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Itagaki S, Moss N, Toyoda N, Mancini D, Egorova N, Serrao G, Lala A, Pinney SP, Boateng P, Adams DH, Anyanwu AC. Incidence, Outcomes, and Opportunity for Left Ventricular Assist Device Weaning for Myocardial Recovery. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2024:S2213-1779(23)00841-7. [PMID: 38276935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial recovery occurs in patients with advanced heart failure on left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support, but there is the premise that it is rare with uncertain results. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the incidence and consequence of LVAD explant after myocardial recovery. METHODS Using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, LVAD implants in the United States between 2005 and 2020 were tracked until death, transplantation, or explant for myocardial recovery. The cohort undergoing explant was followed up for heart failure relapse (defined as relisting followed by delisting due to death, being too ill, or transplantation; or second durable LVAD implant). RESULTS Of 15,728 LVAD implants, 126 patients underwent explant for recovery, which only occurred in 55 (38%) of 145 implanting centers. The crude cumulative incidence was 0.7% at 2 years, whereas the incidence reached 4.7% among designated centers in the selected young nonischemic cohort. Of 126 explanted patients, 76 (60%) were subsequently delisted for sustained recovery. Heart failure relapsing had a relatively higher hazard in the early phase, with a 30-day incidence of 6% (7 of 126) but tapered following with the freedom rate of 72.5% at 4 years. CONCLUSIONS In the United States, LVAD explant for myocardial recovery was underutilized, leading to a very low incidence at the national level despite a realistic rate being achieved in designated centers for selected patients. With follow-up extending up to 4 years after explant, more than one-half were successfully removed and stayed off the waitlist, and approximately 70% were free from heart failure relapse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Itagaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Noah Moss
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nana Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donna Mancini
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalia Egorova
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory Serrao
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anuradha Lala
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sean P Pinney
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Percy Boateng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - David H Adams
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anelechi C Anyanwu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Rodenas-Alesina E, Brahmbhatt DH, Mak S, Ross HJ, Luk A, Rao V, Billia F. Value of Invasive Hemodynamic Assessments in Patients Supported by Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2024; 12:16-27. [PMID: 37804313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used in patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). There is a significant risk of HF admissions and hemocompatibility-related adverse events that can be minimized by optimizing the LVAD support. Invasive hemodynamic assessment, which is currently underutilized, allows personalization of care for patients with LVAD, and may decrease the need for recurrent hospitalizations. It also aids in triaging patients with persistent low-flow alarms, evaluating reversal of pulmonary vasculature remodeling, and assessing right ventricular function. In addition, it can assist in determining the precipitant for residual HF symptoms and physical limitation during exercise and is the cornerstone of the assessment of myocardial recovery. This review provides a comprehensive approach to the use of invasive hemodynamic assessments in patients supported with LVADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Rodenas-Alesina
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darshan H Brahmbhatt
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Susanna Mak
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J Ross
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriana Luk
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivek Rao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Dandel M. Cardiological Challenges Related to Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support for Advanced Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6451. [PMID: 37892589 PMCID: PMC10607800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term mechanical circulatory support by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), with or without an additional temporary or long-term right ventricular (RV) support, is a life-saving therapy for advanced heart failure (HF) refractory to pharmacological treatment, as well as for both device and surgical optimization therapies. In patients with chronic non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), timely prediction of HF's transition into its end stage, necessitating life-saving heart transplantation or long-term VAD support (as a bridge-to-transplantation or destination therapy), remains particularly challenging, given the wide range of possible etiologies, pathophysiological features, and clinical presentations of NICM. Decision-making between the necessity of an LVAD or a biventricular assist device (BVAD) is crucial because both unnecessary use of a BVAD and irreversible right ventricular (RV) failure after LVAD implantation can seriously impair patient outcomes. The pre-operative or, at the latest, intraoperative prediction of RV function after LVAD implantation is reliably possible, but necessitates integrative evaluations of many different echocardiographic, hemodynamic, clinical, and laboratory parameters. VADs create favorable conditions for the reversal of structural and functional cardiac alterations not only in acute forms of HF, but also in chronic HF. Although full cardiac recovery is rather unusual in VAD recipients with pre-implant chronic HF, the search for myocardial reverse remodelling and functional improvement is worthwhile because, for sufficiently recovered patients, weaning from VADs has proved to be feasible and capable of providing survival benefits and better quality of life even if recovery remains incomplete. This review article aimed to provide an updated theoretical and practical background for those engaged in this highly demanding and still current topic due to the continuous technical progress in the optimization of long-term VADs, as well as due to the new challenges which have emerged in conjunction with the proof of a possible myocardial recovery during long-term ventricular support up to levels which allow successful device explantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dandel
- German Centre for Heart and Circulatory Research (DZHK), 10785 Berlin, Germany
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Kyriakopoulos CP, Kapelios CJ, Stauder EL, Taleb I, Hamouche R, Sideris K, Koliopoulou AG, Bonios MJ, Drakos SG. LVAD as a Bridge to Remission from Advanced Heart Failure: Current Data and Opportunities for Improvement. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3542. [PMID: 35743611 PMCID: PMC9225013 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are an established treatment modality for advanced heart failure (HF). It has been shown that through volume and pressure unloading they can lead to significant functional and structural cardiac improvement, allowing LVAD support withdrawal in a subset of patients. In the first part of this review, we discuss the historical background, current evidence on the incidence and assessment of LVAD-mediated cardiac recovery, and out-comes including quality of life after LVAD support withdrawal. In the second part, we discuss current and future opportunities to promote LVAD-mediated reverse remodeling and improve our pathophysiological understanding of HF and recovery for the benefit of the greater HF population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos P. Kyriakopoulos
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Chris J. Kapelios
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Elizabeth L. Stauder
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Iosif Taleb
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Rana Hamouche
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Konstantinos Sideris
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Antigone G. Koliopoulou
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Divisions of Cardiology & Cardiothoracic Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael J. Bonios
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Divisions of Cardiology & Cardiothoracic Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros G. Drakos
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health & School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (C.P.K.); (C.J.K.); (E.L.S.); (I.T.); (K.S.); (A.G.K.); (M.J.B.)
