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Roh JD, Castro C, Yu A, Rana S, Shahul S, Gray KJ, Honigberg MC, Ricke-Hoch M, Iwamoto Y, Yeri A, Kitchen R, Guerra JB, Hobson R, Chaudhari V, Chang B, Sarma A, Lerchenmüller C, Al Sayed ZR, Diaz Verdugo C, Xia P, Skarbianskis N, Zeisel A, Bauersachs J, Kirkland JL, Karumanchi SA, Gorcsan J, Sugahara M, Damp J, Hanley-Yanez K, Ellinor PT, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Rosenzweig A. Placental senescence pathophysiology is shared between peripartum cardiomyopathy and preeclampsia in mouse and human. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0077. [PMID: 38630848 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an idiopathic form of pregnancy-induced heart failure associated with preeclampsia. Circulating factors in late pregnancy are thought to contribute to both diseases, suggesting a common underlying pathophysiological process. However, what drives this process remains unclear. Using serum proteomics, we identified the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a marker of cellular senescence associated with biological aging, as the most highly up-regulated pathway in young women with PPCM or preeclampsia. Placentas from women with preeclampsia displayed multiple markers of amplified senescence and tissue aging, as well as overall increased gene expression of 28 circulating proteins that contributed to SASP pathway enrichment in serum samples from patients with preeclampsia or PPCM. The most highly expressed placental SASP factor, activin A, was associated with cardiac dysfunction or heart failure severity in women with preeclampsia or PPCM. In a murine model of PPCM induced by cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, inhibiting activin A signaling in the early postpartum period with a monoclonal antibody to the activin type II receptor improved heart function. In addition, attenuating placental senescence with the senolytic compound fisetin in late pregnancy improved cardiac function in these animals. These findings link senescence biology to cardiac dysfunction in pregnancy and help to elucidate the pathogenesis underlying cardiovascular diseases of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Roh
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Claire Castro
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andy Yu
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarosh Rana
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sajid Shahul
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kathryn J Gray
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Michael C Honigberg
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Melanie Ricke-Hoch
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashish Yeri
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert Kitchen
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Justin Baldovino Guerra
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley and Judith Frankel Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan Hobson
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vinita Chaudhari
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bliss Chang
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amy Sarma
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- German Center for Heart and Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Zeina R Al Sayed
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Carmen Diaz Verdugo
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peng Xia
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Niv Skarbianskis
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - James L Kirkland
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Bioengineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Masataka Sugahara
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Julie Damp
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karen Hanley-Yanez
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis M McNamara
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Complications of Oncologic Therapies, Medical Faculty of the Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Stanley and Judith Frankel Institute for Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wilson R, Eguchi S, Orihara Y, Pfeiffer M, Peterson B, Ruzieh M, Gao Z, Gorcsan J, Boehmer J. Association between right ventricular global longitudinal strain and mortality in intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Echocardiography 2024; 41:e15815. [PMID: 38634182 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction has been identified as a prognostic marker for adverse clinical events in patients presenting with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). However, challenges exist in identifying RV dysfunction using conventional echocardiography techniques. Strain echocardiography is an evolving imaging modality which measures myocardial deformation and can be used as an objective index of RV systolic function. This study evaluated RV Global Longitudinal Strain (RVGLS) in patients with intermediate risk PE as a parameter of RV dysfunction, and compared to traditional echocardiographic and CT parameters evaluating short-term mortality. METHODS Retrospective single center cohort study of 251 patients with intermediate-risk PE between 2010 and 2018. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days. Statistical analysis evaluated each parameter comparing survivors versus non-survivors at 30 days. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for comparison of the two cohorts. RESULTS Altogether 251 patients were evaluated. Overall mortality rate was 12.4%. Utilizing an ROC curve, an absolute cutoff value of 17.7 for RVGLS demonstrated a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 70% for observed 30-day mortality. Individuals with an RVGLS ≤17.7 had a 25 times higher mortality rate than those with RVGLS above 17.7 (HR 25.24, 95% CI = 6.0-106.4, p < .001). Area under the curve was (.855), RVGLS outperformed traditional echocardiographic parameters, CT findings, and cardiac biomarkers on univariable and multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS Reduced RVGLS values on initial echocardiographic assessment of patients with intermediate-risk PE identified patients at higher risk for mortality at 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wilson
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shunsuke Eguchi
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Orihara
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Pfeiffer
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon Peterson
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohammed Ruzieh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhaohui Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Boehmer
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rodés-Cabau J, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, Zile MR, Kar S, Bayés-Genís A, Eigler N, Holcomb R, Núñez J, Lee E, Perl ML, Moravsky G, Pfeiffer M, Boehmer J, Gorcsan J, Bax JJ, Anker S, Stone GW. Interatrial shunt therapy in advanced heart failure: Outcomes from the open-label cohort of the RELIEVE-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 38561314 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure (HF) outcomes remain poor despite optimal guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). We assessed safety, effectiveness, and transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) outcomes during the 12 months after Ventura shunt implantation in the RELIEVE-HF open-label roll-in cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS Eligibility required symptomatic HF despite optimal GDMT with ≥1 HF hospitalization in the prior year or elevated natriuretic peptides. The safety endpoint was device-related major adverse cardiovascular or neurological events at 30 days, compared to a prespecified performance goal. Effectiveness evaluations included the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and TTE at baseline and 12 months. Overall, 97 patients were enrolled and implanted at 64 sites. Average age was 70 ± 11 years, 97% were in New York Heart Association class III, and half had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%. The safety endpoint was achieved (event rate 0%, p < 0.001). KCCQ overall summary score was improved by 12-16 points at all follow-up timepoints (all p < 0.004), with similar outcomes in patients with reduced and preserved LVEF. At 12 months, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were reduced (p = 0.020 and p = 0.038, respectively), LVEF improved (p = 0.009), right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic areas were reduced (p = 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively), and right ventricular fractional area change (p < 0.001) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (p < 0.001) improved. CONCLUSION Interatrial shunting with the Ventura device was safe and resulted in favourable clinical effects in patients with HF, regardless of LVEF. Improvements of left and right ventricular structure and function were consistent with reverse myocardial remodelling. These results would support the potential of this shunt device as a treatment for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rodés-Cabau
- Quebec Heart & Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - JoAnn Lindenfeld
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William T Abraham
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael R Zile
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Saibal Kar
- Cardiovascular Institute of Los Robles Health System, Los Robles, CA, USA
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Department of Cardiology, Germans Trias Heart Institute, Germans Trias University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neal Eigler
- V-Wave, Agoura Hills, California and Division of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Julio Núñez
- Department of Cardiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michal Laufer Perl
- Division of Cardiology, Sammy Ofer Heart Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Gil Moravsky
- Division of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf HaRofeh), Be'er Ya'akov, Israel
| | - Michael Pfeiffer
- Division of Cardiology, Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John Boehmer
- Division of Cardiology, Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Penn State Heart and Vascular Institute, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité, Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Berlin, Charité University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregg W Stone
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Koczo A, Rao A, Starling RC, Cooper LT, Dec GW, Alexis JD, Gorcsan J, McTiernan C, McNamara DM. Sex Differences in Myocardial Histology, Gene Expression, and Myocardial Recovery in Recent-Onset Cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail 2023; 11:1757-1759. [PMID: 37737762 PMCID: PMC10926183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Koczo
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Anjali Rao
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - G William Dec
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John Gorcsan
