Antioxidant capacity and phenolic constituents of Malva neglecta Wallr. and Plantago lanceolata L. from Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey

Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant Activities, LCMS Profiles of Mespilus germanica Leaf Extract and Effects on mRNA Transcription Levels of Apoptotic, Autophagic, and Necrotic Genes in MCF7 and A549 Cancer Cell Lines

Cancer, defined by the continuous, uncontrollable proliferation of cells in the human body, is a disease with a rapidly increasing incidence and mortality rate. Scientists are looking for novel ways to cure and prevent this sneaky disease because of the toxicity of contemporary chemotherapy and the cancer cells' resilience to anticancer drugs. Determining the effect of herbal medicines, which do not have as harmful side effects as synthetic drugs, on cancer cell lines is an essential preliminary study in the production of effective drugs against cancer. In this study, the phenolic acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity of the medicinal plant Mespilus germanica (MG) leaf extract were determined, and its effects on the expression of some apoptotic, necrotic, and autophagic pathway genes of MCF7 (Human breast cancer line) and A549 (Human lung cancer line) and healthy HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells were investigated for the first time. The LCMS device detected many important phenolic compounds previously reported to act against cancer cells in Mespilus germanica leaf extract. DPPH and total phenolic content showed high antioxidant capacity. The cytotoxicity of MG was determined by the MTT method. The levels of mRNA transcription for Atg5, Atg3, Rıpk1, Bcl2, Bax, Apaf1, Caspase-8, Caspase-7, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9, as well as the expression patterns of the DNA damage markers P53 and Parp-1 genes, were assessed. MG leaf extract did not cause significant toxicity against healthy HDF cells. However, it had a cytotoxic effect on A549 and MCF7 cancer cell lines, increasing the transcription levels of essential genes involved in cell death mechanisms. This research is the first to analyze the phenolic components and antioxidant capabilities of leaf extracts from Mespilus germanica. Additionally, it investigates the impact of these extracts on crucial genes involved in cell death pathways of A549 lung cancer, MCF7 breast cancer, and non-cancerous HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells.

Wild-Edible Allium Species from Highlands of Eastern Anatolia: Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Biological Activities

This study presents the phytochemical composition, antioxidant (hydrogen atom and single-atom transfer mechanisms), and digestive enzyme inhibitory (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase) activities of ethanol-based extractions and traditional preparations (infusion) of the leaves of wild-edible Allium species (A. kharputense, A. affine, A. shirnakiense, and A. akaka) from the highlands of Eastern Anatolia. Among the eight extracts analyzed, ethanol extractions of the A. kharputense and A. akaka leaves exhibited better biotherapeutic activities and had the highest bioactive content. The dominant bioactive profile was composed of mainly allicin and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin) with small amounts of fatty acids. These data were similar to the biological activities and chemical composition of common Allium species and suggest the utilization of the extracts of wild-edible Allium species in the development of Allium-based biotherapeutics or nutraceuticals.

Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata Exhibit Antioxidant and Borrelia burgdorferi Inhibiting Activities

Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection, is the most widespread vector-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, using targeted antibiotic therapy is often an ineffective cure. The antibiotic resistance and recurring symptoms of Lyme disease are associated with the formation of biofilm-like aggregates of B. burgdorferi. Plant extracts could provide an effective alternative solution as many of them exhibit antibacterial or biofilm inhibiting activities. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata as B. burgdorferi inhibitors. Hydroalcoholic extracts from three different samples of each plant were first characterised based on their total concentrations of polyphenolics, flavonoids, iridoids, and antioxidant capacity. Both plants contained substantial amounts of named phytochemicals and showed considerable antioxidant properties. The major non-volatile constituents were then quantified using HPLC-DAD-MS analyses, and volatile constituents were quantified using HS-SPME-GC-MS. The most prevalent non-volatiles were found to be plantamajoside and acteoside, and the most prevalent volatiles were β-caryophyllene, D-limonene, and α-caryophyllene. The B. burgdorferi inhibiting activity of the extracts was tested on stationary-phase B. burgdorferi culture and its biofilm fraction. All extracts showed antibacterial activity, with the most effective lowering the residual bacterial viability down to 15%. Moreover, the extracts prepared from the leaves of each plant additionally demonstrated biofilm inhibiting properties, reducing its formation by 30%.

Role of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in post burn management

Burn management is a natural and distinctly programmed process involving overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Burn wound healing involves initiation of inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation, neovascularization and wound contraction. Despite the availability of multiple preparations for management of burn wound, there is dire need for efficacious alternative agents. Current approaches for burn wound management include pharmaceutical agents and antibiotics. However, high cost of synthetic drugs and accelerated resistance to antibiotics is challenging for both developed and developing nations. Among alternative options, medicinal plants have been a biocompatible, safe and affordable source of preventive/curative approaches. Due to cultural acceptance and patient compliance, there has been a focus on the use of botanical drugs and phytochemicals for burn wound healing. Keeping in consideration of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals as suitable therapeutic/adjuvant agents for burn wound management, this review highlights therapeutic potential of 35 medicinal herbs and 10 phytochemicals. Among these, Elaeis guineensis, Ephedra ciliate and Terminalia avicennioides showed better burn wound healing potential with varied mechanisms such as modulation of TNF-alpha, inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, ROS and leukocyte response. Phytochemicals (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, kirenol) also showed promising role in burn wound management though various pathways involving such as down regulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and inflammatory mediators including plasma proteases and arachidonic acid metabolites. This review provides a pavement for therapeutic/adjuvant use of potential botanical drugs and novel druggable phyto-compounds to target skin burn injury with diverse mechanisms, affordability and safety profile.

