we conducted a whole-assemblage molecular ecological study on a dinoflagellate bloom to address the hypothesis that energy and nutrient acquisition, defense against grazing and microbial attacks, and sexual reproduction are critical to the rise and demise of the bloom. Microscopic and molecular analyses identified the bloom-causing species as Karenia longicanalis and showed that the ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. was dominant in a nonbloom plankton community, whereas the diatom Chaetoceros sp. dominated the after-bloom community, along with remarkable shifts in the community structure for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Metatranscriptomic analysis indicated that heightened energy and nutrient acquisition in K. longicanalis significantly contributed to bloom development. In contrast, active grazing by the ciliate Strombidinopsis sp. and attacks by algicidal bacteria (Rhodobacteracea, Cryomorphaceae, and Rhodobacteracea) and viruses prevented (at nonbloom stage) or collapsed the bloom (in after-bloom stage). Additionally, nutrition competition by the Chaetoceros diatoms plausibly contributed to bloom demise. The findings suggest the importance of energy and nutrients in promoting this K. longicanalis bloom and the failure of antimicrobial defense and competition of diatoms as the major bloom suppressor and terminator. This study provides novel insights into bloom-regulating mechanisms and the first transcriptomic data set of K. longicanalis, which will be a valuable resource and essential foundation for further elucidation of bloom regulators of this and related species of Kareniaceae in the future. IMPORTANCE HABs have increasingly occurred and impacted human health, aquatic ecosystems, and coastal economies. Despite great efforts, the factors that drive the development and termination of a bloom are poorly understood, largely due to inadequate in situ data about the physiology and metabolism of the causal species and the community. Using an integrative molecular ecological approach, we determined that heightened energy and nutrient acquisition promoted the bloom, while resource allocation in defense and failure to defend against grazing and microbial attacks likely prevented or terminated the bloom. Our findings reveal the differential roles of multiple abiotic and biotic environmental factors in driving the formation or demise of a toxic dinoflagellate bloom, suggesting the importance of a balanced biodiverse ecosystem in preventing a dinoflagellate bloom. The study also demonstrates the power of whole-assemblage metatranscriptomics coupled to DNA barcoding in illuminating plankton ecological processes and the underlying species and functional diversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Central Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Minglei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Wang C, Wang R, Hu L, Xi M, Wang M, Ma Y, Chen J, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Gao P. Metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with allelochemical effects of linoleic acid on Karenia mikimotoi. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130815. [PMID: 36669412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) shows great potential in inhibiting the growth of multiple red tide microalgae by disturbing algal physio-biochemical processes. However, our knowledge on the mechanisms of algal mortality at metabolic level remains limited. Herein, the response of K. mikimotoi to LA was evaluated using metabolomics, stable isotope techniques (SIT), and physiological indicators. Results showed that 100 μg/L LA promoted the growth of K. mikimotoi, which was significantly inhibited by 500 μg/L LA, along with a significant reduction of photosynthetic pigments and a significant increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). SIT showed that LA entered algal cells, and 56 isotopologues involved in ferroptosis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and porphyrin metabolism were identified. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 90 and 111 differential metabolites (DEMs) belonging to 11 metabolic pathways under the 500 μg/L and 100 μg/L LA exposure, respectively. Among them, 34 DEMs were detected by SIT. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that 500 μg/L LA significantly promoted ferroptosis, and significantly inhibited carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, presenting changes opposite to those observed in 100 μg/L LA-treated K. mikimotoi. Overall, this study revealed the metabolic response of K. mikimotoi to LA, enriching our understanding on the allelochemical mechanism of LA on K. mikimotoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
| | - Lijun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Muchen Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yujiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, PR China.
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20
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Zhao T, Tan L, Han X, Ma X, Lin K, Wang J. Energy metabolism response induced by microplastic for marine dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161267. [PMID: 36608820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic contaminations threaten the entire marine ecosystem and cause severe ecological stress. This study explored the energy metabolism change of Karenia mikimotoi under exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs) (65 nm, 100 nm, and 1 μm polystyrene (PS), and 100 nm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) at a concentration of 10 mg L-1. Membrane potential, esterase activity, polysaccharide content, and ATPase activity were detected to assess the energy metabolism of K. mikimotoi under MPs/NPs exposure. Transcriptome and metabolomic analyses were used to investigate the intrinsic mechanisms of energy metabolism changes. Smaller PS particles caused greater damage to the cell membrane potential, increased the polysaccharide content, and resulted in a heavier weakening of the ATPase enzymatic activity in K. mikimotoi cells, suggesting that smaller-sized PS had more influence on esterase activity and energy metabolism than the bigger-sized PS. The results evidenced that energy metabolism relates to the size and type of MPs/NPs, and nano-scale plastic particles could induce greater metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Liju Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaotian Han
- Changjiang River Estuary Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | | | - Kun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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21
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Hano T, Tomaru Y. Chronological age-related metabolome responses in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, can predict future bloom demise. Commun Biol 2023; 6:273. [PMID: 36922623 PMCID: PMC10017670 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a common harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellate and has caused severe financial loss in aquaculture. There are limited metabolomic studies on dinoflagellate biology. Here, we examined alterations in metabolic profiles over the growth curve of K. mikimotoi under nitrogen or phosphorus deficiency and further explored a key criterion for the diagnosis of late stationary phase to identify when the dinoflagellate cells will enter bloom demise. The results demonstrate the differential expression of metabolites for coping with chronological aging or nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, an increase in the glucose to glycine ratio in the late stationary phase was indicative of dinoflagellate cells entering bloom demise; this was also detected in the cultured diatom, Chaetoceros tenuissimus, indicating that this may be the general criterion for phytoplankton species. Our findings provide insights regarding chronological aging and the criterion for the prediction of phytoplankton bloom demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hano