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles McTiernan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dennis M McNamara
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Sade LE, Gorcsan J. Staging the severity of myocardial damage in aortic stenosis: a new addition to solving the puzzle. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:1618-1619. [PMID: 37418536 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Elif Sade
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, 200 Lothrop Street, Ste: E354.2, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Penn State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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6
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Gorcsan J, Orihara Y. Clinical Importance and Current Problems With Right Atrial Strain Measurements. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:295-297. [PMID: 36889848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Yoshiyuki Orihara
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Steinberg JS, Gorcsan J, Mazur A, Jain SK, Rashtian M, Greer GS, Zarraga I, Vloka M, Cook MM, Salam T, Mountantonakis S, Beck H, Silver J, Aktas M, Henrikson C, Schaller RD, Epstein AE, McNitt S, Schleede S, Peterson D, Goldenberg I, Zareba W. Junctional AV ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (JAVA-CRT): results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial pilot program. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2022; 64:519-530. [PMID: 35043250 PMCID: PMC8765764 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-021-01116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves outcomes in sinus rhythm, but the data in atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited. Atrio-ventricular junctional ablation (AVJA) has been proposed as a remedy. The objective was to test if AVJA results in LV end-systolic volume (ESV) reduction ≥ 15% from baseline to 6 months. Methods The trial was a prospective multicenter randomized trial in 26 patients with permanent AF who were randomized 1:1 to CRT-D with or without AVJA. Results LVESV improved similarly by at least 15% in 5/10 (50%) in the CRT-D-only arm and in 6/12 (50%) in the AVJA + CRT-D arm (OR = 1.00 [0.14, 7.21], p = 1.00). In the CRT-D-only arm, the median 6-month improvement in LVEF was 9.2%, not different from the AVJA + CRT-D arm, 8.2%. When both groups were combined, a significant increase in LVEF was observed (25.4% at baseline vs 36.2% at 6 months, p = 0.002). NYHA class from baseline to 6 months for all patients combined improved 1 class in 15 of 24 (62.5%), whereas 9 remained in the same class and 0 degraded to a worse class. Conclusion In patients with permanent AF, reduced LVEF, and broad QRS who were eligible for CRT, there was insufficient evidence that AVJA improved echocardiographic or clinical outcomes; the results should be interpreted in light of a smaller than planned sample size. CRT, however, seemed to be effective in the combined study cohort overall, suggesting that CRT can be reasonably deployed in patients with AF. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02946853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Steinberg
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Summit Medical Group, 85 Woodland Road, Short Hills, NJ, 07078, USA.
| | - John Gorcsan
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Mazur
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sandeep K Jain
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Margot Vloka
- Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | | | - Tariq Salam
- Multicare Institute for Research and Innovation, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Hiroko Beck
- SUNY Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Mehmet Aktas
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew E Epstein
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott McNitt
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susan Schleede
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Derick Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ilan Goldenberg
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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8
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Kyrouac D, Schiffer W, Lennep B, Fergestrom N, Zhang KW, Gorcsan J, Lenihan DJ, Mitchell JD. Echocardiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac amyloidosis: limitations of apical sparing. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 9:385-397. [PMID: 34877800 PMCID: PMC8788049 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The accuracy of an apical‐sparing strain pattern on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for predicting cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has varied in prior studies depending on the underlying cohort. We sought to evaluate the performance of apical sparing and other TTE strain findings to screen for CA in an unselected population and determine the frequency that patients with echocardiographic concern for CA undergo evaluation for amyloidosis in clinical practice. Methods and results As strain is routinely performed at our institution on all clinical TTEs, we identified all TTEs performed from 2016 through 2019 with reported concern for CA or apical sparing. We determined the performance characteristics for echocardiographic strain findings in discriminating CA including apical sparing, the ejection fraction to global longitudinal strain ratio (EF/GLS), and the septal apical–septal basal ratio (SA/SB); other clinical predictors of confirmed CA; and predictors of patients who underwent complete evaluation for CA. CA was confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy or diagnostic cardiac imaging. A total of 547 TTEs, representing 451 patients, reported concern for CA and had adequate strain for analysis. A total of 111 patients underwent complete evaluation for amyloidosis with 100 patients undergoing complete cardiac evaluation for CA. In those 100 patients, multivariable predictors of confirmed CA were age [odds ratio (OR) 3.37 per 5 years], a visual apical‐sparing pattern (OR 10.85), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)/GLS > 4.1 (OR 35.37). CA was less likely in those with coronary artery disease (OR 0.04), hypertension (OR 0.18), and increased systolic blood pressure (OR 0.60 per 5 mm Hg increase). SA/SB [area under the curve (AUC) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.84] and LVEF/GLS (AUC 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.84) both had improved discrimination for CA compared with the apical‐sparing ratio (AUC 0.66, 95% CI 0.54–0.79). Many patients with suggestive TTE findings did not receive an evaluation for amyloidosis. Complete evaluation was more likely with Caucasian race (OR 2.1), increased septal thickness (OR 1.4), increased body mass index (OR 1.2), and if the report specifically stated ‘amyloid’ (OR 1.9). Evaluations were less likely in patients with comorbidities. While hypertension reduced the likelihood of evaluating for CA, 34% of patients with CA had hypertension (>130/80 mm Hg) at time of diagnosis. Conclusions In a broad population of patients undergoing TTE, apical sparing on strain imaging increased the likelihood of CA diagnosis but with modest sensitivity and specificity. GLS/EF ratio may be a more reliable tool to screen for CA. The low rate of complete evaluation in patients with concerning TTE findings indicates a strong need for practice improvement and enhanced disease awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kyrouac
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Walter Schiffer
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brandon Lennep
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Nicole Fergestrom
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kathleen W Zhang
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua D Mitchell
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Merlo M, Masè M, Perry A, La Franca E, Deych E, Ajello L, Bellavia D, Boscutti A, Gobbo M, Romano G, Stolfo D, Gorcsan J, Clemenza F, Sinagra G, Adamo L. Prognostic significance of longitudinal strain in dilated cardiomyopathy with recovered ejection fraction. Heart 2021; 108:710-716. [PMID: 34493546 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM) may experience a normalisation in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Although this correlates with improved prognosis, it does not correspond to a normalisation in the risk of death during follow-up. Currently, there are no tools to risk stratify this population. We tested the hypothesis that absolute global longitudinal strain (aGLS) is associated with mortality in patients with NICM and recovered ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS We designed a retrospective, international, longitudinal cohort study enrolling patients with NICM with LVEF <40% improved to the normal range (>50%). We studied the relationship between aGLS measured at the time of the first recording of a normalised LVEF and all-cause mortality during follow-up. We considered aGLS >18% as normal and aGLS ≥16% as of potential prognostic value. RESULTS 206 patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 53.5 years (IQR 44.3-62.8) and 56.6% were males. LVEF at diagnosis was 32.0% (IQR 24.0-38.8). LVEF at the time of recovery was 55.0% (IQR 51.7-60.0). aGLS at the time of LVEF recovery was 13.6%±3.9%. 166 (80%) and 141 (68%) patients had aGLS ≤18% and <16%, respectively. During a follow-up of 5.5±2.8 years, 35 patients (17%) died. aGLS at the time of first recording of a recovered LVEF correlated with mortality during follow-up (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.99, p=0.048 in adjusted Cox model). No deaths were observed in patients with normal aGLS (>18%). In unadjusted Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, aGLS <16% was associated with higher mortality during follow-up (31 deaths (22%) in patients with GLS <16% vs 4 deaths (6.2%) in patients with GLS ≥16%, HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 9, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS In patients with NICM and normalised LVEF, an impaired aGLS at the time of LVEF recovery is frequent and associated with worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Merlo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Masè
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrew Perry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eluisa La Franca
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Deych
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura Ajello
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diego Bellavia
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Boscutti
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romano
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Stolfo
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - John Gorcsan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Francesco Clemenza