The phenolic profile and biological activities of common Scorzonera species from Eastern Anatolia

The present study focused on chemical composition and base therapeutic potential of common Scorzonera species (Scorzonera mollis, Scorzonera papposa, and Scorzonera semicana), which have been utilized as food and medicine by local people of Eastern Anatolia for a long time. Comparative analytical studies were performed on ethanol-based extracts and traditional preparations (infusions) through chromatographic (HPLC-MS/MS) and reagent-based antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory assays. Results revelated that extracts were rich in phenolics, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids that were confirmed by HPLC-MS/MS, chlorogenic acids and luteolin are the major phytochemical compounds of extracts. With regards to biological activities findings, it was determined that ethanol-based extracts showed better antioxidant activities and effectively suppressed the activities of α-glucosidase. In addition, both of the extracts were found as strong suppressive agents of pancreatic lipase activity so Scorzonera species were rich sources of bioactive compounds that able to deactivate reactive oxygen species and free radicals and as well as suppress the activities of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. Finally, obtained findings reveal base data of Scorzonera species for researches that focused on novel candidates of nutraceuticals and biotherapeutics.

The Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Malva neglecta Wallr. in Surgically Induced Endometriosis Model in Rats

Leaves and aerial parts of Malva neglecta Wallr. have been traditionally used in Anatolia for the treatment of pain, inflammation, hemorrhoids, renal stones, constipation, and infertility. This study investigated the effects of M. neglecta leaves in a rat endometriosis model. The dried plant material was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, successively. Experimental endometriosis was surgically induced in six-week-old female, non-pregnant, Wistar albino rats by autotransplant of endometrial tissue to the abdominal wall. After twenty-eight days, rats were evaluated for a second laparotomy. Endometrial foci areas were assessed, and intraabdominal adhesions were scored. Rats were divided into five groups as control, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts, as well as reference. At the end of the treatment, all rats were sacrificed and endometriotic foci areas and intraabdominal adhesions were re-evaluated and compared with the previous findings. Moreover, peritoneal fluid was collected to detect tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and cDNA synthesis, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was done. The phytochemical content of the most active extract was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Both endometrial volume and adhesion score decreased significantly in the group treated with methanol extract. In addition, significant decreases were observed in TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-6 levels in animals administered methanol extract. HPLC results showed that the activity caused by the methanol extract of M. neglecta was due to the polyphenols. Taken together, these novel findings indicate that M. neglecta may be a promising alternative for the treatment of endometriosis.

Sium sisarum

Traditionally consumed food and spices are significant sources in the daily life diet and constitute a large portion of the cuisine in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. However, limited data available necessitate further analysis of their chemical composition and health attributing properties. This study aims to present phytochemical composition and biological activities of Sium sisarum var. lancifolium, a commonly consumed spice and food species in the region. Analytical studies to date have revealed the presence of high levels of phenolics (chlorogenic acid and isoquercetin) and volatiles (α-terpinene, camphene, cyclohexene, carene and p-cymene), which exhibits significant potential of digestive enzyme suppressive and antioxidant abilities. Data collected in this study suggest the use of Sium sisarum plant to obtain nutraceuticals and/or biotherapeutic agents that are able to regulate oxidative stress and enzyme activities.

Ameliorating Effect of Malva neglecta Wallr on Obesity and Diabetes in Wistar Rats: A Mechanistic Study

A high caloric food causes deposition of fats that may progress to obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including but limited to diabetes mellitus. This study is aimed at determining the ameliorating effect of Malva Neglecta wallr aqueous-methanolic extract (MNME) on obesity and diabetes in Wistar rats. The MNME was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plant extract was evaluated by in vitro α-amylase inhibition and DPPH scavenging activities. Obesity was induced by administering high sugar and fat diet (HSFD) to rats for six weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. Oral treatments with MNME 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day were given to diabetic obese rats for 14 days. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The plant extract showed significant antioxidant (P < 0.001) and alpha-amylase (P < 0.0001) inhibition activities. The administration of MNME displayed a considerable decrease in fasting blood glucose, body weight, liver function tests, urea, cholesterol, leptin, and insulin levels in diabetic obese rats as compared to the disease control group and maximum effect were observed at 750 mg/kg/day of MNME. The MNME significantly increased (P < 0.05 − 0.001) the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT in the liver, kidney, and pancreas while notably (P < 0.05 − 0.001) reduced the malondialdehyde level in kidney and pancreas of diabetic obese rats in contrast to disease control rats. This experimental study concludes that the MNME had exhibited antiobesity and antidiabetic activities through reduction of oxidative stress, leptin, α-amylase activity, and insulin resistance due to the presence of phenolic acid and flavonoid compounds.

