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Peloso M, Minkoumba Sonfack G, Prizio I, Baraldini Molgora E, Pedretti G, Fedrizzi G, Caprai E. Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat. Foods 2024; 13:1907. [PMID: 38928849 PMCID: PMC11202928 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an intensification of weather variability worldwide as a result of climate change. Some regions have been affected by drought, while others have experienced more intense rainfall. The incidence and severity of moldy grain and mycotoxin contamination during the growing and harvesting seasons have increased as a result of these weather conditions. Additionally, torrential rains and wet conditions may cause delays in grain drying, leading to mold growth in the field. In July 2023, a wheat field in Lecco (Lombardy, Italy) was affected by torrential rains that led to the development of the Claviceps fungi. In the field, dark sclerotia were identified on some ears. Wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS at IZSLER, Food Chemical Department, in Bologna. The wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were analyzed for 12 ergot alkaloids (EAs) according to (EU) Regulation 2023/915 (ergocornine/ergocorninine; ergocristine/ergocristinine; ergocryptine/ergocryptinine; ergometrine/ergometrinine; ergosine/ergosinine; ergotamine/ergotaminine), after QuEChERS (Z-Sep/C18) purification. The analyzed sclerotia showed significant differences in total alkaloid content that vary between 0.01 and 0.5% (w/w), according to the results of the 2017 EFSA scientific report. EAs detected in sclerotia were up to 4951 mg/kg, in wheat ears up to 33 mg/kg, and in kernels were 1 mg/kg. Additional mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, T2-HT2 toxins, and aflatoxins, were investigated in wheat kernels after purification with immunoaffinity columns (IAC). The analysis revealed the presence of deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels at a concentration of 2251 µg/kg. It is expected that climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. In order to mitigate the potential risks associated with mycotoxin-producing fungi and to ensure the protection of human health, it is suggested that official controls be implemented in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonietta Peloso
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Gaetan Minkoumba Sonfack
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Ilaria Prizio
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Eleonora Baraldini Molgora
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | | | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Caprai
- Food Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (G.M.S.); (I.P.); (E.B.M.); (G.F.)
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Herter SO, Haase H, Koch M. First Synthesis of Ergotamine- 13CD 3 and Ergotaminine- 13CD 3 from Unlabeled Ergotamine. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:199. [PMID: 38668624 PMCID: PMC11053779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) formed by Claviceps fungi are one of the most common food contaminants worldwide, affecting cereals such as rye, wheat, and barley. To accurately determine the level of contamination and to monitor EAs maximum levels set by the European Union, the six most common EAs (so-called priority EAs) and their corresponding epimers are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The quantification of EAs in complex food matrices without appropriate internal standards is challenging but currently carried out in the standard method EN 17425:2021 due to their commercial unavailability. To address the need for isotopically labeled EAs, we focus on two semi-synthetic approaches for the synthesis of these reference standards. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of the N6-demethylation of native ergotamine to yield norergotamine, which can subsequently be remethylated with an isotopically labeled methylating reagent, such as iodomethane (13CD3-I), to yield isotopically labeled ergotamine and its C8-epimer ergotaminine. Testing the isotopically labeled ergotamine/-inine against native ergotamine/-inine with HPLC coupled to high-resolution HR-MS/MS proved the structure of ergotamine-13CD3 and ergotaminine-13CD3. Thus, for the first time, we can describe their synthesis from unlabeled, native ergotamine. Furthermore, this approach is promising as a universal way to synthesize other isotopically labeled EAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Oliver Herter
- Division 1.7, Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Koch
- Division 1.7, Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
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3
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Cherewyk JE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids - a review of biological and analytical aspects. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:1-17. [PMID: 37953416 PMCID: PMC10834577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites that are produced by fungi and contaminate cereal crops and grasses. The ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea are the most abundant worldwide. The metabolites exist in two configurations, the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). These two configurations can interconvert to one another. Ergot alkaloids cause toxic effects after consumption of ergot-contaminated food and feed at various concentrations. For bioactivity reasons, the C-8-R-isomers have been studied to a greater extent than the C-8-S-isomer since the C-8-S-isomers were considered biologically inactive. However, recent studies suggest the contrary. Analytical assessment of ergot alkaloids now includes the C-8-S-isomers and high concentrations of specific C-8-S-isomers have been identified. The inclusion of the C-8-S-isomer in regulatory standards is reviewed. This review has identified that further research into the C-8-S-isomers of ergot alkaloids is warranted. In addition, the inclusion of the C-8-S-isomers into regulatory recommendations worldwide for food and feed should be implemented. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview of historic and current studies that have assessed the C-8-S-isomers. Specifically, this review will compare the C-8-R-isomers to the C-8-S-isomers with an emphasis on the biological activity and analytical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Mulder P, Oswald IP, Woutersen R, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Rovesti E, Hoogenboom L(R. Risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids in feed. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8496. [PMID: 38264299 PMCID: PMC10804272 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to provide an update of the 2012 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) on the risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in feed. EAs are produced by several fungi of the Claviceps and Epichloë genera. This Opinion focussed on the 14 EAs produced by C. purpurea (ergocristine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α- and β-ergocryptine, ergometrine, ergosine and their corresponding 'inine' epimers). Effects observed with EAs from C. africana (mainly dihydroergosine) and Epichloë (ergovaline/-inine) were also evaluated. There is limited information on toxicokinetics in food and non-food producing animals. However, transfer from feed to food of animal origin is negligible. The major effects of EAs are related to vasoconstriction and are exaggerated during extreme temperatures. In addition, EAs cause a decrease in prolactin, resulting in a reduced milk production. Based on the sum of the EAs, the Panel considered the following as Reference Points (RPs) in complete feed for adverse animal health effects: for pigs and piglets 0.6 mg/kg, for chickens for fattening and hens 2.1 and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively, for ducks 0.2 mg/kg, bovines 0.1 mg/kg and sheep 0.3 mg/kg. A total of 19,023 analytical results on EAs (only from C. purpurea) in feed materials and compound feeds were available for the exposure assessment (1580 samples). Dietary exposure was assessed using two feeding scenarios (model diets and compound feeds). Risk characterisation was done for the animals for which an RP could be identified. The CONTAM Panel considers that, based on exposure from model diets, the presence of EAs in feed raises a health concern in piglets, pigs for fattening, sows and bovines, while for chickens for fattening, laying hens, ducks, ovines and caprines, the health concern related to EAs in feed is low.
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Development, in-house validation and application of a method using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the quantification of 12 ergot alkaloids in compound feeds. J Vet Res 2023; 67:603-610. [PMID: 38130451 PMCID: PMC10730548 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are toxic substances naturally produced by Claviceps fungi. These fungi infest a wide range of cereals and grasses. When domestic animals are exposed to EAs through contaminated feeds, it is detrimental to them and leads to significant economic losses. For that reason, it is important to monitor feed for the presence of EAs, especially with methods enabling their determination in processed materials. Material and Methods Ergot alkaloids were extracted with acetonitrile, and dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) was used for clean-up of the extracts. After evaporation, the extracts were reconstituted in ammonium carbonate and acetonitrile and subjected to instrumental analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, robustness, matrix effect, limits of quantification and detection and uncertainty. The EA content of 40 compound feeds was determined. Results All the assessed validation parameters fulfilled the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2021/808. At least one of the monitored alkaloids was determined in 40% of the samples. The EAs with the highest incidence rate were ergocryptine, ergometrinine and ergocornine. The total concentrations of EAs ranged from under the limit of quantification to 62.3 μg kg-1. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the developed method was suitable for simultaneously determining twelve EAs in compound feed and could be used for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Cherewyk JE, Grusie-Ogilvie TJ, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. The Impact of Storage Temperature and Time on Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:497. [PMID: 37624254 PMCID: PMC10467117 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia produce toxic secondary metabolites, ergot alkaloids, that infect cereal crops and grasses. Ergot alkaloids have two isomeric configurations: the C-8-R-isomer (R-epimer), and the C-8-S-isomer (S-epimer). Ergot contaminated matrices, such as cereal grains or grasses, may be stored for extended periods at various temperatures before being analyzed, utilized, or consumed. This study assessed the concentration of six common ergot alkaloids in both configurations found in naturally contaminated wheat over time (one, two, and four months) at different temperatures (room temperature, +4 °C, and -20 °C) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The