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiology Unit, Cardiothoracovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Adamo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Van Tine BA, Hirbe AC, Oppelt P, Frith AE, Rathore R, Mitchell JD, Wan F, Berry S, Landeau M, Heberton GA, Gorcsan J, Huntjens PR, Soyama Y, Vader JM, Alvarez-Cardona JA, Zhang KW, Lenihan DJ, Krone RJ. Interim Analysis of the Phase II Study: Noninferiority Study of Doxorubicin with Upfront Dexrazoxane plus Olaratumab for Advanced or Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3854-3860. [PMID: 33766818 PMCID: PMC8282681 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the interim analysis of the phase II single-arm noninferiority trial, testing the upfront use of dexrazoxane with doxorubicin on progression-free survival (PFS) and cardiac function in soft-tissue sarcoma (STS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with metastatic or unresectable STS who were candidates for first-line treatment with doxorubicin were deemed eligible. An interim analysis was initiated after 33 of 65 patients were enrolled. Using the historical control of 4.6 months PFS for doxorubicin in the front-line setting, we tested whether the addition of dexrazoxane affected the efficacy of doxorubicin in STS. The study was powered so that a decrease of PFS to 3.7 months would be considered noninferior. Secondary aims included cardiac-related mortality, incidence of heart failure/cardiomyopathy, and expansion of cardiac monitoring parameters including three-dimensional echocardiography. Patients were allowed to continue on doxorubicin beyond 600 mg/m2 if they were deriving benefit and were not demonstrating evidence of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction. RESULTS At interim analysis, upfront use of dexrazoxane with doxorubicin demonstrated a PFS of 8.4 months (95% confidence interval: 5.1-11.2 months). Only 3 patients were removed from study for cardiotoxicity, all on > 600 mg/m2 doxorubicin. No patients required cardiac hospitalization or had new, persistent cardiac dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction remaining below 50%. The median administered doxorubicin dose was 450 mg/m2 (interquartile range, 300-750 mg/m2). CONCLUSIONS At interim analysis, dexrazoxane did not reduce PFS in patients with STS treated with doxorubicin. Involvement of cardio-oncologists is beneficial for the monitoring and safe use of high-dose anthracyclines in STS.See related commentary by Benjamin and Minotti, p. 3809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Van Tine
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Oppelt
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ashley E Frith
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richa Rathore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua D Mitchell
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Fei Wan
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shellie Berry
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michele Landeau
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - John Gorcsan
- Echocardiographic Core Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter R Huntjens
- Echocardiographic Core Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yoku Soyama
- Echocardiographic Core Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin M Vader
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jose A Alvarez-Cardona
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen W Zhang
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ronald J Krone
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Gorcsan J, Huntjens PR, Samii S. Regional Work in Left Bundle Branch Block: A Balancing Act With Clinical Implications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:2070-2072. [PMID: 34274274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gorcsan
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Peter R Huntjens
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Soraya Samii
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey Medical Center, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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13
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Huntjens P, Sugahara M, Soyama Y, Lumens J, Saba S, Gorcsan J. PROGNOSTIC UTILITY OF LEFT ATRIAL STRAIN IN CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY PATIENTS WITH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK PATIENT WITH A WIDE QRS COMPLEX. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(21)02788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Huntjens P, Zhang K, Soyama Y, Lenihan D, Gorcsan J. PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF LEFT ATRIAL STRAIN IS HIGHEST AMONG FOUR CHAMBER STRAIN IMAGING IN LIGHT CHAIN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(21)02647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Puvrez A, Duchenne J, Gorcsan J, Marwick TH, Smiseth OA, Voigt JU. Why mechanical dyssynchrony remains relevant to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Letter regarding the article 'Optimized implementation of cardiac resynchronization therapy: a call for action for referral and optimization of care: a joint position statement from the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the European Society of Cardiology'. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:843-844. [PMID: 33704878 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Gorcsan
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Huntjens PR, Zhang KW, Soyama Y, Karmpalioti M, Lenihan DJ, Gorcsan J. Prognostic Utility of Echocardiographic Atrial and Ventricular Strain Imaging in Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 14:1508-1519. [PMID: 33744146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prognostic value of echocardiographic atrial and ventricular strain imaging in patients with biopsy-proven cardiac amyloidosis was assessed. BACKGROUND Although left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) is known to be predictive of outcome, the additive prognostic value of left (LA), right atrial (RA), and right ventricular (RV) strain is unclear. METHODS One hundred thirty-six patients with cardiac amyloidosis and available follow-up data were studied by endomyocardial biopsy, noncardiac biopsy with supportive cardiac imaging, or autopsy confirmation. One hundred nine patients (80%) had light-chain, 23 (17%) had transthyretin, and 4 (3%) had amyloid A type cardiac amyloidosis. GLS, RV free wall strain, peak longitudinal LA strain, and peak longitudinal RA strain were measured from apical views. Clinical and routine echocardiographic data were compared. All-cause mortality was followed (median 5 years). RESULTS Strain data were feasible for GLS in 127 (93%), LA strain in 119 (88%), RA strain in 117 (86%), and RV strain in 102 (75%). Strain values from all 4 chambers were significantly associated with survival. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for low median strain values were as follows: GLS, HR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.8 (p < 0.01); LA strain, HR: 7.5; 95% CI: 3.8 to 14.7 (p < 0.001); RA strain, HR: 3.5; 95% CI: 2.0 to 6.2 (p < 0.001); and RV free wall strain, HR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5 to 5.1 (p < 0.001). Peak longitudinal LA strain and RV strain remained independently associated with survival in multivariable analysis. Peak LA strain had the strongest association with survival (p < 0.001), and LA strain combined with GLS and RV free wall strain had the highest prognostic value (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Strain data from all 4 chambers had important prognostic associations with survival in patients with biopsy-confirmed cardiac amyloidosis. Peak longitudinal LA strain was particularly associated with prognosis. Atrial and ventricular strain have promise for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Huntjens
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kathleen W Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuko Soyama
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maria Karmpalioti
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Gorcsan
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Zhang KW, Zhang R, Deych E, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Gorcsan J, Lenihan DJ. A multi-modal diagnostic model improves detection of cardiac amyloidosis among patients with diagnostic confirmation by cardiac biopsy. Am Heart J 2021; 232:137-145. [PMID: 33212046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely recognition of cardiac amyloidosis is clinically important, but the diagnosis is frequently delayed. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify a multi-modality approach with the highest diagnostic accuracy in patients evaluated by cardiac biopsy, the diagnostic gold standard. METHODS Consecutive patients (N = 242) who underwent cardiac biopsy for suspected amyloidosis within an 18-year period were retrospectively identified. Cardiac biomarker, ECG, and echocardiography results were examined for correlation with biopsy-proven disease. A prediction model for cardiac amyloidosis was derived using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The overall cohort was characterized by elevated BNP (median 727 ng/mL), increased left ventricular wall thickness (IWT; median 1.7 cm), and reduced voltage-to-mass ratio (median 0.06 mm/[g/m2]). One hundred and thirteen patients (46%) had either light chain (n = 53) or transthyretin (n = 60) amyloidosis by cardiac biopsy. A prediction model including age, relative wall thickness, left atrial pressure by E/e', and low limb lead voltage (<0.5 mV) showed good discrimination for cardiac amyloidosis with an optimism-corrected c-index of 0.87 (95% CI 0.83-0.92). The diagnostic accuracy of this model (79% sensitivity, 84% specificity) surpassed that of traditional screening parameters, such as IWT in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (98% sensitivity, 20% specificity) and IWT with low limb lead voltage (49% sensitivity, 91% specificity). CONCLUSION Among patients with an advanced infiltrative cardiomyopathy phenotype, traditional biomarker, ECG, and echocardiography-based screening tests have limited individual diagnostic utility for cardiac amyloidosis. A prediction algorithm including age, relative wall thickness, E/e', and low limb lead voltage improves the detection of cardiac biopsy-proven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W Zhang
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Ray Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elena Deych
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Keith E Stockerl-Goldstein
- Division of Oncology, Section of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Gorcsan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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18
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Koopsen T, Van Osta N, Willemen E, Van Nieuwenhoven F, Gorcsan J, Prinzen F, Arts T, Delhaas T, Lumens J. Effect of infarct stiffness on non-infarcted left and right ventricular tissue remodeling: a computational study based on myocardial mechano-transduction. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background/Introduction
The mechanical properties of infarcted myocardium are important determinants of cardiac pump function and risk of developing heart failure following myocardial infarction (MI).
