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Petrović L, Skorić M, Šiler B, Banjanac T, Gašić U, Matekalo D, Lukić T, Nestorović Živković J, Dmitrović S, Aničić N, Milutinović M, Božunović J, Filipović B, Todorović M, Mišić D. Patterns of Genetic Variation of Nepeta nuda L. from the Central Balkans: Understanding Drivers of Chemical Diversity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1483. [PMID: 38891292 PMCID: PMC11174911 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Nepeta nuda L., a notable medicinal species in the tradition of the Balkan region, is a rich source of bioactive iridoids and phenolics previously described as high-resolution taxonomical classifiers for the genus Nepeta. However, their potential in investigating intra-species differentiation is here described for the first time. The aim was to recognize the sources of natural chemical diversity and their association with the genetic variability both within and among N. nuda populations in the Central Balkans. Chemical diversity was assessed from methanol extracts and essential oils through untargeted and targeted metabolomics using state-of-the-art analytical tools, covering a broad spectrum of compounds that represent the N. nuda metabolome. We found that chemodiversity primarily resides within populations of N. nuda, and similar results were obtained at the DNA level using microsatellite markers. The low genetic and chemical differentiation of the studied N. nuda populations implies that their metabolomic profiles may be less influenced by geographic distance and variable environmental conditions within the Central Balkans, as they are under the pivotal control of their genetic backgrounds. Screening the distribution of the major bioactive compounds belonging to phenolics (phenolic acids and flavonoids) and iridoids (both aglycones and glycosylated forms), within and among N. nuda populations, is able to guarantee mass spectrometry-based tools for the selection of elite representative genotypes with practical importance. The knowledge acquired will allow us to delve deeper into the molecular background of N. nuda chemical diversity, which is the course of our further work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijana Skorić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.P.); (T.B.); (U.G.); (D.M.); (T.L.); (J.N.Ž.); (S.D.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (J.B.); (B.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Branislav Šiler
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.P.); (T.B.); (U.G.); (D.M.); (T.L.); (J.N.Ž.); (S.D.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (J.B.); (B.F.); (M.T.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danijela Mišić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.P.); (T.B.); (U.G.); (D.M.); (T.L.); (J.N.Ž.); (S.D.); (N.A.); (M.M.); (J.B.); (B.F.); (M.T.)
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2
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Periferakis A, Periferakis AT, Troumpata L, Periferakis K, Scheau AE, Savulescu-Fiedler I, Caruntu A, Badarau IA, Caruntu C, Scheau C. Kaempferol: A Review of Current Evidence of Its Antiviral Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16299. [PMID: 38003488 PMCID: PMC10671393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol and its derivatives are flavonoids found in various plants, and a considerable number of these have been used in various medical applications worldwide. Kaempferol and its compounds have well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties among other health benefits. However, the antiviral properties of kaempferol are notable, and there is a significant number of experimental studies on this topic. Kaempferol compounds were effective against DNA viruses such as hepatitis B virus, viruses of the alphaherpesvirinae family, African swine fever virus, and pseudorabies virus; they were also effective against RNA viruses, namely feline SARS coronavirus, dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, influenza virus, enterovirus 71, poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus, calicivirus, and chikungunya virus. On the other hand, no effectiveness against murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus could be determined. The antiviral action mechanisms of kaempferol compounds are various, such as the inhibition of viral polymerases and of viral attachment and entry into host cells. Future research should be focused on further elucidating the antiviral properties of kaempferol compounds from different plants and assessing their potential use to complement the action of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristodemos-Theodoros Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Elkyda, Research & Education Centre of Charismatheia, 17675 Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Troumpata
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P), 17236 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