- Environment Conservation Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tomaru
- Environment Conservation Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, 739-0452, Japan
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22
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Lenzen M, Tzeng M, Floerl O, Zaiko A. Application of multi-region input-output analysis to examine biosecurity risks associated with the global shipping network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158758. [PMID: 36113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of globally traded cargo is transported via maritime shipping. Whilst in port for loading and unloading, these ships can pick up local marine organisms with internal ballast water or as external biofouling assemblages and subsequently move these to destination far beyond their natural ranges. Over the past decades, this mechanism has led to the establishment of hundreds of non-indigenous species (NIS) around global coastlines. Marine NIS cause significant environmental, economic, cultural and human health impacts. Taking effective steps to preventing their dispersal and establishment is an enduring challenge for governments and conservation agencies around the world. Here we use international commodity trade data and a Nobel-Prize-winning economic analysis technique to develop a novel approach for assessing global marine NIS transfer risks. We show that by tracing the origins and destinations of seaborne trade connections, and the nature of the traded commodities, we can predict the strength of shipping vectors and associated marine biosecurity risks. We demonstrate the utility of our approach via a case-study, where we trace the spread of a hypothetical marine NIS from Japan and show the congruence of our model results with documented invasion histories from that region. Our study demonstrates that biosecurity risk can be assessed using established economic modelling frameworks on the basis of monetary transaction data alone, and without the need for detailed itineraries of the many thousand vessels making up the global commercial fleet. Novel, cost-effective tools are needed to mitigate biosecurity risks associated with maritime trade, and to meet conservation goals while enabling economic prosperity. The modelling framework presented here can be expanded to incorporate future risk factors, life-history traits of particular NIS of concern, and even adapted to simulate the dispersal of terrestrial pests or disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Lenzen
- ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mimi Tzeng
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Floerl
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Biosecurity Group, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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23
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Orlova TY, Aleksanin AI, Lepskaya EV, Efimova KV, Selina MS, Morozova TV, Stonik IV, Kachur VA, Karpenko AA, Vinnikov KA, Adrianov AV, Iwataki M. A massive bloom of Karenia species (Dinophyceae) off the Kamchatka coast, Russia, in the fall of 2020. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102337. [PMID: 36470601 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the fall of 2020, a long-lasting and massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) with extensive fields of yellow sea foam was observed in relatively cold waters (7-13 °C) off the coasts of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. According to the estimates based on bio-optical parameters in satellite imagery, the Kamchatka bloom 2020 lasted for two months and covered a vast area of more than 300 × 100 km. An abundance of dead fish and invertebrates, including sea urchins, sea anemones, chitons, cephalopods, bivalves were found on shore during the bloom. Animals suffered almost 100% mortality within a depth range between 5 and 20 m. To identify the causative microalgal species, light and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular phylogenetic approaches were used. The HAB area was estimated by the spectral analysis of satellite-derived imagery. The causative organisms were unarmored dinoflagellates of Karenia species. Their density and biomass reached 100-620 cells·mL-1 and 1300-7700 mg·m-3, respectively, which accounted for 31-99% of the total cell density and 82-99% of the total phytoplankton biomass in late September to mid-October. The dominant species was Karenia selliformis, and the other co-occurring kareniacean species were K. cf. cristata, K. mikimotoi, K. papilionacea, K. longicanalis, and two unidentified morphotypes of Karenia spp. The molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS region showed that K. selliformis from Kamchatka in 2020 belonged to the cold-water group I and was identical to K. selliformis strains from Hokkaido, Japan, identified in 2021. This is the first HAB event caused by K. selliformis recorded from Russian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Orlova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Anatoly I Aleksanin
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Lepskaya
- Kamchatka Branch of Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (KamchatNIRO), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683000, Russia
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Marina S Selina
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Morozova
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Inna V Stonik
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Vasily A Kachur
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia; The Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia
| | - Alexander A Karpenko
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | | | - Andrey V Adrianov
- Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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24
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Chen H, Wang J, Zhuang Y, Yu W, Liu G. Reduced Fitness and Elevated Oxidative Stress in the Marine Copepod Tigriopus japonicus Exposed to the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2299. [PMID: 36421485 PMCID: PMC9687495 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi cause devastation to marine life, including declines of fitness and population recruitment. However, little is known about the effects of them on benthic copepods. Here, we assessed the acute and chronic effects of K. mikimotoi on the marine benthic copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Results showed that adult females maintained high survival (>85%) throughout 14-d incubation, but time-dependent reduction of survival was detected in the highest K. mikimotoi concentration, and nauplii and copepodites were more vulnerable compared to adults. Ingestion of K. mikimotoi depressed the grazing of copepods but significantly induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity, activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and acetylcholinesterase. Under sublethal concentrations for two generations, K. mikimotoi reduced the fitness of copepods by prolonging development time and decreasing successful development rate, egg production, and the number of clutches. Our findings suggest that the bloom of K. mikimotoi may threaten copepod population recruitment, and its adverse effects are associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yunyun Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guangxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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25