Ethnobotanical Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Application of Plantago lanceolata L

The medicinal benefits of P. lanceolata L. have been acknowledged worldwide for hundreds of years. The plant is now distributed worldwide, especially in temperate zones. This review gives an overview of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and other potential application of P. lanceolate L. Several effective chemical constituents such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, iridoid glycosides, fatty acids, and polysaccharides are found in P. lanceolata L., which contribute to its exerting specific therapeutic effects. Correspondingly, studies have found that P. lanceolata L. has different biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antiulcerogenic activity. The plant also treats various diseases related to the skin, respiratory organs, digestive organs, reproduction, circulation, cancer, pain relief, and infections. The plant has many applications in cosmetics such as lotion and creams; it is also used as an excellent indicator to know the presence and absence of heavy metals and the accumulation in industrial and urban areas. The plant suppresses soil nitrogen mineralization in agriculture due to allelochemicals such as aucubin. The biological activities, medicinal properties, and industrial application of P. lanceolata mainly depend on the activities of the responsible, active chemical constituents. However, this field still needs more study to determine the exact mechanisms and the main bioactive compound activity accountable for these activities. Also, most of the studies have been performed in vitro, so further in vivo studies are recommended for the future.

Traditional and Phytochemical Bases of Herbs, Shrubs, Climbers, and Trees from Ethiopia for Their Anticancer Response

Ethiopia is one of Africa's six plant-rich countries, with around 60% of the plants being indigenous and most of them having medicinal properties. 80% of people in the country use these plants as a primary health care system to tackle different diseases, including cancer. This review is aimed at summarizing the evidence gained from diverse MPs in Ethiopia that have been used ethnobotanically and ethnopharmacologically for treatment of cancer. The primary data sources were Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and other electronic scientific databases. This literature review showed that there are around 200 MPs used as anticancer. Seventy-four herbs, 39 trees, 77 shrubs, and 17 weed/climbers belonging to 56 families have been identified for their ethnobotanical anticancer potential, and 31 species were recognized for their pharmaceutically anticancer activities. The reviewed data also indicated that many Ethiopian MPs had been used to treat breast, lung, blood, and skin cancers and other tumors. Besides, the collected data showed that the leaves (36.76%), roots (27.2%), bark (12.5%), stem (5.1%), and fruit (7.35%) of plants are commonly used for the preparation of anticancer remedies. Among the reported plant species, Euphorbiaceae (10.71%), Acanthaceae (7.14%), and Asteraceae (7.1%) are the most prominent plant families being used to treat cancer ethnobotanically. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids (like xanthone, indirubin, flavopiridol, and silybin), alkaloids (like taxol, vincristine, evodiamine, and berberine), and physalin B, D, and F steroids exhibited anticancer activity on various cancer cell lines. The crude extracts of Aerva javanica, Vernonia leopoldi, Withania somnifera, Kniphofia foliosa, and Catharanthus roseus were powerful anticancer agents with an IC₅₀ value below 10 μg/mL. Although several Ethiopian plants possess anticancer potential, only a limited number of plants are scientifically studied. Therefore, more scientific studies on anticancer MPs should be carried out; it may lead to discovering and isolating cost-effective and safe anticancer drugs.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Plantago lanceolata extract and assessing their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Silver nanoparticles (Ag. NPs) have shown a biological activity range, synthesized under different environment-friendly approaches. Ag. NPs were synthesized using aqueous crude extract (ACE) isolated from Plantago lanceolata. The ACE and Ag. NPs were characterized and assessed their biological and antioxidant activities. The existence of nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by color shift, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-Vis's spectroscopy. The FT-IR analysis indicated the association of biomolecules (phenolic acid and flavonoids) to reduce silver (Ag⁺) ions. The SEM study demonstrated a sphere-shaped and mean size in the range of 30 ± 4 nm. The EDX spectrum revealed that the Ag. NPs were composed of 54.87% Ag with 20 nm size as identified by SEM and TEM. AFM has ended up being exceptionally useful in deciding morphological elements and the distance across of Ag. NPs in the scope of 23-30 nm. The TEM image showed aggregations of NPs and physical interaction. Ag. NPs formation also confirmed by XPS, DRS and BET studies. Ag. NPs showed efficient activity as compared to ACE, and finally, the bacterial growth was impaired by biogenic NPs. The lethal dose (LD₅₀) of Ag. NPs against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were 45.66%, 139.71%, 332.87%, and 45.54%, with IC50 (08.02 ± 0.68), (55.78 ± 1.01), (12.34 ± 1.35) and (11.68 ± 1.42) respectively, suppressing the growth as compared to ACE. The antioxidant capacity, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of Ag. NPs were assayed. ACE and Ag. NPs achieved a peak antioxidant capacity of 62.43 ± 2.4 and 16.85 ± 0.4 μg mL^-1, compared to standard (69.60 ± 1.1 at 100 μg mL^-1) with IC₅₀ (369.5 ± 13.42 and 159.5 ± 10.52 respectively). Finally, the Ag. NPs synthesized by P. lanceolata extract have an excellent source of bioactive natural products (NP). Outstanding antioxidant, antibacterial activities have been shown by NPs and can be used in various biological techniques in future research.