Purpose
To better understand the effects of infarct stiffness on compensatory hypertrophy and dilation of non-infarcted tissue in the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV), by using a computational model.
Methods
The CircAdapt computational model of the human heart and circulation was applied to simulate an acute MI involving 20% of LV wall mass. The simulation was validated using previously published experimental data. Subsequently, two degrees of increased infarct stiffness were simulated. In all three simulations, a model of structural myocardial adaptation of the non-infarcted tissue was applied, based on sensing of mechanical loading of myocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM).
Results
Mild and severe stiffening of the infarct reduced the increase of LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) from +23 mL to +17 mL and +16 mL, respectively, and the increase of LV non-infarcted tissue mass from +31% to +21% and +18%. RV EDV decreased after adaptation, and mild and severe infarct stiffening reduced the decrease of RV EDV from −21 mL to −12 mL and −10 mL, respectively. Increase of RV tissue mass was reduced from +13% to +8% and +7% with mild and severe infarct stiffening. In the LV, reduced dilation and hypertrophy were driven mainly by a reduction of maximum stress in the ECM and a higher stress between the myocytes and ECM following infarct stiffening. The decreased RV hypertrophy, but not EDV reduction, was caused by a reduction of maximum RV ECM stress and maximum RV active myofiber stress.
Conclusions
Model simulations predicted that a stiffened LV infarct reduces both LV and RV non-infarcted tissue hypertrophy as well as LV dilation. In LV remodeling, maximum ECM stress and stress between myocyte and ECM played a more prominent role than in RV remodeling, while maximum active stress was more important in the RV.
Overview of all model simulations
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Dutch Heart Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koopsen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - N Van Osta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - E Willemen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - F.A Van Nieuwenhoven
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - J Gorcsan
- Washington University, Cardiology, Saint Louis, United States of America
| | - F.W Prinzen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - T Arts
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - T Delhaas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
| | - J Lumens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands (The)
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Huntjens P, Sugahara M, Soyama Y, Faddis M, Gorcsan J. Baseline left atrial strain is associated with clinical outcomes following cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intermediate electrocardiographic criteria. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Guidelines favor patient selection by left bundle branch block (LBBB) with QRS width ≥150 ms for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). However, predicting response to CRT patients with QRS width 120 to 149 ms or non-LBBB remains difficult. Speckle tracking left atrial (LA) strain is a novel means to assess cardiac function, however its applications to CRT patients remains unclear.
Purpose
To test the hypothesis that baseline LA strain has prognostic value in CRT patients with intermediate ECG criteria.
Methods
We studied 195 patients with heart failure (HF) who underwent CRT based on routine indications: ejection fraction ≤35% and QRS width ≥120 ms. GLS was assessed using the 3 standard apical views. LA longitudinal strain was based on 12 segments from the 2 and 4-chamber apical view. Peak LA strain, a measure associated with the reservoir function of the LA, was defined as the average of peak longitudinal strain from all segments. The predefined combined clinical endpoint was death, heart transplant or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) over 4 years after CRT.
Results
LA strain was feasible in 162 (83%) of the candidates for CRT: age 64±11 years, 72% male, QRS duration 156±26 ms, 39.5% had LBBB with QRS ≥150ms, 60.5% had intermediate ECG criteria. Median LA strain was 11.0% [1.3% - 36.8%]. High LA peak strain was associated with more favorable event-free survival and Low LA Peak strain was associated with worse clinical outcome following CRT (FIGURE, p<0.001). Patients with intermediate ECG criteria for CRT (non-LBBB or QRS width 120 to 149 ms) and high peak LA strain had similar outcome to those with Class I indications for CRT (LBBB and QRS≥150 ms). Multivariable analysis revealed that LA strain had independent prognostic value (hazard ratio 0.98 per LA strain %, p<0.01) even after adjusted for other clinical, electrophysiological and echocardiographic covariates including QRS morphology and duration, ischemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF and global longitudinal strain.
Conclusions
Baseline peak LA strain had important prognostic value in HF patients who are candidates for CRT. Prognostic value of LA strain was most significant in CRT patients with intermediate ECG criteria (QRS 120 to 149ms or non-LBBB) and has promise for clinical applications.
LA strain and clinical outcome after CRT
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huntjens
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States of America
| | - M Sugahara
- JCHO Hoshigaoka Medical Center, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Y Soyama
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States of America
| | - M Faddis
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States of America
| | - J Gorcsan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States of America
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Husaini M, Soyama Y, Kagiyama N, Thakker P, Thangam M, Haque N, Deych E, Sintek M, Lasala J, Gorcsan J, Zajarias A. Clinical and Echocardiographic Features Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV). J Invasive Cardiol 2020; 32:E277-E285. [PMID: 33130594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is used in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) when the benefit of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is unclear. Our objective was to identify clinical or echocardiographic features that identify patients likely to benefit from BAV. METHODS We studied 141 consecutive patients who underwent BAV from July, 2011 to October, 2017. Clinical characteristics, routine echocardiographic parameters, and speckle tracking imaging of global longitudinal strain (GLS) were assessed before and after BAV. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality as ascertained by the National Death Index. RESULTS There were 141 patients, median age, 80 years (interquartile range [IQR], 74-87 years) with severe AS (median aortic valve area, 0.66 cm²; IQR, 0.53-0.79 cm²) and median mean gradient of 36 mm Hg (IQR, 27-48 mm Hg) who underwent BAV. The 1-year mortality rate was 52%. Characteristics associated with survival were New York Heart Association class I symptoms, lower brain natriuretic peptide level, higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >53%, and higher GLS (>13.2%; absolute values were used for GLS). Landmark analysis at 60 days showed the 47 patients who underwent TAVR/SAVR after BAV had significantly better 1-year survival than those who did not (P<.001). CONCLUSION A high 1-year mortality rate was observed in severe AS patients selected for BAV. LVEF and left ventricular (LV)-GLS offer similar prognostic value for 1-year mortality; however, LV-GLS may have potentially increased clinical utility, as it provides a clear threshold for predicting poor outcomes compared with LVEF. As patients who undergo TAVR/SAVR have markedly improved mortality, careful consideration should be given to advance definitive valve therapy in carefully selected BAV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Zajarias
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University/Barnes Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave, CB 8086, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA.
