Advances of plant and biomass extracted zirconium nanoparticles in dental implant application

Potential role of metal nanoparticles in treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis

Peri-implantitis (PI), a pathological condition associated with plaque, affects the tissues around dental implants. In addition, peri-implant mucositis (PIM) is a precursor to the destructive inflammatory PI and is an inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the dental implant. It is challenging to eradicate and regulate the PI treatment due to its limited effectiveness. Currently, there is a significant interest in the development and research of additional biocompatible materials to prevent the failure of dental implants. Nanotechnology has the potential to address or develop solutions to the significant challenge of implant failure caused by cytotoxicity and biocompatibility in dentistry. Nanoparticles (NPs) may be used as carriers for the release of medicines, as well as to make implant coatings and supply appropriate materials for implant construction. Furthermore, the bioactivity and therapeutic efficacy of metal NPs in peri-implant diseases (PID) are substantiated by a plethora of in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the use of silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc oxide, titanium oxide (TiO2), copper (Cu), and iron oxide NPs as a cure for dental implant infections brought on by bacteria that have become resistant to several medications is the subject of recent dentistry research. Because of their unique shape-dependent features, which enhance bio-physio-chemical functionalization, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility, metal NPs are employed in dental implants. This study attempted to provide an overview of the application of metal and metal oxide NPs to control and increase the success rate of implants while focusing on the antimicrobial properties of these NPs in the treatment of PID, including PIM and PI. Additionally, the study reviewed the potential benefits and drawbacks of using metal NPs in clinical settings for managing PID, with the goal of advancing future treatment strategies for these conditions.

A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles: From Classification to Application and Toxicity

Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.

Zirconium ion mediated collagen nanofibrous hydrogels with high mechanical strength

Low mechanical strength is still the key question for collagen hydrogel consisting of nanofibrils as hard tissue repair scaffolds with no loss of biological function. In this work, novel collagen nanofibrous hydrogels with high mechanical strength were fabricated based on the pre-protection of trisodium citrate masked Zr(SO4)2 solution for collagen self-assembling nanofibrils and then further coordination with Zr(SO4)2 solution. The mature collagen nanofibrils with d-period were observed in Zr(IV) mediated collagen hydrogels by AFM when the Zr(IV) concentration was ≥ 10 mmol/L, and the distribution of zirconium element was uniform. Due to the coordination of Zr(IV) with ─COOH, ─NH2 and ─OH within collagen and the tighter entanglement of collagen nanofibrils, the elastic modulus and compressive strength of Zr(IV) mediated collagen nanofibrous hydrogel were 208.3 and 1103.0 kPa, which were approximate 77 and 12 times larger than those of pure collagen hydrogel, respectively. Moreover, the environmental stability such as thermostability, swelling ability and biodegradability got outstanding improvements and could be regulated by Zr(IV) concentration. Most importantly, the resultant hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility and even accelerated cell proliferation.

An Experimental Parametric Optimisation for Laser Engraving and Texturing to Integrate Zirconia Ceramic Blocks into Stainless Steel Cutlery: A State-of-the-Art Aesthetically Improved Perspective

Cutlery and flatware designs are an everchanging phenomenon of the manufacturing industry. Worldwide hospitality businesses demand perpetual evolution in terms of aesthetics, designs, patterns, colours, and materials due to customers' demands, modernisation, and fierce competition. To thrive in this competitive market, modern fabrication techniques must be flexible, adoptive, fast, and cost effective. For decades, static designs and trademark patterns were achieved through moulds, limiting production to a single cutlery type per mould. However, with the advent of laser engraving and design systems, the whole business of cutlery production has been revolutionised. This study explores the possibility of creating diverse designs for stainless steel 304 flatware sets without changing the entire production process. The research analyses three key laser process parameters, power, scanning speed, and number of passes, and their impacts on the resulting geometry, depth of cut, surface roughness, and material removed. These parameters are comprehensively studied and analysed for steel and zirconia ceramic. The study details the effects of power, scanning speed, number of passages, and fluence on engraved geometry. Fluence (power*number of passages/scanning speed) positively influences outputs and presents a positive trend. Medium power settings and higher scanning speeds with the maximum number of passages produce high-quality, low-roughness optimised cavities with the ideal geometric accuracy for both materials.

Fabrication of novel nanofiber composed of gelatin/alginate with zirconium oxide NPs regulate orthodontic progression of cartilage degeneration on Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in MC3T3-E1 cells

Natural macromolecules like alginate and gelatin are employed to create medication delivery systems that are both safe and effective. Zirconium nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) have been proposed as a means of enhancing the alginate-gelatin hydrogel's physical and biological properties. This study combines the synthesis of the biopolymers gelatin and alginate nanofibers with nanoparticles of zirconium oxide (GA/NF- ZrO2 NPs). UV, XRD, FTIR, and SEM were used to characterize the synthesized nanofibers. The expression of osteogenic genes was analyzed by western blotting and qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Based on our findings, MC3T3-E1 cells are performed for cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production by GA/NF- ZrO2 NPs through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell migration was accelerated at 75 μg/mL concentration after 24 h of damage in a scratch wound healing assay. Proliferation of the MC3T3-E1 cell line was also detected. GA/NF-ZrO2 NPs influenced the osteogenic variation of MC3T3-E1 cells by inducing autophagy. Furthermore, the impact of obstruction on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a subject of ongoing discussion and analysis within the context of animal models. Coordinated GA/NF-ZrO2 NPs on biomaterial nanofibers could be used to introduce physical signals for modifying MC3T3-E1 responds for orthodontic engineering constructs.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Jasminum nudiflorum Flower Extract and Their Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity

The synthesis of metal nanomaterials is a timely topic due to their widespread use in fields such as crop protection, the environment, medicine, and engineering. Green synthesis of nanoparticles, which uses plant extracts instead of industrial chemical agents to reduce metal ions, has been developed to decrease costs, reduce pollution, and improve environmental and human health safety. In this paper, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the flower extract of Jasminum nudiflorum. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and other technologies. The antifungal activity of the prepared AgNPs against Alternaria longipes was tested using the plate method, the concentration dilution method, and other methods, and the antioxidant activity of the prepared AgNPs was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl free scavenging methods. The results showed that AgNPs synthesized from J. nudiflorum flower extract have a face-centered cubic structure (fcc), and the average grain size of the nanoparticles is 13 nm; they are also mainly spherical in shape. Additionally, the concentration of AgNPs (ranging from 16 to 128 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. longipes in comparison to the control. The inhibitory rate gradually increased with increasing AgNP concentration, ranging from 70.64% to 79.60% at a concentration of 128 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was observed at 32 μg/mL. AgNPs induced overaccumulation of MDA in A. longipes, resulting in cell membrane damage and nucleic acid leakage. Moreover, the AgNPs have significant antioxidant properties, which increase with increasing concentration. The clearance rate of DPPH was 25.46 ± 0.90% when the concentration of AgNPs was 8 μg/mL, and the clearance rate of the hydroxyl radical was 28.62 ± 0.59% when the concentration of AgNPs was 128 μg/mL. Thus, the flower extract from J. nudiflorum holds potential as an environmentally friendly and green alternative for the synthesis of AgNPs, which have antifungal and antioxidant potential.

Biomechanical Implications of Mandibular Flexion on Implant-Supported Full-Arch Rehabilitations: A Systematic Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Mandibular flexion (MF) is a complex biomechanical phenomenon, which involves a deformation of the mandible, due mainly to the contraction of the masticatory muscles, and it can have numerous clinical effects. The deformation of the lower jaw caused by mandibular flexion is generally very small, and it is often overlooked and considered irrelevant from a clinical point of view by many authors; however, it should be important to remember that median mandibular flexure (MMF) has a multifactorial aetiology. The main aim of the current systematic review is to highlight the different factors that can increase MF in order to help clinicians identify patients to whom they should pay more attention. As a secondary outcome, we wanted to analyse the preventive measures and suitable techniques to be adopted to minimise the negative effects of this phenomenon on oral fixed rehabilitations.

METHODS

The review, which was carried out in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) flowchart, was recorded in the "International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews" (PROSPERO). As research questions, "Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes" (PICO) questions were employed. Using the ROBINS-I technique, the risk of bias in non-randomised clinical studies was evaluated.

RESULTS

The initial electronic search identified over 1300 potential articles, of which 54 studies were included in this systematic review. Information regarding the relationship between MF and individual factors, mandibular movements, impression taking, and fixed rehabilitations were obtained.

CONCLUSIONS

The studies included in this systematic review showed that MF is greater during protrusive movements, in the posterior areas of the lower jaw, and in patients with brachial facial type, greater jaw length; small gonial angle; and less density, length, and bone surface of the symphysis. The biomechanical effects of mandibular flexion on fixed restorations are debated. Prospective clinical and radiological observational studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential short-, medium-, and long-term consequences of MF.

Influence of Restorative Material on the Distribution of Loads to the Bone in Hybrid Abutment Crowns-In Vitro Study

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the load transmitted to the peri-implant bone by seven different restorative materials in single-unit rehabilitations with morse taper implants using a strain gauge. Materials: In a polyurethane block that simulated type III bone, a morse taper platform implant was installed (3.5 × 11 mm) in the center and 1 mm below the test base surface, and four strain gauges were installed around the implant, simulating the mesial, distal, buccal and lingual positions. Seven similar hybrid abutment crowns were crafted to simulate a lower premolar using different materials: 1-PMMA; 2-glass ceramic over resin matrix; 3-PEEK + lithium disilicate; 4-metal-ceramic; 5-lithium disilicate; 6-zirconia + feldspathic; 7-monolithic zirconia. All groups underwent axial and oblique loads (45 degrees) of 150 N from a universal testing machine. Five measurements (n = 5) were performed with each material and for each load type; the microdeformation data underwent statistical analysis. The data were obtained in microdeformation (με), and the significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation among the materials under either the axial load or the oblique load at 45 degrees. In turn, in the comparison between axial load and oblique load, there was a difference in load for all materials. Conclusion: The restorative material did not influence the load transmitted to the bone. Furthermore, the load transmitted to the bone was greater when it occurred obliquely at 45° regardless of the material used. In conclusion, it appeared that the different elastic modulus of each material did not influence the load transmission to the peri-implant bone.