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Yakufu M, Wang Z, Li C, Jia Q, Ma C, Zhang P, Abudushalamu M, Akber S, Yan L, Xikeranmu M, Song X, Abudourousuli A, Shu L. Carbene-mediated gelatin and hyaluronic acid hydrogel paints with ultra adhesive ability for arthroscopic cartilage repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133122. [PMID: 38876236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In articular cartilage defect, particularly in arthroscopy, regenerative hydrogels are urgently needed. It should be able to firmly adhere to the cartilage tissue and maintain sufficient mechanical strength to withstand approximately 10 kPa of arthroscopic hydraulic flushing. In this study, we report a carbene-mediated ultra adhesive hybrid hydrogel paints for arthroscopic cartilage repair, which combined the photo initiation of double crosslinking system with the addition of diatomite, as a further reinforcing agent and biological inorganic substances. The double network consisting of ultraviolet initiated polymerization of hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) and carbene insertion chemistry of diazirine-grafted gelatin (GelDA) formed an ultra-strong adhesive hydrogel paint (H2G5DE). Diatomite helped the H2G5DE hydrogel paint firmly adhere to the cartilage defect, withstanding nearly 100 kPa of hydraulic pressure, almost 10 times that in clinical arthroscopy. Furthermore, the H2G5DE hydrogel supported cell growth, proliferation, and migration, thus successfully repairing cartilage defects. Overall, this study demonstrates a proof-of-concept of ultra-adhesive polysaccharide hydrogel paints, which can firmly adhere to the articular cartilage defects, can resist continuous hydraulic pressure, can promote effective cartilage regeneration, and is very suitable for minimally invasive arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maihemuti Yakufu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Zongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Chunbao Li
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, PR China.
| | - Chuang Ma
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, PR China
| | - Muyashaer Abudushalamu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Sajida Akber
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Li Yan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Milibanguli Xikeranmu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Xinghua Song
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China
| | - Adili Abudourousuli
- Animal Expermental Center,Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, PR China
| | - Li Shu
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830002, PR China.
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2
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Janmohammadi M, Doostmohammadi N, Bahraminasab M, Nourbakhsh MS, Arab S, Asgharzade S, Ghanbari A, Satari A. Evaluation of new bone formation in critical-sized rat calvarial defect using 3D printed polycaprolactone/tragacanth gum-bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132361. [PMID: 38750857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects are a major challenge in reconstructive bone surgery and usually fail to be treated due to limited remaining bone quality and extensive healing time. The combination of 3D-printed scaffolds and bioactive materials is a promising approach for bone tissue regeneration. In this study, 3D-printed alkaline-treated polycaprolactone scaffolds (M-PCL) were fabricated and integrated with tragacanth gum- 45S5 bioactive glass (TG-BG) to treat critical-sized calvarial bone defects in female adult Wistar rats. After a healing period of four and eight weeks, the new bone of blank, M-PCL, and M-PCL/TG-BG groups were harvested and assessed. Micro-computed tomography, histological, biochemical, and biomechanical analyses, gene expression, and bone matrix formation were used to assess bone regeneration. The micro-computed tomography results showed that the M-PCL/TG-BG scaffolds not only induced bone tissue formation within the bone defect but also increased BMD and BV/TV compared to blank and M-PCL groups. According to the histological analysis, there was no evidence of bony union in the calvarial defect regions of blank groups, while in M-PCL/TG-BG groups bony integration and repair were observed. The M-PCL/TG-BG scaffolds promoted the Runx2 and collagen type I expression as compared with blank and M-PCL groups. Besides, the bone regeneration in M-PCL/TG-BG groups correlated with TG-BG incorporation. Moreover, the use of M-PCL/TG-BG scaffolds promoted the biomechanical properties in the bone remodeling process. These data demonstrated that the M-PCL/TG-BG scaffolds serve as a highly promising platform for the development of bone grafts, supporting bone regeneration with bone matrix formation, and osteogenic features. Our results exhibited that the 3D-printed M-PCL/TG-BG scaffolds are a promising strategy for successful bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nesa Doostmohammadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Marjan Bahraminasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | | | - Samaneh Arab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzade
- Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Satari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Angelopoulou A. Nanostructured Biomaterials in 3D Tumor Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5414. [PMID: 38791452 PMCID: PMC11121067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of nanostructured biomaterials and medicines is associated with 2D cultures that provide insight into biological mechanisms at the molecular level, while critical aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are provided by the study of animal xenograft models. More realistic models that can histologically reproduce human tumors are provided by tissue engineering methods of co-culturing cells of varied phenotypes to provide 3D tumor spheroids that recapitulate the dynamic TME in 3D matrices. The novel approaches of creating 3D tumor models are combined with tumor tissue engineering (TTE) scaffolds including hydrogels, bioprinted materials, decellularized tissues, fibrous and nanostructured matrices. This review focuses on the use of nanostructured materials in cancer therapy and regeneration, and the development of realistic models for studying TME molecular and immune characteristics. Tissue regeneration is an important aspect of TTE scaffolds used for restoring the normal function of the tissues, while providing cancer treatment. Thus, this article reports recent advancements in the development of 3D TTE models for antitumor drug screening, studying tumor metastasis, and tissue regeneration. Also, this review identifies the significant opportunities of using 3D TTE scaffolds in the evaluation of the immunological mechanisms and processes involved in the application of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Angelopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Kumar P, Shamim, Muztaba M, Ali T, Bala J, Sidhu HS, Bhatia A. Fused Deposition Modeling 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1184-1194. [PMID: 38418691 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of bone tissue engineering as a trend in regenerative medicine is forcing scientists to create highly functional materials and scaffold construction techniques. Bone tissue engineering uses 3D bio-printed scaffolds that allow and stimulate the attachment and proliferation of osteoinductive cells on their surfaces. Bone grafting is necessary to expedite the patient's condition because the natural healing process of bones is slow. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is therefore suggested as a technique for the production process due to its simplicity, ability to create intricate components and movable forms, and low running costs. 3D-printed scaffolds can repair bone defects in vivo and in vitro. For 3D printing, various materials including metals, polymers, and ceramics are often employed but polymeric biofilaments are promising candidates for replacing non-biodegradable materials due to their adaptability and environment friendliness. This review paper majorly focuses on the fused deposition modeling approach for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. In addition, it also provides information on biofilaments used in FDM 3D printing, applications, and commercial aspects of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India.
| | - Shamim
- IIMT College of Medical Sciences, IIMT University, Ganga Nagar, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250001, India
| | - Mohammad Muztaba
- Department of Pharmacology, Praduman Singh Sikshan Prasikshan Sansthan Pharmacy College, Phutahiya Sansarpur, Basti, Uttar Pradesh, 272001, India
| | - Tarmeen Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Subhartipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250005, India
| | - Jyoti Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Haramritpal Singh Sidhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
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Kérourédan O, Washio A, Handschin C, Devillard R, Kokabu S, Kitamura C, Tabata Y. Bioactive gelatin-sheets as novel biopapers to support prevascularization organized by laser-assisted bioprinting for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025038. [PMID: 38324892 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad270a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the management of patients with oral cancer, maxillofacial reconstruction after ablative surgery remains a clinical challenge. In bone tissue engineering, biofabrication strategies have been proposed as promising alternatives to solve issues associated with current therapies and to produce bone substitutes that mimic both the structure and function of native bone. Among them, laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB) has emerged as a relevant biofabrication method to print living cells and biomaterials with micrometric resolution onto a receiving substrate, also called 'biopaper'. Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of prevascularization using LAB to promote vascularization and bone regeneration, but mechanical and biological optimization of the biopaper are needed. The aim of this study was to apply gelatin-sheet fabrication process to the development of a novel biopaper able to support prevascularization organized by LAB for bone tissue engineering applications. Gelatin-based sheets incorporating bioactive glasses (BGs) were produced using various freezing methods and crosslinking (CL) parameters. The different formulations were characterized in terms of microstructural, physical, mechanical, and biological properties in monoculture and coculture. Based on multi-criteria analysis, a rank scoring method was used to identify the most relevant formulations. The selected biopaper underwent additional characterization regarding its ability to support mineralization and vasculogenesis, its bioactivity potential andin vivodegradability. The biopaper 'Gel5wt% BG1wt%-slow freezing-CL160 °C 24 h' was selected as the best candidate, due to its suitable properties including high porosity (91.69 ± 1.55%), swelling ratio (91.61 ± 0.60%), Young modulus (3.97 × 104± 0.97 × 104Pa) but also its great cytocompatibility, osteogenesis and bioactivity properties. The preorganization of human umbilical vein endothelial cell using LAB onto this new biopaper led to the formation of microvascular networks. This biopaper was also shown to be compatible with 3D-molding and 3D-stacking strategies. This work allowed the development of a novel biopaper adapted to LAB with great potential for vascularized bone biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kérourédan
- INSERM, U1026 BIOTIS, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie bucco-dentaire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, CCMR MOC-Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, CCMR O-Rares-Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Washio
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Science of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Charles Handschin
