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Shu M, Wang J, Xu Z, Lu T, He Y, Li R, Zhong G, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Chu X, Ke J. Targeting nanoplatform synergistic glutathione depletion-enhanced chemodynamic, microwave dynamic, and selective-microwave thermal to treat lung cancer bone metastasis. Bioact Mater 2024; 39:544-561. [PMID: 38883314 PMCID: PMC11179176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Once bone metastasis occurs in lung cancer, the efficiency of treatment can be greatly reduced. Current mainstream treatments are focused on inhibiting cancer cell growth and preventing bone destruction. Microwave ablation (MWA) has been used to treat bone tumors. However, MWA may damage the surrounding normal tissues. Therefore, it could be beneficial to develop a nanocarrier combined with microwave to treat bone metastasis. Herein, a microwave-responsive nanoplatform (MgFe2O4@ZOL) was constructed. MgFe2O4@ZOL NPs release the cargos of Fe3+, Mg2+ and zoledronic acid (ZOL) in the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). Fe3+ can deplete intracellular glutathione (GSH) and catalyze H2O2 to generate •OH, resulting in chemodynamic therapy (CDT). In addition, the microwave can significantly enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby enabling the effective implementation of microwave dynamic therapy (MDT). Moreover, Mg2+ and ZOL promote osteoblast differentiation. In addition, MgFe2O4@ZOL NPs could target and selectively heat tumor tissue and enhance the effect of microwave thermal therapy (MTT). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that synergistic targeting, GSH depletion-enhanced CDT, MDT, and selective MTT exhibited significant antitumor efficacy and bone repair. This multimodal combination therapy provides a promising strategy for the treatment of bone metastasis in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Shu
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jingguang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Teliang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Renshan Li
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yunbo Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510080, China
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jin Ke
- Department of Joint and Orthopedics, Orthopedic Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangdong, 510080, China
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2
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Hoang DT, Pham VN, Yu H, Kwak IH, Baik J, Kim HS, Lee H. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities of Sodium Borohydride-Calcined Magnetic Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12054-12062. [PMID: 38870407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, enhancement, and maintenance of magnetite-based catalyst nanoparticles (NPs) are important for photocatalytic activity and recovery rates. We used a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) calcination method to modify MnFe2O4 nanoparticles to optimize their performance in the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The results indicated a 94% increase in photocatalytic efficiency, while magnetic assessments performed using a vibrating sample magnetometer showed an 8.9% improvement in magnetic properties without degradation. These findings show the dual benefits of increased photocatalytic performance with strong magnetic properties, which are important for the application and reusability of photocatalysts. The recycling of these photocatalysts reduces secondary pollution and increases the process cost-effectiveness. These results contribute to the solution of problems with the use of photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thanh Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Vy Ngoc Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kwak
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Baik
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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3
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Fernandes RJC, Cardoso BD, Rodrigues ARO, Pires A, Pereira AM, Araújo JP, Pereira L, Coutinho PJG. Zinc/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles Functionalized with Silver for Optimized Photocatalytic Removal of Malachite Green. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3158. [PMID: 38998250 PMCID: PMC11242515 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution is a major environmental challenge. Due to the inefficiency of conventional wastewater treatment plants in degrading many organic complex compounds, these recalcitrant pollutants end up in rivers, lakes, oceans and other bodies of water, affecting the environment and human health. Semiconductor photocatalysis is considered an efficient complement to conventional methods, and the use of various nanomaterials for this purpose has been widely explored, with a particular focus on improving their activity under visible light. This work focuses on developing magnetic and photoactive zinc/magnesium mixed ferrites (Zn0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4) by sol-gel and solvothermal synthesis methods, which are two of the most important and efficient methods used for the synthesis of ferrite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the sol-gel method exhibited an average size of 14.7 nm, while those synthesized by the solvothermal method had an average size of 17.4 nm. Both types possessed a predominantly cubic structure and demonstrated superparamagnetic behavior, reaching a magnetization saturation value of 60.2 emu g-1. Due to