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Wang Z, Yu Z, He L, Zhu J, Liu L, Song X. Establishment and preliminary study of electrophysiological techniques in a typical red tide species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156698. [PMID: 35710000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology studies the electrical properties of cells and tissues including bioelectrical signals and membrane ion channel activities. As an important means to reveal ion channel related physiological functions and the underlying mechanisms, electrophysiological techniques have been widely used in studies of animals, higher plants and algae that are closely related to higher plants. However, few electrophysiological studies have been carried out in red tide organisms, especially in dinoflagellates, which is mainly due to the complex surface structure of dinoflagellate amphiesma. In this study, the surface amphiesma of Alexandrium pacificum, a typical red tide species, was removed by centrifugation, low-temperature treatment and enzymatic treatment. In all three treatments, low-temperature treatment with 4 °C for 2 h had high ecdysis rate and high fixation rate, and the treated cells were easy to puncture, so low-temperature treatment was used as a preprocessing treatment for subsequent current recording. Acquired protoplasts of A. pacificum were identified by calcofluor fluorescence and immobilized by poly-lysine. A modified "puncture" single-electrode voltage-clamp recording was first applied to dinoflagellates, and voltage-gated currents, which had the characteristics of outward K+ current and inward Cl- current, were recorded and confirmed by ion replacement, indicating the voltage-gated currents were mixed. This method can be used as a technical basis for the electrophysiological study of dinoflagellates and provides a new perspective for the study of stress tolerance, red tide succession, and the regulation of physiological function of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Liyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lidong Liu
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brian Health and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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26
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El-Hadary MH, Elsaied HE, Khalil NM, Mikhail SK. Molecular taxonomical identification and phylogenetic relationships of some marine dominant algal species during red tide and harmful algal blooms along Egyptian coasts in the Alexandria region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:53403-53419. [PMID: 35287194 PMCID: PMC9343293 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten the aquatic ecosystems due to either poisonous effects on living organisms or oxygen-consuming. So HABs' accurate identification, including red tide, is crucial. This study aimed to molecular identification of dominant species during tide period in nine stations along Alexandria region at Egyptian costs during one year. Samples were collected weekly before water discoloration but daily during red tide intensive growth from both 50 cm below the surface and 3 m depth over the bottom from the water surface. The red tide detection was highly from early August to half of September, since its highest peak with a maximum frequency inside the Eastern Harbor. The examined cultures samples isolated during red tide had four dominant species. Peroxidase profile showed an expression pattern of three loci (Px1, Px2, and Px3) in most species. The Px2 was the only heterozygous locus among the three loci in all species. Protein profiling showed that 17 bands out of 65 were specific to the species. The phylogenetic relationships derived from profiles of protein and 18S rRNA gene operon sequences for the four isolated species were mostly similar. We identified the four dominant HABs species as Aplanochytrium sp., Chlamydomonas sp., Cryptophyceae sp., and Psammodictyon sp. based on their 18S rRNA sequences and deposited them at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. Aplanochytrium sp. is recorded as a red tide causative species for the first time in the screened region despite belonging to the defunct fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona H El-Hadary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al Beheria Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Hosam E Elsaied
- National Institutes of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Al kanater Elkhiria, Al Qalyubiyah, Egypt
| | - Nehma M Khalil
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samia K Mikhail
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
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27
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Katsumura T, Nishimaki T, Okita K, Ishii K, Takashi T, Yamatogi T, Ogawa M, Shikata T. A Frozen-Section Procedure for Detecting Red-Tide Algae on the Gills of Aquaculture Fish. CYTOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.87.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kogen Okita
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | - Keita Ishii
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | - Toshinori Takashi
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
| | | | - Motoyuki Ogawa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Shikata
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency
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28
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Kinetics of phosphate uptake in the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in response to phosphate stress and temperature. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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A Novel Algicidal Bacterium and Its Effects against the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi (Dinophyceae). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0042922. [PMID: 35616372 PMCID: PMC9241683 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00429-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi is a harmful algal bloom-forming species in coastal areas around the world. It produces ichthyotoxins and hemolytic toxins, with deleterious effects on marine ecosystems. In this study, the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. FDHY-MZ2, with high algicidal efficiency against K. mikimotoi, was isolated from a bloom event. Based on the results, it completely lysed K. mikimotoi cells within 24 h 0.5% (vol/vol), with the algicidal activity of the supernatant of the bacterium culture. Algal cell wall fragmentation occurred, leading to cell death. There was a marked decline in various photochemical traits. When treated with the supernatant, cellulase, pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) and cyclin B genes were significantly increased, suggesting induced cell wall deterioration, chloroplast degradation and cell cycle regulation of K. mikimotoi cells. In addition, the expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging gene was significantly inhibited, indicating that the ROS removal system was damaged. The bacterial culture was dried to obtain the spray-dried powder, which showed algicidal activity rates of 92.2 and 100% against a laboratory K. mikimotoi culture and a field microcosm of Karlodinium sp. bloom within 24 h with the addition of 0.04% mass fraction powder. Our results demonstrate that FDHY-MZ2 is a suitable strain for K. mikimotoi and Karlodinium sp. blooms management. In addition, this study provides a new strategy for the anthropogenic control of harmful algal bloom-forming species in situ. IMPORTANCE K. mikimotoi is a noxious algal bloom-forming species that cause damaging of the aquaculture industry and great financial losses. Bacterium with algicidal activity is an ideal agency to inhibit the growth of harmful algae. In this approach application, the bacterium with high algicidal activity is required and the final management material is ideal for easy-to-use. The algicidal characteristics are also needed to understand the effects of the bacterium for managing strategy exploration. In this study, we isolated a novel algicidal bacterium with extremely high lysis efficiency for K. mikimotoi. The algicidal characteristics of the bacterium as well as the chemical and molecular response of K. mikimotoi with the strain challenge were examined. Finally, the algicidal powder was explored for application. The results demonstrate that FDHY-MZ2 is suitable for K. mikimotoi and Karlodinium sp. blooms controlling, and this study provides a new strategy for algicidal bacterium application.