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
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5
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Dandel M, Javier MFDM, Javier Delmo EM, Loebe M, Hetzer R. Weaning from ventricular assist device support after recovery from left ventricular failure with or without secondary right ventricular failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2021; 11:226-242. [PMID: 33708495 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although complete myocardial recovery after ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation is rather seldom, systematic search for recovery is worthwhile because for recovered patients weaning from VADs is feasible and can provide survival benefits with long-term freedom from heart failure (HF) recurrence, even if a chronic cardiomyopathy was the primary cause for the drug-refractory HF necessitating left ventricular (LVAD) or biventricular support (as bridge-to-transplantation or definitive therapy) and even if recovery remains incomplete. LVAD patients explanted for myoacardial recovery compared to those transplanted from LVAD support showed similar survival rates and a significant proportion of explanted patients can achieve cardiac and physical functional capacities that are within the normal range of healthy controls. In apparently sufficiently recovered patients, a major challenge remains still the pre-explant prediction of the weaning success which is meanwhile reliably possible for experienced clinicians. In weaning candidates, the combined use of certain echocardiography and right heart catheterization parameters recorded before VAD explantation can predict post-weaning cardiac stability with good accuracy. However, in the absence of standardization or binding recommendations, the protocols for assessment of native cardiac improvement and also the weaning criteria differ widely among centers. Currently there are still only few larger studies on myocardial recovery assessment after VAD implantation. Therefore, the weaning practice relies mostly on small case series, local practice patterns, and case reports, and the existing knowledge, as well as the partially differing recommendations which are based mainly on expert opinions, need to be periodically systematised. Addressing these shortcomings, our review aims to summarize the evidence and expert opinion on the evaluation of cardiac recovery during mechanical ventricular support by paying special attention to the reliability of the methods and parameters used for assessment of myocardial recovery and the challenges met in both evaluation of recovery and weaning decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dandel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio Centrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Loebe
- Thoracic Transplant and Mechanical Support, Miami Transplant Institute, Memorial Jackson Health System, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Roland Hetzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Cardio Centrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Hrytsyna Y, Kneissler S, Kaufmann F, Müller M, Schoenrath F, Mulzer J, Sündermann SH, Falk V, Potapov E, Knierim J. Experience with a standardized protocol to predict successful explantation of left ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 164:1922-1930.e2. [PMID: 33581897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device may show recovery of myocardial function with unloading. Identifying candidates for and predicting clinical and hemodynamic stability after left ventricular assist device explantation remain challenging. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent evaluation for left ventricular assist device explantation following a standardized protocol from January 2016 to March 2020. Patients who met screening criteria underwent echocardiography under "baseline," "minimal net flow," and "pump stop" conditions. If the protocol criteria were met, right heart catheterization with left ventricular assist device stoppage and occlusion of the outflow graft with a balloon catheter were performed. In patients with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure less than 16 mm Hg, explantation was performed under "pump stop" conditions. RESULTS A total of 544 patients were screened. Of these, 57 (10.5%) underwent a total of 73 echocardiography under "baseline" "minimal net flow" and "pump stop" conditions and 46 underwent left ventricular assist device stoppage and occlusion of the outflow graft with balloon catheter maneuvers. Complications during the procedure were rare. Ultimately, 21 patients (3.9%) underwent explantation. The left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline was 55.5% ± 6.5%. The mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 8.1 ± 2.6 mm Hg and increased to 10.7 ± 2.9 mm Hg under left ventricular assist device stoppage and occlusion of the outflow graft with a balloon catheter. A nonischemic cause of cardiomyopathy was more likely to be found in patients who underwent explantation (20/21 patients [95%], P = .020). The survival 1 year after explantation was 95.2%, with 1 death occurring 222 days after left ventricular assist device explantation. At follow-up (median 24.9 months [interquartile range, 16.4-43.1 months]), patients were in New York Heart Association class 1 (61.9%), 2 (28.6%), and 3 (9.5%). CONCLUSIONS Our 4-year experience with a standardized protocol for left ventricular assist device explantation showed a low rate of adverse events. If all criteria are met, explantation can be performed safely and with an excellent survival and functional class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Hrytsyna
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Schoenrath
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Mulzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon H Sündermann
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich, Translational Cardiovascular Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evgenij Potapov
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Knierim
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Birks EJ, Drakos SG, Patel SR, Lowes BD, Selzman CH, Starling RC, Trivedi J, Slaughter MS, Alturi P, Goldstein D, Maybaum S, Um JY, Margulies KB, Stehlik J, Cunningham C, Farrar DJ, Rame JE. Prospective Multicenter Study of Myocardial Recovery Using Left Ventricular Assist Devices (RESTAGE-HF [Remission from Stage D Heart Failure]). Circulation 2020; 142:2016-2028. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) unloading and hemodynamic support in patients with advanced chronic heart failure can result in significant improvement in cardiac function allowing LVAD removal; however, the rate of this is generally considered to be low. This prospective multicenter nonrandomized study (RESTAGE-HF [Remission from Stage D Heart Failure]) investigated whether a protocol of optimized LVAD mechanical unloading, combined with standardized specific pharmacological therapy to induce reverse remodeling and regular testing of underlying myocardial function, could produce a higher incidence of LVAD explantation.
Methods:
Forty patients with chronic advanced heart failure from nonischemic cardiomyopathy receiving the Heartmate II LVAD were enrolled from 6 centers. LVAD speed was optimized with an aggressive pharmacological regimen, and regular echocardiograms were performed at reduced LVAD speed (6000 rpm, no net flow) to test underlying myocardial function. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with sufficient improvement of myocardial function to reach criteria for explantation within 18 months with sustained remission from heart failure (freedom from transplant/ventricular assist device/death) at 12 months.
Results:
Before LVAD, age was 35.1±10.8 years, 67.5% were men, heart failure mean duration was 20.8±20.6 months, 95% required inotropic and 20% temporary mechanical support, left ventricular ejection fraction was 14.5±5.3%, end-diastolic diameter was 7.33±0.89 cm, end-systolic diameter was 6.74±0.88 cm, pulmonary artery saturations were 46.7±9.2%, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 26.2±7.6 mm Hg. Four enrolled patients did not undergo the protocol because of medical complications unrelated to the study procedures. Overall, 40% of all enrolled (16/40) patients achieved the primary end point,
P
<0.0001, with 50% (18/36) of patients receiving the protocol being explanted within 18 months (pre-explant left ventricular ejection fraction, 57±8%; end-diastolic diameter, 4.81±0.58 cm; end-systolic diameter, 3.53±0.51 cm; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, 8.1±3.1 mm Hg; pulmonary artery saturations 63.6±6.8% at 6000 rpm). Overall, 19 patients were explanted (19/36, 52.3% of those receiving the protocol). The 15 ongoing explanted patients are now 2.26±0.97 years after explant. After explantation survival free from LVAD or transplantation was 90% at 1-year and 77% at 2 and 3 years.
