1
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Choy S, Thakur S, Polyakov E, Abdelaziz J, Lloyd E, Enriquez M, Jayan N, Fily Y, McGaugh S, Keene AC, Kowalko JE. Mutations in the albinism gene oca2 alter vision-dependent prey capture behavior in the Mexican tetra. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599419. [PMID: 38948816 PMCID: PMC11212897 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the phenotypic consequences of naturally occurring genetic changes, as well as their impact on fitness, is fundamental to understanding how organisms adapt to an environment. This is critical when genetic variants have pleiotropic effects, as determining how each phenotype impacted by a gene contributes to fitness is essential to understand how and why traits have evolved. A striking example of a pleiotropic gene contributing to trait evolution is the oca2 gene, coding mutations in which underlie albinism and reductions of sleep in the blind Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. Here, we characterize the effects of mutations in the oca2 gene on larval prey capture. We find that when conspecific surface fish with engineered mutations in the oca2 allele are hunting, they use cave-like, wide angle strikes to capture prey. However, unlike cavefish or surface fish in the dark, which rely on lateral line mediated hunting, oca2 mutant surface fish use vision when striking at prey from wide angles. Finally, we find that while oca2 mutant surface fish do not outcompete pigmented surface siblings in the dark, pigmented fish outcompete albino fish in the light. This raises the possibility that albinism is detrimental to larval feeding in a surface-like lighted environment, but does not have negative consequences for fish in cave-like, dark environments. Together, these results demonstrate that oca2 plays a role in larval feeding behavior in A. mexicanus. Further, they expand our understanding of the pleiotropic phenotypic consequences of oca2 in cavefish evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Choy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Sunishka Thakur
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Ellen Polyakov
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL
| | - Jennah Abdelaziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
| | | | - Maya Enriquez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Nikita Jayan
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL
| | - Yaouen Fily
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL
| | - Suzanne McGaugh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M, College Station, TX
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2
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Tidswell BK, Veliko-Shapko A, Tytell ED. The role of vision and lateral line sensing for schooling in giant danios (Devario aequipinnatus). J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246887. [PMID: 38680124 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Schooling is a collective behavior that relies on a fish's ability to sense and respond to the other fish around it. Previous work has identified 'rules' of schooling - attraction to neighbors that are far away, repulsion from neighbors that are too close and alignment with neighbors at the correct distance - but we do not understand well how these rules emerge from the sensory physiology and behavior of individual fish. In particular, fish use both vision and their lateral lines to sense each other, but it is unclear how much they rely on information from these sensory modalities to coordinate schooling behavior. To address this question, we studied how the schooling of giant danios (Devario aequipinnatus) changes when they are unable to see or use their lateral lines. We found that giant danios were able to school without their lateral lines but did not school in darkness. Surprisingly, giant danios in darkness had the same attraction properties as fish in light when they were in close proximity, indicating that they could sense nearby fish with their lateral lines. However, they were not attracted to more distant fish, suggesting that long-distance attraction through vision is important for maintaining a cohesive school. These results help us expand our understanding of the roles that vision and the lateral line play in the schooling of some fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben K Tidswell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Eric D Tytell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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3
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Rodríguez-Morales R. Sensing in the dark: Constructive evolution of the lateral line system in blind populations of Astyanax mexicanus. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11286. [PMID: 38654714 PMCID: PMC11036076 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cave-adapted animals evolve a suite of regressive and constructive traits that allow survival in the dark. Most studies aiming at understanding cave animal evolution have focused on the genetics and environmental underpinnings of regressive traits, with special emphasis on vision loss. Possibly as a result of vision loss, other non-visual sensory systems have expanded and compensated in cave species. For instance, in many cave-dwelling fish species, including the blind cavefish of the Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, a major non-visual mechanosensory system called the lateral line, compensated for vision loss through morphological expansions. While substantial work has shed light on constructive adaptation of this system, there are still many open questions regarding its developmental origin, synaptic plasticity, and overall adaptive value. This review provides a snapshot of the current state of knowledge of lateral line adaption in A. mexicanus, with an emphasis on anatomy, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. Multiple open avenues for future research in this system, and how these can be leveraged as tools for both evolutionary biology and evolutionary medicine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine University of Puerto Rico San Juan Puerto Rico
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4
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Bustad E, Mudrock E, Nilles EM, Mcquate A, Bergado M, Gu A, Galitan L, Gleason N, Ou HC, Raible DW, Hernandez RE, Ma S. In vivo screening for toxicity-modulating drug interactions identifies antagonism that protects against ototoxicity in zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1363545. [PMID: 38515847 PMCID: PMC10955247 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1363545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ototoxicity is a debilitating side effect of over 150 medications with diverse mechanisms of action, many of which could be taken concurrently to treat multiple conditions. Approaches for preclinical evaluation of drug-drug interactions that might impact ototoxicity would facilitate design of safer multi-drug regimens and mitigate unsafe polypharmacy by flagging combinations that potentially cause adverse interactions for monitoring. They may also identify protective agents that antagonize ototoxic injury. Methods: To address this need, we have developed a novel workflow that we call Parallelized Evaluation of Protection and Injury for Toxicity Assessment (PEPITA), which empowers high-throughput, semi-automated quantification of ototoxicity and otoprotection in zebrafish larvae via microscopy. We used PEPITA and confocal microscopy to characterize in vivo the consequences of drug-drug interactions on ototoxic drug uptake and cellular damage of zebrafish lateral line hair cells. Results and discussion: By applying PEPITA to measure ototoxic drug interaction outcomes, we discovered antagonistic interactions between macrolide and aminoglycoside antibiotics that confer protection against aminoglycoside-induced damage to lateral line hair cells in zebrafish larvae. Co-administration of either azithromycin or erythromycin in zebrafish protected against damage from a broad panel of aminoglycosides, at least in part via inhibiting drug uptake into hair cells via a mechanism independent from hair cell mechanotransduction. Conversely, combining macrolides with aminoglycosides in bacterial inhibition assays does not show antagonism of antimicrobial efficacy. The proof-of-concept otoprotective antagonism suggests that combinatorial interventions can potentially be developed to protect against other forms of toxicity without hindering on-target drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Bustad
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emma Mudrock
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Nilles
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea Mcquate
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Monica Bergado
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alden Gu
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Louie Galitan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalie Gleason
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Henry C. Ou
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David W. Raible
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- VM Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rafael E. Hernandez
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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5
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Coombs S. A multisensory perspective on near-field detection and localization of hydroacoustic sourcesa). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:2545. [PMID: 37130204 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper gives a brief synopsis of the research career of S.C. in fish bioacoustics with an emphasis on dipole near fields. The hydroacoustic nature of the dipole near field and the effective stimuli to lateral line and auditory systems combine to produce a multisensory, range-fractionated region that is critically important to many fish behaviors. The mottled sculpin and goldfish lateral lines encode the spatial complexities of the near field as spatial excitation patterns along the body surface to provide instantaneous snapshots of various source features such as distance, orientation, and direction of movement. In contrast, the pressure-sensitive channel of the goldfish auditory system [the anterior swim bladder (SB)-saccule complex] encodes the spatial complexities in a temporal fashion whenever the position or orientation of the source changes with respect to the anterior SB. A full appreciation for how these somatotopic and egocentric representations guide fish behavior requires an understanding of how multisensory information, including vision, is combined in sensorimotor regions of the brain to effect behavior. A brief overview of vertebrate brain organization indicates that behaviors directed to or away from hydroacoustic sources likely involve a variety of mechanisms, behavioral strategies, and brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Coombs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43402, USA
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6
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Scott E, Edgley DE, Smith A, Joyce DA, Genner MJ, Ioannou CC, Hauert S. Lateral line morphology, sensory perception and collective behaviour in African cichlid fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221478. [PMID: 36704254 PMCID: PMC9874273 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lateral line system of fishes provides cues for collective behaviour, such as shoaling, but it remains unclear how anatomical lateral line variation leads to behavioural differences among species. Here we studied associations between lateral line morphology and collective behaviour using two morphologically divergent species and their second-generation hybrids. We identify collective behaviours associated with variation in canal and superficial lateral line morphology, with closer proximities to neighbouring fish associated with larger canal pore sizes and fewer superficial neuromasts. A mechanistic understanding of the observed associations was provided by hydrodynamic modelling of an artificial lateral line sensor, which showed that simulated canal-based neuromasts were less susceptible to saturation during unidirectional movement than simulated superficial neuromasts, while increasing the canal pore size of the simulated lateral line sensor elevated sensitivity to vortices shed by neighbouring fish. Our results propose a mechanism behind lateral line flow sensing during collective behaviour in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Scott