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Nadeem A, Shahzad H, Ahmed B, Muntean T, Waseem M, Tabassum A. Phytochemical profiling of antimicrobial and potential antioxidant plant: Nepeta cataria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:969316. [PMID: 36226301 PMCID: PMC9549696 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional and phytochemical studies have confirmed the richness and diversity of medicinal plants such as Nepeta cataria (N. cataria), but more studies are needed to complete its metabolite profiling. The objective of this research was to enhance the metabolomic picture and bioactivity of N. cataria for better evaluation. Phytochemical analysis was performed by bio-guided protocols and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For this, solvents such as methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, and hexane were used to extract a wide number of chemicals. Antibacterial analysis was performed using the 96-well plate test, Kirby Bauer's disk diffusion method, and the resazurin microdilution test. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and radical scavenging capacity was evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. GC/MS analysis revealed a total of 247 identified and 127 novel metabolites from all extracts of N. cataria. Water and acetone extracts had the highest identified metabolites (n = 79), whereas methanol extract was the highest in unidentified metabolites (n = 48). The most abundant phytochemicals in methanol extract were 1-isopropylcyclohex-1-ene (concentration = 27.376) and bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one (concentration = 20.437), whereas in ethanol extract, it was 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (concentration = 27.308) and 1-isopropylcyclohex-1-ene (concentration = 25.854). An abundance of 2 methyl indoles, conhydrin, and coumarin was found in water extracts; a good concentration of eucalyptol was found in acetone extract; and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro is the most abundant phytochemicals in hexane extracts. The highest concentration of flavonoids and phenols were identified in hexane and methanol extracts, respectively. The highest antioxidant potential (DPPH assay) was observed in acetone extract. The ethanolic extract exhibited a two-fold higher ORAC than the methanol extract. This examination demonstrated the inhibitory effect against a set of microbes and the presence of polar and non-polar constituents of N. cataria. The results of this study provide a safe resource for the development of food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and other industrial products upon further research validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nadeem
- Plant Pathology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Biology, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Hira Shahzad
- International Centre for Public Health (ICPH), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Clinical Epigenetics Lab, University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmed
- Plant Pathology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tudor Muntean
- Department of Plant Biology, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maaz Waseem
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Tabassum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
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Petrova D, Gašić U, Yocheva L, Hinkov A, Yordanova Z, Chaneva G, Mantovska D, Paunov M, Ivanova L, Rogova M, Shishkova K, Todorov D, Tosheva A, Kapchina-Toteva V, Vassileva V, Atanassov A, Mišić D, Bonchev G, Zhiponova M. Catmint ( Nepeta nuda L.) Phylogenetics and Metabolic Responses in Variable Growth Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:866777. [PMID: 35651766 PMCID: PMC9150856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.866777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta nuda (catmint; Lamiaceae) is a perennial medicinal plant with a wide geographic distribution in Europe and Asia. This study first characterized the taxonomic position of N. nuda using DNA barcoding technology. Since medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites contributing to their adaptive immune response, we explored the N. nuda metabolic adjustment operating under variable environments. Through comparative analysis of wild-grown and in vitro cultivated plants, we assessed the change in phenolic and iridoid compounds, and the associated immune activities. The wild-grown plants from different Bulgarian locations contained variable amounts of phenolic compounds manifested by a general increase in flowers, as compared to leaves, while a strong reduction was observed in the in vitro plants. A similar trend was noted for the antioxidant and anti-herpesvirus activity of the extracts. The antimicrobial potential, however, was very similar, regardless the growth conditions. Analysis of the N. nuda extracts led to identification of 63 compounds including phenolic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and iridoids. Quantification of the content of 21 target compounds indicated their general reduction in the extracts from in vitro plants, and only the ferulic acid (FA) was specifically increased. Cultivation of in vitro plants under different light quality and intensity indicated that these variable light conditions altered the content of bioactive compounds, such as aesculin, FA, rosmarinic acid, cirsimaritin, naringenin, rutin, isoquercetin, epideoxyloganic acid, chlorogenic acid. Thus, this study generated novel information on the regulation of N. nuda productivity using light and other cultivation conditions, which could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detelina Petrova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lyubomira Yocheva
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anton Hinkov
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhenya Yordanova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ganka Chaneva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Mantovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Momchil Paunov
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomira Ivanova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariya Rogova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Shishkova