Conclusions:
In this multicenter prospective study, this strategy of LVAD support combined with a standardized pharmacological and cardiac function monitoring protocol resulted in a high rate of LVAD explantation and was feasible and reproducible with explants occurring in all 6 participating sites.
Registration:
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01774656.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Birks
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.B.), University of Louisville, KY
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (E.J.B.)
| | - Stavros G. Drakos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.G.D., J.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Snehal R. Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.R.P.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York
| | - Brian D. Lowes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.D.L.), University of Nebraska, Omaha
| | - Craig H. Selzman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (C.H.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Jaimin Trivedi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (J.T., M.S.S.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Mark S. Slaughter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (J.T., M.S.S.), University of Louisville, KY
| | - Pavin Alturi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (P.A.)
| | - Daniel Goldstein
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (D.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York
| | - Simon Maybaum
- Department of Cardiology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY (S.M.)
| | - John Y. Um
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (J.Y.U.), University of Nebraska, Omaha
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., J.E.R.)
| | - Josef Stehlik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (S.G.D., J.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | | | - Jesus E. Rame
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (K.B.M., J.E.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA (J.E.R.)
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8
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Alvarez Villela M, Chinnadurai T, Salkey K, Furlani A, Yanamandala M, Vukelic S, Sims DB, Shin JJ, Saeed O, Jorde UP, Patel SR. Feasibility of high-intensity interval training in patients with left ventricular assist devices: a pilot study. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 8:498-507. [PMID: 33205573 PMCID: PMC7835573 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) suffer from persistent exercise limitation despite improvement of their heart failure syndrome. Exercise training (ET) programmes to improve aerobic capacity have shown modest efficacy. High‐intensity interval training (HIIT), as an alternative to moderate continuous training, has not been systematically tested in this population. We examine the feasibility of a short, personalized HIIT programme in patients with LVAD and describe its effects on aerobic capacity and left ventricular remodelling. Methods and results Patients on durable LVAD support were prospectively enrolled in a 15‐session, 5 week HIIT programme. Turndown echocardiogram, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, and cardiopulmonary exercise test were performed before and after HIIT. Training workloads for each subject were based on pretraining peak cardiopulmonary exercise test work rate (W). Percentage of prescribed training workload completed and adverse events were recorded for each subject. Fifteen subjects were enrolled [10 men, age = 51 (29–71) years, HeartMate II = 12, HeartMate 3 = 3, and time on LVAD = 18 (3–64) months]. Twelve completed post‐training testing. HIIT was well tolerated, and 90% (inter‐quartile range: 78, 99%) of the prescribed workload (W) was completed with no major adverse events. Improvements were seen in aV̇O2 at ventilatory threshold [7.1 (6.5, 9.1) to 8.5 (7.7, 9.3) mL/kg/min, P = 0.04], work rate at ventilatory threshold [44 (14, 54) to 55 (21, 66) W, P = 0.05], and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume [168 (144, 216) to 159 (124, 212) mL, n = 7, P = 0.02]. HIIT had no effect on maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) or Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary exercise test‐guided HIIT is feasible and can improve submaximal aerobic capacity in stable patients with chronic LVAD support. Further studies are needed on its effects on the myocardium and its potential role in cardiac rehabilitation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvarez Villela
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiru Chinnadurai
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalil Salkey
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Furlani
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mounica Yanamandala
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha Vukelic
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel B Sims
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jooyoung J Shin
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich P Jorde
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snehal R Patel
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
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Saito S, Toda K, Miyagawa S, Yoshikawa Y, Hata H, Yoshioka D, Sera F, Nakamoto K, Daimon T, Sakata Y, Sawa Y. Recovery From Exhaustion of the Frank-Starling Mechanism by Mechanical Unloading With a Continuous-Flow Ventricular Assist Device. Circ J 2020; 84:1124-1131. [PMID: 32461540 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe our original left ventricular assist device (LVAD) speed ramp and volume loading test designed to evaluate native heart function under continuous-flow LVAD support.Methods and Results:LVAD speed was decreased in 4 stages from the patient's optimal speed to the minimum setting for each device. Under minimal LVAD support, patients were subjected to saline loading (body weight [kg]×10 mL in 15 min). Echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were obtained at each stage of the LVAD speed ramp and every 3 min during saline loading. Patients were divided into Recovery (with successful LVAD removal; n=8) and Non-recovery (others; n=31) groups. During testing, increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure caused by volume loading was milder in the Recovery than Non-recovery group (repeated measures analysis of variance; group effect, P=0.0069; time effect, P<0.0001; interaction effect, P=0.0173). Increased cardiac output from volume loading was significantly higher in the Recovery than Non-recovery group (group effect, P=0.0124; time effect, P<0.0001; interaction effect, P=0.0091). Therefore, the Frank-Starling curve of the Recovery group was located upward and to the left of that of the Non-recovery group. CONCLUSIONS The LVAD speed ramp and volume loading test facilitates the precise evaluation of native heart function during continuous-flow LVAD support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukui Cardiovascular Center
| | - Koichi Toda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroki Hata
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Daisuke Yoshioka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kei Nakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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10
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Expanding the Scope of Multimodality Imaging in Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 13:1069-1081. [PMID: 31542528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients transition to advanced-stage heart failure refractory to medical therapy. Left ventricular assist systems (LVAS) provide a bridge to candidates awaiting heart transplantation and extended device durability allows permanent implantation referred to as destination therapy. Noninvasive imaging plays a pivotal role in the optimal management of patients implanted with durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. Several advances require an updated perspective of multi-modality imaging in contemporary LVAS management. First, there has been substantial evolution of devices such as the introduction of the fully magnetically levitated HeartMate 3 pump (Abbott, Abbott Park, Illinois). Second, imaging beyond the device, of the peripheral system, is increasingly recognized as clinically relevant. Third, U.S. Food and Drug Administration recalls have called attention to LVAS complications beyond pump thrombosis that are amenable to imaging-based diagnosis. Fourth, there is increased availability of multimodality imaging, such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography, at many centers across the world. In this review, the authors provide a practical and contemporary approach to multi-modality imaging of current-generation durable MCS devices. As the use of LVAS and other novel MCS devices increases globally, it is critical for clinicians caring for LVAS patients to understand the roles of various imaging modalities in patient evaluation and management.