data indicate that the total ergot concentration within a natural contaminated sample varies over time at room temperature, +4 °C, and -20 °C. The total ergot concentration increased until month two, and decreased at month four, independent of temperature (p < 0.05). The total R-epimer concentration appeared to be less stable over time than the total S-epimer concentration. The changes in the total R and total S-epimer concentrations may have been caused by changes in the ergocristine and ergocristinine concentrations, respectively. Time and temperature should be considered when storing potentially contaminated matrices in a laboratory or practical agriculture situations. Quantification of ergot contaminated matrices should occur prior to their use to ensure the most reliable estimates of the concentration of ergot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E. Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | | | - Sarah E. Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Barry R. Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Ahmad N. Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Stanford K, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Meléndez DM, Ngo S, Harding M, McAllister TA, Schatzmayr D, Swift ML, Blakley B, Ribeiro GO. Effects of Heating, Pelleting, and Feed Matrix on Apparent Concentrations of Cereal Ergot Alkaloids in Relation to Growth Performance and Welfare Parameters of Backgrounding Beef Steers. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:580. [PMID: 36136518 PMCID: PMC9500729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As the contamination of cereal grains with ergot has been increasing in Western Canada, studies were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of heating (60, 80, 120, or 190 °C) alone or in combination with pelleting on concentrations of ergot alkaloids. Fifteen samples of ergot-contaminated grain from Alberta and Saskatchewan were assayed for R and S epimers of six alkaloids (ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, ergometrine, ergosine, and ergotamine) using HPLC MS/MS. Five samples with distinct alkaloid profiles were then selected for heating and pelleting studies. Heating resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) of total R and total S epimers with increasing temperature, although some individual R epimers were stable (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine). Pelleting also increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of total R and total S epimers detected, although ergometrine concentration decreased (p < 0.05) after pelleting. A feeding study arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial structure used 48 backgrounding Angus-cross steers fed four different diets: (1) Control Mash (CM, no added ergot), (2) Control Pellet (CP), (3) Ergot Mash (EM), or (4) Ergot Pellet (EP). Pelleting heated the ergot to 90−100 °C under 4 bars pressure, but the ergot used in the feeding study was not otherwise heated. Alkaloid concentrations of EM and EP varied by up to 1.1 mg/kg depending on the feed matrix assayed. No differences among treatments were noted for growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion, concentrations of serum prolactin and haptoglobin, hair cortisol, or in temperatures of extremities measured by infrared thermography. The only negative impacts of ergot alkaloids were on blood parameters indicative of reduced immune function or chronic inflammation. Pelleting did not heighten the negative clinical outcomes of ergot, although alkaloid concentrations of pelleted feed increased depending on the matrix assayed. It was hypothesized that the heat and pressure associated with pelleting may enhance the recovery of alkaloids from pelleted feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Daniela M. Meléndez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Skyler Ngo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Michael Harding
- Alberta Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Economic Development, Crop Diversification Center South, Brooks, AB T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research and Development Center, 5401-1st Ave. S. Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- DSM–BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Mary Lou Swift
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Gabriel O. Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Cherewyk JE, Grusie-Ogilvie TJ, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. Ammonization of the R- and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids to Assess Detoxification Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8931-8941. [PMID: 35830571 PMCID: PMC9335869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detoxification of ergot-contaminated feed by ammonia would be a practical application, given that ammonia is routinely used in the agriculture industry. To assess the effects of ammonia on ergot alkaloids, natural ergot-contaminated wheat was ammoniated. The total concentration of ergot alkaloids (R- and S-epimers) decreased after exposure to ammonia (8-29%). Separately, the total R-epimers decreased in concentration (40-66%), whereas the total S-epimers increased (21-81%). Specific ergot alkaloids demonstrated degradation and/or epimerization after exposure to ammonia, potentially associated with structural differences, and influenced the total concentrations observed. Ammonization of ergot standards resulted in potential degradation products and epimerization, supporting the above results. The use of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry provides an updated assessment of the detoxification potential of ammonia for ergot alkaloids and the quantification of the S-epimers. Ammonia alters the R- and S-epimers of ergot alkaloids, which may lead to a potential practical detoxification process of ergot-contaminated feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E. Cherewyk