Neuroprotective potential of Malva neglecta is mediated via down-regulation of cholinesterase and modulation of oxidative stress markers

Alzheimer's disease affects daily routine due to loss of memory and decline in cognition. In vitro data showed acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of Malva neglecta but no in vivo evidence is available. The current study aims to investigate the anti-Alzheimer's activity of Malva neglecta methanolic extract in the AlCl3-induced Alzheimer disease rats' model. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups and respective doses were given orally for 21 days. Behavioural observations were recorded and biochemical analysis was performed on brain homogenate. Improvement in memory and cognition was noted in treated rats as compared to disease control. A dose-dependent decrease (0.530 ± 0.009 at 200 mg/kg, 0.212 ± 0.007 at 400 mg/kg, 0.173 ± 0.005 at 600 mg/kg) in AChE activity was noted in the treatment groups with reference to disease control value (1.572 ± 0.013). This decrease in AChE activity is linked with an increase in acetylcholine in the brain which plays a key role in retaining memory. Oxidative stress biomarkers; GSH (66.77 ± 0.01 at 600 mg/kg), SOD (26.60 ± 0.10 at 600 mg/kg), CAT (21.46 ± 0.01 at 600 mg/kg) levels were increased with a decrease in MDA (103.33 ±0.49 at 600 mg/kg) level in a dose-dependently manner in the treatment groups as compared to disease control respective values. It is concluded that Malva neglecta could ameliorate Alzheimer's symptoms possibly by decreasing AChE activity and oxidative stress.

The Effect of Selected Herbal Extracts on Lactic Acid Bacteria Activity

This study aimed to investigate the effect of plant extracts (valerian Valeriana officinalis L., sage Salvia officinalis L., chamomile Matricaria chamomilla L., cistus Cistus L., linden blossom Tilia L., ribwort plantain Plantago lanceolata L., marshmallow Althaea L.) on the activity and growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during the fermentation and passage of milk through a digestive system model. The tested extracts were also characterized in terms of their content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. It was observed that the addition of the tested herbal extracts did not inhibit the growth of LAB in fermented milk drinks, such as yogurts. However, they can gradually inhibit fermentation when added at concentrations above 2% by weight, and hence should be used in limited amounts. The microflora of yogurts containing the tested herbal extracts did not die during digestion in model digestive juices, and no stimulating effect of the added plant extracts was noted either. Nevertheless, due to the antioxidant properties, a slight addition of the herbal extracts containing polyphenols to different kinds of food products can increase the nutritional quality, thus making them functional foods.

Anti-Proliferative Properties, Biocompatibility, and Chemical Composition of Different Extracts of Plantago major Medicinal Plant

Background

To study the anticancer activity of Plantago major, we assessed the effect of ethanolic, methanolic and acetonic extracts of this plant on HCT-116, SW-480, and HEK-293 cell lines as control.

Methods

The cytotoxic activity, biocompatibility, and toxicity were evaluated by MTT assay, hemolysis, and Artemia salina-LD50 (on mice) tests, respectively. The analysis of the extracts was performed by GC-MS analysis.

Results

The results showed that all the extracts had the most antiproliferative properties on the HCT-116 cell line. The P. major root extract was more effective than the aerial parts, and IC50 values for ethanolic, methanolic and acetonic root extracts were 405.59, 470.16, and 82.26 µg/mL, respectively on HCT-116 cell line at 72 h. Hemolysis degree of the ethanolic extract of aerial and root parts were approximately 1% at 400 μg/mL.. Using the ethanolic extracts, the Artemia survived every concentration, and no toxicity was observed. One week after the oral administration of different parts of P. major extracts, none of the mice died, even those were administered 2000 mg/kg. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that P. major extracts contain potential anticancer compounds, such as stearic acid (8.61%) in aerial parts of methanolic extract and 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester (88.07% and 40.63%) in aerial and root parts of acetonic extract of P. major.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the P. major is a source of potential compounds with antiproliferative properties.

Phytochemical analysis and wound healing studies on ethnomedicinally important plant Malva neglecta Wallr

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVENCE

The use of herbal medicines is increasing in developed countries as alternative and/or supportive therapy to conventional health care medicines. Malva neglecta Wallr. (Family: Malvaceae) has been reported as wound healing remedy in traditional medicines, however no experimental data is available on its wound healing potentials. The aim of this study was to explore phytochemistry and validate wound healing potentials of the plant using animal models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

M. neglecta crude methanolic extract (Mn.Cme) was chemically characterized using HPLC-DAD and GCMS analysis. Acute dermal toxicity was determined in albino rats following Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 402 established standards. Wound healing potentials were evaluated in rats using excision wound model. Wounds (177 mm²) were made by an excision on the skin of rats which were placed individually in cages. Mn.Cme was formulated in ointment form and was applied topically onto the wound area once daily for 14 days. The wound area was measured with translucent paper and thereafter estimated on a 1 mm² graph sheet every 3rd day until epithelialization and complete wound closure was recorded. Wound contraction was calculated as a percentage of the original wound size. Antioxidant potentials were also evaluated via FRAP, DPPH and H₂O₂ free radicals scavenging assays.

