1
|
Li X, Chen K, Wang C, Zhuo T, Li H, Wu Y, Lei X, Li M, Chen B, Chai B. Deciphering environmental factors influencing phytoplankton community structure in a polluted urban river. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:375-386. [PMID: 39095172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Tuojiang River Basin is a first-class tributary of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River-which is the longest river in China. As phytoplankton are sensitive indicators of trophic changes in water bodies, characterizing phytoplankton communities and their growth influencing factors in polluted urban rivers can provide new ideas for pollution control. Here, we used direct microscopic count and environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding methods to investigate phytoplankton community structure in Tuojiang River Basin (Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China). The association between phytoplankton community structure and water environmental factors was evaluated by Mantel analysis. Additional environmental monitoring data were used to pinpoint major factors that influenced phytoplankton growth based on structural equation modeling. At the phylum level, the dominant phytoplankton taxa identified by the conventional microscopic method mainly belonged to Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanophyta, in contrast with Chlorophyta, Dinophyceae, and Bacillariophyta identified by eDNA metabarcoding. In α-diversity analysis, eDNA metabarcoding detected greater species diversity and achieved higher precision than the microscopic method. Phytoplankton growth was largely limited by phosphorus based on the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios > 16:1 in all water samples. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling also confirmed that the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio was the principal factor influencing phytoplankton growth. The results could be useful for implementing comprehensive management of the river basin environment. It is recommended to control the discharge of point- and surface-source pollutants and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in areas with excessive nutrients (e.g., Jianyang-Ziyang). Algae monitoring techniques and removal strategies should be improved in 201 Hospital, Hongrihe Bridge and Colmar Town areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Regulation and Comprehensive Management of Water Resources, School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Water Conservancy, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Tianjin Water Group Binhai Water Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Tianyu Zhuo
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xiaohui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Beibei Chai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Regulation and Comprehensive Management of Water Resources, School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Water Conservancy, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meng R, Du X, Ge K, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X, Yang J, Zhang H. Does climate change increase the risk of marine toxins? Insights from changing seawater conditions. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2743-2762. [PMID: 38795135 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Marine toxins produced by marine organisms threaten human health and impose a heavy public health burden on coastal countries. Lately, there has been an emergence of marine toxins in regions that were previously unaffected, and it is believed that climate change may be a significant factor. This paper systematically summarizes the impact of climate change on the risk of marine toxins in terms of changes in seawater conditions. From our findings, climate change can cause ocean warming, acidification, stratification, and sea-level rise. These climatic events can alter the surface temperature, salinity, pH, and nutrient conditions of seawater, which may promote the growth of various algae and bacteria, facilitating the production of marine toxins. On the other hand, climate change may expand the living ranges of marine organisms (such as algae, bacteria, and fish), thereby exacerbating the production and spread of marine toxins. In addition, the sources, distribution, and toxicity of ciguatoxin, tetrodotoxin, cyclic imines, and microcystin were described to improve public awareness of these emerging marine toxins. Looking ahead, developing interdisciplinary cooperation, strengthening monitoring of emerging marine toxins, and exploring more novel approaches are essential to better address the risks of marine toxins posed by climate change. Altogether, the interrelationships between climate, marine ecology, and marine toxins were analyzed in this study, providing a theoretical basis for preventing and managing future health risks from marine toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ayache N, Campbell L, Gobler CJ, Smith JL. Photoacclimation and photophysiology of four species of toxigenic Dinophysis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 136:102624. [PMID: 38876524 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of different light intensities on the ecophysiology of eight new Dinophysis isolates comprising four species (D. acuminata, D. ovum, D. fortii, and D. caudata) collected from different geographical regions in the US. After six months of acclimation, the growth rates, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), toxin content, and net toxin