- Department
of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | | | - Sarah E. Parker
- Centre
for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Barry R. Blakley
- Department
of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ahmad N. Al-Dissi
- Department
of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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Cherewyk JE, Parker SE, Blakley BR, Al-Dissi AN. Sustained vascular contractile response induced by a R and S-epimer of the ergot alkaloid ergocristine, and attenuation by a non-competitive antagonist. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6623923. [PMID: 35775420 PMCID: PMC9492154 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoconstriction is a known effect associated with ergot alkaloid consumption. The vascular contractile responses are often sustained for an extended period after exposure. Ergot alkaloids exist in two molecular configurations, the C-8-(R)-isomer (R-epimer) and the C-8-(S)-isomer (S-epimer). The sustained vascular contractile response to the R-epimers have been studied previously, unlike the S-epimers which are thought to be biologically inactive. Additionally, antagonists have been utilized to attenuate the vascular contraction associated with the R-epimers of ergot alkaloids utilizing ex vivo techniques. This study utilized an arterial tissue bath to examine and compare the sustained vascular contractile response attributed to ergocristine (R) and ergocristinine (S) using dissected bovine metatarsal arteries. The contractile blocking effect of a non-competitive alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phenoxybenzamine (POB), was also investigated in precontracted arteries. Arteries (n=6/epimer) were exposed to a single dose of ergocristine or ergocristinine (1 × 10 -6 M in buffer). Each of the epimer doses were followed by a POB (1 × 10 -3 M) or methanol (control) treatment at 90 minutes and the response was observed for another 90 min. Both epimers produced a sustained contractile response over the 180 min incubation period in the control groups. The R-epimer caused a greater sustained contractile response from 60-180 min post epimer exposure, compared to the S-epimer (P < 0.05, Generalized Estimating Equations, Independent t-test). Phenoxybenzamine caused a decrease in the contractile response induced by ergocristine and ergocristinine from 105 - 180 min, compared to the control (P < 0.05, Generalized estimating equations, Paired t-test). Overall, these results demonstrate the presence of a sustained vascular contractile response attributed to the R and S-epimer of an ergot alkaloid with differences in contractile response between the epimers, suggesting differences in receptor binding mechanisms. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that a non-competitive antagonist could attenuate the sustained arterial contractile effects of both ergot configurations ex vivo. Additional investigation into S-epimers of ergot alkaloids is needed. This research contributes to the understanding of the ergot epimer-vascular receptor binding mechanisms, which may support the investigation of different approaches of minimizing ergot toxicity in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen E Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Barry R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Cherewyk J, Grusie-Ogilvie T, Blakley B, Al-Dissi A. Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:22. [PMID: 35050999 PMCID: PMC8778827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D3) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101-113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3-119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | | | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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Undertaking a New Regulatory Challenge: Monitoring of Ergot Alkaloids in Italian Food Commodities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120871. [PMID: 34941709 PMCID: PMC8708126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript reports on monitoring data of 12 ergot alkaloids (EAs) in cereal and cereal-derived products, collected in Italy over the period 2017-2020, for official control purposes under the edge of the Commission Recommendation 2012/154/EU on the monitoring of the presence of EAs in feed and food. To these purposes, an LC-MS/MS method was set up and applied, after in-house verification of its analytical performance. Besides satisfactory recoveries and precision, the method's quantification limits proved suitable to assess the compliance of cereals and cereal-based foods with the recently issued EU maximum permitted levels (Commission Regulation 2021/1399/EU). The validity of the generated data was also evaluated through the adoption of four proficiency tests, from which acceptable z-score values (-2 ≤ z ≤ 2) were obtained. The method was then applied to analyse a total of 67 samples, collected in Italy over the period 2017-2020. The samples consisted of 18 cereal grains, 16 flours (14 of wheat and 2 of spelt) and 31 other types of cereals derivatives (including 9 for infants). Overall, the EAs analysis returned a high percentage of left-censored data (>86%). Among the positive samples, the highest contamination levels, up to 94.2 µg/kg, were found for ergocristine (12% incidence), followed by ergocristinine (7% incidence) with levels of up to 48.3 µg/kg.