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Gorcsan J. Looking Rightward in Acute Left Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2020; 26:821-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stone G, Lindenfeld J, Kar S, Gorcsan J, Rodes-Cabau J, Anker S, Holcomb R. TCT CONNECT-434 Success, Safety, and Patency of the V-Wave Ventura Interatrial Shunt in Chronic Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yu Q, Tai YY, Tang Y, Zhao J, Negi V, Culley MK, Pilli J, Sun W, Brugger K, Mayr J, Saggar R, Saggar R, Wallace WD, Ross DJ, Waxman AB, Wendell SG, Mullett SJ, Sembrat J, Rojas M, Khan OF, Dahlman JE, Sugahara M, Kagiyama N, Satoh T, Zhang M, Feng N, Gorcsan J, Vargas SO, Haley KJ, Kumar R, Graham BB, Langer R, Anderson DG, Wang B, Shiva S, Bertero T, Chan SY. BOLA (BolA Family Member 3) Deficiency Controls Endothelial Metabolism and Glycine Homeostasis in Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation 2020; 139:2238-2255. [PMID: 30759996 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiencies of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, metal complexes that control redox state and mitochondrial metabolism, have been linked to pulmonary hypertension (PH), a deadly vascular disease with poorly defined molecular origins. BOLA3 (BolA Family Member 3) regulates Fe-S biogenesis, and mutations in BOLA3 result in multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome, a fatal disorder associated with PH. The mechanistic role of BOLA3 in PH remains undefined. METHODS In vitro assessment of BOLA3 regulation and gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells using siRNA and lentiviral vectors expressing the mitochondrial isoform of BOLA3. Polymeric nanoparticle 7C1 was used for lung endothelium-specific delivery of BOLA3 siRNA oligonucleotides in mice. Overexpression of pulmonary vascular BOLA3 was performed by orotracheal transgene delivery of adeno-associated virus in mouse models of PH. RESULTS In cultured hypoxic pulmonary artery endothelial cells, lung from human patients with Group 1 and 3 PH, and multiple rodent models of PH, endothelial BOLA3 expression was downregulated, which involved hypoxia inducible factor-2α-dependent transcriptional repression via histone deacetylase 1-mediated histone deacetylation. In vitro gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that BOLA3 regulated Fe-S integrity, thus modulating lipoate-containing 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases with consequent control over glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. In contexts of siRNA knockdown and naturally occurring human genetic mutation, cellular BOLA3 deficiency downregulated the glycine cleavage system protein H, thus bolstering intracellular glycine content. In the setting of these alterations of oxidative metabolism and glycine levels, BOLA3 deficiency increased endothelial proliferation, survival, and vasoconstriction while decreasing angiogenic potential. In vivo, pharmacological knockdown of endothelial BOLA3 and targeted overexpression of BOLA3 in mice demonstrated that BOLA3 deficiency promotes histological and hemodynamic manifestations of PH. Notably, the therapeutic effects of BOLA3 expression were reversed by exogenous glycine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS BOLA3 acts as a crucial lynchpin connecting Fe-S-dependent oxidative respiration and glycine homeostasis with endothelial metabolic reprogramming critical to PH pathogenesis. These results provide a molecular explanation for the clinical associations linking PH with hyperglycinemic syndromes and mitochondrial disorders. These findings also identify novel metabolic targets, including those involved in epigenetics, Fe-S biogenesis, and glycine biology, for diagnostic and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Yu
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Yi-Yin Tai
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Ying Tang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Jingsi Zhao
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Vinny Negi
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Miranda K Culley
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Jyotsna Pilli
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Karin Brugger
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria (K.B., J.M.)
| | - Johannes Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria (K.B., J.M.)
| | - Rajeev Saggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix (Rajeev Saggar)
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Rajan Saggar, W.D.W., D.J.R.)
| | - W Dean Wallace
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Rajan Saggar, W.D.W., D.J.R.)
| | - David J Ross
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Rajan Saggar, W.D.W., D.J.R.)
| | - Aaron B Waxman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.B.W., K.J.H.)
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology (S.G.W.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core (S.G.W., S.J.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core (S.G.W., S.J.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Sembrat
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Omar F Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (O.F.K., R.L., D.G.A.)
| | - James E Dahlman
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (J.E.D.)
| | - Masataka Sugahara
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Nobuyuki Kagiyama
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Taijyu Satoh
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Manling Zhang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Ning Feng
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO (J.G.)
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (S.O.V.)
| | - Kathleen J Haley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.B.W., K.J.H.)
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.K., B.B.G.)
| | - Brian B Graham
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.K., B.B.G.)
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (O.F.K., R.L., D.G.A.)
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.L., D.G.A.)
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (O.F.K., R.L., D.G.A.)
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (R.L., D.G.A.)
| | - Bing Wang
- Molecular Therapy Lab, Stem Cell Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA (B.W.)
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
| | - Thomas Bertero
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, IPMC, Sophia-Antipolis, France (T.B.)
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Q.Y., Y.-Y.T., Y.T., J.Z., V.N., M.K.C., J.P., W.S., J.S., M.R., M.S., N.K., T.S., M.Z., N.F., S.S., S.Y.C.)
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Gorcsan J, Faddis MN. Less Means More. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13:907-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Soyama YS, Karmpalioti M, Huntjens P, Kagiyama N, Sugahara M, Vader J, Gorcsan J. THE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF RELATIVE PRESSURE GRADIENT OBTAINED FROM VECTOR FLOW MAPPING IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)32296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Soyama YS, Zhang K, Huntjens P, Karmpalioti M, Zhang R, Lenihan D, Gorcsan J. COMPARISON OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR STRAIN ANALYSIS TO ROUTINE ECHOCARDIOGRAHIC MEASURES FOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)32178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karmpalioti M, Soyama Y, Huntjens P, Raymer D, LaRue S, Itoh A, King P, Schilling J, Vader J, Gorcsan J. CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PROGNOSTIC MARKERS OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE AFTER LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(20)31618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kagiyama N, Sugahara M, Crago EA, Qi Z, Lagattuta TF, Yousef KM, Friedlander RM, Hravnak MT, Gorcsan J. Neurocardiac Injury Assessed by Strain Imaging Is Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13:535-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kagiyama N, Gorcsan J. The Authors Reply:. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:2095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang KW, Zhang R, Soyama Y, Karmpalioti M, Lenihan DJ, Gorcsan J. P2724Diagnosis of transthyretin versus light chain cardiac amyloidosis by apical sparing strain ratio in patients with clinically suspected disease. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Apical sparing by longitudinal strain imaging has reported utility for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. However, potential differences in the apical sparing pattern in light chain (AL) versus transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis in patients with high clinical suspicion for cardiac amyloidosis is not clear.