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11
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Dandel M, Hetzer R. Recovery of failing hearts by mechanical unloading: Pathophysiologic insights and clinical relevance. Am Heart J 2018; 206:30-50. [PMID: 30300847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
By reduction of ventricular wall-tension and improving the blood supply to vital organs, ventricular assist devices (VADs) can eliminate the major pathophysiological stimuli for cardiac remodeling and even induce reverse remodeling occasionally accompanied by clinically relevant reversal of cardiac structural and functional alterations allowing VAD explantation, even if the underlying cause for the heart failure (HF) was dilated cardiomyopathy. Accordingly, a tempting potential indication for VADs in the future might be their elective implantation as a therapeutic strategy to promote cardiac recovery in earlier stages of HF, when the reversibility of morphological and functional alterations is higher. However, the low probability of clinically relevant cardiac improvement after VAD implantation and the lack of criteria which can predict recovery already before VAD implantation do not allow so far VAD implantations primarily designed as a bridge to cardiac recovery. The few investigations regarding myocardial reverse remodeling at cellular and sub-cellular level in recovered patients who underwent VAD explantation, the differences in HF etiology and pre-implant duration of HF in recovered patients and also the differences in medical therapy used by different institutions during VAD support make it currently impossible to understand sufficiently all the biological processes and mechanisms involved in cardiac improvement which allows even VAD explantation in some patients. This article aims to provide an overview of the existing knowledge about VAD-promoted cardiac improvement focusing on the importance of bench-to-bedside research which is mandatory for attaining the future goal to use long-term VADs also as therapy-devices for reversal of chronic HF.
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12
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Evaluation of Cardiac Recovery in Ventricular Assist Device Recipients: Particularities, Reliability, and Practical Challenges. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:523-534. [PMID: 30935643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In carefully selected patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs), good long-term results after device weaning and explantation can be achieved when reverse remodelling and improvement of native cardiac function occur. Monitoring of cardiac size, geometry, and function after initial VAD implantation is necessary to identify such patients. Formal guidelines for recovery assessment in patients with VADs do not exist, and protocols for recovery assessment and criteria for device weaning and explantation vary among centres. Barriers to evaluation of cardiac recovery include technical problems in obtaining echo images in patients with VADs, time restrictions for necessary VAD reductions/interruptions during assessment, and regurgitant flow patterns that occur with interruption of continuous flow VADs. The few larger studies addressing cardiac recovery after VAD implantation employed varied study designs, limiting interpretation. Current clinical practice is guided largely by local practice patterns, case reports, and small case series, and the available body of research-consisting mostly of expert opinions-has not been systematically addressed. This summary reviews evidence and expert opinion on VAD-promoted cardiac recovery assessment, its reliability, and associated challenges.
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13
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Knierim J, Heck R, Pieri M, Schoenrath F, Soltani S, Stawowy P, Dreysse S, Stein J, Müller M, Mulzer J, Dandel M, Falk V, Krabatsch T, Potapov E. Outcomes from a recovery protocol for patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018; 38:440-448. [PMID: 30503053 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this retrospective analysis we evaluated a standardized echocardiographic assessment and an invasive technique for patient selection for successful continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) explantation. METHODS Inclusion criteria for LVAD recovery assessment were: clinically stable condition; LVAD support for >6 months; physical activity; normal echocardiography findings; and no more than mild valvular disease and aortic valve opening. In a second step, echocardiography was performed under CF-LVAD reduction and stop conditions (PStopE). In the third step, patients who presented with stable parameters underwent right heart catheterization under CF-LVAD stoppage and occlusion of the outflow graft with a balloon catheter. Criteria for explantation were normal pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <16 mmHg. RESULTS Thirty-three of 424 patients entered the second step of evaluation and 20 entered the third step. Fourteen presented positive results and the pump was successfully explanted. The PCWP at baseline was 8.5 (2.8) mmHg in the explantation group and 10.6 (2.8) mmHg in the non-explantation group (p = 0.105). It increased to 10.9 (3.0) mmHg vs 20.8 (4.9) mmHg under outflow graft occlusion. The wedge pressure was significantly higher in the non-explantation group (p < 0.001). Median duration of follow-up after explantation was 9.74 (interquartile range 4.3 to 20.60) months, with survival of 93%. CONCLUSIONS The protocol presented is feasible and safe. The criteria applied provide good patient selection for sustained mid-term myocardial recovery after LVAD explantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Knierim
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roland Heck
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Pieri
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Felix Schoenrath
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sajjad Soltani
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Dreysse
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Stein
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DHZB Dienstleistungs GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Mulzer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Dandel
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Krabatsch
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evgenij Potapov
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Role of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Assist Devices: the Importance of Emerging Technologies. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 18:62. [PMID: 27216842 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-016-0739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) in patients with end-stage heart failure is well known, both as a temporary treatment before transplantation and as destination therapy, in a scenario of a relative shortage of donors to satisfy the increasing requests for transplantation. The increased population of LVAD patients needs careful imaging assessment before, during, and after LVAD implantation; echocardiography is the best tool for their evaluation and is considered the diagnostic technique of choice for the assessment before, during, and after device implantation. Although the conventional echocardiographic assessment is quite effective in evaluating the main critical issues, the role of new technologies like three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation measurements is still not properly clarified. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the main elements that should be considered in the assessment of these patients, underlining the role that could be played by new techniques to improve the diagnostic and prognostic effectiveness of echocardiography in this setting.
