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Tang ZW, Zhang CE, Ma FZ, Cui YT, Ye RH, Pu SB, Ma ZJ. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi alleviates Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea and its modulatory effects on the gut microbiota. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:105973. [PMID: 38663560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The growing incidence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) underscores the urgency for potent treatments. This research delves into the therapeutic potential of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) root (SR) in addressing CDAD and its influence on gut microbiota. Using a CDAD mouse model and fidaxomicin as a control, SR's impact was measured through diarrhea symptoms, colonic histopathology, and C. difficile toxin levels. Employing the PacBio platform, 16S rRNA full-length gene sequencing analyzed the gut microbial composition and the effect of SR. Results revealed SR considerably alleviated diarrhea during treatment and restoration phases, with a marked decrease in colonic inflammation. C. difficile toxin levels dropped significantly with SR treatment (P < 0.001). While SR didn't augment gut microbiota's overall abundance, it enhanced its diversity. It restored levels of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, reduced Akkermansia spp. and Enterococcus spp. proportions, and modulated specific bacterial species' abundance. In essence, SR effectively mitigates CDAD symptoms, curtails inflammatory reactions, and beneficially restructures gut microbiota, suggesting its potential in advanced CDAD clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Wei Tang
- College of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chines Medicine, 650500, Yunnan, China; Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Zhi Ma
- College of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chines Medicine, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Tao Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Han Ye
- College of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chines Medicine, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Biao Pu
- College of Tranditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chines Medicine, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China.
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Guan Y, Yang B, Zeng J, Mo Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Feng L, Jia X. A novel strategy for the multi-components division and discovering pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal compounds: A case study of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 243:116112. [PMID: 38513502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal compounds are often achieved through the synergistic interactions of multiple ingredients. However, current research predominantly focuses on individual ingredients, neglecting the holistic nature of Chinese herbal compounds. This study proposes a novel strategy to elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal compounds based on their multi-components (components named 'ZuFen' in China, it refers to multiple ingredients with similar chemical structures) composition, using the Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao (XLGB) capsule as a case study. Cheminformatics-based components partitioning was conducted after sourcing ingredients from various databases, resulting in a total of 856 ingredients which were categorized into nine major components. Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic ingredients of XLGB capsule were determined by analyzing the ingredients that were absorbed into the bloodstream. Through a combination of these ingredients and screening for absorption, the Dipsacus asper saponin components, Psoralea corylifolia coumarin components, and Epimedium flavonoid polyglycosides components were isolated. The anti-osteoporosis efficacy of these components were evaluated in zebrafish, demonstrating their capability to reverse mineralization reduction caused by prednisolone. These findings further support the idea that these components serve as the material basis for the pharmacological efficacy of XLGB capsule. This study provides a novel systematic strategy for discovering the pharmacodynamic material basis of the efficacy of Chinese herbal compounds based on a 'multi-components' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yulin Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Yi F, Wang W, Yi Y, Wu Z, Li R, Song Y, Chen H, Zhou L, Tao Y. Research on the mechanism of regulating spleen-deficient obesity in rats by bawei guben huashi jiangzhi decoction based on multi-omics analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117826. [PMID: 38296174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Bawei Guben Huashi Jiangzhi Decoction (BGHJ), a traditional Chinese compound formula, comprises eight Chinese medicinal herbs: Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Lysimachiae Herba, Edgeworthiae Gardner Flos, Oryzae Semen cum Monasco, Nelumbinis Folium, and Alismatis Rhizoma. It has the therapeutic effects of improving digestive and absorptive functions of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing cholesterol levels, and helping to lose weight. Therefore, BGHJ is mainly used to treat spleen-deficient obesity (SDO) clinically. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to examine the efficacy and mechanism of BGHJ in a model of SDO in rats, as well as the potentially involved constituents entering the blood and differential metabolites. METHODS The SDO rat model was replicated utilizing a high-fat and high-sugar diet in conjunction with exhaustive swimming. Subsequently, the rats were subjected to a six-week intervention comprising varying dosages of BGHJ and a positive control, orlistat. To evaluate the efficacy of BGHJ on SDO model rats, we first measured the rats' body weight, body surface temperature, spleen index, as well as biochemical indicators in the serum and colon, and then assessed the pathological state of the colon and liver. Afterward, we analyzed the 16S rDNA gut microbiota, non-targeted serum metabolomics, and serum pharmacology to study the main active components of BGHJ and its action mechanism against SDO model rats. In addition, we constructed a network diagram for overall visualization and analysis, and experimentally verified the predicted results. Finally, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect the gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) indicators in rat hypothalamic neurons. We quantitatively targeted the detection of neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (Ach), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and noradrenaline (NA) in rat hypothalamus. RESULTS The results demonstrated that all dosage regimens of BGHJ exhibited the capacity to moderately modulate parameters including body weight, surface temperature, spleen index, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), 5-HT, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 17 (IL-17), while concurrently reducing hepatic lipid droplet deposition and restoring intestinal integrity. Subsequent experimental results showed that we successfully identified 27 blood components of BGHJ and identified 52 differential metabolites in SDO model rats. At the same time, the experiment proved that BGHJ could effectively inhibit the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid. In addition, BGHJ can also restore the intestinal microbiota composition of SDO model rats. Finally, we also found that BGHJ could regulate the expression of hypothalamic neurons and neurotransmitters. CONCLUSIONS The research revealed the main active ingredients of BGHJ and its mechanism against SDO model rats through gut microbiota, non-target serum metabolomics, and serum drug chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yuliu Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhenhui Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China; Key Research Office for Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorders and Brain Diseases) of Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Computer, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Yingzhou Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China; Cancer Research Center& Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Translational Cancer Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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Guan H, Wang Q, Mei Y, Ran J, Zeng F, Cai H, Wang D, Yang S, Zhang M, Shi Y, Liao S, Li P. A multistep approach for exploring quality markers of Shengjiang Xiexin decoction by integrating plasma pharmacochemistry-pharmacokinetics-pharmacology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 241:115999. [PMID: 38306867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Shengjiang Xiexin decoction (SXD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was used to alleviate delayed-onset diarrhea induced by the chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan (CPT-11). Our previous study showed that SXD regulated multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp-2) to alter the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 and its metabolites. However, the pharmacodynamic constituents and the related quality markers of SXD are unclear. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was utilized to identify the prototypes and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of SXD. The pharmacokinetic markers (PK markers) were screened through quantification and semiquantification of SXD-related xenobiotics in plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with statistical analysis. Computational molecular docking was performed to assess the potential binding ability of the PK markers with the target Mrp-2. The results were verified by evaluating the impact on Mrp-2 function using Caco-2 cells. The quality markers were chosen from these PK markers based on the binding affinities with Mrp-2, the specificity and the traceability. As a result, a total of 142 SXD-related exogenous components, including 77 prototypes and 65 metabolites, were detected in rat plasma. Among these, 83 xenobiotics were selected as PK markers due to their satisfactory pharmacokinetic behaviors. Based on the characteristics of quality markers, the prototype-based PK markers were considered the indices of quality control for SXD, including baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, wogonin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, norwogonin, oroxylin A, dihydrobaicalin, chrysin, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin and isoliquiritin. This study provided an interesting strategy for screening the quality markers involved in the pharmacokinetics of SXD and its action target, which offered important information for the modernization of SXD and other TCM formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Junyan Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Haimin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Daoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shenggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shanggao Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Institute of Drug Clinical Trial, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, China.