the high recombination rate of electrons/holes, which is an intrinsic feature of ferrites, surface functionalization with silver was carried out to enhance charge separation. The results demonstrated a strong influence of adsorption and of the deposition of silver. Several optimization steps were performed during synthesis, allowing us to create efficient catalysts, as proved by the almost full removal of the dye malachite green attaining 95.0% (at a rate constant of 0.091 min-1) and 87.6% (at a rate constant of 0.017 min-1) using NPs obtained by the sol-gel and solvothermal methods, respectively. Adsorption in the dark accounted for 89.2% of the dye removal for nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel and 82.8% for the ones obtained by the solvothermal method. These results make mixed zinc/magnesium ferrites highly promising for potential industrial application in effluent photoremediation using visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J C Fernandes
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz D Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita O Rodrigues
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pires
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M Pereira
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Araújo
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- IFIMUP-Materials Physics Institute, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo J G Coutinho
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LaPMET-Associate Laboratory, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Rafie SF, Abu-Zahra N, Sabetvand R. Enhancing Zn (II) recovery efficiency: Bi-divalent nickel-cobalt ferrite spinel Ni XCo 1-xFe 2O 4 as a Game-changing Adsorbent-an experimental and computational study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142702. [PMID: 38936486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation into NiXCo1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.5) spinel nanoparticles synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method using Co(NO3)2.6H2O and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O salts. XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and VSM analyses confirmed a cubic structure of NiXCo1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.5) nanoparticles without impurities. These nanoparticles exhibit efficient Zn (II) adsorption characteristics, following Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacity was measured to be 666.67 mg g-1 at pH = 7, with mechanisms involving both electrostatic attraction and cation exchange. Desorption studies indicate more than 75% Zn (II) recovery in an acidic environment (pH = 2) after three cycles. Computational analysis was used to validate the experimental results through Molecular Dynamics simulations, initially focusing on NiXCo1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.5). Further exploration involved variations in x at 0.25 and 0.75 to identify the optimal Ni and Co ratio in this bivalent cation spinel ferrite. Computational analyses reveal the superior performance of NiXCo1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.75) in Zn (II) removal, supported by radial distribution analysis, VdW energy, Coulombic energy, mean square displacement (MSD), root mean square displacement (RMSD), and interaction energy. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the adsorption behavior and structural stability of NiXCo1-xFe2O4 nanoparticles, showcasing potential applications in Zn (II) removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Faridedin Rafie
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Nidal Abu-Zahra
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; Electrical Engineering Department, King Abdullah II School of Engineering, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Roozbeh Sabetvand
- Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Faculty of Condensed Matter Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Jamal Salih S. Green synthesis and characterization of polyphenol-coated magnesium-substituted manganese ferrite nanoparticles: Antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31428. [PMID: 38818154 PMCID: PMC11137518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-substituted manganese ferrite (Mn0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4) nanoparticles were obtained through a wet chemical method and coated with green-extracted polyphenol from Punica granatum peel. The obtained spinel nanocomposite was fully characterized. The X-ray diffraction pattern revealed a single phase with an average crystalline size of 3.33-8.74 nm, confirming the cubic-spinel structure. The FESEM micrograph showed a quasi-spherical shape with nearly uniform particles, indicating mild agglomeration. The mean size of the Mn0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4 was 13.66 nm with a standard deviation of 2.05. The BET isotherms indicated a surface area of 85.45 m2/g. The basic groups attached to the external surface of Mg-doped spinel ferrite were discovered. The resulted superparamagnetic modified doped-nanoferrite particles showed antibacterial activity as well as antioxidant efficiency through studying Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) parameters. The outcomes highlight the promising potential of polyphenol-functionalized Mn0.9Mg0.1Fe2O4 magnetite nanosized particles for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameran Jamal Salih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region − F.R., Iraq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Tishk International University - Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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6