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30
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Knudsen SW, Hesselsøe M, Thaulow J, Agersnap S, Hansen BK, Jacobsen MW, Bekkevold D, Jensen SKS, Møller PR, Andersen JH. Monitoring of environmental DNA from nonindigenous species of algae, dinoflagellates and animals in the North East Atlantic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153093. [PMID: 35038516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the distribution of marine nonindigenous species is a challenging task. To support this monitoring, we developed and validated the specificity of 12 primer-probe assays for detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) from marine species, all nonindigenous to Europe. The species include sturgeons, a Pacific red algae, oyster thief, a freshwater hydroid from the Black Sea, Chinese mitten crab, Pacific oyster, warty comb jelly, sand gaper, round goby, pink salmon, rainbow trout and North American mud crab. We tested all assays in the laboratory, on DNA extracted from both the target and non-target species to ensure that they only amplified DNA from the intended species. Subsequently, all assays were used to analyse water samples collected at 16 different harbours across two different seasons during 2017. We also included six previously published assays targeting eDNA from goldfish, European carp, two species of dinoflagellates of the genera Karenia and Prorocentrum, two species of the heterokont flagellate genus Pseudochattonella. Conventional monitoring was carried out alongside eDNA sampling but with only one sampling event over the one year. Because eDNA was relatively fast and easy to collect compared to conventional sampling, we sampled eDNA twice during 2017, which showed seasonal changes in the distribution of nonindigenous species. Comparing eDNA levels with salinity gradients did not show any correlation. A significant correlation was observed between number of species detected with conventional monitoring methods and number of species found using eDNA at each location. This supports the use of eDNA for surveillance of the distribution of marine nonindigenous species, where the speed and relative easy sampling in the field combined with fast molecular analysis may provide advantages compared to conventional monitoring methods. Prior validation of assays increases taxonomic precision, and laboratorial setup facilitates analysis of multiple samples simultaneously. The specific eDNA assays presented here can be implemented directly in monitoring programmes across Europe and potentially worldwide to infer a more precise picture of the dynamics in the distribution of marine nonindigenous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Wilhelm Knudsen
- NIVA Denmark Water Research, Njalsgade 76, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Jens Thaulow
- NIVA Denmark Water Research, Njalsgade 76, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune Agersnap
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian Klitgaard Hansen
- Danish Technical University of Denmark, Section for Marine Living Resources, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Magnus Wulff Jacobsen
- Danish Technical University of Denmark, Section for Marine Living Resources, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- Danish Technical University of Denmark, Section for Marine Living Resources, Vejlsøvej 39, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Rask Møller
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jesper H Andersen
- NIVA Denmark Water Research, Njalsgade 76, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Fish and Shellfish Species: A Case Study of New Zealand in a Changing Environment. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050341. [PMID: 35622588 PMCID: PMC9147682 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have wide-ranging environmental impacts, including on aquatic species of social and commercial importance. In New Zealand (NZ), strategic growth of the aquaculture industry could be adversely affected by the occurrence of HABs. This review examines HAB species which are known to bloom both globally and in NZ and their effects on commercially important shellfish and fish species. Blooms of Karenia spp. have frequently been associated with mortalities of both fish and shellfish in NZ and the sub-lethal effects of other genera, notably Alexandrium spp., on shellfish (which includes paralysis, a lack of byssus production, and reduced growth) are also of concern. Climate change and anthropogenic impacts may alter HAB population structure and dynamics, as well as the physiological responses of fish and shellfish, potentially further compromising aquatic species. Those HAB species which have been detected in NZ and have the potential to bloom and harm marine life in the future are also discussed. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) and relevant bioassays are practical tools which enable early detection of novel, problem HAB species and rapid toxin/HAB screening, and new data from HAB monitoring of aquaculture production sites using eDNA are presented. As aquaculture grows to supply a sizable proportion of the world’s protein, the effects of HABs in reducing productivity is of increasing significance. Research into the multiple stressor effects of climate change and HABs on cultured species and using local, recent, HAB strains is needed to accurately assess effects and inform stock management strategies.
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Hu L, Wang R, Wang M, Wang C, Xu Y, Wang Y, Gao P, Liu C, Song Y, Ding N, Liu Y, Chen J. The inactivation effects and mechanisms of Karenia mikimotoi by non-metallic elements modified TiO 2 (SNP-TiO 2) under visible light. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153346. [PMID: 35077793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an advanced oxidation technology, photocatalytic treatment of red tide algae pollution was potential of great research prospects. However, the most commonly used photocatalyst TiO2 can only use ultraviolet light with short wavelength because of its wide band gap. In this study, the non-metallic elements S, N and P were added into the TiO2 (SNP-TiO2) lattice by hydrothermal synthesis, and the inactivation effects and mechanisms of Karenia mikimotoi were studied under visible light. The particle size of the obtained photocatalyst was about 10 nm. There were obvious characteristic peaks at the (101) (004) (200) (105) (211) (204) interface and included NO bond, PO bond and SO bond. The incorporation of S, N and P reduced the band gap of TiO2 from 3.2 eV to 3.08 eV, which showed the integrity of the doping process. S0.7N1.4P0.05-TiO2 was full of excellent photocatalytic activity, the continuous inhibition effect was the most obvious. When exposed to 200 mg/L for 96 h, the growth inhibition rate (IR) was 81.8%. Photocatalytic process led to membrane damage of algal cells and collapse of photosynthetic system, caused oxidative stress response and accelerated algal cell inactivation. The study indicated that non-metallic elements modified TiO2 (SNP-TiO2) was full of potential of in treating red tide outbreak pollution under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Renjun Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuling Xu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Peike Gao
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yuhao Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
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Ding W, Zhang C, Shang S. The early assessment of harmful algal bloom risk in the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113567. [PMID: 35339060 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The East China Sea (ECS) is seriously impacted by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Therefore, early assessments of HAB risk in this area are extremely important. Using long-term historical HAB observation data and satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), we found that the annual number of HAB events was positively correlated with the mean March SST and negatively correlated with the SST change rate from March to July in nearshore waters (< 50 m). A simple method of HAB risk assessment was therefore proposed based on either March SST (threshold: 13 °C) or SST change rate (threshold: 3.6 °C/month). Validation against a k-means classification scheme indicated that the overall accuracy based on the March SST threshold was 85%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.69. The SST-based method facilitates the assessment of HAB risk in the ECS 1-2 months in advance, thus helping to reduce the damage caused by HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shaoping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen 361102, China