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15
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Birks EJ. The Promise of Recovery. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2016; 4:577-579. [PMID: 27289404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Birks
- Department of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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16
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Ventricular Recovery and Pump Explantation in Patients Supported by Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Systematic Review. ASAIO J 2016; 62:219-31. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Sunagawa G, Byram N, Karimov JH, Horvath DJ, Moazami N, Starling RC, Fukamachi K. The Contribution to Hemodynamics Even at Very Low Pump Speeds in the HVAD. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:2260-4. [PMID: 26912300 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported using bench testing that the Thoratec HeartMate II at 6,000 rpm contributed to hemodynamics when the heart had not recovered well, making weaning assessment questionable. In this bench study, we characterized hemodynamics and pump flow of the HeartWare HVAD at 1,800 rpm, the lowest speed commonly used to assess clinical recovery. METHODS The HVAD was operated in a mock loop at 1,800, 2,400, and 3,000 rpm. We acquired pressure-flow curves in each steady state. In pulsatile mode with the pneumatic ventricle (heart simulator) activated, pump flow, total flow, and aortic pressure (AoP) data were obtained under conditions simulating normal heart function or heart failure. RESULTS A large regurgitant flow during diastole was confirmed during normal heart function at 1,800 rpm support; however, the net flow was zero, and there was no difference in mean AoP between 1,800 rpm support and no HVAD support. In contrast, in the heart failure condition, HVAD flow at 1,800 rpm significantly contributed to mean AoP and total flow, because there was less regurgitant flow. CONCLUSIONS Similar to the results for the HeartMate II at 6,000 rpm, we found that the net pump flow generated by the HeartWare HVAD at 1,800 rpm depends on the degree of residual left ventricular (LV) function. In the setting of improved LV function, at 1,800 rpm we noted a large regurgitant flow. Although this "marker" can serve as a useful indicator for recovery, assessing recovery at this speed is flawed unless measures are taken to prevent regurgitant flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengo Sunagawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicole Byram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jamshid H Karimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David J Horvath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nader Moazami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Cardiac Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Randall C Starling
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Miller Family Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kiyotaka Fukamachi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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18
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Sunagawa G, Byram N, Karimov JH, Horvath DJ, Moazami N, Starling RC, Fukamachi K. In vitro hemodynamic characterization of HeartMate II at 6000 rpm: Implications for weaning and recovery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Stainback RF, Estep JD, Agler DA, Birks EJ, Bremer M, Hung J, Kirkpatrick JN, Rogers JG, Shah NR. Echocardiography in the Management of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:853-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Cohen DG, Thomas JD, Freed BH, Rich JD, Sauer AJ. Echocardiography and Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2015; 3:554-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of substantial myocardial improvement following the mechanical unloading afforded by left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy challenged the dogma of heart failure being irreversible. Since then, a significant experience with the use of LVAD therapy as a bridge to recovery has accumulated. The discovery of substantial structural and functional changes (reverse remodeling) in the myocardium has resulted in an intensive effort to define the biologic determinants of the reversibility of these changes. Herein the scientific foundations, clinical practice, and future of the use of LVADs as a bridge to recovery are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ibrahim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital, National Heart and Lung Institute, Hill End Road, London UB9 6JH, UK
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22
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Morley-Smith AC, Mills A, Jacobs S, Meyns B, Rega F, Simon AR, Pepper JR, Lyon AR, Thum T. Circulating microRNAs for predicting and monitoring response to mechanical circulatory support from a left ventricular assist device. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16:871-9. [PMID: 24961598 PMCID: PMC4145708 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There are few non-invasive techniques to predict and monitor patients' responses to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs with intricate roles in cardiovascular disease. They are stable in the circulation, readily quantified, and may be useful as new biomarkers. This study sought to identify candidate miR biomarkers for further investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 53 plasma and 20 myocardial samples from 19 patients who underwent HeartMate II LVAD implantation, and used a screening microarray to analyse the change in expression of 1113 miRs after 6 months LVAD support. Twelve miRs showed significant variation and underwent validation, yielding miR-1202 and miR-483-3p as candidate biomarkers. In the test cohort, circulating miR-483-3p showed early and sustained up-regulation with LVAD support, with median (interquartile range) fold changes from baseline of 2.17 (1.43-2.62; P = 0.011), 2.27 (1.12-2.42; P = 0.036), 1.87 (1.64-4.36; P = 0.028), and 2.82 (0.70-10.62; P = 0.249) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively, whilst baseline plasma miR-1202 identified good vs. poor LVAD responders [absolute expression 1.296 (1.293-1.306) vs. 1.311 (1.310-1.318) arbitrary units; P = 0.004]. Both miRs are enriched in ventricular myocardium, suggesting the heart as the possible source of the plasma fraction. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of circulating miR biomarkers in LVAD patients. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, report the potential for miR-483-3p and miR-1202, respectively, to monitor and predict response to LVAD therapy, and propose further work to study these hypotheses and elucidate roles for miR-483-3p and miR-1202 in clinical practice and in underlying biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Morley-Smith
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Adam Mills
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Steven Jacobs
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Meyns
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rega
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospitals LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - André R Simon
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - John R Pepper
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Alexander R Lyon
- National Institute for Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation TrustLondon, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Thomas Thum
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
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23
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Ascheim DD, Gelijns AC, Goldstein D, Moye LA, Smedira N, Lee S, Klodell CT, Szady A, Parides MK, Jeffries NO, Skerrett D, Taylor DA, Rame JE, Milano C, Rogers JG, Lynch J, Dewey T, Eichhorn E, Sun B, Feldman D, Simari R, O'Gara PT, Taddei-Peters WC, Miller MA, Naka Y, Bagiella E, Rose EA, Woo YJ. Mesenchymal precursor cells as adjunctive therapy in recipients of contemporary left ventricular assist devices. Circulation 2014; 129:2287-96. [PMID: 24682346 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells (MPCs) injected during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation may contribute to myocardial recovery. This trial explores the safety and efficacy of this strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS In this multicenter, double-blind, sham-procedure controlled trial, 30 patients were randomized (2:1) to intramyocardial injection of 25 million MPCs or medium during LVAD implantation. The primary safety end point was incidence of infectious myocarditis, myocardial rupture, neoplasm, hypersensitivity reaction, and immune sensitization (90 days after randomization). Key efficacy end points were functional status and ventricular function while temporarily weaned from LVAD support (90 days after randomization). Patients were followed up until transplant or 12 months after randomization, whichever came first. Mean age was 57.4 (±13.6) years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 18.1%, and 66.7% were destination therapy LVADs. No safety events were observed. Successful temporary LVAD weaning was achieved in 50% of MPC and 20% of control patients at 90 days (P=0.24); the posterior probability that MPCs increased the likelihood of successful weaning was 93%. At 90 days, 3 deaths (30%) occurred in control patients, and none occurred in MPC patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction after successful wean was 24.0% (MPC=10) and 22.5% (control=2; P=0.56). At 12 months, 30% of MPC patients and 40% of control patients were successfully temporarily weaned from LVAD support (P=0.69), and 6 deaths (30%) occurred in MPC patients. Donor-specific HLA sensitization developed in 2 MPC and 3 control patients and resolved by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary trial, administration of MPCs appeared to be safe, and there was a potential signal of efficacy. Future studies will evaluate the potential for higher or additional doses to enhance the ability to wean LVAD recipients off support. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01442129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah D Ascheim
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.).