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Poapolathep S, Klangkaew N, Zhang Z, Giorgi M, Logrieco AF, Poapolathep A. Simultaneous Determination of Ergot Alkaloids in Swine and Dairy Feeds Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:724. [PMID: 34679017 PMCID: PMC8540808 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. EAs are known to affect the nervous system and to be vasoconstrictors in humans and animals. This work presents recent advances in swine and dairy feeds regarding 11 major EAs, namely ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergosinine, ergotaminine, ergocorninine, ergocryptinine, and ergocristinine. A reliable, sensitive, and accurate multiple mycotoxin method, based on extraction with a Mycosep 150 multifunctional column prior to analysis using UHPLC-MS/MS, was validated using samples of swine feed (100) and dairy feed (100) for the 11 targeted EAs. Based on the obtained validation results, this method showed good performance recovery and inter-day and intra-day precision that are in accordance with standard criteria to ensure reliable occurrence data on EA contaminants. More than 49% of the swine feed samples were contaminated with EAs, especially ergocryptine(-ine) (40%) and ergosine (-ine) and ergotamine (-ine) (37%). However, many of the 11 EAs were not detectable in any swine feed samples. In addition, there were contaminated (positive) dairy feed samples, especially for ergocryptine (-ine) (50%), ergosine (-ine) (48%), ergotamine (-ine), and ergocristine (-ine) (49%). The mycotoxin levels in the feed samples in this study almost complied with the European Union regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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13
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Rodríguez-Estévez V, García-Campaña AM, Castellón-Rendón E, Gámiz-Gracia L. Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5214-5224. [PMID: 33609041 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. RESULTS Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg-1 . The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg-1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg-1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg-1 . CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, University Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Castellón-Rendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Chung SWC. A critical review of analytical methods for ergot alkaloids in cereals and feed and in particular suitability of method performance for regulatory monitoring and epimer-specific quantification. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:997-1012. [PMID: 33784227 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1898679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cereals and feed contaminated with ergot alkaloids (EAs) have been of concern for several decades. Nowadays, analysis of EAs is focused on ergometrine, ergotamine, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocryptine (a mixture of α- and β-isomers) and ergocornine and their related -inine epimers as listed in the European Commission Recommendation 2012/154/EU. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been used for quantification of EAs for decades whilst LC-MS has become the work-horse for quantification of EAs in the last decade. However, in LC-MS analysis matrix effects of different magnitudes exist for each EA epimer, especially ergometrine/ergometrinine, even after different clean-up procedures. This leads to an underestimation or overestimation of EAs levels. Moreover, isotopic labelled standards for EAs are still not available in the market. This review aims to provide background information on different analytical methods, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and possible advancement. Moreover, the method performance requirements to support forthcoming regulations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W C Chung
- Independent Researcher, Formerly with the Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong
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Song T, Das D, Zhu F, Chen X, Chen M, Yang F, Zhang J. Effect of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on the Nutritional Qualities of Milled Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721160. [PMID: 34567035 PMCID: PMC8458798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has been widely used to save irrigation water during rice production when compared to the traditionally continuous flooding (CF). Although the influence of AWD on water-saving potential and grain yield has been studied before, its detailed effect on grain nutritional quality in milled rice remains relatively unexplored. In this study, AWD could maintain grain yield as compared with CF. Thus, we undertook efforts to compare the nutritional traits of milled rice irrigated with AWD and CF regimes. A targeted metabolome assay on milled rice identified 74 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) with 22 up- and 52 down-accumulated metabolites under AWD vs. CF. Clustering of the metabolite content obtained in this assay suggested that most of the metabolites showing significant changes belonged to "lipids," "alkaloids," and "phenolic acids." In addition, total protein, starch, lipid, and amino acids content were measured to correlate it with the differential accumulation of specific metabolites detected in the metabolome. Overall, the data suggested that AWD may improve the nutritional performance of milled rice by increasing amino acids and phenolic acids and decreasing lipids and alkaloids. Our study provides research proof for the need for the optimization of irrigation to optimize rice nutritional qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Debatosh Das
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincal Key Laboratory of Seed and Seedling Health Management Technology, Shenzhen Noposion Agrochemical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Yang
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Jianhua Zhang
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Covariation of Ergot Severity and Alkaloid Content Measured by HPLC and One ELISA Method in Inoculated Winter Rye across Three Isolates and Three European Countries. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110676. [PMID: 33114663 PMCID: PMC7692364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot caused by Claviceps purpurea is a problem for food and feed security in rye due to the occurrence of toxic ergot alkaloids (EAs). For grain elevators and breeders, a quick, easy-to-handle, and cheap screening assay would have a high economic impact. The study was performed to reveal (1) the covariation of ergot severity (= percentage of sclerotia in harvested grain) and the content of 12 EAs determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and (2) the covariation between these traits and results of one commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In total, 372 winter rye samples consisting of a diverse set of genotypes, locations from Germany, Austria, and Poland over two years, and three isolates were analyzed. Ergocornine and α-ergocryptine were detected as major EAs. Ergocristinine occurred as a minor component. Claviceps isolates from different countries showed a similar EA spectrum, but different quantities of individual EAs. A moderate, positive covariation between ergot severity and EA content determined by HPLC was observed across two years (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), but large deviation from the regression was detected. ELISA values did neither correlate with the HPLC results nor with ergot severity. In conclusion, a reliable prediction of the EA content based on ergot severity is, at present, not possible.
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