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Duncan E. Edgley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Alan Smith
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Domino A. Joyce
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Martin J. Genner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Sabine Hauert
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
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7
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Lunsford ET, Paz A, Keene AC, Liao JC. Evolutionary convergence of a neural mechanism in the cavefish lateral line system. eLife 2022; 11:77387. [PMID: 35708234 PMCID: PMC9246366 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can evolve dramatic sensory functions in response to environmental constraints, but little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these changes. The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is a leading model to study genetic, behavioral, and physiological evolution by comparing eyed surface populations and blind cave populations. We compared neurophysiological responses of posterior lateral line afferent neurons and motor neurons across A. mexicanus populations to reveal how shifts in sensory function may shape behavioral diversity. These studies indicate differences in intrinsic afferent signaling and gain control across populations. Elevated endogenous afferent activity identified a lower response threshold in the lateral line of blind cavefish relative to surface fish leading to increased evoked potentials during hair cell deflection in cavefish. We next measured the effect of inhibitory corollary discharges from hindbrain efferent neurons onto afferents during locomotion. We discovered that three independently derived cavefish populations have evolved persistent afferent activity during locomotion, suggesting for the first time that partial loss of function in the efferent system can be an evolutionary mechanism for neural adaptation of a vertebrate sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias T Lunsford
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, United States
| | - Alexandra Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - Alex C Keene
- Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - James C Liao
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Saint Augustine, United States
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8
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Mekdara PJ, Tirmizi S, Schwalbe MAB, Tytell ED. Comparison of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Cobalt Chloride for Ablation of the Lateral Line System in Giant Danios. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac012. [PMID: 35359665 PMCID: PMC8964175 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis
The mechanoreceptive lateral line system in fish is composed of neuromasts containing hair cells, which can be temporarily ablated by aminoglycoside antibiotics and heavy metal ions. These chemicals have been used for some time in studies exploring the functional role of the lateral line system in many fish species. However, little information on the relative effectiveness and rate of action of these chemicals for ablation is available. In particular, aminoglycoside antibiotics are thought to affect canal neuromasts, which sit in bony or trunk canals, differently from superficial neuromasts, which sit directly on the skin. This assumed ablation pattern has not been fully quantified for commonly used lateral line ablation agents. This study provides a detailed characterization of the effects of two aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin sulfate and neomycin sulfate, and a heavy metal salt, cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2), on the ablation of hair cells in canal and superficial neuromasts in the giant danio (Devario aequipinnatus) lateral line system, as a model for adult teleost fishes. We also quantified the regeneration of hair cells after ablation using CoCl2 and gentamycin sulfate to verify the time course to full recovery, and whether the ablation method affects the recovery time. Using a fluorescence stain, 4-Di-2-ASP, we verified the effectiveness of each chemical by counting the number of fluorescing canal and superficial neuromasts present throughout the time course of ablation and regeneration of hair cells. We found that streptomycin and neomycin were comparably effective at ablating all neuromasts in less than 12 h using a 250 μM dosage and in less than 8 h using a 500 μM dosage. The 500 μM dosage of either streptomycin or neomycin can ablate hair cells in superficial neuromasts within 2–4 h, while leaving those in canal neuromasts mostly intact. CoCl2 (0.1 mM) worked the fastest, ablating all of the hair cells in less than 6 h. Complete regeneration of the neuromasts in the lateral line system took 7 days regardless of chemicals used to ablate the hair cells. This study adds to the growing knowledge in hearing research about how effective specific chemicals are at ablating hair cells in the acoustic system of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Mekdara
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Building 35, 2B-1004, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Tirmizi
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - M A B Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, 555 N Sheridan Road, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - E D Tytell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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9
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Aragona M, Porcino C, Guerrera MC, Montalbano G, Laurà R, Cometa M, Levanti M, Abbate F, Cobo T, Capitelli G, Vega JA, Germanà A. The BDNF/TrkB Neurotrophin System in the Sensory Organs of Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052621. [PMID: 35269763 PMCID: PMC8910639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was discovered in the last century, and identified as a member of the neurotrophin family. BDNF shares approximately 50% of its amino acid with other neurotrophins such as NGF, NT-3 and NT-4/5, and its linear amino acid sequences in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human are 91% identical. BDNF functions can be mediated by two categories of receptors: p75NTR and Trk. Intriguingly, BDNF receptors were highly conserved in the process of evolution, as were the other NTs’ receptors. In this review, we update current knowledge about the distribution and functions of the BDNF-TrkB system in the sensory organs of zebrafish. In fish, particularly in zebrafish, the distribution and functions of BDNF and TrkB in the brain have been widely studied. Both components of the system, associated or segregated, are also present outside the central nervous system, especially in sensory organs including the inner ear, lateral line system, retina, taste buds and olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Aragona
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Caterina Porcino
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Montalbano
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Rosaria Laurà
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Marzio Cometa
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Maria Levanti
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Abbate
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Gabriel Capitelli
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Viamonte 1053, CABA, Buenos Aires 1056, Argentina;
| | - José A. Vega
- Grupo SINPOS, Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain;
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Antonino Germanà
- Zebrafish Neuromorphology Lab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (M.C.G.); (G.M.); (R.L.); (M.C.); (M.L.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Saccomanno V, Love H, Sylvester A, Li WC. The early development and physiology of Xenopus laevis tadpole lateral line system. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:1814-1830. [PMID: 34705593 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00618.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis has a lateral line mechanosensory system throughout its full life cycle, and a previous study on prefeeding stage tadpoles revealed that it may play a role in motor responses to both water suction and water jets. Here, we investigated the physiology of the anterior lateral line system in newly hatched tadpoles and the motor outputs induced by its activation in response to brief suction stimuli. High-speed videoing showed tadpoles tended to turn and swim away when strong suction was applied close to the head. The lateral line neuromasts were revealed by using DASPEI staining, and their inactivation with neomycin eliminated tadpole motor responses to suction. In immobilized preparations, suction or electrically stimulating the anterior lateral line nerve reliably initiated swimming but the motor nerve discharges implicating turning was observed only occasionally. The same stimulation applied during ongoing fictive swimming produced a halting response. The anterior lateral line nerve showed spontaneous afferent discharges at rest and increased activity during stimulation. Efferent activities were only recorded during tadpole fictive swimming and were largely synchronous with the ipsilateral motor nerve discharges. Finally, calcium imaging identified neurons with fluorescence increase time-locked with suction stimulation in the hindbrain and midbrain. A cluster of neurons at the entry point of the anterior lateral line nerve in the dorsolateral hindbrain had the shortest latency in their responses, supporting their potential sensory interneuron identity. Future studies need to reveal how the lateral line sensory information is processed by the central circuit to determine tadpole motor behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied Xenopus tadpole motor responses to anterior lateral line stimulation using high-speed videos, electrophysiology and calcium imaging. Activating the lateral line reliably started swimming. At high stimulation intensities, turning was observed behaviorally but suitable motor nerve discharges were seen only occasionally in immobilized tadpoles. Suction applied during swimming produced a halting response. We analyzed afferent and efferent activities of the tadpole anterior lateral line nerve and located sensory interneurons using calcium imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Saccomanno
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, grid.11914.3cUniversity of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Heather Love
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, grid.11914.3cUniversity of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Sylvester
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, grid.11914.3cUniversity of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Chang Li
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, grid.11914.3cUniversity of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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11