| | - Annetine C Gelijns
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Daniel Goldstein
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Lemuel A Moye
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Nicholas Smedira
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Sangjin Lee
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Charles T Klodell
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Anita Szady
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Michael K Parides
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Neal O Jeffries
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Donna Skerrett
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Doris A Taylor
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - J Eduardo Rame
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Carmelo Milano
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Joseph G Rogers
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Janine Lynch
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Todd Dewey
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Eric Eichhorn
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Benjamin Sun
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - David Feldman
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Robert Simari
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Patrick T O'Gara
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Wendy C Taddei-Peters
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Marissa A Miller
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Emilia Bagiella
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Eric A Rose
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (D.D.A., A.C.G., M.K.P., J.L., E.B., E.A.R.); Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, Bronx, NY (D.G.); University of Texas, Houston (L.A.M.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH (N.S., S.L.); University of Florida, Gainesville (C.T.K., A.S.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (N.O.J., W.C.T.-P., M.A.M.); Mesoblast Inc, New York, NY (D.S.); Texas Heart Institute, Houston (D.A.T.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (J.E.R.); Duke University, Durham, NC (C.M., J.G.R.); Baylor Health Care System, Dallas, TX (T.D., E.E.); Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN (B.S., D.F.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.T.O.); Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (Y.N.); and Stanford University, Stanford, CA (Y.J.W.)
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24
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Lenneman AJ, Birks EJ. Treatment strategies for myocardial recovery in heart failure. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2014; 16:287. [PMID: 24492922 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-013-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Heart failure is a progressive disorder characterized by adverse left ventricular remodeling. Until recently, this has been thought to be an irreversible process. Mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), particularly if combined with neurohormonal blockade with heart failure medications, can lead to a reversal of the heart failure phenotype, a process called "reverse remodeling." Reverse remodeling refers to the regression of pathologic myocardial hypertrophy and improvement in LV chamber size that can occur in response to treatment. Myocardial recovery is the sustained normalization of structural, molecular, and hemodynamic changes sufficient to allow explant of the LVAD. Despite the fact that reverse remodeling is commonly seen in LVAD patients in clinical practice, myocardial recovery sufficient to allow device explantation is still rare. Previous experience suggests that young patients with short duration of heart failure and less myocardial fibrosis may be more likely to recover. Alternatively, it may just be that clinicians make a greater effort to recover these subgroups. A combined approach of mechanical unloading with LVADs and pharmacological management, together with regular testing of underlying myocardial function with the pump reduced to a speed at which it is not contributing, can increase the frequency of sustained recovery from heart failure. The goal is to achieve optimal unloading of the myocardium, combined with pharmacologic therapy aimed at promoting reverse remodeling. Myocardial recovery must be considered as a therapeutic target. Clinical variables such as pump speed and blood pressure must be optimized to promote maximal unloading, leading to reverse remodeling and myocardial recovery. Frequent echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation of underlying myocardial function must be performed. The combination of LVAD therapy with optimal neurohormonal blockade appears promising as an approach to myocardial recovery. In addition, there is a growing body of translational research which, when combined with LVADs, may further promote more durable recovery. Strategies to thicken the myocardium to enhance the durability of recovery prior to explantation, such as clenbuterol (which induces "physiological hypertrophy"), or intermittently reducing the pump speed to increase myocardial load may be beneficial. Emergence of cardiac stem cells and alternative biologic agents, when added to current therapies, may have a complementary role in promoting and maintaining myocardial recovery. This review will summarize both current strategies and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lenneman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, 201 Abraham Flexner Way, Suite 1001, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,
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25
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Gupta DK, Skali H, Rivero J, Campbell P, Griffin L, Smith C, Foster C, Claggett B, Glynn RJ, Couper G, Givertz MM, Mehra MR, Di Carli M, Solomon SD, Pfeffer MA. Assessment of myocardial viability and left ventricular function in patients supported by a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:372-81. [PMID: 24582837 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronically supported left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients may be candidates for novel therapies aimed at promoting reverse remodeling and myocardial recovery. However, the effect of hemodynamic unloading with a LVAD on myocardial viability and LV function in chronically supported LVAD patients has not been fully characterized. We aimed to develop a non-invasive imaging protocol to serially quantify native cardiac structure, function, and myocardial viability while at reduced LVAD support. METHODS Clinically stable (n = 18) ambulatory patients (83% men, median age, 61 years) supported by a HeartMate II (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA) LVAD (median durations of heart failure 4.6 years and LVAD support 7 months) were evaluated by echocardiography and technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging at baseline and after an interval of 2 to 3 months. Echocardiographic measures of LV size and function, including speckle tracking-derived circumferential strain, were compared between ambulatory and reduced LVAD support at baseline and between baseline and follow-up at reduced LVAD support. The extent of myocardial viability by SPECT was compared between baseline and follow-up at reduced LVAD support. RESULTS With reduction in LVAD speeds (6,600 rpm; interquartile range: 6,200, 7,400 rpm), LV size increased, LV systolic function remained stable, and filling pressures nominally worsened. After a median 2.1 months, cardiac structure, function, and the extent of viable myocardium, globally and regionally, was unchanged on repeat imaging while at reduced LVAD speed. CONCLUSIONS In clinically stable chronically supported LVAD patients, intrinsic cardiac structure, function, and myocardial viability did not significantly change over the pre-specified time frame. Echocardiographic circumferential strain and (99m)Tc-sestamibi SPECT myocardial viability imaging may provide useful non-invasive end points for the assessment of cardiac structure and function, particularly for phase II studies of novel therapies aimed at promoting reverse remodeling and myocardial recovery in LVAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Gupta
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hicham Skali
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jose Rivero
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Campbell
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leslie Griffin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colleen Smith
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney Foster