RESULTS

HPLC-DAD analysis revealed 25 phenolic compounds with higher amounts of hydrotyrosol (109.3 mg/g), coumaroylhexoside (97.4 mg/g), kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyldiglucoside)-7-glucoside (37.2 mg/g), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (31.5 mg/g) and epicatechin-3-O-(4-O-methyl)-gallate (31.3 mg/g). In GC-MS analysis, oleic acid (19.67%), taurine (17.60%), ethylene dimercaptan (14.67%), isoeugenol (14.61%), patchoulane (10.36%), methyl 12-methyltetradecanoate (8.47%) and isopropyl myristate (7.02%) were highly abundant compounds. No sign of toxicity was observed in the acute dermal toxicity test. Our test sample (Mn.Cme) exhibited considerable wound healing tendency at all doses (1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g per 10 g of ointment base) with reduced epithelialization period in a dose-related manner. Absolute healing was observed after application of 2 g of Mn.Cme ointment. Further, Mn.Cme exhibited considerable anti-radical potential in all assays.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that M. neglecta possess very potent secondary metabolites which are previously reported for wound healing potentials. The plant has considerable antioxidant and wound healing properties and thus warrant further studies to uncover the molecular mechanism its wound healing potentials.

Determination of antioxidant activities and chemical composition of sequential fractions of five edible mushrooms from Turkey

Tricholoma scalpturatum, Tricholoma populinum, Neolentinus cyathiformis, Chlorophyllum agaricoides, and Lycoperdon utriforme have been traditionally utilized as food in Turkey for a long time. The present study focused on determining antioxidant activities, total phenolic groups contents (flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic compounds and fatty acids of sequential extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and pure water) obtained from five wild edible macrofungi species. Ethanol and acetone (or ethyl acetate) were found as the most efficient solvents in terms of antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. Antioxidant studies showed that L. utriforme, C. agaricoides, and T. populinum exhibited the highest radical scavenging and reducing activities and contained the highest phenolic contents. Chromatographic studies revealed that phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids) and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) were the major contributors of the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The results obtained suggest the utilization of these macrofungi species as significant sources of natural antioxidants.

Malva species: Insights on its chemical composition towards pharmacological applications

Malvaceae family is typical from the Mediterranean region, contains 240 genera and more than 4,200 species. They are most commonly used as ornamental plants, although they can also be conceived as a food resource and remedy for various diseases, such as digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, throat infections, and skeletal and skin disorders, as also injuries where they are profoundly applied for skin care and as antiseptic and demulcent. They also possess diuretic, lenitive, spasmolytic, and laxative effects, besides to be used as antidiarrheal. Thus, the present review provides in-depth data on Malva spp. potential applications and phytochemical composition for food and pharmaceutical industries. Habitat and cultivation conditions and the clinical reports related to its biological effects are also emphasized. Malva spp. possess a wide variety of chemical constituents (such as polysaccharides, coumarins, flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins, terpenes, and tannins) found in different plant organs, especially in leaves and flowers, connected to their biological activity. In general, Malva spp. have rather moderate antimicrobial activity, high antiinflammatory and wound healing activities, strong antioxidant activity, and anticancer properties. Results from in vitro and in vivo experiments encourage more in-depth studies, namely clinical trials, towards to improve knowledge on the use of Malva spp. for the treatment of various health conditions in humans.

Study of prebiotic potential and antioxidant activity in Plantago spp. leaves after enzymatic hydrolysis with hemicellulase and xylanase

The leaves of Plantago species have been known as a rich source of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and iridoids. In the recent years, some authors have examined the relative influence of carbohydrate compositions and polyphenols on their antioxidant and prebiotic activity. In this study enzymatic hydrolysis of Plantago major, Plantago lanceolata, and Plantago media leaves with hemicellulase and xylanase was carried out. The chemical composition of the enzyme-derived hydrolysis products was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. The utilization of the carbohydrate complex from the obtained hydrolysates to stimulate the production of certain glycohydrolases from Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strains was investigated. The HPLC analysis of the hydrolysis products showed the presence of galactose and arabinose in 1:3 and 1:4 ratios. The highest concentration of total sugars was determined in P. major hydrolysates with hemicellulase (386.71 mg/g dry weight). The antioxidant activity according to the three methods was the highest in P. media hydrolysates, which correlated with their total phenolic concentration. L. plantarum S27 showed the highest values of α-galactosidase activity at the 24-h fermentation process when it was cultivated in a broth with the presence of P. major hydrolysates with hemicellulase and xylanase (0.129 U/mg and 0.133 U/mg, respectively).