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Iwataki M, Lum WM, Kuwata K, Takahashi K, Arima D, Kuribayashi T, Kosaka Y, Hasegawa N, Watanabe T, Shikata T, Isada T, Orlova TY, Sakamoto S. Morphological variation and phylogeny of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in an intensive cold-water algal bloom in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 114:102204. [PMID: 35550287 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms responsible for mass mortalities of marine organisms have been rare in Hokkaido, northern Japan, although fish-killing blooms have been frequently reported from western Japanese coasts. In September-November 2021, a huge and prolonged cold-water bloom occurred along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido, and was associated with intensive mortalities of sea urchin, fish, octopus, shellfish, etc. In this study, morphology and phylogeny of the dominant and co-occurring unarmored dinoflagellates of the Kareniaceae in the bloom were examined by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA (D1-D3) sequences. Morphological observation and molecular phylogeny showed that the dominant species was Karenia selliformis, with co-occurrences of other kareniacean dinoflagellates, Kr. longicanalis, Kr. mikimotoi, Karlodinium sp., Takayama cf. acrotrocha, Takayama tuberculata and Takayama sp. The typical cell forms of Kr. selliformis in the bloom were discoid, dorsoventrally flattened, and 35.3-43.6 (39.4 ± 2.1) µm in length, which was larger than the cell sizes in previous reports. Transparent cells of Kr. selliformis, lacking chloroplasts or having a few shrunken chloroplasts and oil droplets, were also found. Cells of Kr. selliformis showed morphological variation, but the species could be distinguished from other co-occurring Karenia species by the nucleus positioned in the hypocone and chloroplasts numerous (46-105) in number and small (2.9-4.6 µm) in diameter. Cell density of Kr. selliformis exceeding 100 cells mL-1 was recorded in the temperature range of 9.8-17.6 °C. The rDNA sequences determined from Kr. selliformis in the blooms of Hokkaido, Japan in 2021 were identical to those from the bloom in Kamchatka, Russia in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Iwataki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Wai Mun Lum
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koyo Kuwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Daichi Arima
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Yoichi, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Kuribayashi
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Yoichi, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kosaka
- Fisheries Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Hiranai, Aomori 039-3381, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hasegawa
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shikata
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Goto, Nagasaki 853-0508, Japan
| | - Tomonori Isada
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-1113, Japan
| | - Tatiana Yu Orlova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Setsuko Sakamoto
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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Zhang QC, Wang YF, Song MJ, Wang JX, Ji NJ, Liu C, Kong FZ, Yan T, Yu RC. First record of a Takayama bloom in Haizhou Bay in response to dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113572. [PMID: 35381462 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990s, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Kareniaceae, primarily caused by species of Karenia and Karlodinium and rarely by Takayama species, have been substantially increasing in frequency and duration in the coastal waters of China. In this study, we recorded a bloom of high abundance of T. acrotrocha in the Haizhou Bay, the Yellow Sea in September 2020, which is the first record of a Takayama bloom in the temperate coastal waters of China. We found that high concentrations of DON and DOP accelerated the proliferation of T. acrotrocha in the Haizhou Bay. Intensive mariculture, and terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus input may be responsible for the eutrophication in the Haizhou Bay featuring high concentrations of DON and DOP, and high DIN/DIP ratios. The results suggested that, under ocean warming, the HABs of Kareniaceae are becoming increasingly dominant in eutrophic temperate coasts with intensive mariculture activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min-Jie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan-Jing Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan-Zhou Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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36
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Han X, Zhao T, Yan T, Yu R. Rapid and sensitive detection of Karenia mikimotoi by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24696-24703. [PMID: 34837104 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms frequently occur in various coastal regions worldwide, deteriorating marine ecology and causing huge economic losses. Therefore, developing a potential method for rapid detection of harmful algae species is highly necessitated. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed for detecting the harmful algae Karenia mikimotoi. In this method, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of K. mikimotoi was used as the template, and the corresponding specific primers were designed by the online software PrimerExplorer V5. Biotin was labeled on the 5' end of forward inner primer (FIP), and the LAMP reaction was performed under the determined optimal conditions of 63℃ and 60 min. The lowest concentration of K. mikimotoi DNA tested using LAMP was 3.3 × 10-1 pg/μL. Additionally, a 6-FAM-labeled probe was designed and displayed on the LFD after hybridization of the amplified product with the probe. The results demonstrated that LAMP-LFD could be a promising approach for detecting and monitoring harmful algae due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Han
- Changjiang River Estuary Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | | | - Tian Yan
- Changjiang River Estuary Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Rencheng Yu
- Changjiang River Estuary Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Zhang P, Song X, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Shen H, Yu Z. Assessing the Effect of Modified Clay on the Toxicity of Karenia mikimotoi Using Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a Model Organism. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030105. [PMID: 35324730 PMCID: PMC8949556 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi could threaten the survival of marine life, and modified clay (MC) is considered a promising method for the control of harmful algal blooms. Here, using marine medaka as the model organism, the toxicity of K. mikimotoi before and after MC disposal was investigated. The results showed that only a certain density of intact K. mikimotoi cells could cause obvious damage to fish gills and lead to rapid death. A systematic analysis of morphology, physiology, and molecular biology parameters revealed that the fish gills exhibited structural damage, oxidative damage, osmotic regulation impairment, immune response activation, and signal transduction enhancement. MC can flocculate K. mikimotoi rapidly in water and reduce its toxicity by reducing the density of intact algae cells and hemolytic toxicity. The results indicate that MC is an effective and safe method for controlling K. mikimotoi blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huihui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China; (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
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Cho K, Ueno M, Liang Y, Kim D, Oda T. Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Forming Phytoplankton and Their Potential Impact on Surrounding Living Organisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020206. [PMID: 35204089 PMCID: PMC8868398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most marine phytoplankton with relatively high ROS generation rates are categorized as harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species, among which Chattonella genera is the highest ROS-producing phytoplankton. In this review, we examined marine microalgae with ROS-producing activities, with focus on Chattonella genera. Several studies suggest that Chattonella produces superoxide via the activities of an enzyme similar to NADPH oxidase located on glycocalyx, a cell surface structure, while hydrogen peroxide is generated inside the cell by different pathways. Additionally, hydroxyl radical has been detected in Chattonella cell suspension. By the physical stimulation, such as passing through between the gill lamellas of fish, the glycocalyx is easily discharged from the flagellate cells and attached on the gill surface, where ROS are continuously produced, which might cause gill tissue damage and fish death. Comparative studies using several strains of Chattonella showed that ROS production rate and ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella is well correlated. Furthermore, significant levels of ROS have been reported in other raphidophytes and dinoflagellates, such as Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Karenia mikimotoi. Chattonella is the most extensively studied phytoplankton in terms of ROS production and its biological functions. Therefore, this review examined the potential ecophysiological roles of extracellular ROS production by marine microalgae in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Microbiology, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon 33662, Korea;
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Liang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science & Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (M.U.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (T.O.)