- ART BioPrint, INSERM, U1026 BIOTIS, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Raphaël Devillard
- INSERM, U1026 BIOTIS, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie bucco-dentaire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, CCMR MOC-Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, CCMR O-Rares-Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Improvement, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kitamura
- Division of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Department of Science of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Baniasadi H, Abidnejad R, Fazeli M, Lipponen J, Niskanen J, Kontturi E, Seppälä J, Rojas OJ. Innovations in hydrogel-based manufacturing: A comprehensive review of direct ink writing technique for biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103095. [PMID: 38301316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) stands as a pioneering additive manufacturing technique that holds transformative potential in the field of hydrogel fabrication. This innovative approach allows for the precise deposition of hydrogel inks layer by layer, creating complex three-dimensional structures with tailored shapes, sizes, and functionalities. By harnessing the versatility of hydrogels, DIW opens up possibilities for applications spanning from tissue engineering to soft robotics and wearable devices. This comprehensive review investigates DIW as applied to hydrogels and its multifaceted applications. The paper introduces a diverse range of printing techniques while providing a thorough exploration of DIW for hydrogel-based printing. The investigation aims to explain the progress made, challenges faced, and potential trajectories that lie ahead for DIW in hydrogel-based manufacturing. The fundamental principles underlying DIW are carefully examined, specifically focusing on rheological attributes and printing parameters, prompting a comprehensive survey of the wide variety of hydrogel materials. These encompass both natural and synthetic variations, all of which can be effectively harnessed for this purpose. Furthermore, the review explores the latest applications of DIW for hydrogels in biomedical areas, with a primary focus on tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery systems. The document not only consolidates the existing state of DIW within the context of hydrogel-based manufacturing but also charts potential avenues for further research and innovative breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Baniasadi
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Roozbeh Abidnejad
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mahyar Fazeli
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Juha Lipponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Niskanen
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Alves P, Simão AF, Graça MFP, Mariz MJ, Correia IJ, Ferreira P. Dextran-Based Injectable Hydrogel Composites for Bone Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4501. [PMID: 38231931 PMCID: PMC10707775 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, bone infections caused by diseases or injuries are a major health issue. In addition, the conventional therapeutic approaches used to treat bone diseases or injuries present several drawbacks. In the area of tissue engineering, researchers have been developing new alternative therapeutic approaches, such as scaffolds, to promote the regeneration of injured tissues. Despite the advantages of these materials, most of them require an invasive surgical procedure. To overcome these problems, the main focus of this work was to develop scaffolds for bone regeneration, which can be applied using injectable hydrogels that circumvent the use of invasive procedures, while allowing for bone regeneration. Throughout this work, injectable hydrogels were developed based on a natural polymer, dextran, along with the use of two inorganic compounds, calcium β-triphosphate and nanohydroxyapatite, that aimed to reinforce the mechanical properties of the 3D mesh. The materials were chemically characterized considering the requirements for the intended application: the swelling capacity was evaluated, the degradation rate in a simulated physiological environment was assessed, and compression tests were performed. Furthermore, vancomycin was incorporated into the polymeric matrices to obtain scaffolds with antibacterial performance, and their drug release profile was assessed. The cytotoxic profile of the hydrogels was assessed by an MTS assay, using osteoblasts as model cells. The data obtained demonstrated that dextran-based hydrogels were successfully synthesized, with a drug release profile with an initial burst between 50 and 80% of the drug. The hydrogels possess fair biocompatibility. The swelling capacity showed that the stability of the samples and their degradation profile is compatible with the average time period required for bone regeneration (usually about one month) and have a favorable Young's modulus (200-300 kPa). The obtained hydrogels are well-suited for bone regeneration applications such as infections that occur during implantation or bone graft substitutes with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Alves
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (M.J.M.); (I.J.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Ana Filipa Simão
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (M.J.M.); (I.J.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Mariana F. P. Graça
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Marcos J. Mariz
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (M.J.M.); (I.J.C.); (P.F.)
| | - Ilídio J. Correia
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (M.J.M.); (I.J.C.); (P.F.)
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Paula Ferreira
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (M.J.M.); (I.J.C.); (P.F.)
- Applied Research Institute, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços—S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
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