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Iwashita M, Yoshizawa M. Social-like responses are inducible in asocial Mexican cavefish despite the exhibition of strong repetitive behavior. eLife 2021; 10:72463. [PMID: 34542411 PMCID: PMC8500712 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behavior is a hallmark of complex animal systems; however, some species appear to have secondarily lost this social ability. In these non-social species, whether social abilities are permanently lost or suppressed is unclear. The blind cavefish Astyanax mexicanus is known to be asocial. Here, we reveal that cavefish exhibited social-like interactions in familiar environments but suppressed these interactions in stress-associated unfamiliar environments. Furthermore, the level of suppression in sociality was positively correlated with that of stereotypic repetitive behavior, as seen in mammals. Treatment with a human antipsychotic drug targeting the dopaminergic system induced social-like interactions in cavefish, even in unfamiliar environments, while reducing repetitive behavior. Overall, these results suggest that the antagonistic association between repetitive and social-like behaviors is deeply shared from teleosts through mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Iwashita
- School of Life Sciences, the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | - Masato Yoshizawa
- School of Life Sciences, the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
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12
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Mekdara PJ, Nasimi F, Schwalbe MAB, Tytell ED. Tail Beat Synchronization during Schooling Requires a Functional Posterior Lateral Line System in Giant Danios, Devario aequipinnatus. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:427-441. [PMID: 33982077 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Swimming in schools has long been hypothesized to allow fish to save energy. Fish must exploit the energy from the wakes of their neighbors for maximum energy savings, a feat that requires them to both synchronize their tail movements and stay in certain positions relative to their neighbors. To maintain position in a school, we know that fish use multiple sensory systems, mainly their visual and flow sensing lateral line system. However, how fish synchronize their swimming movements in a school is still not well understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that this synchronization may depend on functional differences in the two branches of the lateral line sensory system that detects water movements close to the fish's body. The anterior branch, located on the head, encounters largely undisturbed free-stream flow, while the posterior branch, located on the trunk and tail, encounters flow that has been affected strongly by the tail movement. Thus, we hypothesize that the anterior branch may be more important for regulating position within the school, while the posterior branch may be more important for synchronizing tail movements. Our study examines functional differences in the anterior and posterior lateral line in the structure and tail synchronization of fish schools. We used a widely available aquarium fish that schools, the giant danio, Devario equipinnatus. Fish swam in a large circular tank where stereoscopic videos recordings were used to reconstruct the 3D position of each individual within the school and to track tail kinematics to quantify synchronization. For one fish in each school, we ablated using cobalt chloride either the anterior region only, the posterior region only, or the entire lateral line system. We observed that ablating any region of the lateral line system causes fish to swim in a "box" or parallel swimming formation, which was different from the diamond formation observed in normal fish. Ablating only the anterior region did not substantially reduce tail beat synchronization but ablating only the posterior region caused fish to stop synchronizing their tail beats, largely because the tail beat frequency increased dramatically. Thus, the anterior and posterior lateral line system appears to have different behavioral functions in fish. Most importantly, we showed that the posterior lateral line system played a major role in determining tail beat synchrony in schooling fish. Without synchronization, swimming efficiency decreases, which can have an impact on the fitness of the individual fish and group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong J Mekdara
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA.,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fazila Nasimi
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Margot A B Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest College, 555 N Sheridan Road, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Eric D Tytell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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13
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Jung J, Serrano-Rojas SJ, Warkentin KM. Multimodal mechanosensing enables treefrog embryos to escape egg-predators. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb236141. [PMID: 33188064 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensory-cued hatching (MCH) is widespread, diverse and important for survival in many animals. From flatworms and insects to frogs and turtles, embryos use mechanosensory cues and signals to inform hatching timing, yet mechanisms mediating mechanosensing in ovo are largely unknown. The arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, hatch prematurely to escape predation, cued by physical disturbance in snake attacks. When otoconial organs in the developing vestibular system become functional, this response strengthens, but its earlier occurrence indicates another sensor must contribute. Post-hatching, tadpoles use lateral line neuromasts to detect water motion. We ablated neuromast function with gentamicin to assess their role in A. callidryas' hatching response to disturbance. Prior to vestibular function, this nearly eliminated the hatching response to a complex simulated attack cue, egg jiggling, revealing that neuromasts mediate early MCH. Vestibular function onset increased hatching, independent of neuromast function, indicating young embryos use multiple mechanosensory systems. MCH increased developmentally. All older embryos hatched in response to egg jiggling, but neuromast function reduced response latency. In contrast, neuromast ablation had no effect on the timing or level of hatching in motion-only vibration playbacks. It appears only a subset of egg-disturbance cues stimulate neuromasts; thus, embryos in attacked clutches may receive unimodal or multimodal stimuli. Agalychnis callidryas embryos have more neuromasts than described for any other species at hatching, suggesting precocious sensory development may facilitate MCH. Our findings provide insight into the behavioral roles of two mechanosensory systems in ovo and open possibilities for exploring sensory perception across taxa in early life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jung
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shirley J Serrano-Rojas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Karen M Warkentin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
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14
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Coombs S, Bak-Coleman J, Montgomery J. Rheotaxis revisited: a multi-behavioral and multisensory perspective on how fish orient to flow. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/23/jeb223008. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.223008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Here, we review fish rheotaxis (orientation to flow) with the goal of placing it within a larger behavioral and multisensory context. Rheotaxis is a flexible behavior that is used by fish in a variety of circumstances: to search for upstream sources of current-borne odors, to intercept invertebrate drift and, in general, to conserve energy while preventing downstream displacement. Sensory information available for rheotaxis includes water-motion cues to the lateral line and body-motion cues to visual, vestibular or tactile senses when fish are swept downstream. Although rheotaxis can be mediated by a single sense, each sense has its own limitations. For example, lateral line cues are limited by the spatial characteristics of flow, visual cues by water visibility, and vestibular and other body-motion cues by the ability of fish to withstand downstream displacement. The ability of multiple senses to compensate for any single-sense limitation enables rheotaxis to persist over a wide range of sensory and flow conditions. Here, we propose a mechanism of rheotaxis that can be activated in parallel by one or more senses; a major component of this mechanism is directional selectivity of central neurons to broad patterns of water and/or body motions. A review of central mechanisms for vertebrate orienting behaviors and optomotor reflexes reveals several motorsensory integration sites in the CNS that could be involved in rheotaxis. As such, rheotaxis provides an excellent opportunity for understanding the multisensory control of a simple vertebrate behavior and how a simple motor act is integrated with others to form complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Coombs
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Biological Sciences and JP Scott Center for Neuroscience, Mind and Behavior, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Joe Bak-Coleman
- University of Washington, Center for an Informed Public and eScience Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Montgomery
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Marine Science, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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15
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Effects of Oxytetracycline and Gentamicin Therapeutic Doses on Hematological, Biochemical and Hematopoietic Parameters in Cyprinus carpio Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122278. [PMID: 33287184 PMCID: PMC7761691 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematological, biochemical and hematopoietic effects of therapeutic doses of oxytetracycline (OTC) and gentamicin (GEN) in clinically healthy common carp juveniles were studied. The fish were divided into four groups: controls 1 and 2 (untreated or injected with 0.6% NaCl solution), and two groups treated with antibiotics (orally with OTC four times every two days or injected with a single dose of GEN dissolved in 0.6% NaCl). Blood and head kidneys were sampled from all fish 3 days post-treatments for hematological, biochemical and hematopoietic tissue analyses. The obtained results showed no considerable hematotoxicity or hepatotoxicity of therapeutic doses of OTC and GEN to carp. Abstract Hematological, biochemical and hematopoietic effects of therapeutic doses of two antibiotics, oxytetracycline (OTC) and gentamicin (GEN), in clinically healthy common carp juveniles were studied. The fish were divided into four groups: controls 1 and 2 (untreated or injected with 0.6% NaCl solution), and two groups treated with antibiotics (orally with 75 mg/kg OTC four times every two days or injected with a single dose (4 mg/kg) of GEN dissolved in 0.6% NaCl). Blood and head kidneys were sampled from all fish 3 days post-treatments for hematological, biochemical and hematopoietic tissue analyses. No major alterations in the values of hematological and serum biochemical parameters occurred following administration of OTC or GEN. Glucose concentrations were significantly lower in both groups of fish subjected to injections (Control 2 and GEN), while the oxidative metabolic activity of phagocytes increased in the antibiotic-treated groups (significantly in OTC). More alterations were observed in hematopoietic tissue. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that G caused a significant increase in the rate of cell proliferation (PCNA-positive cells) and an increase in the frequency of apoptotic cells (caspase-positive). The frequency of lymphoid lineage decreased, which was related to a decrease in the abundance of mature lymphocytes in GEN-treated fish. Percentages of neutrophilic lineage were significantly elevated in OTC and GEN groups compared to controls. The obtained results showed no considerable hematotoxicity or hepatotoxicity of therapeutic doses of OTC and GEN to carp.