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Guo X, Han T, Tan L, Zhao T, Zhu X, Huang W, Lin K, Zhang N, Wang J. The allelopathy and underlying mechanism of Skeletonema costatum on Karenia mikimotoi integrating transcriptomics profiling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106042. [PMID: 34861574 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The roles of allelopathy for succession of marine phytoplankton communities remain controversial, especially for the development of blooms. Physiological parameters measurement (Fv/Fm value, MDA content, SOD activity, Na+/K+, Ca2+/ Mg2+-ATPase activity, cell size, chlorophyll content, apoptosis and cell cycle) and whole transcriptome profiling analysis were used to investigate allelopathy effect of Skeletonema costatum on Karenia mikimotoi. Filtrate and extracts from S. costatum culture inhibited the growth of K. mikimotoi. Allelopathic effects were dose-dependent for filtrate culture and extract culture. K. mikimotoi scavenged excessive ROS and adapted to the stress fastly and easily, so oxidative damage was not the main cause of the growth inhibition. Allelochemicals of S. costatum were found to influence the structure and function of cell membrane of K. mikimotoi by damaging membrane structure till to cell necrosis, which caused high mortality. Coupled with the sensitivity of algal cells to environmental stress and restricted cell cycle, allelopathy was suggested to be deeply detrimental to the development of competition algal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tongzhu Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Liju Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PCR, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Wenqiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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40
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Yan T, Li XD, Tan ZJ, Yu RC, Zou JZ. Toxic effects, mechanisms, and ecological impacts of harmful algal blooms in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102148. [PMID: 35016761 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have occurred frequently in the coastal waters of China, resulting in financial losses of over 5.9 billion yuan (about 0.87 billion US dollars) due to massive fish and shellfish mortalities and negative impacts on tourism. To better understand HABs in China, herein we summarized bloom events with massive fish/shellfish mortalities and/or economic losses. Our results suggest that the diversity of HAB species has increased over the last 30 years, with the main causative species shifting from the raphidophyte Chattonella marina and dinoflagellates Gymnodinium spp. to various other species, including the dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi and Prorocentrum donghaiense, the haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa, and the pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. In addition, new types of HABs, such as macroalgal blooms, emerged with severe ecological impacts. We also reviewed the toxic effects, mechanisms, and ecological impacts of common HAB causative species in China. Analysis of the toxic effects of three types of harmful algae (toxin-producing, fish killing, and ecosystem disruptive algae) on marine organisms commonly found in China at different trophic levels revealed that HABs often had toxic effects on multiple organisms in addition to fish or shellfish, with species-specific impacts. Common mechanisms of intoxication include shifting environmental parameters, shellfish poisoning, reactive oxygen species, and haemolytic/cytotoxic toxins. The main mechanism appears to vary with the type of HAB species, and for some notorious algae such as K. mikimotoi and C. marina, further investigations are needed to identify their intoxication mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Zhong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.
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Zhang J, Yang Q, Liu Q, Liu S, Zhu Y, Yao J, Wang H, Guan W. The responses of harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi to simulated ocean acidification at the transcriptional level. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102167. [PMID: 35016771 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The HAB-forming, toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi, previously found to benefit from ocean acidification (OA), was cultivated to investigate its transcriptional response to simulated OA for 30 generations. Batch cultures were grown under two CO2 concentrations, 450 (control) and 1100 (simulated OA) μatm, and physiological parameters [growth, pigments, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity], as well as transcriptomes (obtained via RNA-seq), were compared. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid (Caro) contents, as well as CAT and GR activities, were significantly increased under OA conditions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 2,490 differentially expressed unigenes in response to OA, which comprised 1.54% of all unigenes. A total of 1,121 unigenes were upregulated, and 1,369 unigenes were downregulated in OA compared to control conditions. The downregulated expression of bicarbonate transporter and carbonic anhydrase genes was a landmark of OA acclimation. Key genes involved in energy metabolism, e.g., photosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and nitrogen metabolism, were highly upregulated under OA, contributing to increases in the Chl a (55.05%) and Caro (28.37%). The enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e. CAT, GR) and upregulated genes (i.e. glutathione peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, heat shock protein, 20S proteasome, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and apolipoprotein) benefit cells against the potential lower pH stress condition under OA. In addition, the downregulation of four genes associated with motility suggested that the preserved energy could further boost growth. In conclusion, the present study suggests that K. mikimotoi exhibits efficient gene expression regulation for the utilization of energy and resistance to OA-induced stress. Taken together, K. mikimotoi appeared as a tolerant species in response to OA. Thus, more extensive algal blooms that threaten marine organisms are likely in the future. These findings expand current knowledge on the gene expression of HAB-forming species in response to future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhu Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qianlou Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shuqi Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiang Yao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan 464000, China
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Liu Y, Deng Y, Shang L, Yi L, Hu Z, Tang YZ. Geographic distribution and historical presence of the resting cysts of Karenia mikimotoi in the seas of China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102121. [PMID: 34815021 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi frequently forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) and thus causes massive kills of fish and shellfish in worldwide coastal waters, which has led to intensive investigations on multiple facets of the species. Following our recent discovery of K. mikimotoi forming resting cyst, a very possible mechanism for the inoculation of blooms and geographic expansion for this and many other HABs-causing species, here we report our detection of K. mikimotoi resting cysts in 125 surface sediment samples collected from the coastal waters (covering a latitude range from 18.29°N to 39.85°N) and 3 sediment cores (accumulated in 70‒100 years) collected from the East China Sea where are adjacent to the frequent blooming areas of K. mikimotoi. Via applications of quantitative real-time PCR (LSU rDNA-targeted), species-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and nested-PCR-and-sequencing to both types of the sediment samples that were pretreated with sodium polytungstate solution (SPT), we demonstrated that 1) K. mikimotoi cysts are widely present in surface sediments of the China seas (Bohai Sea (BS), Yellow Sea (YS), East China Sea (ECS), and South China Sea (SCS)), 2) the abundance of cysts is generally low (0 to 33 cysts in 32 g wet sediment), with that in the ECS and the SCS being higher than that in the YS and the BS, and the highest abundance was observed in sites of the ECS (e.g., Ningde, Fujian province) where the blooms of the species occurred frequently, as quantified by both methods, and 3) the cysts of K. mikimotoi have been present in the sediments of the ECS since 1970s, a short time prior to the first recorded bloom of K. mikimotoi in the SCS at 1980s. Our results not only demonstrated the wide geographic distribution of resting cyst of K. mikimotoi along the coast of China, but also proved a 50 years preservation of the cysts in the sediments of coastal area prone to forming frequent blooms. We consider our results have provided critical insights into the mechanisms of frequent bloom outbreaks and global distribution of K. mikimotoi in