production rates of the Dinophysis strains were examined. The growth rates of D. acuminata and D. ovum isolates were comparable across light intensities, with the exception of one D. acuminata strain (DANY1) that was unable to grow at the lowest light intensity. However, D. fortii and D. caudata strains were photoinhibited and grew at a slower rate at the highest light intensity, indicating a lower degree of adaptability and tolerance to such conditions. Photosynthetic efficiency was similar for all Dinophysis isolates and negatively correlated with exposure to high light intensities. Multiple toxin metrics, including cellular toxin content and net production rates of DSTs and PTXs, were variable among species and even among isolates of the same species in response to light intensity. A pattern was detected, however, whereby the net production rates of PTXs were significantly lower across all Dinophysis isolates when exposed to the lowest light intensity. These findings provide a basis for understanding the effects of light intensity on the eco-physiological characteristics of Dinophysis species in the US and could be employed to develop integrated physical-biological models for species and strains of interest to predict their population dynamics and mitigate their negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rammel T, Nagarkar M, Palenik B. Temporal and spatial diversity and abundance of cryptophytes in San Diego coastal waters. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:668-684. [PMID: 38721968 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cryptophytes (class Cryptophyceae) are bi-flagellated eukaryotic protists with mixed nutritional modes and cosmopolitan distribution in aquatic environments. Despite their ubiquitous presence, their molecular diversity is understudied in coastal waters. Weekly 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier (La Jolla, California) in 2016 revealed 16 unique cryptophyte amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), with two dominant "clade 4" ASVs. The diversity of cryptophytes was lower than what is often seen in other phytoplankton taxa. One ASV represented a known Synechococcus grazer, while the other one appeared not to have cultured representatives and an unknown potential for mixotrophy. These two dominant ASVs were negatively correlated, suggesting possible niche differentiation. The cryptophyte population in nearby San Diego Bay was surveyed in 2019 and showed the increasing dominance of a different clade 4 ASV toward the back of the bay where conditions are warmer, saltier, and shallower relative to other areas in the bay. An ASV representing a potentially chromatically acclimating cryptophyte species also suggested that San Diego Bay exerts differing ecological selection pressures than nearby coastal waters. Cryptophyte and Synechococcus cell abundance at the SIO Pier from 2011 to 2017 showed that cryptophytes were consistently present and had a significant correlation with Synechococcus abundance, but no detectable seasonality. The demonstrated mixotrophy of some cryptophytes suggests that grazing on these and perhaps other bacteria is important for their ecological success. Using several assumptions, we calculated that cryptophytes could consume up to 44% (average 6%) of the Synechococcus population per day. This implies that cryptophytes could significantly influence Synechococcus abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristin Rammel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maitreyi Nagarkar
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian Palenik
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim M, Hong S, Lim YK, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, Yoon JN, Lee HS, Baek SH. Monthly distribution of lipophilic marine biotoxins and associated microalgae in the South Sea Coast of Korea throughout 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165472. [PMID: 37442466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture farms have been established along the South Sea Coast of Korea, supplying most of the seafood consumed domestically. However, annual harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to seafood safety. This study aimed to determine the spatial and seasonal distributions of 12 lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) in phytoplankton and mussels in the region in 2021. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor the cumulative compositions of LMTs in seawater. LMT concentrations were also determined in twelve commercially available species of domestic shellfish to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Gonyaulux spinifera and Dinophysis acuminata, causative microalgae of yessotoxins (YTXs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs), respectively, showed high densities in the region from May to July. This period corresponded to high LMT concentrations in phytoplankton and mussels. Phytoplankton mainly contained PTX-2 and homo-YTX, with a maximum concentration of 2300 ng g-1 wet weight (ww) in May. In contrast, mussels mainly contained homo-YTX and YTX, with a maximum concentration of 1300 ng g-1 ww in July. LMTs-producing microalgae showed low densities and concentrations after July, whereas mussels accumulated toxins until September. In the SPATT sampler, more diverse LMTs were detected than in seawater, phytoplankton, and mussels. For example, dinophysistoxin-1 and azaspiracid-2 were detected only in SPATT. YTXs were detected in domestic seafood samples, including mussels, red scallops, and pen shells, but the concentrations were below the European Food Safety Agency recommended standard of 3.75 mg YTX-eq. kg-1. Moreover, the hazard quotient was less than 100 in all scenarios, indicating that the human health risk was not significant. This study provides valuable data on monthly distribution patterns of LMTs in the South Sea Coast of Korea and can serve as baseline data for future management policies of marine biotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kyun Lim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Nam Yoon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding X, Liu J, Liu W, Dai S, Ke Z, Guo J, Lai Y, Tan Y. Phytoplankton Communities Miniaturization Driven by Extreme Weather in Subtropical Estuary under Climate Changes. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120588. [PMID: 37716296 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine ecosystems are subject to extreme weather and climatic events, particularly global climate change. To characterize the effects of extreme weather, such as heavy precipitation and cold waves, on phytoplankton communities, four seasonal cruises were conducted in the subtropical Pearl River Estuary. Among the main phytoplankton taxa, small (pico- and nano-sized) phytoplankton accounted for approximately 50% and 70% in the upstream estuary. In spring, summer, and autumn, small-sized phytoplankton communities were dominated by Chlorophyta (20-45%), Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae; 25-40%), and Dinoflagellata (20-25%), associated with high phytoplankton network stability and river discharge. In winter, small phytoplankton communities were dominated by Cryptophyta (50%), Dinoflagellata (25%), and Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae; 10%), which were associated with low network stability and temperature. Low light and high nutrient conditions induced by large river discharge favored the growth of the smallest known brackish Chlorophyta, such as Ostreococcus tauri. Low temperatures provided a competitive advantage for the survival of the small-sized cryptophyte genus Teleaulax, especially in the upstream estuary during the 2020/2021 extreme cold wave period. Our findings highlight the impact of extreme weather induced by climatic events on the miniaturization of phytoplankton communities in subtropical estuaries by altering temperature, light availability, and nutrient dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zhixin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pease SK, Egerton TA, Reece KS, Sanderson MP, Onofrio MD, Yeargan E, Wood A, Roach A, Huang ISW, Scott GP, Place AR, Hayes AM, Smith JL. Co-occurrence of marine and freshwater phycotoxins in oysters, and analysis of possible predictors for management. Toxicon X 2023; 19:100166. [PMID: 37448555 PMCID: PMC10336265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were screened for 12 phycotoxins over two years in nearshore waters to collect baseline phycotoxin data and to determine prevalence of phycotoxin co-occurrence in the commercially and ecologically-relevant species. Trace to low concentrations of azaspiracid-1 and -2 (AZA1, AZA2), domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA), and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were detected, orders of magnitude below seafood safety action levels. Microcystins (MCs), MC-RR and MC-YR, were also found in oysters (maximum: 7.12 μg MC-RR/kg shellfish meat wet weight), warranting consideration of developing action levels for freshwater phycotoxins in marine shellfish. Oysters contained phycotoxins that impair shellfish health: karlotoxin1-1 and 1-3 (KmTx1-1, KmTx1-3), goniodomin A (GDA), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2). Co-occurrence of phycotoxins in oysters was common (54%, n = 81). AZAs and DA co-occurred most frequently of the phycotoxins investigated that are a concern for human health (n = 13) and PTX2 and KmTxs co-occurred most frequently amongst the phycotoxins of concern for shellfish health (n = 9). Various harmful algal bloom (HAB) monitoring methods and tools were assessed for their effectiveness at indicating levels of phycotoxins in oysters. These included co-deployed solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices, toxin levels in particulate organic matter (POM, >1.5 μm) and whole water samples and cell concentrations from water samples as determined by microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The dominant phycotoxin varied between SPATTs and all other phycotoxin sample types, and out of the 11 phycotoxins detected in oysters, only four and seven were detected in POM and whole water respectively, indicating phycotoxin profile mismatch between ecosystem compartments. Nevertheless, there were correlations between DA in oysters and whole water (simple linear regression [LR]: R2 = 0.6, p < 0.0001, n = 40), and PTX2 in oysters and SPATTs (LR: R2 = 0.3, p = 0.001, n = 36), providing additional monitoring tools for these phycotoxins, but oyster samples remain the best overall indicators of seafood safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K.D. Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Todd A. Egerton
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Marta P. Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Michelle D. Onofrio
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Evan Yeargan
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Adam Wood
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - Amanda Roach
- Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Virginia Department of Health, Norfolk, VA, 23510, USA