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16
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Body-generated hydrodynamic flows influence male–male contests and female mate choice in a freshwater fish. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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McKee A, Soto AP, Chen P, McHenry MJ. The sensory basis of schooling by intermittent swimming in the rummy-nose tetra ( Hemigrammus rhodostomus). Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200568. [PMID: 33109007 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schooling is a collective behaviour that enhances the ability of a fish to sense and respond to its environment. Although schooling is essential to the biology of a diversity of fishes, it is generally unclear how this behaviour is coordinated by different sensory modalities. We used experimental manipulation and kinematic measurements to test the role of vision and flow sensing in the rummy-nose tetra (Hemigrammus rhodostomus), which swims with intermittent phases of bursts and coasts. Groups of five fish required a minimum level of illuminance (greater than 1.5 lx) to achieve the necessary close nearest-neighbour distance and high polarization for schooling. Compromising the lateral line system with an antibiotic treatment caused tetras to swim with greater nearest-neighbour distance and lower polarization. Therefore, vision is both necessary and sufficient for schooling in H. rhodostomus, and both sensory modalities aid in attraction. These results can serve as a basis for understanding the individual roles of sensory modalities in schooling for some fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberle McKee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alberto P Soto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Phoebe Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew J McHenry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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18
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Desrochers L, Branconi R, Schlatter E, Dent B, Buston P. Sensory cues underlying competitive growth in the clown anemonefish (Amphiprion percula). Behav Processes 2020; 181:104276. [PMID: 33091543 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In some animal societies, access to breeding depends on the individual's position in a hierarchy, which often depends on an individual's size. In such societies, individuals may try to outgrow one another to attain a higher rank by engaging in a form of strategic growth (competitive growth). This suggests that members of the hierarchy can track changes in the growth and size of potential competitors and respond accordingly. The clown anemonefish, Amphiprion percula, is one species known to exhibit competitive growth at the initiation of size hierarchies. Here, we use 5 combinations of sensory cues to determine which cues must be available for individuals to engage in competitive growth. Our results show that mechanosensory (pressure and/or touch) cues or unobstructed interactions are necessary for competitive growth to occur. This study provides an understanding of the relationship between sensory cues and phenotypic responses to different social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Desrochers
- Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | | | - E Schlatter
- Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Brianne Dent
- Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Peter Buston
- Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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19
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Franzellitti S, Prada F, Viarengo A, Fabbri E. Evaluating bivalve cytoprotective responses and their regulatory pathways in a climate change scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137733. [PMID: 32325610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a relevant abiotic factor affecting physiological performance and distribution of marine animals in natural environments. The changes in global seawater temperatures make it necessary to understand how molecular mechanisms operate under the cumulative effects of global climate change and chemical pollution to promote/hamper environmental acclimatization. Marine mussels are excellent model organisms to infer the impacts of those anthropogenic threats on coastal ecosystems. In this study, Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of the metal copper (Cu as CuCl2: 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/L) or the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC: 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L) at increasing seawater temperatures (16 °C, 20 °C, 24 °C). Transcriptional modulation of a 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) and of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded by the ABCB gene) was assessed along with the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway regulating both gene expressions. At the physiological temperature of mussels (16 °C), Cu and OTC induced bimodal changes of cAMP levels and PKA activities in gills of exposed animals. A correlation between OTC- or Cu- induced changes of PKA activity and expression of hsp70 and ABCB was observed. Temperature increases (up to 24 °C) altered ABCB and hsp70 responses to the pollutants and disrupted their relationship with cAMP/PKA modulation, leading to loss of correlation between the biological endpoints. On the whole, the results indicate that temperature may impair the effects of inorganic and organic chemicals on the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway of mussels, in turn altering key molecular mediators of physiological plasticity and cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Fano Marine Center, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Fano, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Prada
- Fano Marine Center, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Fano, Italy; Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Unit, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fabbri
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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20
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Yoffe M, Patel K, Palia E, Kolawole S, Streets A, Haspel G, Soares D. Morphological malleability of the lateral line allows for surface fish (Astyanax mexicanus) adaptation to cave environments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:511-517. [PMID: 32436310 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lateral line is the primary modality fish use to create a hydrodynamic image of their environment. These images contribute to a variety of behaviors, from rheotaxis to escape responses. Here we discern the contributions of visual and lateral line modalities in hunting behavior of larvae that have developed under different photic conditions. In particular, cave animals have a hypertrophied sense of mechanosensation, and we studied the common animal model cavefish Astyanax mexicanus and its closest related surface relative. We raised larvae in a diurnal light-dark regimen and in complete darkness. We then examined the distribution of neuromasts in their lateral lines, and their hunting performance in light and dark conditions, with and without the contribution of the lateral line. We report that all larva depend on the lateral line for success in hunting and that surface fish raised in the dark have a greater dependency on the lateral line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yoffe
- Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Kush Patel
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric Palia
- Westfield High School, Westfield, New Jersey
| | - Samuel Kolawole
- Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Amy Streets
- Queensland Brain Institute University of Queensland St. Lucia, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gal Haspel
- Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Daphne Soares
- Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
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21
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Maldonado E, Rangel-Huerta E, Rodriguez-Salazar E, Pereida-Jaramillo E, Martínez-Torres A. Subterranean life: Behavior, metabolic, and some other adaptations of Astyanax cavefish. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:463-473. [PMID: 32346998 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of fishes to adapt to any aquatic environment seems limitless. It is enthralling how new species keep appearing at the deep sea or in subterranean environments. There are close to 230 known species of cavefishes, still today the best-known cavefish is Astyanax mexicanus, a Characid that has become a model organism, and has been studied and scrutinized since 1936. There are two morphotypes for A. mexicanus, a surface fish and a cavefish. The surface fish lives in central and northeastern Mexico and south of the United States, while the cavefish is endemic to the "Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa region" in northeast Mexico. The extensive genetic and genomic analysis depicts a complex origin for Astyanax cavefish, with multiple cave invasions and persistent gene flow among cave populations. The surface founder population prevails in the same region where the caves are. In this review, we focus on both morphotype's main morphological and physiological differences, but mainly in recent discoveries about behavioral and metabolic adaptations for subterranean life. These traits may not be as obvious as the troglomorphic characteristics, but are key to understand how Astyanax cavefish thrives in this environment of perpetual darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Emma Rangel-Huerta
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Elizabeth Rodriguez-Salazar
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Elizabeth Pereida-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Ataulfo Martínez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, México
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22
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Stahl BA, Peuß R, McDole B, Kenzior A, Jaggard JB, Gaudenz K, Krishnan J, McGaugh SE, Duboue ER, Keene AC, Rohner N. Stable transgenesis in Astyanax mexicanus using the Tol2 transposase system. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:679-687. [PMID: 30938001 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astyanax mexicanus is a well-established fish model system for evolutionary and developmental biology research. These fish exist as surface forms that inhabit rivers and 30 different populations of cavefish. Despite important progress in the deployment of new technologies, deep mechanistic insights into the genetic basis of evolution, development, and behavior have been limited by a lack of transgenic lines commonly used in genetic model systems. RESULTS Here, we expand the toolkit of transgenesis by characterizing two novel stable transgenic lines that were generated using the highly efficient Tol2 system, commonly used to generate transgenic zebrafish. A stable transgenic line consisting of the zebrafish ubiquitin promoter expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein ubiquitously throughout development in a surface population of Astyanax. To define specific cell-types, a Cntnap2-mCherry construct labels lateral line mechanosensory neurons in zebrafish. Strikingly, both constructs appear to label the predicted cell types, suggesting many genetic tools and defined promoter regions in zebrafish are directly transferrable to cavefish. CONCLUSION The lines provide proof-of-principle for the application of Tol2 transgenic technology in A. mexicanus. Expansion on these initial transgenic lines will provide a platform to address broadly important problems in the quest to bridge the genotype-phenotype gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Florida
| | - Robert Peuß
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Brittnee McDole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Florida
| | | | - James B Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Florida
| | - Karin Gaudenz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Suzanne E McGaugh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Erik R Duboue
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.,Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Florida.,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Florida
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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23
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Carrillo A, Van Le D, Byron M, Jiang H, McHenry MJ. Canal neuromasts enhance foraging in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:035003. [PMID: 30856616 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab0eb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals commonly sense flow using superficial neuromasts (SNs), which are receptors that extend from the body's surface. The lateral line of fishes is unique among these systems because it additionally possesses receptors, the canal neuromasts (CNs), that are recessed within a channel. The lateral line has inspired the development of engineered sensors and concepts in the analysis of flow fields for submersible navigation. The biophysics of CNs are known to be different from the SNs and thereby offer a distinct submodality. However, it is generally unclear whether CNs play a distinct role in behavior. We therefore tested whether CNs enhance foraging in the dark by zebrafish (Danio rerio), a behavior that we elicited with a vibrating rod. We found that juvenile fish, which have only SNs, bite at this rod at about one-third the rate and from as little as one-third the distance of adults for a high-frequency stimulus (50 < f < 100 Hz). We used novel techniques for manipulating the lateral line in adults to find that CNs offered only a modest benefit at a lower frequency (20 Hz) and that foraging was mediated entirely by cranial neuromasts. Consistent with our behavioral results, biophysical models predicted CNs to be more than an order of magnitude more sensitive than SNs at high frequencies. This enhancement helps to overcome the rapid spatial decay in high-frequency components in the flow around the stimulus. These findings contrast what has been previously established for fishes that are at least ten-times the length of zebrafish, which use trunk CNs to localize prey. Therefore, CNs generally enhance foraging, but in a manner that varies with the size of the fish and its prey. These results have the potential to improve our understanding of flow sensing in aquatic animals and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Carrillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
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24
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Pickett SB, Raible DW. Water Waves to Sound Waves: Using Zebrafish to Explore Hair Cell Biology. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2019; 20:1-19. [PMID: 30635804 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-018-00711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although perhaps best known for their use in developmental studies, over the last couple of decades, zebrafish have become increasingly popular model organisms for investigating auditory system function and disease. Like mammals, zebrafish possess inner ear mechanosensory hair cells required for hearing, as well as superficial hair cells of the lateral line sensory system, which mediate detection of directional water flow. Complementing mammalian studies, zebrafish have been used to gain significant insights into many facets of hair cell biology, including mechanotransduction and synaptic physiology as well as mechanisms of both hereditary and acquired hair cell dysfunction. Here, we provide an overview of this literature, highlighting some of the particular advantages of using zebrafish to investigate hearing and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Pickett
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Health Sciences Building H-501, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195-7420, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357270, Seattle, WA, 98195-7270, USA
| | - David W Raible
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Health Sciences Building H-501, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195-7420, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357270, Seattle, WA, 98195-7270, USA.