general, and particularly into the historical origin of K. mikimotoi in China. Further investigations are suggested to focus on on-site surveys for the cyst production and germination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixia Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Liang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Liu Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou B, Zhou Z. Nutrient Alteration Drives the Impacts of Seawater Acidification on the Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:739159. [PMID: 34751224 PMCID: PMC8572056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seawater acidification and nutrient alteration are two dominant environmental factors in coastal environments that influence the dynamics and succession of marine microalgae. However, the impacts of their combination have seldom been recorded. A simulated experimental system was set up to mimic the effects of elevated acidification on a bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Karenia mikimotoi, exposed to different nutrient conditions, and the possible mechanism was discussed. The results showed that acidification at different pH levels of 7.6 or 7.4 significantly influenced microalgal growth (p<0.05) compared with the control at pH 8.0. Mitochondria, the key sites of aerobic respiration and energy production, were impaired in a pH-dependent manner, and a simultaneous alteration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production occurred. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and citrate synthase (CS), two mitochondrial metabolism-related enzymes, were actively induced with acidification exposure, suggesting the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in coping with acidification. Moreover, different nutrient statuses indicated by various N:P ratios of 7:1 (N limitation) and 52:1 (P limitation) dramatically altered the impacts of acidification compared with those exposed to an N:P ratio of 17:1 (control), microalgal growth at pH 7.4 was obviously accelerated with the elevation of the nutrient ratio compared to that at pH 8.1 (p<0.05), and nutrient limitations seemed beneficial for growth in acidifying conditions. The production of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and acid phosphatase (AcP), an effective index indicating the microalgal growth status, significantly increased at the same time (p<0.05), which further supported this speculation. However, nitrate reductase (NR) was slightly inhibited. Hemolytic toxin production showed an obvious increase as the N:P ratio increased when exposed to acidification. Taken together, mitochondrial metabolism was suspected to be involved in the process of coping with acidification, and nutrient alterations, especially P limitation, could effectively alleviate the negative impacts induced by acidification. The obtained results might be a possible explanation for the competitive fitness of K. mikimotoi during bloom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yijun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - You Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Huang K, Zhuang Y, Wang Z, Ou L, Cen J, Lu S, Qi Y. Bioavailability of Organic Phosphorus Compounds to the Harmful Dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1961. [PMID: 34576855 PMCID: PMC8469735 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is one of the most well-known harmful bloom species in temperate coastal waters. The present study investigated the characteristics of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activities in hydrolysis of two phosphomonoesters (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ribulose 5-phosphate (R5P)) and a phosphodiester (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)) in K. mikimotoi and compared its growth and physiological responses to the different forms of phosphorus substrates. K. mikimotoi produced comparable quantities of APase and PDEase to hydrolyze the organic phosphorus substrates, although hydrolysis of the phosphomonoesters was much faster than that of the phosphodiester. The growth of K. mikimotoi on organic phosphorus substrates was comparable to or better than that on inorganic phosphate. The difference in particulate organic nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) and hemolytic activity supported different rates of hydrolysis-assimilation of the various organic phosphorus substrates by K. mikimotoi. The hemolytic activities of K. mikimotoi in the presence of organic phosphorus substrates were several times those in the presence of inorganic phosphate during the exponential phase. This suggested the potential important role of organic phosphorus in K. mikimotoi blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linjian Ou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (K.H.); (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (S.L.); (Y.Q.)
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Wang W, Liao P, Li G, Chen H, Cen J, Lu S, Wong PK, An T. Photocatalytic inactivation and destruction of harmful microalgae Karenia mikimotoi under visible-light irradiation: Insights into physiological response and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111295. [PMID: 33971128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by Karenia mikimotoi have frequently happened in coastal waters worldwide, causing serious damages to marine ecosystems and economic losses. Photocatalysis has potential to in-situ inhibit algal growth using sustainable sunlight. However, the inactivation and detoxification mechanisms of microalgae in marine environment have not been systematically investigated. In this work, for the first time, visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of K. mikimotoi was attempted using g-C3N4/TiO2 immobilized films as a model photocatalyst. The inactivation efficiency could reach 64% within 60 min, evaluated by real-time in vivo chlorophyll-a fluorometric method. The immobilized photocatalyst films also exhibited excellent photo-stability and recyclability. Mechanisms study indicated photo-generated h+ and 1O2 were the dominant reactive species. Algal cell rupture process was monitored by fluorescent microscope combined with SEM observation, which confirmed the damage of cell membrane followed by the leakage of the intracellular components including the entire cell nucleus. The physiological responses regarding up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity (i.e. CAT and SOD), intracellular ROSs level and lipid peroxidation were all observed. Moreover, the intracellular release profile and acute toxicity assessment indicated the toxic K. mikimotoi was successfully detoxified, and the released organic matter had no cytotoxicity. This work not only provides a potential new strategy for in-situ treatment of K. mikimotoi using sunlight at sea environments, but also creates avenue for understanding the inactivation and destruction mechanisms of marine microalgae treated by photocatalysis and the toxicity impacts on the marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingyi Cen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zheng JW, Mao XT, Ye MH, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Allelopathy and underlying mechanism of Karenia mikimotoi on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana under laboratory condition. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Krepsky N, Lino VADA, Silva Dos Santos F, Naveira CAC. Faecal bacteria density in tropical seawater: The Itanemas' cove case study, Angra dos Reis, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112027. [PMID: 33513544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Angra dos Reis can receive up to 1.3 million tourists in the summer season. The lack of an adequate sanitary system makes sewage contamination a growing concern in Ribeira Bay, Angra dos Reis, Brazil. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variation of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and abiotic variables in Itanema cove situated within Ribeira Bay. Despite the seasonal population increase (>80 individuals) and the absence of an integrated sanitary system, our results indicate that Itanema is still a stable estuarine environment. From 2017 to 2019, the mean salinity was 27.91, pH was 7.82, and water temperature was 25.01 °C. However, the FIB number was 105, suggesting the absence of sewage treatment in Itanema's outfall. Following current conservation status, baseline studies are mandatory for background references of endangered coastal areas such as Itanema cove. These studies are crucial for future governance decisions and sustainable tourism implementation in Angra dos Reis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Krepsky
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program of Biological Science (Neotropical Biodiversity), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Viviane A de A Lino
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Silva Dos Santos
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program of Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), R. Mario Santos Braga, s/n. Centro, Niterói, RJ CEP 24.020-141, Brazil.