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Department of Biostatistics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory Couper
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael M Givertz
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mandeep R Mehra
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcelo Di Carli
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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26
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Abstract
Heart failure is associated with remodeling that consists of adverse cellular, structural, and functional changes in the myocardium. Until recently, this was thought to be unidirectional, progressive, and irreversible. However, irreversibility has been shown to be incorrect because complete or partial reversal can occur that can be marked after myocardial unloading with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Patients with chronic advanced heart failure can show near-normalization of nearly all structural abnormalities of the myocardium or reverse remodeling after LVAD support. However, reverse remodeling does not always equate with clinical recovery. The molecular changes occurring after LVAD support are reviewed, both those demonstrated with LVAD unloading alone in patients bridged to transplantation and those occurring in the myocardium of patients who have recovered enough myocardial function to have the device removed. Reverse remodeling may be attributable to a reversal of the pathological mechanisms that occur in remodeling or the generation of new pathways. A reduction in cell size occurs after LVAD unloading, which does not necessarily correlate with improved cardiac function. However, some of the changes in both the cardiac myocyte and the matrix after LVAD support are specific to myocardial recovery. In the myocyte, increases in the cytoskeletal proteins and improvements in the Ca²⁺ handling pathway seem to be specifically associated with myocardial recovery. Changes in the matrix are complex, but excessive scarring appears to limit the ability for recovery, and the degree of fibrosis in the myocardium at the time of implantation may predict the ability to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Birks
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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27
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George RS, Birks EJ, Cheetham A, Webb C, Smolenski RT, Khaghani A, Yacoub MH, Kelion A. The effect of long-term left ventricular assist device support on myocardial sympathetic activity in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15:1035-43. [PMID: 23610136 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hft059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients have abundant levels of norepinephrine secondary to failure of the norepinephrine transporter uptake mechanism. Little is known about the effects of an LV assist device (LVAD) on cardiac sympathetic innervations and norepinephrine transporter dysfunction. This study examines the effects of continuous-flow HeartMate II LVAD on cardiac sympathetic innervations using [(123)I]metaiodobenzylguanidine ([(123)I]MIBG) nuclear imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS After injecting 431 ± 21 MBq of [(123)I]MIBG, planar scintigraphy was performed at 15 min and 4 h in 14 consecutive non-diabetic non-ischaemic DCM patients. Scans were executed early post-LVAD implantation (T1) and prior to either device explantation for myocardial recovery or transplant listing (T2). [(123)I]MIBG measured parameters included early and delayed heart-mediastinum (H/M) ratios and washout rate (W/O). Catecholamine levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Following 208.4 ± 85.5 days of LVAD support, both early and delayed H/M ratios increased by 42.1% (P < 0.001) and 54.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. The W/O rate decreased by 46% (P = 0.003). Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine decreased significantly in correlation with [(123)I]MIBG parameters. Ten patients had recovered and had their device explanted as they had demonstrated a higher percentage change in delayed H/M ratio, W/O rate, and norepinephrine levels. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between percentage changes in both norepinephrine and epinephrine and myocardial recovery. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with LVAD and drug resulted in enhancement of [(123)I]MIBG uptake in DCM patients.
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28
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Drakos SG, Wever-Pinzon O, Selzman CH, Gilbert EM, Alharethi R, Reid BB, Saidi A, Diakos NA, Stoker S, Davis ES, Movsesian M, Li DY, Stehlik J, Kfoury AG. Magnitude and time course of changes induced by continuous-flow left ventricular assist device unloading in chronic heart failure: insights into cardiac recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1985-94. [PMID: 23500219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to prospectively investigate the longitudinal effects of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) unloading on myocardial structure and systolic and diastolic function. BACKGROUND The magnitude, timeline, and sustainability of changes induced by continuous-flow LVAD on the structure and function of the failing human heart are unknown. METHODS Eighty consecutive patients with clinical characteristics consistent with chronic heart failure requiring implantation of a continuous-flow LVAD were prospectively enrolled. Serial echocardiograms (at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months) and right heart catheterizations were performed after LVAD implant. Cardiac recovery was assessed on the basis of improvement in systolic and diastolic function indices on echocardiography that were sustained during LVAD turn-down studies. RESULTS After 6 months of LVAD unloading, 34% of patients had a relative LV ejection fraction increase above 50% and 19% of patients, both ischemic and nonischemic, achieved an LV ejection fraction ≥ 40%. LV systolic function improved as early as 30 days, the greatest degree of improvement was achieved by 6 months of mechanical unloading and persisted over the 1-year follow up. LV diastolic function parameters also improved as early as 30 days after LVAD unloading, and this improvement persisted over time. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased as early as 30 days after LVAD unloading (113 vs. 77 ml/m(2), p < 0.01, and 92 vs. 60 ml/m(2), p < 0.01, respectively). LV mass decreased as early as 30 days after LVAD unloading (114 vs. 95 g/m(2), p < 0.05) and continued to do so over the 1-year follow-up but did not reach values below the normal reference range, suggesting no atrophic remodeling after prolonged LVAD unloading. CONCLUSIONS Continuous-flow LVAD unloading induced in a subset of patients, both ischemic and nonischemic, early improvement in myocardial structure and systolic and diastolic function that was largely completed within 6 months, with no evidence of subsequent regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros G Drakos
- Utah Transplantation Affiliated Hospitals (UTAH) Cardiac Transplant Program, Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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29
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Advanced heart failure (HF) is a condition that is rarely thought of in terms of cure. Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), like no therapy before them, provide complete decongestion of the left ventricle, with resulting favorable changes at all levels, from reversal of hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes to recovery of normal geometry and function of the ventricles. Although not a frequent phenomenon at most institutions, LV recovery is achieved in 20-25 % of LVAD recipients in some programs. Patients with good chances for recovery are usually young, with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and short duration of HF symptoms. After LVAD removal, patients with recovered function remain asymptomatic for years. To reach this level of sustainable restoration of cardiac function, several steps need to be taken: 1) myocardial recovery has to be recognized as a therapeutic goal, especially in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy; 2) HF medications have to be restarted and aggressively uptitrated after LVAD implantation; 3) regular monitoring for signs of myocardial recovery (eg, echocardiography or hemodynamics) should become a standard practice in LVAD centers; and 4) weaning protocols should be discussed and accepted at each LVAD program. While some protocols involve extensive several-day testing both at rest and with exercise, others are mostly guided by echocardiographic evaluation.