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, 1701 NE Columbia Rd, Box 357923, Seattle, WA, 98195-7923, USA.
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25
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Lloyd E, Olive C, Stahl BA, Jaggard JB, Amaral P, Duboué ER, Keene AC. Evolutionary shift towards lateral line dependent prey capture behavior in the blind Mexican cavefish. Dev Biol 2018; 441:328-337. [PMID: 29772227 PMCID: PMC6450390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Feeding strategies are dependent on multi-modal sensory processing, that integrates visual, chemosensory, and mechanoreceptive cues. In many fish species, local environments and food availability dramatically influence the evolution of sensory and morphological traits that underlie feeding. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, have developed robust changes in sensory-dependent behaviors, but the impact on prey detection and feeding behavior is not known. In the absence of eyes, cavefish have evolved enhanced sensitivity of the lateral line, comprised of mechanosensory organs that sense water flow and detect prey. Here, we identify evolved differences in prey capture behavior of larval cavefish that are dependent on lateral line sensitivity. Under lighted conditions, cavefish strike Artemia prey at a wider angle than surface fish; however, this difference is diminished under dark conditions. In addition, the strike distance is greater in cavefish than surface fish, revealing an ability to capture, and likely detect, prey at greater distances. Experimental ablation of the lateral line disrupts prey capture in cavefish under both light and dark conditions, while it only impacts surface fish under dark conditions. Together, these findings identify an evolutionary shift towards a dependence on the lateral line for prey capture in cavefish, providing a model for investigating how loss of visual cues impacts multi-modal sensory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Lloyd
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Courtney Olive
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bethany A Stahl
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - James B Jaggard
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Paloma Amaral
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erik R Duboué
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Alex C Keene
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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26
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Mekdara PJ, Schwalbe MAB, Coughlin LL, Tytell ED. The effects of lateral line ablation and regeneration in schooling giant danios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29530974 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fish use multiple sensory systems, including vision and their lateral line system, to maintain position and speed within a school. Although previous studies have shown that ablating the lateral line alters schooling behavior, no one has examined how the behavior recovers as the sensory system regenerates. We studied how schooling behavior changes in giant danios, Devario aequipinnatus, when their lateral line system is chemically ablated and after the sensory hair cells regenerate. We found that fish could school normally immediately after chemical ablation, but that they had trouble schooling 1-2 weeks after the chemical treatment, when the hair cells had fully regenerated. We filmed groups of giant danios with two high-speed cameras and reconstructed the three-dimensional positions of each fish within a group. One fish in the school was treated with gentamycin to ablate all hair cells. Both types of neuromasts (canal and superficial) were completely ablated after treatment, but fully regenerated after 1 week. We quantified the structure of the school using nearest neighbor distance, bearing, elevation, and the cross-correlation of velocity between each pair of fish. Treated fish maintained a normal position within the school immediately after the lateral line ablation, but could not school normally 1 or 2 weeks after treatment, even though the neuromasts had fully regenerated. By 4-8 weeks post-treatment, the treated fish could again school normally. These results demonstrate that the behavioral recovery after lateral line ablation is a longer process than the regeneration of the hair cells themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasong J Mekdara
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Margot A B Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Laura L Coughlin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Eric D Tytell
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Ste 4700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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27
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Herzog H, Klein B, Ziegler A. Form and function of the teleost lateral line revealed using three-dimensional imaging and computational fluid dynamics. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2016.0898. [PMID: 28468922 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes sense weak water motion using the lateral line. Among the thousands of described fish species, this organ may differ in size, shape and distribution of individual mechanoreceptors or lateral line canals. The reasons for this diversity remain unclear, but are very likely related to habitat preferences. To better understand the performance of the organ in natural hydrodynamic surroundings, various three-dimensional imaging datasets of the cephalic lateral line were gathered using Leuciscus idus as representative freshwater teleost. These data are employed to simulate hydrodynamic phenomena around the head and within lateral line canals. The results show that changes in canal dimensions alter the absolute stimulation amplitudes, but have little effect on the relation between bulk water flow and higher frequency signals. By contrast, depressions in the skin known as epidermal pits reduce bulk flow stimulation and increase the ratio between higher-frequency signals and the background flow stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Herzog
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Klein
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Ziegler
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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28
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Jaggard JB, Stahl BA, Lloyd E, Prober DA, Duboue ER, Keene AC. Hypocretin underlies the evolution of sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish. eLife 2018; 7:32637. [PMID: 29405117 PMCID: PMC5800846 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The duration of sleep varies dramatically between species, yet little is known about the genetic basis or evolutionary factors driving this variation in behavior. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, exists as surface populations that inhabit rivers, and multiple cave populations with convergent evolution on sleep loss. The number of Hypocretin/Orexin (HCRT)-positive hypothalamic neurons is increased significantly in cavefish, and HCRT is upregulated at both the transcript and protein levels. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of HCRT signaling increases sleep in cavefish, suggesting enhanced HCRT signaling underlies the evolution of sleep loss. Ablation of the lateral line or starvation, manipulations that selectively promote sleep in cavefish, inhibit hcrt expression in cavefish while having little effect on surface fish. These findings provide the first evidence of genetic and neuronal changes that contribute to the evolution of sleep loss, and support a conserved role for HCRT in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - Bethany A Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - Evan Lloyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Erik R Duboue
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, United States.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, United States
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29
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Liu X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Guo N, Li Q. Sound shock response in larval zebrafish: A convenient and high-throughput assessment of auditory function. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 66:1-7. [PMID: 29330026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given that hearing ability can be challenged in diverse ways, it is necessary to develop an easily conducted, high-throughput method for assessing potential auditory risks. Measuring the acoustic startle response (ASR) has become a critical behavioral method in hearing research using zebrafish (Danio rerio). In this study, changes in the activity of zebrafish larvae (10 days post fertilization (dpf)) due to exposure to a sudden easily-generated broad-band noise were automatically and objectively recorded and analyzed without building sophisticated equipments. A significant increase in activity was induced by the noise stimulation and the alterations were impaired by gentamicin. In addition, a clear dose-response trend was observed between gentamicin exposure and the impaired activity, and a similar phenomenon was observed between gentamicin exposure and damage to hair cells. Our results suggested that alterations in the activity induced by a broad-band noise can potentially be used as an efficient assay for assessing hearing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinglan Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Jaggard J, Robinson BG, Stahl BA, Oh I, Masek P, Yoshizawa M, Keene AC. The lateral line confers evolutionarily derived sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:284-293. [PMID: 28100806 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential behavior exhibited by nearly all animals, and disruption of this process is associated with an array of physiological and behavioral deficits. Sleep is defined by changes in sensory gating that reduce sensory input to the brain, but little is known about the neural basis for interactions between sleep and sensory processing. Blind Mexican cavefish comprise an extant surface dwelling form and 29 cave morphs that have independently evolved increased numbers of mechanoreceptive lateral line neuromasts and convergent evolution of sleep loss. Ablation of the lateral line enhanced sleep in the Pachón cavefish population, suggesting that heightened sensory input underlies evolutionarily derived sleep loss. Targeted lateral line ablation and behavioral analysis localized the wake-promoting neuromasts in Pachón cavefish to superficial neuromasts of the trunk and cranial regions. Strikingly, lateral line ablation did not affect sleep in four other cavefish populations, suggesting that distinct neural mechanisms regulate the evolution of sleep loss in independently derived cavefish populations. Cavefish are subject to seasonal changes in food availability, raising the possibility that sensory modulation of sleep is influenced by metabolic state. We found that starvation promotes sleep in Pachón cavefish, and is not enhanced by lateral line ablation, suggesting that functional interactions occur between sensory and metabolic regulation of sleep. Taken together, these findings support a model where sensory processing contributes to evolutionarily derived changes in sleep that are modulated in accordance with food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Beatriz G Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bethany A Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ian Oh