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Urbina A, Sridhara H, Scholtz A, Armani AM. Synthesis and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Series of Laboratory Experiments. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2024; 101:2039-2044. [PMID: 38764938 PMCID: PMC11097384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The following laboratory procedure provides students with hands-on experience in nanomaterial chemistry and characterization. This three-day protocol is easy to follow for undergraduates with basic chemistry or materials science backgrounds and is suitable for inclusion in upper-division courses in inorganic chemistry or materials science. Students use air-free chemistry procedures to synthesize and separate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and subsequently modify the nanoparticle surface by using a chemical stripping agent. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanoparticles are characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Additionally, magnetic characterization of the particles is performed using an inexpensive open-source (3D-printed) magnetophotometer. Possible modifications to the synthesis procedure, including the incorporation of dopants to modify the magnetic response and alternative characterization techniques, are discussed. The three-day synthesis, purification, and characterization laboratory will prepare students with crucial skills for advanced technology industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, nanomedicine, and green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando
D. Urbina
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hari Sridhara
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexis Scholtz
- Alfred
E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Alfred
E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Ellison
Institute of Technology, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
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Ndlovu NL, Mdlalose WB, Ntsendwana B, Moyo T. Evaluation of Advanced Nanomaterials for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:473. [PMID: 38675134 PMCID: PMC11054857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a persistent global disease and a threat to the human species, with numerous cases reported every year. Over recent decades, a steady but slowly increasing mortality rate has been observed. While many attempts have been made using conventional methods alone as a theragnostic strategy, they have yielded very little success. Most of the shortcomings of such conventional methods can be attributed to the high demands of industrial growth and ever-increasing environmental pollution. This requires some high-tech biomedical interventions and other solutions. Thus, researchers have been compelled to explore alternative methods. This has brought much attention to nanotechnology applications, specifically magnetic nanomaterials, as the sole or conjugated theragnostic methods. The exponential growth of nanomaterials with overlapping applications in various fields is due to their potential properties, which depend on the type of synthesis route used. Either top-down or bottom-up strategies synthesize various types of NPs. The top-down only branches out to one method, i.e., physical, and the bottom-up has two methods, chemical and biological syntheses. This review highlights some synthesis techniques, the types of nanoparticle properties each technique produces, and their potential use in the biomedical field, more specifically for cancer. Despite the evident drawbacks, the success achieved in furthering nanoparticle applications to more complex cancer stages and locations is unmatched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkanyiso L. Ndlovu
- Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Wendy B. Mdlalose
- Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Bulelwa Ntsendwana
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg, Johannesburg 2125, South Africa
| | - Thomas Moyo
- Discipline of Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Parastar Gharehlar M, Sheshmani S, Nikmaram FR, Doroudi Z. Synergistic potential in spinel ferrite MFe 2O 4 (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles-mediated graphene oxide: Structural aspects, photocatalytic, and kinetic studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4625. [PMID: 38409231 PMCID: PMC10897457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The existence of artificial dyes in water is a significant environmental concern, as it can lead to poor water quality. Photodegradation is becoming an increasingly popular method for treating water contaminated with dyes. In this study, the photodegradation of Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120 dyes, as well as textile wastewater, was investigated under UV and visible light irradiation. To enhance the photoresponse of the MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles, modifications were made by incorporating graphene oxide. The MFe2O4 nanoparticles and MFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalysts were subjected to several characterization techniques, including FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, DRS, zeta potential, VSM, TGA, DSC, BET, SEM, and EDAX analysis. Experiments were conducted to optimize several key parameters involved in the photodegradation process, including pH, photocatalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, and irradiation time. The removal efficiency of Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120 dyes using CoFe2O4 nanoparticles was found to be 86.97 and 82.63%, respectively. Also, the removal percentage of these dyes using CoFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalyst was 95.57 and 90.9% for Reactive Red 66 and Reactive Red 120, respectively. Experiments found that NiFe2O4 nanoparticles removed 90.92% of Reactive Red 66 dye and 84.7% of Reactive Red 120 dye. The NiFe2O4/GO nanocomposite photocatalyst showed even higher removal efficiencies, degrading 97.96% of Reactive Red 66 and 93.44% of Reactive Red 120. After three days of exposure to visible light irradiation, the removal percentage of Reactive Red 66 using MFe2O4 and MFe2O4/GO nanocomposite was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Parastar Gharehlar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Sheshmani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farrokh Roya Nikmaram
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Doroudi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Melo RLF, Sales MB, de Castro Bizerra V, de Sousa Junior PG, Cavalcante ALG, Freire TM, Neto FS, Bilal M, Jesionowski T, Soares JM, Fechine PBA, Dos Santos JCS. Recent applications and future prospects of magnetic biocatalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126709. [PMID: 37696372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biocatalysts combine magnetic properties with the catalytic activity of enzymes, achieving easy recovery and reuse in biotechnological processes. Lipases immobilized by magnetic nanoparticles dominate. This review covers an advanced bibliometric analysis and an overview of the area, elucidating research advances. Using WoS, 34,949 publications were analyzed and refined to 450. The prominent journals, countries, institutions, and authors that published the most were identified. The most cited articles showed research hotspots. The analysis of the themes and keywords identified five clusters and showed that the main field of research is associated with obtaining biofuels derived from different types of sustainable vegetable oils. The overview of magnetic biocatalysts showed that these materials are also employed in biosensors, photothermal therapy, environmental remediation, and medical applications. The industry shows a significant interest, with the number of patents increasing. Future studies should focus on immobilizing new lipases in unique materials with magnetic profiles, aiming to improve the efficiency for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 729, Fortaleza CEP 60440-554, CE, Brazil; Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Misael Bessa Sales
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Castro Bizerra
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gonçalves de Sousa Junior
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio Luthierre Gama Cavalcante
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Melo Freire
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Simão Neto
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - João Maria Soares
- Departamento de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Mossoró, Mossoró CEP 59610-090, RN, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60451-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil
| | - José Cleiton Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Campus das Auroras, Redenção CEP 62790-970, CE, Brazil; Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60455-760, CE, Brazil.
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Gomes P, Costa B, Carvalho JPF, Soares PIP, Vieira T, Henriques C, Valente MA, Teixeira SS. Cobalt Ferrite Synthesized Using a Biogenic Sol-Gel Method for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7737. [PMID: 38067467 PMCID: PMC10708217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limitations and severe side effects. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is an alternative method that can be used alone or in conjunction with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer. Cobalt ferrite particles were synthesized using an innovative biogenic sol-gel method with powder of coconut water (PCW). The obtained powders were subjected to heat treatments between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Subsequently, they were characterized by thermal, structural, magnetic, and cytotoxic analyses to assess their suitability for MH applications. Through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, it was possible to confirm the presence of the pure phase of CoFe2O4 in the sample treated at 1100 °C, exhibiting a saturation magnetization of 84 emu/g at 300 K and an average grain size of 542 nm. Furthermore, the sample treated at 1100 °C showed a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 3.91 W/g, and at concentrations equal to or below 5 mg/mL, is non-cytotoxic, being the most suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gomes
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Bárbara Costa
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - João P. F. Carvalho
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Paula I. P. Soares
- CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Tânia Vieira
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Célia Henriques
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Physics, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (T.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Manuel Almeida Valente
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Sílvia Soreto Teixeira
- i3N and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (P.G.); (B.C.); (J.P.F.C.); (M.A.V.)