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30
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Drakos SG, Kfoury AG, Stehlik J, Selzman CH, Reid BB, Terrovitis JV, Nanas JN, Li DY. Bridge to recovery: understanding the disconnect between clinical and biological outcomes. Circulation 2012; 126:230-41. [PMID: 22777666 PMCID: PMC3714227 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros G Drakos
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
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31
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Long-term outcomes of patients bridged to recovery versus patients bridged to transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Young Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Have Higher Likelihood of Left Ventricular Recovery During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support. J Card Fail 2012; 18:392-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Derived and Displayed Power Consumption, Flow, and Pulsatility Over a Range of HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device Settings. ASAIO J 2012; 58:183-90. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3182496d9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lund LH, Grinnemo KH, Svenarud P, van der Linden J, Eriksson MJ. Myocardial recovery in peri-partum cardiomyopathy after continuous flow left ventricular assist device. J Cardiothorac Surg 2011; 6:150. [PMID: 22082339 PMCID: PMC3256109 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-6-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) offer effective therapy for severe heart failure (HF) as bridge to transplantation or destination therapy. Rarely, the sustained unloading provided by the LVAD has led to cardiac reverse remodelling and recovery, permitting explantation of the device. We describe the clinical course of a patient with severe peri-partum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) rescued with a continuous flow LVAD, who experienced recovery and explantation. We discuss assessment of and criteria for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Lund
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdi H. Yacoub
- From Imperial College London, Harefield Heart Science Centre, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Cesare M. Terracciano
- From Imperial College London, Harefield Heart Science Centre, Middlesex, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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36
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Potapov EV, Krabatsch T, Ventura HO, Hetzer R. Advances in mechanical circulatory support: Year in review. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30:487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Birks EJ, George RS, Hedger M, Bahrami T, Wilton P, Bowles CT, Webb C, Bougard R, Amrani M, Yacoub MH, Dreyfus G, Khaghani A. Reversal of Severe Heart Failure With a Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device and Pharmacological Therapy. Circulation 2011; 123:381-90. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.933960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
We have previously shown that a specific combination of drug therapy and left ventricular assist device unloading results in significant myocardial recovery, sufficient to allow pump removal, in two thirds of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy receiving a Heartmate I pulsatile device. However, this protocol has not been used with nonpulsatile devices.
Methods and Results—
We report the results of a prospective study of 20 patients who received a combination of angiotensin-converting enzymes, β-blockers, angiotensin II inhibitors, and aldosterone antagonists followed by the β
2
-agonist clenbuterol and were regularly tested (echocardiograms, exercise tests, catheterizations) with the pump at low speed. Before left ventricular assist device insertion, patient age was 35.2±12.6 years (16 male patients), patients were on 2.0±0.9 inotropes, 7 (35) had an intra-aortic balloon pump, 2 were hemofiltered, 2 were ventilated, 3 had a prior Levitronix device, and 1 had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Cardiac index was 1.39±0.43 L · min
−1
· m
−2
, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 31.5±5.7 mm Hg, and heart failure history was 3.4±3.5 years. One patient was lost to follow-up and died after 240 days of support. Of the remaining 19 patients, 12 (63.2) were explanted after 286±97 days. Eight had symptomatic heart failure for ≤6 months and 4 for >6 months (48 to 132 months). Before explantation, at low flow for 15 minutes, ejection fraction was 70±7, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 48.6±5.7 mm, left ventricular end-systolic diameter was 32.3±5.7 mm, mV̇
o
2
was 21.6±4 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 5.9±4.6 mm Hg, and cardiac index was 3.6±0.6 L · min
−1
· m
−2
. Estimated survival without heart failure recurrence was 83.3 at 1 and 3 years. After a 430.7±337.1-day follow-up, surviving explants had an ejection fraction of 58.1±13.8, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of 59.0±9.3 mm, left ventricular end-systolic diameter of 42.0±10.7 mm, and mV̇
o
2
of 22.6±5.3 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
.
Conclusions—
Reversal of end-stage heart failure secondary to nonischemic cardiomyopathy can be achieved in a substantial proportion of patients with nonpulsatile flow through the use of a combination of mechanical and pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Birks
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Robert S. George
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Mike Hedger
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Toufan Bahrami
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Penny Wilton
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Christopher T. Bowles
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Carole Webb
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Robert Bougard
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Mohammed Amrani
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Gilles Dreyfus
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
| | - Asghar Khaghani
- From the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust (E.J.B., R.S.G., M.H., T.B., P.W., C.T.B., C.W., R.B., M.A., G.D., A.K.) and Heart Science Centre, Imperial College (E.J.B., R.S.G., C.T.B., M.H.Y.), Harefield, Middlesex, UK, and University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (E.J.B.)
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Ferreira AL, Wang Y, Gorcsan J, Antaki JF. Assessment of cardiac function during mechanical circulatory support: the quest for a suitable clinical index. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2011:223-226. [PMID: 22254290 PMCID: PMC3265331 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new index to assess left ventricular (LV) function in patients implanted with continuous flow left-ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is proposed. Derived from the pump flow signal, this index is defined as the coefficient (k) of the semilogarithmic relationship between "pseudo-ejection" fraction (pEF) and the volume discharged by the pump in diastole, (V d). pEF is defined as the ratio of the "pseudo-stroke volume" (pSV) to V d. The pseudo-stroke volume is the difference between V d and the volume discharged by the pump in systole (V s), both obtained by integrating pump flow with respect to time in a cardiac cycle. k was compared in-vivo with others two indices: the LV pressure-based index, M(TP), and the pump flow-based index, I(Q). M(TP) is the slope of the linear regression between the "triple-product" and end-diastolic pressure, EDP. The triple-product, TP = LV SP.dP/dt(max). HR, is the product of LV systolic pressure, maximum time-derivative of LV pressure, and heart rate. I(Q) is the slope of the linear regression between maximum time-derivative of pump flow, dQ/dt(max), and pump flow peak-to-peak amplitude variation, Q(P2P). To test the response of k to contractile state changes, contractility was altered through pharmacological interventions. The absolute value of k decreased from 1.354 ± 0.25 (baseline) to 0.685 ± 0.21 after esmolol infusion. The proposed index is sensitive to changes in inotropic state, and has the potential to be used clinically to assess contractile function of patients implanted with VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Ferreira
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis MA 65080-040, Brazil and a researcher at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yajuan Wang
- PhD candidate at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, PA 15219, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - James F. Antaki
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
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