- Davidson Academy of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Pavel Masek
- Department of Biology, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Masato Yoshizawa
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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31
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Stewart WJ, Johansen JL, Liao JC. A non-toxic dose of cobalt chloride blocks hair cells of the zebrafish lateral line. Hear Res 2017; 350:17-21. [PMID: 28412580 PMCID: PMC5495470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on the flow-sensitive lateral line system of fishes have provided important insights into the function and sensory transduction of vertebrate hair cells. A common experimental approach has been to pharmacologically block lateral line hair cells and measure how behavior changes. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) blocks the lateral line by inhibiting calcium movement through the membrane channels of hair cells, but high concentrations can be toxic, making it unclear whether changes in behavior are due to a blocked lateral line or poor health. Here, we identify a non-toxic treatment of cobalt that completely blocks lateral line hair cells. We exposed 5-day post fertilization zebrafish larvae to CoCl2 concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 mM for 15 min and measured 1) the spiking rate of the afferent neurons contacting hair cells and 2) the larvae's health and long-term survival. Our results show that a 15-min exposure to 5 mM CoCl2 abolishes both spontaneous and evoked afferent firing. This treatment does not change swimming behavior, and results in >85% survival after 5 days. Weaker treatments of CoCl2 did not eliminate afferent activity, while stronger treatments caused close to 50% mortality. Our work provides a guideline for future zebrafish investigations where physiological confirmation of a blocked lateral line system is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Stewart
- Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - James C Liao
- Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
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32
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Middlemiss KL, Cook DG, Jerrett AR, Davison W. Morphology and hydro-sensory role of superficial neuromasts in schooling behaviour of yellow-eyed mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:807-817. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Park C, Ji HM, Kim SJ, Kil SH, Lee JN, Kwak S, Choe SK, Park R. Fenofibrate exerts protective effects against gentamicin-induced toxicity in cochlear hair cells by activating antioxidant enzymes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:960-968. [PMID: 28290603 PMCID: PMC5360428 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate, an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has been shown to protect the kidneys and brain cells from oxidative stress; however, its role in preventing hearing loss has not been reported to date, at least to the best of our knowledge. In this study, we demonstrated the protective effects of fenofibrate against gentamicin (GM)-induced ototoxicity. We found that the auditory brainstem response threshold which was increased by GM was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with fenofibrate in rats. In cochlear explants, the disruption of hair cell layers by GM was also markedly attenuated by pre-treatment with fenofibrate. In addition, fenofibrate almost completely abolished GM-induced reactive oxygen species generation, which seemed to be mediated at least in part by the restoration of the expression of PPAR-α-dependent antioxidant enzymes, including catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1. Of note, fenofibrate markedly increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) which was also induced to a certain degree by GM alone. The induced expression of HO-1 by fenofibrate appeared to be essential for mediating the protective effects of fenofibrate, as the inhibition of HO-1 activity significantly diminished the protective effects of fenofibrate against the GM-mediated death of sensory hair cells in cochlea explant culture, as well as in zebrafish neuromasts. These results suggest that fenofibrate protects sensory hair cells from GM-induced toxicity by upregulating PPAR-α-dependent antioxidant enzymes, including HO-1. Our results provide insight into the preventive therapy for hearing loss caused by aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channy Park
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kil
- Division of Cell Biology and Genetics, House Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
| | - Joon No Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongae Kwak
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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34
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Stengel D, Zindler F, Braunbeck T. An optimized method to assess ototoxic effects in the lateral line of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 193:18-29. [PMID: 27847309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the suitability of the lateral line of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model for the screening of ototoxic (neurotoxic) effects, existing neuromast assays were adapted, improved and validated with a series of chemicals known or unknown for their ototoxic potential (caffeine copper sulfate, dichlorvos, 2.4-dinitrotoluene, neomycin, 4-nonylphenol, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid). Present methods were improved by (1) the introduction of a 4-step scoring system, (2) the selection of neuromasts from both the anterior and posterior lateral line systems, (3) a combined DASPEI/DAPI staining applied after both a continuous and pulse exposure scenario, and (4) an additional screening for nuclear fragmentation. Acute toxicities of the model substances were determined by means of the fish embryo test as specified in OECD TG 236, and EC10 concentrations were used as the highest test concentration in the neuromast assay. The enhanced neuromast assay identified known ototoxic substances such as neomycin and copper sulfate as ototoxic at sensitivities similar to those of established methods, with pulse exposure leading to stronger effects than continuous exposure. Except for caffeine, all substances tested (dichlorvos, 2.4-dinitrotoluene, 4-nonylphenol, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) produced significant toxic effects in neuromasts at EC10 concentrations. Depending on the test substances and their location along the lateral line, specific neuromasts differed in sensitivity. Generally, neuromasts proved more sensitive in the pulse exposure scenario. Whereas for neomycin and copper sulfate neuromasts located along the anterior lateral line were more sensitive, posterior lateral line neuromasts proved more sensitive for the other test substances. Nuclear fragmentation could not only be associated with all test substances, but, albeit at lower frequencies, also with negative controls, and could, therefore, not be assigned specifically to chemical damage. The study thus documented that for a comprehensive evaluation of lateral line damage both neuromasts from the anterior and the posterior lateral line have to be considered. Given the apparently rapid regeneration of hair cells, pulse exposure seems more appropriate for the identification of lateral line neurotoxicity than continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Zindler
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 120, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
A large diversity of fishes struggle early in life to forage on zooplankton while under the threat of predation. Some species, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), acquire an ability to forage in the dark during growth as larvae, but it is unclear how this is achieved. We investigated the functional basis of this foraging by video-recording larval and juvenile zebrafish as they preyed on zooplankton (Artemia sp.) under infrared illumination. We found that foraging improved with age, to the extent that 1-month-old juveniles exhibited a capture rate that was an order of magnitude greater than that of hatchlings. At all ages, the ability to forage in the dark was diminished when we used a chemical treatment to compromise the cranial superficial neuromasts, which facilitate flow sensing. However, a morphological analysis showed no developmental changes in these receptors that could enhance sensitivity. We tested whether the improvement in foraging with age could instead be a consequence of learning by raising fish that were naïve to the flow of prey. After 1 month of growth, both groups foraged with a capture rate that was significantly less than that of fish that had the opportunity to learn and indistinguishable from that of fish with no ability to sense flow. This suggests that larval fish learn to use water flow to forage in the dark. This ability could enhance resource acquisition under reduced competition and predation. Furthermore, our findings offer an example of learning in a model system that offers promise for understanding its neurophysiological basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Carrillo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Matthew J McHenry
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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36
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Butler JM, Maruska KP. The mechanosensory lateral line is used to assess opponents and mediate aggressive behaviors during territorial interactions in an African cichlid fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 218:3284-94. [PMID: 26491195 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.125948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fish must integrate information from multiple sensory systems to mediate adaptive behaviors. Visual, acoustic and chemosensory cues provide contextual information during social interactions, but the role of mechanosensory signals detected by the lateral line system during aggressive behaviors is unknown. The aim of this study was first to characterize the lateral line system of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni and second to determine the role of mechanoreception during agonistic interactions. The A. burtoni lateral line system is similar to that of many other cichlid fishes, containing lines of superficial neuromasts on the head, trunk and caudal fin, and narrow canals. Astatotilapia burtoni males defend their territories from other males using aggressive behaviors that we classified as non-contact or contact. By chemically and physically ablating the lateral line system prior to forced territorial interactions, we showed that the lateral line system is necessary for mutual assessment of opponents and the use of non-contact fight behaviors. Our data suggest that the lateral line system facilitates the use of non-contact assessment and fight behaviors as a protective mechanism against physical damage. In addition to a role in prey detection, the diversity of lateral line morphology in cichlids may have also enabled the expansion of their social behavioral repertoire. To our knowledge, this is the first study to implicate the lateral line system as a mode of social communication necessary for assessment during agonistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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37