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11
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Ilosvai ÁM, Forgách L, Kovács N, Heydari F, Szigeti K, Máthé D, Kristály F, Daróczi L, Kaleta Z, Viskolcz B, Nagy M, Vanyorek L. Development of Polymer-Encapsulated, Amine-Functionalized Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16203. [PMID: 38003394 PMCID: PMC10671131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for stable and well-defined magnetic nanoparticles is constantly increasing in biomedical applications; however, their preparation remains challenging. We used two different solvothermal methods (12 h reflux and a 4 min microwave, MW) to synthesize amine-functionalized zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4-NH2) superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The morphological features of the two ferrite samples were the same, but the average particle size was slightly larger in the case of MW activation: 47 ± 14 nm (Refl.) vs. 63 ± 20 nm (MW). Phase identification measurements confirmed the exclusive presence of zinc ferrite with virtually the same magnetic properties. The Refl. samples had a zeta potential of -23.8 ± 4.4 mV, in contrast to the +7.6 ± 6.8 mV measured for the MW sample. To overcome stability problems in the colloidal phase, the ferrite nanoparticles were embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone and could be easily redispersed in water. Two PVP-coated zinc ferrite samples were administered (1 mg/mL ZnFe2O4) in X BalbC mice and were compared as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After determining the r1/r2 ratio, the samples were compared to other commercially available contrast agents. Consistent with other SPION nanoparticles, our sample exhibits a concentrated presence in the hepatic region of the animals, with comparable biodistribution and pharmacokinetics suspected. Moreover, a small dose of 1.3 mg/body weight kg was found to be sufficient for effective imaging. It should also be noted that no toxic side effects were observed, making ZnFe2O4-NH2 advantageous for pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M. Ilosvai
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (B.V.); (M.N.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - László Forgách
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.K.); (F.H.); (K.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Noémi Kovács
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.K.); (F.H.); (K.S.); (D.M.)
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fatemeh Heydari
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.K.); (F.H.); (K.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.K.); (F.H.); (K.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (N.K.); (F.H.); (K.S.); (D.M.)
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Kristály
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary;
| | - Lajos Daróczi
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 2, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Kaleta
- Pro-Research Laboratory, Progressio Engineering Bureau Ltd., 8000 Szekesfehervar, Hungary;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, 1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (B.V.); (M.N.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (B.V.); (M.N.)
| | - László Vanyorek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (B.V.); (M.N.)
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12
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Ilosvai ÁM, Gerzsenyi TB, Sikora E, Harasztosi L, Kristály F, Viskolcz B, Váradi C, Szőri-Dorogházi E, Vanyorek L. Simplified Synthesis of the Amine-Functionalized Magnesium Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in DNA Purification Method. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14190. [PMID: 37762494 PMCID: PMC10532358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For pathogens identification, the PCR test is a widely used method, which requires the isolation of nucleic acids from different samples. This extraction can be based on the principle of magnetic separation. In our work, amine-functionalized magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized for this application by the coprecipitation of ethanolamine in ethylene glycol from Mg(II) and Fe(II) precursors. The conventional synthesis method involves a reaction time of 12 h (MgFe2O4-H&R MNP); however, in our modified method, the reaction time could be significantly reduced to only 4 min by microwave-assisted synthesis (MgFe2O4-MW MNP). A comparison was made between the amine-functionalized MgFe2O4 samples prepared by two methods in terms of the DNA-binding capacity. The experimental results showed that the two types of amine-functionalized magnesium ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were equally effective in terms of their DNA extraction yield. Moreover, by using a few minutes-long microwave synthesis, we obtained the same quality magnesium ferrite particles as those made through the long and energy-intensive 12-h production method. This advancement has the potential to improve and expedite pathogen identification processes, helping to better prevent the spread of epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M. Ilosvai
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (E.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Tímea B. Gerzsenyi
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (T.B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Emőke Sikora
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (E.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Lajos Harasztosi
- Department of Solid-State Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Ferenc Kristály
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geology, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary;
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (E.S.); (B.V.)
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (T.B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Csaba Váradi
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (T.B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Emma Szőri-Dorogházi
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (T.B.G.); (C.V.)
| | - László Vanyorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary; (Á.M.I.); (E.S.); (B.V.)