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Yu XH, Lv Z, Zhang CE, Gao Y, Li H, Ma XJ, Ma ZJ, Su JR, Huang LQ. Shengjiang Xiexin decoction mitigates murine Clostridium difficile infection through modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117384. [PMID: 37925000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The overuse of antibiotics has resulted in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) as a significant global public health concern. Studies have shown that imbalances in gut microbiota and metabolism play a vital role in the onset of CDI. Shengjiang Xiexin decoction (SJT), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula widely employed in the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, demonstrates effectiveness in addressing murine CDI. However, the precise mechanistic role of SJT in CDI treatment remains uncertain, particularly regarding its impact on gut microbiota and intestinal metabolism. Thus, further investigation is imperative to shed light on these mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to thoroughly investigate the therapeutic potential of SJT in the treatment of CDI, while also examining its impact on the intricate interplay between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. By employing a mouse model, we aspire to uncover novel insights that could pave the way for the development of more effective strategies in combating CDI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a mouse model for CDI and assessed SJT's potential as a therapeutic agent through pharmacological analyses. Our study employed high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA to identify changes in gut microbiota composition and untargeted metabolomics analysis to evaluate SJT's intervention on intestinal metabolism. We also conducted targeted analysis of bile acid metabolism to examine the specific effects of SJT. Finally, the growth-inhibitory effect of SJT on C. difficile was confirmed through ex vivo cultivation of the pathogen using cecal contents, supporting its potential role in treating CDI by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. RESULTS In pharmacological studies, SJT was found to effectively reduce the levels of A&B toxins and alleviate colonic inflammation in CDI mice. Mechanistically, SJT demonstrated a mild increase in the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota. However, its most significant impact was observed in the substantial improvement of the structural composition of the gut microbiota. Specifically, SJT decreased the abundance of gut Polymorphs and Firmicutes while restoring the proportions of family Trichophyton and Bacteroides_S24-7 spp (P < 0.001). Moreover, SJT not only decreased the levels of primary bile acids but also elevated the levels of secondary bile acids. Notably, it enhanced the conversion of taurocholic acid (TCA) to deoxycholic acid (DCA), leading to a balanced bile acid metabolism. Finally, cecal contents of SJT-treated mice showed a significant reduction in the growth of C. difficile, underscoring the therapeutic potential of SJT via modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. CONCLUSION SJT demonstrates remarkable efficacy in treating CDI in mice by not only effectively combating the infection but also restoring the intricate balance of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. Furthermore, promising indications suggest that SJT may have the potential to prevent CDI recurrence. These findings underscore the comprehensive therapeutic value of SJT in managing CDI. Moving forward, we plan to transition from the laboratory to clinical settings to conduct further studies, validating our conclusions on SJT's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Rong Su
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Li Z, Wang B, Sun K, Yin G, Wang P, Yu XA, Zhang C, Tian J. An aggregation-induced emission sensor combined with UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS for fast identification of anticoagulant active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341799. [PMID: 37827639 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Xuebijing injection (XBJ) has a good therapeutic effect on the patients with severe coronavirus disease, but the material basis of XBJ with the anticoagulant effect to improve the coagulopathy and thromboembolism is still unclear. Herein, we developed a new strategy based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) for monitoring thrombin activity and screening thrombin inhibitors from XBJ. The molecule AIE603 and the thrombin substrate peptide S-2238 were formed into AIE nanoparticle (AIENP) which emitted notable fluorescence due to the restriction of intramolecular motions. In the presence of thrombin, AIENP was specifically hydrolyzed and AIE603 was released from AIENP, leading to the decrease of fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, AIENP was combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fraction collector (UHPLC-FC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) for separation, preparation, screening and identification of the thrombin inhibitors from XBJ, a total of 58 chemical constituents were identified, among which 6 compounds possessed higher anticoagulant activity. Notably, the overall inhibition rate of the 6 mixed standards was equivalent to about 60% of the inhibition rate of XBJ. Therefore, this work provides a novel, cheap and simple method for monitoring thrombin activity and is promising to screen active substances from traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Bing Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Bioequivalence Research of Generic Drug Evaluation, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Kunhui Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Bioequivalence Research of Generic Drug Evaluation, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Guo Yin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Bioequivalence Research of Generic Drug Evaluation, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ping Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Bioequivalence Research of Generic Drug Evaluation, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xie-An Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Bioequivalence Research of Generic Drug Evaluation, Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Jiangwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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