Stability Study and a 14-Day Oral Dose Toxicity in Rats of Plantain Leaf Extract (Plantago lanceolata L.) Syrup

Plants have been used since antiquity to treat and prevent diseases. Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) is traditionally used for the treatment of the common cold and associated symptoms such as cough. This study was designed to evaluate the oral toxicity of plantain leaf extract-containing syrup. In preparation of the toxicological examination and to ensure the quality of the herbal preparation, analytical methods were developed and validated, and stability testing was performed. Physicochemical and microbial quality, thin layer chromatography patterns and high performance liquid chromatography fingerprints complied with the specifications during the entire period of stability testing. The marker substance, acteoside, remained within the stability-defining limits of 90%-110% for quantitative determinations. No hint of toxicity emerged from 14-day repeat dose toxicity testing in rats. The animals were given doses of 3, 6, or 12 mL of syrup per kg body weight by gavage twice daily. All animals showed normal appearance and behavior. Body and organ weights at the end of the study were similar to those in the control group. Overall, P. lanceolata syrup was found to be stable and non-toxic under the test conditions.

An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plants from a poorly studied region, the High Atlas in Morocco, is reported here for the first time; this permits consideration of efficacy and safety of current practises whilst highlighting species previously not known to have traditional medicinal use.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Our study aims to document local medicinal plant knowledge among Tashelhit speaking communities through ethnobotanical survey, identifying preferred species and new medicinal plant citations and illuminating the relationship between emic and etic ailment classifications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethnobotanical data were collected using standard methods and with prior informed consent obtained before all interactions, data were characterized using descriptive indices and medicinal plants and healing strategies relevant to local livelihoods were identified.

RESULTS

151 vernacular names corresponding to 159 botanical species were found to be used to treat 36 folk ailments grouped in 14 biomedical use categories. Thirty-five (22%) are new medicinal plant records in Morocco, and 26 described as used for the first time anywhere. Fidelity levels (FL) revealed low specificity in plant use, particularly for the most commonly reported plants. Most plants are used in mixtures. Plant use is driven by local concepts of disease, including "hot" and "cold" classification and beliefs in supernatural forces.

CONCLUSION

Local medicinal plant knowledge is rich in the High Atlas, where local populations still rely on medicinal plants for healthcare. We found experimental evidence of safe and effective use of medicinal plants in the High Atlas; but we highlight the use of eight poisonous species.

Ethnopharmacological survey on medicinal plants used in herbal drinks among the traditional communities of Pakistan

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

There is very limited information regarding medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Pakistan, for treating wide-ranging diseases. Current study provides significant ethnopharmacological information, both qualitative and quantitative on medical plants in Pakistan and the pharmacological importance of herbal drinks, especially in the discovery of new drugs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The current ethnomedicinal field study was conducted from various traditional communities of Pakistan to document usage of medicinal plants as herbal drinks. Data was collected through field interviews from local people and using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using quantitative indices such as UV (use value), RFC (Relative frequency of citation), and FL (Fidelity level).

RESULTS

The present study recorded 217 plant species belonging to 174 genera and 69 families used in herbal drinks preparations. Major herbal preparations include decoctions, infusions and juice. According to use reports, significant species were Aloe vera, Artemisia fragrans, Allium cepa, Senegalia catechu, Alternanthera sessilis, Malva ludwigii, Arnebia benthamii, Cichorium intybus, Coccinia grandis, Dalbergia sissoo. Major ailment treated with herbal drinks include heartburn, fever, diarrhea, hypertension, and others. Use value (UV) varies from 0.23 to 0.02, with Mentha arvensis (0.23) having the highest value of UV followed by Mentha longifolia (0.22), Plantago lanceolate (0.19), Achillea millefolium (0.18), Coriandrum sativum (0.18), Justicia adhatoda and Malva sylvestris (0.17). Values of RFC varies from 0.28 to 0.09 while Fidelity level (FL) among plants varies from 37.5 to 100. Alternanthera sessilis, Oxytropis lapponica, Millettia pinnata and Salvia bucharica had the highest FL value (100).

CONCLUSION

The use of medicinal plants is prevalent in traditional communities of Pakistan. Different herbal preparations are in common practice including various herbal drinks a common tradition and much favoured herbal preparation in terms of its results and regarded as reciprocal to modern drugs. Therefore, suggesting further pharmacological, phytochemical evaluation for essential metabolites and chemical constituents.

Quality Control of Gamma Irradiated Dwarf Mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) Based on Color, Organic Acids, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Parameters

This study addresses the effects of gamma irradiation (1, 5 and 8 kGy) on color, organic acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.). Organic acids were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Total phenolics and flavonoids were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the DPPH(•) scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition. Analyses were performed in the non-irradiated and irradiated plant material, as well as in decoctions obtained from the same samples. The total amounts of organic acids and phenolics recorded in decocted extracts were always higher than those found in the plant material or hydromethanolic extracts, respectively. The DPPH(•) scavenging activity and reducing power were also higher in decocted extracts. The assayed irradiation doses affected differently the organic acids profile. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were lower in the hydromethanolic extracts prepared from samples irradiated at 1 kGy (dose that induced color changes) and in decocted extracts prepared from those irradiated at 8 kGy. The last samples also showed a lower antioxidant activity. In turn, irradiation at 5 kGy favored the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of irradiation in indicators of dwarf mallow quality, and highlighted the decoctions for its antioxidant properties.

Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants in the villages of Çatak in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Recording such data calls for urgency. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of FIC method in Eastern (Van) part of Turkey.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to identify the wild plants collected for medicinal purposes by locals of Çatak which is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2010-2012). During this period, 78 plants taxa were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant taxa were collected within the scope of the study; and herbarium materials were prepared. In addition, the relative significance value of the taxa was determined, and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.

RESULTS

We have found out in the literature review of the plants included in our study that 78 plant taxa are already used for medicinal purposes while 19 plants are not available among the records in the literature. The most common families are Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae. We include in our study and report for the first time the medicinal uses of Alchemilla buseriana Rothm., Astragalus longifolius Lam., Cephalaria microcephala Boiss., Euphorbia grisophylla M.S. Khan, Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & Huet. subsp. kurdica (Boiss. & Noe) Rix, Fritillaria pinardii Boiss., Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss., Nepeta betonicifolia C.A. Mey., Onobrychis altissima Grossh., Onobrychis carduchorum C.C. Townsend, Papaver bracteatum Lindl., Phlomis tuberosa L., Psephellus karduchorum (Boiss.) Wagenitz, Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. pichleri (Stapf.) Edmondson, Stachys kurdica Boiss. & Hohen var. kurdica, Tanacetum kotschyi (Boiss.) Grierson, Tanacetum zahlbruckneri (Nâb.) Grierson, Turanecio eriospermus (DC.) Hamzaoğlu, Verbascum pyramidatum M.Bieb. Names of local plants in Turkey vary especially due to vernaculars. The plants that the locals of Çatak use are called with the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia.

CONCLUSION

We found out that locals living in the research area use for therapeutic purpose 78 plants taxa which belong to 22 families. Turkish citizens with different ethnic backgrounds took the questionnaire. These people use these wild plants in treatment of several diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies on the wild plants which grow in Çatak proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the therapeutic plants that grow in Çatak are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases.

An ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Espiye and its surrounding (Giresun-Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants in Espiye in the Black Sea Region. Recording such data calls for urgency. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of FIC method in Northern (Espiye-Giresun) part of Turkey. This study aims to identify the wild plants collected for medicinal purposes by locals of Espiye which is located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2012-2014). During this period, information about medicinal use of 55 wild and 15 cultivated plants were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. Through face-to-face interviews, we identified and recorded demographic characteristics of the respondents. We interviewed 128 persons who are over the age of 29. The plant taxa were collected within the scope of the study; and herbarium materials were prepared. In addition, the relative significance value of the taxa was determined, and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.

RESULTS

We have found out in the literature review of the plants included in our study that 70 plant taxa are already used for medicinal purposes while 3 plants are not available among the records in the literature. The most common families are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Ericaceae. We include in our study and report for the first time the medicinal uses of Alchemilla crinita Buser, Stachys sylvatica L., and Thymus leucotrichus Hal. var. leucotrichus Hal. Names of local plants in Turkey vary especially due to vernaculars. The plants that the locals of Espiye use are called with the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia.

CONCLUSION

We found out that locals living in the research area use for therapeutic purpose 70 plants taxa which belong to 36 families. Turkish citizens with different ethnic backgrounds took the questionnaire. These people use these wild plants in treatment of several diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies on the wild plants which grow in Espiye proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the therapeutic plants that grow in Espiye are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases.

Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Geçitli and its surrounding (Hakkari-Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants in the Geçitli Township in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Recording such data calls for urgency this is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of the FIC method in Eastern (Hakkari) part of Turkey. Aim of the study This study aims to identify the wild plants collected for medicinal purposes by locals of Geçitli which is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2008-2010). During this period, 70 plants taxa and one mushroom were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant taxa were collected within the scope of the study; and herbarium materials were prepared. In addition, the relative significance value of the taxa was determined, and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.

RESULTS

We have found out in the literature review of the plants included in our study that 70 plant taxa and one mushroom are already used for medicinal purposes while 11 plants are not available among the records in the literature. The most common families are Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae. We include in our study and report for the first time the medicinal uses of Alchemilla hessii Rothm., Cirsium pubigerum (Desf.) DC. var. spinosum Pet., Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss., Euphorbia macrocarpa Boiss. & Buhse, Galium consanguineum Boiss., Inula helenium L. subsp. vanensis Grierson, Johrenia dichotoma DC. subsp. sintenisii Bornm., Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew, Rosa heckeliana Tratt. subsp. vanheurckiana (Crĕp.) Ö. Nilsson, Salix aegyptiaca L., Taraxacum montanum (C.A. Mey.) DC. Names of local plants in Turkey vary especially due to vernaculars. The plants that the locals of Geçitli use are called with the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia.

CONCLUSION

We found out that locals living in the research area use for therapeutic purpose 70 plants taxa and one mushroom which belong to 28 families. Turkish citizens with different ethnic backgrounds took the questionnaire. These people use these wild plants in treatment of several diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies on the wild plants which grow in Geçitli proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the therapeutic plants that grow in Geçitli are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases.