Purpose
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that echocardiographic strain imaging could determine differences in patients with clinically suspected AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis.
Methods
We studied 206 patients, aged 64±11, with clinically suspected cardiac amyloidosis. Routine longitudinal strain imaging analyses was performed (EchoPAC, GE Healthcare) with bulls-eye plots. After 27 exclusions (8 arrhythmia/frame rate, 19 missing/poor images), there were 179 patients. Included were 129 patients with cardiac amyloid: 42 by endomyocardial biopsy, 4 by technetium pyrophosphate scan, 65 by non-cardiac biopsy with suggestive cardiac imaging (interventricular septal thickness ≥1.2cm by echocardiography or characteristic cardiac MRI findings), 15 with multiple myeloma and suggestive cardiac imaging, and 3 by autopsy; 50 patients had a negative endomyocardial biopsy or autopsy for cardiac amyloid. The apical sparing ratio by strain imaging was calculated as the (average of apical segments) / (average of mid segments + average of basal segments).
Results
Cardiac amyloidosis patients were 79% with AL and 21% with ATTR. Applying the previously published apical sparing ratio cut-off of 1.0 for longitudinal strain imaging, sensitivity and specificity were 29% and 78%, respectively, for diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Applying a ratio cut-off of 0.81 improved sensitivity to 72% with specificity of 64% and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.66. Positive and negative predictive values were 85% and 46%, respectively, at this ratio cut-off. The apical sparing ratio was significantly higher in AL and ATTR as compared to the biopsy negative group (p<0.001). Furthermore, the apical sparing ratio was significantly higher in ATTR as compared to AL (p<0.05).
Apical sparing pattern and ratio
Conclusions
Among patients with high clinical suspicion for cardiac amyloidosis, the apical sparing ratio by echocardiographic strain imaging can demonstrate differences for AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis and has potential for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - R Zhang
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Y Soyama
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - M Karmpalioti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - D J Lenihan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - J Gorcsan
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
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Sugahara M, Kagiyama N, Hasselberg NE, Blauwet LA, Briller J, Cooper L, Fett JD, Hsich E, Wells G, McNamara D, Gorcsan J. Global Left Ventricular Strain at Presentation Is Associated with Subsequent Recovery in Patients with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:1565-1573. [PMID: 31563436 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a serious complication of pregnancy associated with variable degrees of left ventricular (LV) recovery. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that global LV strain at presentation has prognostic value in patients with PPCM. METHODS One hundred patients with PPCM aged 30 ± 6 years were enrolled in the multicenter Investigation in Pregnancy Associated Cardiomyopathy study along with 21 normal female control subjects. Speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) analysis was performed. The predefined primary combined outcome variable was death, transplantation, LV assist device implantation, or evidence of persistent LV dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] < 50%) at 1 year. RESULTS GLS measurement was feasible in 110 subjects: 89 of 90 patients with PPCM (99%) with echocardiographic data and all 21 control subjects. Of 84 patients (94%) with 1-year follow-up, 21 (25%) had unfavorable primary outcomes: four LV assist device placements, two deaths, and 15 patients with persistent LV dysfunction. GLS at presentation with a cutoff of 10.6% (absolute value) was specifically associated with the subsequent primary outcome with 75% sensitivity and 95% specificity. GCS at presentation with a cutoff of 10.1% was associated with the primary outcome with 78% sensitivity and 84% specificity. GLS and GCS remained significantly associated with outcomes after adjusting for LVEF (GLS odds ratio, 2.07; P < .001; GCS odds ratio, 1.37; P = .005). GLS was significantly additive to LVEF (C statistic = 0.76-0.91, net reclassification improvement = 1.32, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS GLS and GCS in patients with PPCM at presentation were associated with subsequent clinical outcomes, including death, LV assist device implantation, and evidence of persistent LV dysfunction. Strain measures may add prognostic information over LVEF for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Sugahara
- School of Medicine, Unversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nobuyuki Kagiyama
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nina E Hasselberg
- School of Medicine, Unversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lori A Blauwet
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joan Briller
- Division of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leslie Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - James D Fett
- School of Medicine, Unversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eileen Hsich
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gretchen Wells
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Dennis McNamara
- School of Medicine, Unversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Gorcsan
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Aaronson KD, Stewart GC, Pagani FD, Stevenson LW, Palardy M, McNamara DM, Mancini DM, Grady K, Gorcsan J, Kormos R, Jeffries N, Taddei-Peters WC, Richards B, Khalatbari S, Spino C, Baldwin JT, Mann DL. Registry Evaluation of Vital Information for VADs in Ambulatory Life (REVIVAL): Rationale, design, baseline characteristics, and inclusion criteria performance. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019; 39:7-15. [PMID: 31679943 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improved understanding of the clinical course of ambulatory advanced chronic systolic heart failure may improve the provision of appropriate care and is central to the design of clinical trials in this population. METHODS Twenty-one implanting ventricular assist device (VAD) centers enrolled 400 subjects in the Registry Evaluation of Vital Information for VADs in Ambulatory Life (REVIVAL), a prospective, observational study in ambulatory, chronic, advanced systolic heart failure, designed to identify a cohort with an approximately 25% 1-year risk of the primary composite outcome of death, urgent transplant, or durable mechanical circulatory support. Inclusion criteria utilized only information collected during routine clinical care. Exclusion criteria identified patients with contraindications to VAD. Study inclusion required at least 1 of 10 high-risk criteria derived from established hospitalization and non-hospitalization markers of increased mortality risk. We evaluated the test performance characteristics of the high-risk criteria. RESULTS Data on 373 subjects evaluable for the primary composite outcome at the 1-year visit are presented. Baseline data were consistent with a less advanced cohort than Medical Arm for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support or Risk Assessment (MedaMACS) and Comparative Effectiveness of Left Ventricular Assist Device and Medical Management in Ambulatory Heart Failure Patients (ROADMAP). Freedom from the primary composite outcome was 75.9%. Non-hospitalization inclusion criteria identified 89% of patients with events. CONCLUSIONS Using routinely obtained clinical information for enrollment, REVIVAL successfully recruited an ambulatory chronic systolic heart failure cohort with an approximately 25% annual risk of the primary composite outcome. Information from this registry will be relevant to the planning of future trials of earlier VAD use and of other interventions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maryse Palardy
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - John Gorcsan
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Neal Jeffries
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Blair Richards
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shokoufeh Khalatbari
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cathie Spino
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Afonso L, Sood A, Akintoye E, Gorcsan J, Rehman MU, Kumar K, Javed A, Kottam A, Cardozo S, Singh M, Palla M, Ando T, Adegbala O, Shokr M, Briasoulis A. A Doppler Echocardiographic Pulmonary Flow Marker of Massive or Submassive Acute Pulmonary Embolus. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019; 32:799-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gasparini M, Birnie D, Lemke B, Aonuma K, Lee KLF, Gorcsan J, Landolina M, Klepfer R, Meloni S, Cicconelli M, Grammatico A, Martin DO. Adaptive Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Reduces Atrial Fibrillation Incidence in Heart Failure Patients With Prolonged AV Conduction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007260. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gasparini
- Electrophysiology and Pacing Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy (M.G.)
| | - David Birnie
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, ON, Canada (D.B.)
| | - Bernd Lemke
- Lüdenscheid Clinic, Lüdenscheid, Germany (B.L.)
| | | | | | - John Gorcsan
- The University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (J.G.)