| | - I-Shuo Wade Huang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Gail P. Scott
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Allen R. Place
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Amy M. Hayes
- Public Health Toxicology Program, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu H, Zhang H, Peng J, Zheng G, Lu S, Tan Z. Adaptive responses of geographically distinct strains of the benthic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum lima (Dinophyceae), to varying light intensity and photoperiod. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102479. [PMID: 37544679 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxic Prorocentrum lima complex can potentially cause serious harm to the benthos and entire food chain. Studies have revealed physiological differences in strains from different regions related to local environment, while differences in the adaptive responses of P. lima complex should be urgently assessed. Hence, this study explored the adaptive responses to varying light intensities and photoperiods of two P. lima complex strains SHG101 and 3XS34, isolated from the Bohai Sea and the South China Sea, respectively. We found the highest cell density of 7.49 × 104 cells mL-1 recorded in the 3XS strain in the stationary phase with high light intensity exposure. No significant difference was observed in growth rate among SHG groups, however, significant differences were found among 3XS groups ranging from 0.176 to 0.311 d-1. Three key pigments Chl a, Peri, and Fuco accounted for up to 60% of the total pigments. Production and concentrations of pigments and Fv/Fm values exhibit a significant negative correlation with high light intensity and growth. Conversely, total diarrhetic shellfish toxin content and the proportion of diol esters increased to varying degrees after high intensity light exposure, with 3XS strain under high light intensity and a photoperiod of light and darkness (12L:12D) consistently exhibiting the highest levels, finally reaching a maximum (21.6 pg cell-1) at day 28. A shortened photoperiod of high light intensity (8L:16D) resulted in impaired recovery compared with 12L:12D. Furthermore, 3XS showed more delayed and intense adaptive responses, indicating a stronger tolerance compared to SHG. Collectively, these results directly characterized variation in the adaptive responses of geographically distinct strains of P. lima complex, highlighting the previously ignored potential risk diversity of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 10362, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Díaz PA, Reguera B. North American Dinophysis, late-comers to the harmful algae world. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:653-657. [PMID: 37561020 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Casilla 557, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ayache N, Bill BD, Brosnahan ML, Campbell L, Deeds JR, Fiorendino JM, Gobler CJ, Handy SM, Harrington N, Kulis DM, McCarron P, Miles CO, Moore SK, Nagai S, Trainer VL, Wolny JL, Young CS, Smith JL. A survey of Dinophysis spp. and their potential to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in coastal waters of the United States. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:658-680. [PMID: 36964950 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of the genus Dinophysis produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxins, OA/DTXs analogs) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs). Only since 2008 have DSP events (illnesses and/or shellfish harvesting closures) become recognized as a threat to human health in the United States. This study characterized 20 strains representing five species of Dinophysis spp. isolated from three US coastal regions that have experienced DSP events: the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Northwest. Using a combination of morphometric and DNA-based evidence, seven Northeast/Mid-Atlantic isolates and four Pacific Northwest isolates were classified as D. acuminata, a total of four isolates from two coasts were classified as D. norvegica, two isolates from the Pacific Northwest coast were identified as D. fortii, and three isolates from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as D. ovum and D. caudata. Toxin profiles of D. acuminata and D. norvegica varied by their geographical origin within the United States. Cross-regional comparison of toxin profiles was not possible with the other three species; however, within each region, distinct species-conserved profiles for isolates of D. fortii, D. ovum, and D. caudata were observed. Historical and recent data from various State and Tribal monitoring programs were compiled and compared, including maximum recorded cell abundances of Dinophysis spp., maximum concentrations of OA/DTXs recorded in commercial shellfish species, and durations of harvesting closures, to provide perspective regarding potential for DSP impacts to regional public health and shellfish industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Michael L Brosnahan
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - James M Fiorendino
- Department of Oceanography and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Neil Harrington
- Department of Natural Resources, Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, Sequim, Washington, 98382, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wolny
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Craig S Young