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This study has identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Elazığ Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region, but also the uses and local names of these plants. These resources are usually regarded as part of a culture׳s traditional knowledge. Therefore, the aim of this study is to collect information from local population concerning the use of medicinal plants of the Elazığ region; identify the most important medicinal plants used; determine the relative importance of the species surveyed and calculate the informant consensus factor (FIC) in relation to medicinal plant use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2012-2013). A questionnaire was administered to the local people, through face-to-face interviews (Appendix A). Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant species were collected within the scope of the study; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. The collected data were used to calculate the FIC and the plant use values.

RESULTS

74 Plants were found to be used for medical purposes before in the literature analysis of the plants used in our study, while 6 plants were found to have no literature records. Our results showed that the highest use values were recorded for the species Urtica dioica L. (0.46) and Rosa canina L. (0.42), while the highest FIC was cited for skin diseases (0.60).

CONCLUSION

Data obtained showed that in the studied area the folk use of plants is alive and still derives from daily practice. Evaluation of pharmacological activity for the promising medicinal plants is suggested.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of Eryngium bornmuelleri leaf

Eryngium bornmuelleri Nab. (Tusî) is an endemic botanical from the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey traditionally used for preparation of herbal tea. Within this study, phenolic composition, antioxidant capacities and inhibitory activities towards selected digestive enzymes of E. bornmuelleri leaf were investigated. Sequential extracts, obtained by extraction of plant tissue by ethanol, acetone and water exhibited pronounced antioxidant capacities and in a dose-dependent manner suppressed the metabolic syndrome related enzymes: α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. All extracts contained high levels of phenolic compounds. Flavonoid glycosides were the main phytochemicals detected, with rutin as the major compound (70% of total phenolics). Chlorogenic, hydroxybenzoic and caftaric acids as well as traces of caffeic, ferulic and rosmarinic acids were also detected. Correlation analysis indicated that phenolic compounds were the major sources of the enzyme-inhibitory activities. This study suggests that E. bornmuelleri leaf extracts can modulate the metabolism of sugars and fats through inhibition of the relevant digestive enzymes.

Phytochemical divergence in 45 accessions of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum)

This study investigated the variations in the levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, sugars and antioxidant capacities of 45 newly collected accessions of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), a native Australian fruit utilised in dietary supplement industry. Pattern recognition tools, principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were applied to understand interrelationships between the antioxidant capacities [Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)] and antioxidant groups: phenolic compounds and vitamin C. On the basis of these parameters AHC classified samples into three main groups, with accessions 2, 8, 15, 6, 3 and 5 from the Northern Territory, Australia, representing superior quality fruits combining high levels of total phenolics (505.2 to 376.1 mg GA E/g DW), vitamin C (322.2 to 173.5mg/g DW), with pronounced antioxidant capacities (FRAP: 5030.5 to 4244.9 μmol Fe(2+)/g DW; ORAC: 3861.5 to 2985.6 μmol Trolox E/g DW). Hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid were identified as the major phenolic compounds. The levels of ellagic acid varied from 140.2 to 30.5 mg/g DW, which places Kakadu plum as a unique edible source of this compound. The levels of sugars varied from 619.0 to 130.0 mg Glu E/g DW. This study for the first time revealed a unique phytochemical profile and significant variability in phytochemical composition of Kakadu plum. These features create opportunities for selection of sources with different characteristics addressing the needs of the nutraceutical industry, food processors and the consumers of fresh fruit.

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Solhan (Bingöl-Turkey)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

This study has identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Solhan District in the Eastern Anatolia Region, but also the uses and local names of these plants. It tried to provide a source for researchers studying in ethnobotany, pharmacology and chemistry by comparing the information obtained from traditionally used herbs with previous laboratory studies.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to identify wild plants collected for medical purposes by the local people of Solhan District located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and to determine the uses and local names of these plants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2011-2012). During this period, 214 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant species were collected within the scope of the study; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. In addition, the relative importance value of the species was determined and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. Our research area also includes people with Kurdish and Zaza ethnic origins.

RESULTS

82 plants were found to be used for medical purposes before in the literature analysis of the plants used in our study, while 9 plants were found to have no literature records. The most common families are Asteraceae (12 plants), Rosaceae (10 plants), and Lamiaceae (9 plants). The medicinal uses of Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Arum elongnatum Steven, Astragalus lamarckii Boiss., Chaerophyllum bulbosum L., Crataegus atrosanguinea Pojark., Hordeum bulbosum L., Pastinaca armena Fisch. & Mey., Prunus kurdica Fenzl ex Fritsch, Sium sisarum L. var. lancifolium (M. Bieb.) Thell. that we found were used in our study area and recorded for the first time. No information could be obtained regarding the names of two wild plants that are being used in Solhan. In Turkey, local plant names display differences especially due to local dialects. The plants used in Solhan are known by the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia.

CONCLUSION

In the research area, local people were found to use 82 plants from 31 families for curative purposes. The respondents of the questionnaire are Turkish citizens, with various ethnic backgrounds. Mean age of the respondents was 55 years. These plants are used in the treatment of many diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies derived from the plants growing in Solhan proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the curative plants that grow in Solhan are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases. These plants, used for the treatment of various diseases, are abundantly found in this region. Drying of the medicinal plants enabled the local people to use them in every season of the year.