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13
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Hussein MM, Saafan SA, Abosheiasha HF, Zhou D, Klygach DS, Vakhitov MG, Trukhanov SV, Trukhanov AV, Zubar TI, Astapovich KA, Zakaly HMH, Darwish MA. Crystal structure and peculiarities of microwave parameters of Co 1-xNi xFe 2O 4 nano spinel ferrites. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26879-26891. [PMID: 37692354 PMCID: PMC10483272 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosized spinel ferrites Co1-xNixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0-1.0) or CNFO have been produced using a chemical method. The crystal structure's characteristics have been determined through the utilization of X-ray diffraction (XRD). It has been demonstrated that all samples have a single phase with cubic syngony (space group Fd3̄m). The lattice parameter and unit cell volume behavior correlate well with the average ionic radii of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions and their coordination numbers. Thus, an increase in the Ni2+ content from x = 0.0 to x = 1.0 leads to a decrease in the lattice parameter (from 8.3805 to 8.3316 Å) and unit cell volume (from 58.86 to 57.83 Å3). Elastic properties have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The peculiarities of the microwave properties have been analyzed by the measured S-parameters in the range of 8-18 GHz. It was assumed that the energy losses due to reflection are a combination of electrical and magnetic losses due to polarization processes (dipole polarization) and magnetization reversal processes in the region of inter-resonant processes. A significant attenuation of the reflected wave energy (-10 … -21.8 dB) opens broad prospects for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Hussein
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Samia A Saafan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - H F Abosheiasha
- Engineering Physics and Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University Tanta 31511 Egypt
| | - Di Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - D S Klygach
- South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia
| | - M G Vakhitov
- South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russia
| | - S V Trukhanov
- Smart Sensor Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology MISIS 119049 Moscow 4, Leninsky ave. Russia
- SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 220072 Minsk 19, P. Brovki str. Belarus
| | - A V Trukhanov
- Smart Sensor Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology MISIS 119049 Moscow 4, Leninsky ave. Russia
- SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 220072 Minsk 19, P. Brovki str. Belarus
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Astana 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - T I Zubar
- SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 220072 Minsk 19, P. Brovki str. Belarus
| | - K A Astapovich
- SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 220072 Minsk 19, P. Brovki str. Belarus
| | - Hesham M H Zakaly
- Istinye University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Computer Engineering Department Istanbul 34396 Turkey
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University 620002 Yekaterinburg Russia
| | - Moustafa A Darwish
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
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14
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Ilyas MZ, Park H, Baek YS, Sa KJ, Kim MJ, Lee JK. Efficacy of Carbon Nanodots and Manganese Ferrite (MnFe 2O 4) Nanoparticles in Stimulating Growth and Antioxidant Activity in Drought-Stressed Maize Inbred Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2922. [PMID: 37631134 PMCID: PMC10458536 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite being the third most-consumed crop, maize (Zea mays L.) is highly vulnerable to drought stress. The predominant secondary metabolite in plants is phenolic acids, which scavenge reactive oxygen species to minimize oxidative stress under drought stress. Herein, the effect of carbon nanodots (CND) and manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles (NP) on the drought stress tolerance of maize has been studied. The experimental results revealed that the highest leaf blade length (54.0 cm) and width (3.9 cm), root length (45.2 cm), stem diameter (11.1 mm), root fresh weight (7.0 g), leaf relative water content (84.8%) and chlorogenic (8.7 µg/mL), caffeic (3.0 µg/mL) and syringic acid (1.0 µg/mL) contents were demonstrated by CND-treated (10 mg L-1) inbred lines (GP5, HW19, HCW2, 17YS6032, HCW3, HCW4, HW7, HCW2, and 16S8068-9, respectively). However, the highest shoot length (71.5 cm), leaf moisture content (83.9%), shoot fresh weight (12.5 g), chlorophyll content (47.3), and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (34.1%) were observed in MnFe2O4 NP-treated (300 mg L-1) HF12, HW15, 11BS8016-7, HW15, HW12, and KW7 lines, respectively. The results indicate that CND and MnFe2O4 NP can mitigate drought stress effects on different accessions of the given population, as corroborated by improvements in growth and physio-biochemical traits among several inbred lines of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (M.Z.I.); (H.P.); (K.J.S.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Hyeon Park
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (M.Z.I.); (H.P.); (K.J.S.); (M.J.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young Sun Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (M.Z.I.); (H.P.); (K.J.S.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Myong Jo Kim
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (M.Z.I.); (H.P.); (K.J.S.); (M.J.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; (M.Z.I.); (H.P.); (K.J.S.); (M.J.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea;
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