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Todorov
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anita Tosheva
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Veneta Kapchina-Toteva
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Danijela Mišić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Georgi Bonchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslava Zhiponova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Sánchez-Aguirre OA, Juárez-Aguilar E, Montoya-Hernández EL, Vázquez-Hernández M, Colorado-Peralta R, Sánchez-Medina A, Márquez-López ME, Hernández-Romero D. Antioxidant potential of Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M. Johnst and its antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect on cervical cancer cells. Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ali S, Nedvědová Š, Badshah G, Afridi MS, Abdullah, Dutra LM, Ali U, Faria SG, Soares FL, Rahman RU, Cançado FA, Aoyanagi MM, Freire LG, Santos AD, Barison A, Oliveira CA. NMR spectroscopy spotlighting immunogenicity induced by COVID-19 vaccination to mitigate future health concerns. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:199-214. [PMID: 36032416 PMCID: PMC9393187 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the disease and immunogenicity affected by COVID-19 vaccination at the metabolic level are described considering the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the analysis of different biological samples. Consistently, we explain how different biomarkers can be examined in the saliva, blood plasma/serum, bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid (BALF), semen, feces, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and breast milk. For example, the proposed approach for the given samples can allow one to detect molecular biomarkers that can be relevant to disease and/or vaccine interference in a system metabolome. The analysis of the given biomaterials by NMR often produces complex chemical data which can be elucidated by multivariate statistical tools, such as PCA and PLS-DA/OPLS-DA methods. Moreover, this approach may aid to improve strategies that can be helpful in disease control and treatment management in the future. NMR analysis of various bio-samples can explore disease course and vaccine interaction. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity caused by COVID-19 vaccination can be studied by NMR. Vaccine interaction alters metabolic pathway(s) at a certain stage, and this mechanism can be probed at the metabolic level.
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Balderrama-Carmona AP, Silva-Beltrán NP, Gálvez-Ruiz JC, Ruíz-Cruz S, Chaidez-Quiroz C, Morán-Palacio EF. Antiviral, Antioxidant, and Antihemolytic Effect of Annona muricata L. Leaves Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9121650. [PMID: 33256023 PMCID: PMC7760998 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Annona muricata L. is a tropical tree that is used in traditional medicine around the world. The high content of flavonoid, alkaloid, acetogenin, phenolic and lipophilic compounds of this tropical tree forms the basis of its traditional medical uses. Our objective was to study soursop leaf extracts to support their use as antiviral therapies and investigate their protective effects against oxidative damage. The aqueous extract (AE) and acidified ethanolic extract (AEE) of soursop leaves were characterized by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and their effects on human erythrocytes and in vitro antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, were investigated. The antiviral effects were evaluated using a bacteriophage surrogate. AEE showed the highest phenolic content, with rutin as the predominant compound. This extract showed higher values in the DPPH and ABTS assays, with 23.61 ± 0.42 and 24.91 ± 0.16 mmol of Trolox equivalent per gram, respectively. Inhibition of hemolysis was 34% and 51% for AE and AEE, respectively. AEE was selected for the antiviral study because of its higher antioxidant activity. The viral reduction ranged from 5-6 log10 plaque-forming units/volume (PFU) at contact times of 15-360 min. Soursop leaves have a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paola Balderrama-Carmona
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa, Sonora 85880, Mexico; (A.P.B.-C.); (E.F.M.-P.)
| | - Norma Patricia Silva-Beltrán
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Cajeme, Universidad de Sonora, Ejido Providencia, Cd, Obregón, Sonora 85050, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-644-410-5270
| | - Juan-Carlos Gálvez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Ruíz-Cruz
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Cajeme, Sonora 85000, Mexico;
| | - Cristóbal Chaidez-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80110, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Felipe Morán-Palacio
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Sur, Navojoa, Sonora 85880, Mexico; (A.P.B.-C.); (E.F.M.-P.)
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Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E4878. [PMID: 33105694 PMCID: PMC7659943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/classification
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Discovery
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Pandemics
- Phytochemicals/chemistry
- Phytochemicals/classification
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
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