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Soyama YS, Kagiyama N, Sugahara M, Vader J, Gorcsan J. DIASTOLIC ENERGY LOSS BY VECTOR FLOW MAPPING AS A NEW MEASURE OF DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(19)32052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gorcsan J, Haugaa KH. Ventricular Arrhythmias and Reduced Echocardiographic Inferior Wall Strain: Is Regional Function an Important Risk Marker? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 10:CIRCIMAGING.116.005900. [PMID: 28003223 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.005900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gorcsan
- From the University of Pittsburgh, PA. (J.G.); and Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiological Innovation and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway (K.H.H.).
| | - Kristina H Haugaa
- From the University of Pittsburgh, PA. (J.G.); and Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiological Innovation and Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway (K.H.H.)
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Gorcsan J, Kagiyama N. Can global longitudinal strain predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy? Heart Rhythm 2018; 15:1540-1541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gorcsan J, Anderson CP, Tayal B, Sugahara M, Walmsley J, Starling RC, Lumens J. Systolic Stretch Characterizes the Electromechanical Substrate Responsive to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 12:1741-1752. [PMID: 30219394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, the authors tested the hypotheses that the systolic stretch index (SSI) developed by computer modeling and applied using echocardiographic strain imaging may characterize the electromechanical substrate predictive of outcome following cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). They included patients with QRS width 120 to 149 ms or non-left bundle branch block (LBBB), where clinical uncertainty for CRT exists. They further tested the hypothesis that global longitudinal strain (GLS) has additional prognostic value. BACKGROUND Response to CRT is variable. Guidelines favor patient selection by electrocardiographic LBBB with QRS width ≥150 ms. METHODS The authors studied 442 patients enrolled in the Adaptive CRT 94-site randomized trial with New York Heart Association functional class III-IV heart failure, ejection fraction ≤35%, and QRS ≥120 ms. A novel computer program semiautomatically calculated the SSI from strain curves as the sum of posterolateral prestretch percent before aortic valve opening and the septal rebound stretch percent during ejection. The primary endpoint was hospitalization for heart failure (HF) or death, and the secondary endpoint was death over 2 years after CRT. RESULTS In all patients, high longitudinal SSI (≥ group median of 3.1%) was significantly associated with freedom from the primary endpoint of HF hospitalization or death (hazard ratio [HR] for low SSI: 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.45 to 3.24, p < 0.001) and secondary endpoint of death (HR for low SSI: 4.06; 95% CI: 1.95 to 8.45, p < 0.001). Among the 203 patients with QRS 120 to 149 ms or non-LBBB, those with high longitudinal SSI (≥ group median of 2.6%) had significantly fewer HF hospitalizations or deaths (HR for low SSI: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.27 to 3.41, p = 0.004) and longer survival (HR for low SSI: 5.08; 95% CI: 1.94 to 13.31, p < 0.001), similar to patients with LBBB ≥150 ms. SSI by circumferential strain had similar associations with clinical outcomes, and GLS was additive to SSI in predicting clinical events (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Systolic stretch by strain imaging characterized the myocardial substrate associated with favorable CRT response, including in the important patient subgroup with QRS width 120 to 149 ms or non-LBBB. GLS had additive prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gorcsan
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | | | | | | | - John Walmsley
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joost Lumens
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque (IHU-LIRYC), Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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Bristow MR, Kao DP, Breathett KK, Altman NL, Gorcsan J, Gill EA, Lowes BD, Gilbert EM, Quaife RA, Mann DL. Structural and Functional Phenotyping of the Failing Heart: Is the Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Obsolete? JACC Heart Fail 2018; 5:772-781. [PMID: 29096787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and development of new therapies for diseases or syndromes depend on a reliable means of identifying phenotypes associated with distinct predictive probabilities for these various objectives. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) provides the current basis for combined functional and structural phenotyping in heart failure by classifying patients as those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and those with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Recently the utility of LVEF as the major phenotypic determinant of heart failure has been challenged based on its load dependency and measurement variability. We review the history of the development and adoption of LVEF as a critical measurement of LV function and structure and demonstrate that, in chronic heart failure, load dependency is not an important practical issue, and we provide hemodynamic and molecular biomarker evidence that LVEF is superior or equal to more unwieldy methods of identifying phenotypes of ventricular remodeling. We conclude that, because it reliably measures both left ventricular function and structure, LVEF remains the best current method of assessing pathologic remodeling in heart failure in both individual clinical and multicenter group settings. Because of the present and future importance of left ventricular phenotyping in heart failure, LVEF should be measured by using the most accurate technology and methodologic refinements available, and improved characterization methods should continue to be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bristow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - David P Kao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Khadijah K Breathett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Natasha L Altman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John Gorcsan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Edward A Gill
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brian D Lowes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Edward M Gilbert
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert A Quaife
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Douglas L Mann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bax JJ, Delgado V, Sogaard P, Singh JP, Abraham WT, Borer JS, Dickstein K, Gras D, Brugada J, Robertson M, Ford I, Krum H, Holzmeister J, Ruschitzka F, Gorcsan J. Prognostic implications of left ventricular global longitudinal strain in heart failure patients with narrow QRS complex treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a subanalysis of the randomized EchoCRT trial. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:720-726. [PMID: 28426885 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) reflects LV systolic function and correlates inversely with the extent of LV myocardial scar and fibrosis. The present subanalysis of the Echocardiography Guided CRT trial investigated the prognostic value of LV GLS in patients with narrow QRS complex. Methods and results Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) was measured on the apical 2-, 4- and 3-chamber views using speckle tracking analysis. Measurement of baseline LV GLS was feasible in 755 patients (374 with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)-ON and 381 with CRT-OFF). The median value of LV GLS in the overall population was 7.9%, interquartile range 6.2-10.1%. After a mean follow-up period of 19.4 months, 95 patients in the CRT-OFF group and 111 in the CRT-ON group reached the combined primary endpoint of all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization. Each 1% absolute unit decrease in LV GLS was independently associated with 11% increase in the risk to reach the primary endpoint (Hazard ratio 1.11; 95% confidence interval 95% 1.04-1.17, P < 0.001), after adjusting for ischaemic cardiomyopathy and randomization treatment among other clinically relevant variables. When categorizing patients according to quartiles of LV GLS, the primary endpoint occurred more frequently in patients in the lowest quartile (<6.2%) treated with CRT-ON vs. CRT-OFF (45.6% vs. 28.7%, P = 0.009) whereas, no differences were observed in patients with LV GLS ≥6.2% treated with CRT-OFF vs. CRT-ON (23.7% vs. 24.5%, respectively; P = 0.62). Conclusion Low LV GLS is associated with poor outcome in heart failure patients with QRS width <130 ms, independent of randomization to CRT or not. Importantly, in the group of patients with the lowest LV GLS quartile, CRT may have a detrimental effect on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sogaard
- Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7-D3, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Jagmeet P Singh
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William T Abraham
- The Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 West 12th Avenue, Room 110P, Columbus, OH 43210-1252, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Borer