| | - Clarissa A C Naveira
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program of Biological Science (Neotropical Biodiversity), Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, CEP 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Niu X, Xu S, Yang Q, Xu X, Zheng M, Li X, Guan W. Toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval behavior. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101996. [PMID: 33980436 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic dinoflagellate that forms harmful blooms in coastal waters, threatening aquaculture worldwide. However, we do not know whether K. mikimotoi has a neurotoxic effect on aquatic animal behavior. Thus, this study investigated potential K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Cells of K. mikimotoi were collected at the mid-exponential phase from a batch culture to prepare ruptured cell solutions (RCS). At 6 h post-fertilization (hpf), zebrafish embryos were exposed to different RCS concentrations (0, 102, 103, 104, and 2.5 × 104 cells mL-1). After 120 hpf, treated larvae were collected to analyze locomotor behavior; activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT); and expression of genes related to neurodevelopment. We found that RCS did not affect survival rate, but significantly decreased larval locomotion, as well as their AChE, SOD, and CAT activity. Additionally, the examination of the day-night behavioral experiment revealed RCS decreased locomotion only at night. Zebrafish larvae were also significantly hypoactive in response to light and sound stimulations. Of the neurodevelopment genes, three (th, neurog1, and neurod1) were downregulated, while two (bdnf and manf) were upregulated. Our study suggests that K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity occurs through causing oxidative damage, as well as disorders in the cholinergic system and nervous system development. The results provide new insight that K. mikimotoi in low abundance did not cause significant lethal effect but still exhibited significant neurotoxicity on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Niu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Shengnan Xu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
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Shi X, Xiao Y, Liu L, Xie Y, Ma R, Chen J. Transcriptome responses of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi driven by nitrogen deficiency. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101977. [PMID: 33980427 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The availability of ambient N nutrient is often correlated with the occurrences of harmful algal bloom formed by certain dinoflagellates, making it important to understand how these species might be responding to such conditions. Here, transcriptome sequencing of Karenia mikimotoi was conducted to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms by which this dinoflagellate copes with nitrogen (N) deficiency. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 8802 unigenes (3.56%) that were differentially expressed with ≥ 2-fold change. Under N-depleted conditions, genes involved in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as well as lipid accumulation were significantly upregulated. The elevated expression of enzymes used in protein degradation and turnover suggests possible metabolic reconfiguration towards accelerated N recycling. Moreover, a significant increase in urea transporter was observed, indicating increased assimilation of organic nitrogen resources as an alternative in N-depleted cultures of K. mikimotoi. The down-regulated glutamate synthase genes were also identified under N deficiency, suggesting suppression of primary amino acid synthesis to save N resource. Taken together, results of this study show enhanced multiple N resource acquisition and reuse of multiple N resources constitute a comprehensive strategy to cope with N deficiency in a dinoflagellate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Shi
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China.
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Bresnan E, Arévalo F, Belin C, Branco MAC, Cembella AD, Clarke D, Correa J, Davidson K, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Lozano RF, Fernández-Tejedor M, Guðfinnsson H, Carbonell DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Lemoine M, Lewis AM, Menéndez LM, Maskrey BH, McKinney A, Pazos Y, Revilla M, Siano R, Silva A, Swan S, Turner AD, Schweibold L, Provoost P, Enevoldsen H. Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101976. [PMID: 33875184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) was used to describe the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 - 2018. The majority of events recorded are caused by Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs). These events are recorded annually over a wide geographic area from southern Spain to northern Scotland and Iceland, and are responsible for annual closures of many shellfish harvesting areas. The dominant causative dinoflagellates, members of the morphospecies 'Dinophysis acuminata complex' and D. acuta, are common in the waters of the majority of countries affected. There are regional differences in the causative species associated with PST events; the coasts of Spain and Portugal with the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, north west France/south west England/south Ireland with A. minutum, and Scotland/Faroe Islands/Iceland with A. catenella. This can influence the duration and spatial scale of PST events as well as the toxicity of shellfish. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis is the most widespread Domoic Acid (DA) producer, with records coming from Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland and the UK. Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) have caused prolonged closures for the scallop fishing industry due to the slow depuration rate of DA. Amendments to EU shellfish hygiene regulations introduced between 2002 and 2005 facilitated end-product testing and sale of adductor muscle. This reduced the impact of ASTs on the scallop fishing industry and thus the number of recorded HAEDAT events. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are the most recent toxin group responsible for events to be characterised in the ICES area. Events associated with AZAs have a discrete distribution with the majority recorded along the west coast of Ireland. Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) has been an emerging issue in the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2004. The majority of aquaculture and wild fish mortality events are associated with blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Such fish killing events occur infrequently yet can cause significant mortalities. Interannual variability was observed in the annual number of HAEDAT areas with events associated with individual shellfish toxin groups. HABs represent a continued risk for the aquaculture industry along the Atlantic margin of Europe and should be accounted for when considering expansion of the industry or operational shifts to offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, U.K..
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Catherine Belin
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Maria A C Branco
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Luz Mamán Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de los Recursos Pesqueros, Huelva, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Marta Revilla
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), E-20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Raffaele Siano
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER), DYNECO F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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