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York, 11968, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaonkar CC, Campbell L. De novo transcriptome assembly and gene annotation for the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis. Sci Data 2023; 10:345. [PMID: 37268695 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species within the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis can produce okadiac acid and dinophysistoxins leading to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Since the first report of D. ovum from the Gulf of Mexico in 2008, reports of other Dinophysis species across US have increased. Members of the D. cf. acuminata complex (D. acuminata, D. acuta, D. ovum, D. sacculus) are difficult to differentiate due to their morphological similarities. Dinophysis feeds on and steals the chloroplasts from the ciliate, Mesodinium rubrum, which in turn has fed on and captured the chloroplasts of its prey, the cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia. The objective of this study was to generate de novo transcriptomes for new isolates of these mixotrophic organisms. The transcriptomes obtained will serve as a reference for future experiments to assess the effect of different abiotic and biotic conditions and will also provide a useful resource for screening potential marker genes to differentiate among the closely related species within the D. cf. acuminata-complex. The complete comprehensive detailed workflow and links to obtain the transcriptome data are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetan C Gaonkar
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, US
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, US.
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, US.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferreira GD, Grigoropoulou A, Saiz E, Calbet A. The effect of short-term temperature exposure on vital physiological processes of mixoplankton and protozooplankton. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105693. [PMID: 35803051 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sudden environmental changes like marine heatwaves will become more intense and frequent in the future. Understanding the physiological responses of mixoplankton and protozooplankton, key members of marine food webs, to temperature is crucial. Here, we studied two dinoflagellates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), two ciliates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), and two cryptophytes. We report the acute (24 h) responses on growth and grazing to a range of temperatures (5-34 °C). We also determined respiration and photosynthetic rates for the four grazers within 6 °C of warming. The thermal performance curves showed that, in general, ciliates have higher optimal temperatures than dinoflagellates and that protozooplankton is better adapted to warming than mixoplankton. Our results confirmed that warmer temperatures decrease the cellular volumes of all species. Q10 coefficients suggest that grazing is the rate that increases the most in response to temperature in protozooplankton. Yet, in mixoplankton, grazing decreased in warmer temperatures, whereas photosynthesis increased. Therefore, we suggest that the Metabolic Theory of Ecology should reassess mixoplankton's position for the correct parameterisation of future climate change models. Future studies should also address the multigenerational response to temperature changes, to confirm whether mixoplankton become more phototrophic than phagotrophic in a warming scenario after adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme D Ferreira
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Afroditi Grigoropoulou
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Saiz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Calbet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baldrich ÁM, Molinet C, Reguera B, Espinoza-González O, Pizarro G, Rodríguez-Villegas C, Opazo D, Mejías P, Díaz PA. Interannual variability in mesoscale distribution of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta in Northwestern Patagonian fjords. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102228. [PMID: 35623686 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta, which produce diarrheogenic toxins and pectenotoxins in southern Chile, display site-specific differences in interannual variability (2006 - 2018) in Reloncaví, Pitipalena and Puyuhuapi fjords (41 - 46 °S), Chilean Patagonia. Linear Models show decreasing trends in rainfall and river discharge. Latitudinal decreasing gradients in SST temperature and vertical salinity gradients were observed. A brackish water layer (FW salinity <11 psu), permanently present in Reloncaví, decreased in thickness with time in Pitipalena and was usually absent in Puyuhuapi, the only fjord where D. acuta reached bloom (>103 cells L‒1) densities every season. Dinophysis acuminata, associated with toxin profiles in shellfish that include only pectenotoxins, bloomed everywhere with a poleward increasing gradient. Absence of the FW layer provides a possible index of risk for D. acuta blooms. An apparent poleward shift of D. acuta populations, responsible for DSP outbreaks in Reloncaví in the 1970s, and the recent EU deregulation of pectenotoxins will have a positive impact on the mussel industry in Los Lagos Region. Changes to ongoing monitoring protocols to improve risk assessment capabilities are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Carlos Molinet
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Programa Integrativo, Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - David Opazo