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Brown EEA, Simmons AM. Variability of Rheotaxis Behaviors in Larval Bullfrogs Highlights Species Diversity in Lateral Line Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166989. [PMID: 27870909 PMCID: PMC5117756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and distribution of lateral line neuromasts vary between ecomorphological types of anuran tadpoles, but little is known about how this structural variability contributes to differences in lateral-line mediated behaviors. Previous research identified distinct differences in one such behavior, positive rheotaxis towards the source of a flow, in two tadpole species, the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis; type 1) and the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana; type 4). Because these two species had been tested under different flow conditions, we re-evaluated these findings by quantifying flow-sensing behaviors of bullfrog tadpoles in the same flow field in which X. laevis tadpoles had been tested previously. Early larval bullfrog tadpoles were exposed to flow in the dark, in the presence of a discrete light cue, and after treatment with the ototoxin gentamicin. In response to flow, tadpoles moved downstream, closer to a side wall, and higher in the water column, but they did not station-hold. Tadpoles exhibited positive rheotaxis, but with long latencies, low to moderate accuracy, and considerable individual variability. This is in contrast to the robust, stereotyped station-holding and accurate rheotaxis of X. laevis tadpoles. The presence of a discrete visual cue and gentamicin treatment altered spatial positioning and disrupted rheotaxis in both tadpole species. Species differences in lateral-line mediated behaviors may reflect differences in neuromast number and distribution, life history, or perceptual salience of other environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika E. A. Brown
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, United States of America
| | - Andrea Megela Simmons
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Butler JM, Maruska KP. Mechanosensory signaling as a potential mode of communication during social interactions in fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:2781-2789. [PMID: 27655819 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Signals produced during social interactions convey crucial information about the sender's identity, quality, reproductive state and social status. Fishes can detect near-body water movements via the mechanosensory lateral line system, and this sense is used during several common fish behaviors, such as schooling, rheotaxis and predator-prey interactions. In addition, many fish behaviors, such as aggressive lateral displays and reproductive body quivers, involve fin and body motions that generate water movements that can be detected by the lateral line system of nearby fish. This mechanosensory system is well studied for its role in obstacle avoidance and detection of inadvertent hydrodynamic cues generated during schooling and predator-prey interactions; however, little research has focused on the role of mechanosensory communication during social interactions. Here, we summarize the current literature on the use of mechanosensation-mediated behaviors during agonistic and reproductive encounters, as well as during parental care. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that mechanosensory signaling is an important but often overlooked mode of communication during conspecific social interactions in many fish species, and we highlight its importance during multimodal communication. Finally, we suggest potential avenues of future research that would allow us to better understand the role of mechanosensation in fish communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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39
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Smith ME, Monroe JD. Causes and Consequences of Sensory Hair Cell Damage and Recovery in Fishes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 877:393-417. [PMID: 26515323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensory hair cells are the mechanotransductive receptors that detect gravity, sound, and vibration in all vertebrates. Damage to these sensitive receptors often results in deficits in vestibular function and hearing. There are currently two main reasons for studying the process of hair cell loss in fishes. First, fishes, like other non-mammalian vertebrates, have the ability to regenerate hair cells that have been damaged or lost via exposure to ototoxic chemicals or acoustic overstimulation. Thus, they are used as a biomedical model to understand the process of hair cell death and regeneration and find therapeutics that treat or prevent human hearing loss. Secondly, scientists and governmental natural resource managers are concerned about the potential effects of intense anthropogenic sounds on aquatic organisms, including fishes. Dr. Arthur N. Popper and his students, postdocs and research associates have performed pioneering experiments in both of these lines of fish hearing research. This review will discuss the current knowledge regarding the causes and consequences of both lateral line and inner ear hair cell damage in teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA.
| | - J David Monroe
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA.
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Kruger M, Boney R, Ordoobadi AJ, Sommers TF, Trapani JG, Coffin AB. Natural Bizbenzoquinoline Derivatives Protect Zebrafish Lateral Line Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside Toxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:83. [PMID: 27065807 PMCID: PMC4811916 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate to severe hearing loss affects 360 million people worldwide and most often results from damage to sensory hair cells. Hair cell damage can result from aging, genetic mutations, excess noise exposure, and certain medications including aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminoglycosides are effective at treating infections associated with cystic fibrosis and other life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, but cause hearing loss in 20–30% of patients. It is therefore imperative to develop new therapies to combat hearing loss and allow safe use of these potent antibiotics. We approach this drug discovery question using the larval zebrafish lateral line because zebrafish hair cells are structurally and functionally similar to mammalian inner ear hair cells and respond similarly to toxins. We screened a library of 502 natural compounds in order to identify novel hair cell protectants. Our screen identified four bisbenzylisoquinoline derivatives: berbamine, E6 berbamine, hernandezine, and isotetrandrine, each of which robustly protected hair cells from aminoglycoside-induced damage. Using fluorescence microscopy and electrophysiology, we demonstrated that the natural compounds confer protection by reducing antibiotic uptake into hair cells and showed that hair cells remain functional during and after incubation in E6 berbamine. We also determined that these natural compounds do not reduce antibiotic efficacy. Together, these natural compounds represent a novel source of possible otoprotective drugs that may offer therapeutic options for patients receiving aminoglycoside treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kruger
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Robert Boney
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Sommers
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Program, Amherst College Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Josef G Trapani
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Program, Amherst College Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Allison B Coffin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State UniversityVancouver, WA, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State UniversityVancouver, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State UniversityVancouver, WA, USA
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41
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Sisneros JA, Rogers PH. Directional Hearing and Sound Source Localization in Fishes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 877:121-55. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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42
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Chemical Ototoxicity of the Fish Inner Ear and Lateral Line. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 877:419-37. [PMID: 26515324 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hair cell-driven mechanosensory systems are crucial for successful execution of a number of behaviors in fishes, and have emerged as good models for exploring questions relevant to human hearing. This review focuses on ototoxic effects in the inner ear and lateral line system of fishes. We specifically examine studies where chemical ototoxins such as aminoglycoside antibiotics have been employed as tools to disable the lateral line. Lateral line ablation results in alterations to feeding behavior and orientation to water current in a variety of species. However, neither behavior is abolished in the presence of additional sensory cues, supporting the hypothesis that many fish behaviors are driven by multisensory integration. Within biomedical research, the larval zebrafish lateral line has become an important model system for understanding signaling mechanisms that contribute to hair cell death and for developing novel pharmacological therapies that protect hair cells from ototoxic damage. Furthermore, given that fishes robustly regenerate damaged hair cells, ototoxin studies in fishes have broadened our understanding of the molecular and genetic events in an innately regenerative system, offering potential targets for mammalian hair cell regeneration. Collectively, studies of fish mechanosensory systems have yielded insight into fish behavior and in mechanisms of hair cell death, protection, and regeneration.