- The Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Howard Gilman and Ron and Jean Schiavone Institutes, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sixth Floor, Brooklyn, NY, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Dickstein
- University of Bergen, Stavanger University Hospital, Postboks 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniel Gras
- Nouvelles Cliniques Nantaises, 2 - 4 Rue Eric Tabarly, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Josep Brugada
- Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henry Krum
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Johannes Holzmeister
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Moussonstrasse 4, CH 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Moussonstrasse 4, CH 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Gorcsan
- The University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Aaronson K, Stevenson L, Pagani F, Spino C, Kormos R, Khalatbari S, Baldwin J, Jeffries N, Taddei-Peters W, Ambardekar A, Shah P, McNamara D, Lanfear D, Gorcsan J, Stehlik J, Mancini D, Stewart G, Mann D. Identifying Ambulatory Advanced Heart Failure Patients at High Risk for Death, LVAD or Transplant at 1-year: How Did the REVIVAL Eligibility Criteria Perform? J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Ramos AE, Lo C, Estephan LE, Tai YY, Tang Y, Zhao J, Sugahara M, Gorcsan J, Brown MG, Lieberman DE, Chan SY, Baggish AL. Specific circulating microRNAs display dose-dependent responses to variable intensity and duration of endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H273-H283. [PMID: 29600898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00741.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs), plasma-based noncoding RNAs that control posttranscriptional gene expression, mediate processes that underlie phenotypical plasticity to exercise. The relationship and biological relevance between c-miRNA expression and variable dose exercise exposure remains uncertain. We hypothesized that certain c-miRNAs respond to changes in exercise intensity and/or duration in a dose-dependent fashion. Muscle release of such c-miRNAs may then deplete intracellular stores, thus facilitating gene reprogramming and exercise adaptation. To address these hypotheses, healthy men participated in variable intensity ( n = 12, 30 × 1 min at 6, 7, and 8 miles/h, order randomized) and variable duration ( n = 14, 7 × 1 mile/h for 30, 60, and 90 min, order randomized) treadmill-running protocols. Muscle-enriched c-miRNAs (i.e., miRNA-1 and miRNA-133a) and others with known relevance to exercise were measured before and after exercise. c-miRNA responses followed three profiles: 1) nonresponsive (miRNA-21 and miRNA-210), 2) responsive to exercise at some threshold but without dose dependence (miRNA-24 and miRNA-146a), and 3) responsive to exercise with dose dependence to increasing intensity (miRNA-1) or duration (miRNA-133a and miRNA-222). We also studied aerobic exercise-trained mice, comparing control, low-intensity (0.5 km/h), or high-intensity (1 km/h) treadmill-running protocols over 4 wk. In high- but not low-intensity-trained mice, we found increased plasma c-miR-133a along with decreased intracellular miRNA-133a and increased serum response factor, a known miR-133a target gene, in muscle. Characterization of c-miRNAs that are dose responsive to exercise in humans and mice supports the notion that they directly mediate physiological adaptation to exercise, potentially through depletion of intracellular stores of muscle-specific miRNAs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study of humans and mice, we define circulating microRNAs in plasma that are dose responsive to exercise. Our data support the notion that these microRNAs mediate physiological adaptation to exercise potentially through depletion of intracellular stores of muscle-specific microRNAs and releasing their inhibitory effects on target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Ramos
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire Lo
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard E Estephan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi-Yin Tai
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Tang
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingsi Zhao
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Masataka Sugahara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine , Hyogo , Japan
| | - John Gorcsan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Marcel G Brown
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Soyama Y, Simon M, Sugahara M, Goda A, Kagiyama N, Onishi T, Shigemura N, Gorcsan J. THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FREE WALL STRAIN AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH SCLERODERMA. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)32496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Soyama Y, McNamara D, Sugahara M, Briller J, Cooper L, Damp J, Drazner M, Fett J, Hsich E, Rajagopalan N, Kagiyama N, Gorcsan J. THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF LEFT ATRIAL FUNCTION BY SPECKLE TRACKING STRAIN IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)31365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hasselberg NE, Sugahara M, Kagiyama N, Goda A, Simon M, Gorcsan J. RIGHT ATRIAL STRAIN BY SPECKLE-TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PREDICTS MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)32466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tayal B, Gorcsan J, Bax JJ, Risum N, Olsen NT, Singh JP, Abraham WT, Borer JS, Dickstein K, Gras D, Krum H, Brugada J, Robertson M, Ford I, Holzmeister J, Ruschitzka F, Sogaard P. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure and Narrow QRS Complexes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:1325-1333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kagiyama N, Soyama Y, Crago EA, Sugahara M, Hasselberg NE, Lagattuta T, Yousef KM, Hravnak M, Gorcsan J. QUANTIFICATION OF REVERSE TAKOTSUBO PATTERN IN PATIENTS WITH SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE BY LONGITUDINAL STRAIN. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)32005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kagiyama N, Soyama Y, Crago EA, Sugahara M, Hasselberg NE, Lagattuta T, Yousef KM, Hravnak MT, Gorcsan J. PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PERSISTENTLY ABNORMAL LEFT VENTRICULAR GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(18)32255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pena A, Kobir A, Goncharov D, Goda A, Kudryashova TV, Ray A, Vanderpool R, Baust J, Chang B, Mora AL, Gorcsan J, Goncharova EA. Pharmacological Inhibition of mTOR Kinase Reverses Right Ventricle Remodeling and Improves Right Ventricle Structure and Function in Rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:615-625. [PMID: 28679058 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0364oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, right-heart afterload and death. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation, survival, and pulmonary vascular remodeling via two functionally distinct mTOR complexes (mTORCs)-1 (supports cell growth) and -2 (promotes cell survival), and dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition selectively induces pulmonary arterial hypertension PA vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and reverses pulmonary vascular remodeling. The consequences of mTOR inhibition on right ventricle (RV) morphology and function are not known. Using SU5416/hypoxia rat model of pulmonary hypertension (PH), we report that, in contrast to activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways in small remodeled PAs, RV tissues had predominant up-regulation of mTORC1 signaling accompanied by cardiomyocyte and RV hypertrophy, increased RV wall thickness, RV/left ventricle end-diastolic area ratio, RV contractility and afterload (arterial elastance), and shorter RV acceleration time compared with controls. Treatment with mTOR kinase inhibitor, PP242, at Weeks 6-8 after PH induction suppressed both mTORC1 and mTORC2 in small PAs, but only mTORC1 signaling in RV, preserving basal mTORC2-Akt levels. Vehicle-treated rats showed further PH and RV worsening and profound RV fibrosis. PP242 reversed pulmonary vascular remodeling and prevented neointimal occlusion of small PAs, significantly reduced PA pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, reversed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and RV remodeling, improved max RV contractility, arterial elastance, and RV acceleration time, and prevented development of RV fibrosis. Collectively, these data show a predominant role of mTORC1 versus mTORC2 in RV pathology, and suggest potential attractiveness of mTOR inhibition to simultaneously target pulmonary vascular remodeling and RV dysfunction in established PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Pena
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Ahasanul Kobir
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | | | | | - Arnab Ray
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | - Jeffrey Baust
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Baojun Chang
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Ana L Mora
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - John Gorcsan
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,2 Division of Cardiology
| | - Elena A Goncharova
- 1 Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute.,4 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,5 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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