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Patricio Mejías
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boivin-Rioux A, Starr M, Chassé J, Scarratt M, Perrie W, Long Z, Lavoie D. Harmful algae and climate change on the Canadian East Coast: Exploring occurrence predictions of Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica, and Pseudo-nitzschia seriata. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 112:102183. [PMID: 35144821 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a threat to human health, local economies, and coastal ecosystems. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were fitted using a 24-y database in order to predict future occurrences of three distinct species of HABs on the Canadian East Coast, the dinoflagellates Dinophysis acuminata and D. norvegica, and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia seriata. GAMMs produced for each species were combined with two downscaled climate simulations (MPI-ESM-LR and CanESM2) under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 over the 21st century. D. acuminata, D. norvegica, and P. seriata GAMMs were fitted using sea surface salinity and sea surface temperature, with wind speed averaged over seven days added to the P. seriata model. GAMMs succeeded at various degrees at reproducing past HAB events, with D. acuminata and D. norvegica being accurately modelled, and P. seriata producing less precise model results. Both climate simulations lead to similar conclusions in regards to the spatio-temporal shift in occurrences of the three studied species. D. acuminata and D. norvegica blooms (≥ 1000 cells L - 1) are predicted to increase in the future, whereas P. seriata bloom events (≥ 5000 cells L - 1) will tend to stabilise/decrease overall on the Canadian East Coast. Dinophysis blooms are most likely to increase in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms will move to the northeastern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and will increase in the Bay of Fundy/Gulf of Maine regions. On average, earlier blooms and larger seasonal windows of opportunity are predicted across all species investigated. We conclude that changes in D. acuminata, D. norvegica, and P. seriata bloom dynamics and their spatial distributions could threaten aquaculture industries and ecosystem health on Canada's East Coast in localities and during seasons which were not previously impacted by these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Boivin-Rioux
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la mer, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada.
| | - Michel Starr
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la mer, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada
| | - Joël Chassé
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6 Canada
| | - Michael Scarratt
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la mer, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada
| | - William Perrie
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 Canada
| | - Zhenxia Long
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2 Canada
| | - Diane Lavoie
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 Route de la mer, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Danthu C, Hervé F, Sibat M, Carpentier L, Hégaret H, Séchet V, Hess P. Effect of a short-term salinity stress on the growth, biovolume, toxins, osmolytes and metabolite profiles on three strains of the Dinophysis acuminata-complex (Dinophysis cf. sacculus). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102009. [PMID: 34456027 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is the main dinoflagellate genus responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers of filter feeding bivalves contaminated with lipophilic diarrheic toxins. Species of this genus have a worldwide distribution driven by environmental conditions (temperature, irradiance, salinity, nutrients etc.), and these factors are sensitive to climate change. The D. acuminata-complex may contain several species, including D. sacculus. The latter has been found in estuaries and semi-enclosed areas, water bodies subjected to quick salinity variations and its natural repartition suggests some tolerance to salinity changes. However, the response of strains of D. acuminata-complex (D. cf. sacculus) subjected to salinity stress and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied in the laboratory. Here, a 24 h hypoosmotic (25) and hyperosmotic (42) stress was performed in vitro in a metabolomic study carried out with three cultivated strains of D. cf. sacculus isolated from the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Growth rate, biovolume and osmolyte (proline, glycine betaine and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)) and toxin contents were measured. Osmolyte contents were higher at the highest salinity, but only a significant increase in glycine betaine was observed between the control (35) and the hyperosmotic treatment. Metabolomics revealed significant and strain-dependent differences in metabolite profiles for different salinities. These results, as well as the absence of effects on growth rate, biovolume, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTXs) cellular contents, suggest that the D. cf. sacculus strains studied are highly tolerant to salinity variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Damien Réveillon
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Charline Danthu
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Liliane Carpentier
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|