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Chicoli A, Bak-Coleman J, Coombs S, Paley D. Rheotaxis performance increases with group size in a coupled phase model with sensory noise: The effects of noise and group size on rheotaxis. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. SPECIAL TOPICS 2015; 224:3233-3244. [PMID: 27175224 PMCID: PMC4860727 DOI: 10.1140/epjst/e2015-50080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many fish exhibit rheotaxis, a behavior in which fish orient themselves relative to flow. Rheotaxis confers many benefits, including energetic cost savings and interception of drifting prey. Despite the fact that most species of fish school during at least some portion of their life, little is known about the importance of rheotactic behavior to schooling fish and, conversely, how the presence of nearby conspecifics affects rheotactic behavior. Understanding how rheotaxis is modified by social factors is thus of ecological importance. Here we present a mathematical model in the form of an all-to-all, coupled-oscillator framework over the non-Euclidean space of fish orientations to model group rheotactic behavior. Individuals in the model measure the orientation of their neighbors and the flow direction relative to their own orientation. These measures are corrupted by sensory noise. We study the effect of sensory noise and group size on internal (i.e., within the school) and external (i.e., with the flow) disagreement in orientation. We find that under noisy environmental conditions, increased group size improves rheotaxis. Results of this study have implications for understanding animal behavior, as well as for potential applications in bio-inspired engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chicoli
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Bak-Coleman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - S. Coombs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - D.A. Paley
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Fan C, Zou S, Wang J, Zhang B, Song J. Neomycin damage and regeneration of hair cells in both mechanoreceptor and electroreceptor lateral line organs of the larval Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii
). J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1443-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - Sha Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
| | - Jiakun Song
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education; Shanghai China
- Institute for Marine Biosystem and Neuroscience, International Center for Marine Studies, Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai China
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He Y, Tang D, Cai C, Chai R, Li H. LSD1 is Required for Hair Cell Regeneration in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2421-34. [PMID: 26008620 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) plays an important role in complex cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. It has recently been demonstrated that during development, downregulation of LSD1 inhibits cell proliferation, modulates the expression of cell cycle regulators, and reduces hair cell formation in the zebrafish lateral line, which suggests that LSD1-mediated epigenetic regulation plays a key role in the development of hair cells. However, the role of LSD1 in hair cell regeneration after hair cell loss remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the effect of LSD1 on hair cell regeneration following neomycin-induced hair cell loss. We show that the LSD1 inhibitor trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA) significantly decreases the regeneration of hair cells in zebrafish after neomycin damage. In addition, immunofluorescent staining demonstrates that 2-PCPA administration suppresses supporting cell proliferation and alters cell cycle progression. Finally, in situ hybridization shows that 2-PCPA significantly downregulates the expression of genes related to Wnt/β-catenin and Fgf activation. Altogether, our data suggest that downregulation of LSD1 significantly decreases hair cell regeneration after neomycin-induced hair cell loss through inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin and Fgf signaling pathways. Thus, LSD1 plays a critical role in hair cell regeneration and might represent a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfu Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Hearing Science, Ministry of Health, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Elder J, Coombs S. The influence of turbulence on the sensory basis of rheotaxis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2015; 201:667-80. [PMID: 25994410 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-015-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheotaxis is a widespread behavior with many potential benefits for fish and other aquatic animals, yet the sensory basis of rheotaxis under different fluvial conditions is still poorly understood. Here, we examine the role that vision and the lateral line play in the rheotactic behavior of a stream-dwelling species (Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus) under both rectilinear and turbulent flow conditions. Turbulence lowered the flow speed at which threshold levels of rheotactic performance were elicited, an effect that was independent of sensory condition. Compared to fish with access to visual information, fish without access exhibited cross-stream casting behaviors and a decrease in the accuracy with which they oriented upstream. Visual deprivation effects were independent of availability of lateral line information and whether flow was rectilinear or turbulent. Fish deprived of lateral line information exhibited no measureable deficits under any of the conditions of this study. This study indicates that rheotactic abilities persist in the absence of both vision and lateral line under both turbulent and non-turbulent conditions, but that turbulence enhances either the motivation or ability of fish to orient to slow currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Elder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA,
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47
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Monroe JD, Rajadinakaran G, Smith ME. Sensory hair cell death and regeneration in fishes. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:131. [PMID: 25954154 PMCID: PMC4404912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells are specialized mechanotransductive receptors required for hearing and vestibular function. Loss of hair cells in humans and other mammals is permanent and causes reduced hearing and balance. In the early 1980’s, it was shown that hair cells continue to be added to the inner ear sensory epithelia in cartilaginous and bony fishes. Soon thereafter, hair cell regeneration was documented in the chick cochlea following acoustic trauma. Since then, research using chick and other avian models has led to great insights into hair cell death and regeneration. However, with the rise of the zebrafish as a model organism for studying disease and developmental processes, there has been an increased interest in studying sensory hair cell death and regeneration in its lateral line and inner ears. Advances derived from studies in zebrafish and other fish species include understanding the effect of ototoxins on hair cells and finding otoprotectants to mitigate ototoxin damage, the role of cellular proliferation vs. direct transdifferentiation during hair cell regeneration, and elucidating cellular pathways involved in the regeneration process. This review will summarize research on hair cell death and regeneration using fish models, indicate the potential strengths and weaknesses of these models, and discuss several emerging areas of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Monroe
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Gopinath Rajadinakaran
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael E Smith
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, KY, USA
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BRAUN CB. Signals and noise in the octavolateralis systems: What is the impact of human activities on fish sensory function? Integr Zool 2015; 10:4-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. BRAUN
- Department of Psychology; Hunter College, City University of New York; New York NY USA
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Kulpa M, Bak-Coleman J, Coombs S. The lateral line is necessary for blind cavefish rheotaxis in non-uniform flow. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1603-12. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When encountering a unidirectional flow, many fish exhibit an unconditioned orienting response known as rheotaxis. This multisensory behavior can reportedly involve visual, vestibular, tactile and lateral line cues. However, the precise circumstances under which different senses contribute are still unclear and there is considerable debate, in particular, about the contributions of the lateral line. In this study, we investigate the rheotactic behavior of blind cavefish under conditions of spatially non-uniform flow (a jet stream), which in theory, should promote reliance on lateral line cues. The behavior of individual lateral line enabled and disabled fish was videorecorded under IR light in a square arena that prevented streamwise biases and that contained a narrow jet stream in the center of the tank. Whereas the stream's peak velocity (8 cm/s) declined very little in the streamwise direction, it declined steeply in the cross-stream direction (∼3 - 4.5 cm/s/cm). Lateral line enabled fish showed higher levels of orientation to the stream and its source (a 1 cm-wide nozzle) when in the central (jet stream) region of the tank compared to surrounding regions, whereas lateral line disabled fish showed random orientations in all regions of the tank. The results of this study indicate that the spatial characteristics of flow play a role in determining the sensory basis of rheotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kulpa
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA. Phone: (+1) 313-575-6866
| | - Joseph Bak-Coleman
- Princeton University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton NJ 08544, USA. Phone: (+1) 419-372-1206 E-mail:
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Simmons AM, Warnecke M, Vu TT, Smith ATS. Flow sensing in developing Xenopus laevis is disrupted by visual cues and ototoxin exposure. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:215-33. [PMID: 25380559 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We explored how lateral line cues interact with visual cues to mediate flow sensing behaviors in the nocturnal developing frog, Xenopus laevis, by exposing animals to current flows under different lighting conditions and after exposure to the ototoxin gentamicin. Under dark conditions, Xenopus tadpoles move downstream at the onset of current flow, then turn, and orient toward the direction of the flow with high accuracy. Postmetamorphic froglets also exhibit positive rheotaxis but with less accuracy and longer latency. The addition of discrete light cues to an otherwise dark environment disrupts rheotaxis and positioning. Orientation is less accurate, latency to orient is longer, and animals do not move as far downstream in the presence of light. Compared with untreated tadpoles tested in the dark, tadpoles exposed to gentamicin show less accurate rheotaxis with longer latency and do not move as far downstream in response to flow. These effects are compounded by the presence of light cues. The disruptive effects of light on flow sensing in Xenopus emphasize the disturbances to natural behaviors that may be produced by anthropogenic illumination in nocturnal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Megela Simmons
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA,
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