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Sekihara T, Oka T, Ozu K, Sakata Y. Quantitative analysis of fractionated electrogram area of left atrium during right atrial pacing as an indicator of left atrial electrical remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm 2024; 40:90-99. [PMID: 38333386 PMCID: PMC10848603 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical significance of left atrial local electrogram fractionation after restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been elucidated. Methods We evaluated ultrahigh-resolution maps of the left atrium (LA) during RA pacing acquired after pulmonary vein isolation in 40 patients with AF. The association between low-voltage area (LVA, <0.5 mV), fractionated electrogram area (FEA, the highlighted area with LUMIPOINT™ Complex Activation), the interval from onset of LA activation to wavefront collision at the mitral isthmus (LA activation time), and wave propagation velocity (WPV) was evaluated quantitatively. Results The total LVA, total FEA with ≥5.0 peaks or ≥7.0 peaks were 7.0 ± 7.9 cm2, 15.9 ± 12.9 cm2, and 5.2 ± 7.5 cm2, respectively. These areas were predominantly observed in the anteroseptal region. Total LVA, total FEA with ≥5.0 peaks, and total FEA with ≥5.0 peaks in the normal voltage area (NVA: ≥0.5 mV) correlated with LA activation time (R = 0.69, 0.75, and 0.71; each p < .0001). In the anterior wall, these areas correlated with regional mean WPV (R = -0.75, -0.83, and - 0.55; each p < .0001) and the extent of slow conduction area (SCA) with WPV <0.3 m/s (R = 0.89, 0.84, 0.33; p < .0001 for LVA and FEA, p < .05 for FEA located in NVA). The anterior wall FEA with ≥7.0 peaks and that in the NVA showed a better correlation in predicting anterior wall SCA (R = 0.92 and 0.86, each p < .0001). Conclusion Quantitative analysis of FEA together with LVA may facilitate the assessment of LA electrical remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sekihara
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Takafumi Oka
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kentaro Ozu
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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Silva Garcia E, Lobo-Torres I, Fernández-Armenta J, Penela D, Fernandez-Garcia M, Gomez-Lopez A, Soto-Iglesias D, Fernández-Rivero R, Vazquez-Garcia R, Acosta J, Bisbal F, Cano-Calabria L, Berruezo A. Functional mapping to reveal slow conduction and substrate progression in atrial fibrillation. Europace 2023; 25:euad246. [PMID: 37961921 PMCID: PMC10644200 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of our study was to analyse the response to short-coupled atrial extrastimuli to identify areas of hidden slow conduction (HSC) and their relationship with the atrial fibrillation (AF) phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF and persistent AF (10:10) underwent the first pulmonary vein isolation procedure. Triple short-coupled extrastimuli were delivered in sinus rhythm (SR), and the evoked response was analysed: sites exhibiting double or highly fragmented electrograms (EGM) were defined as positive for HSC (HSC+). The delta of the duration of the bipolar EGM was analysed, and bipolar EGM duration maps were built. High-density maps were acquired using a multipolar catheter during AF, SR, and paced rhythm. Spatial co-localization of HSC+ and complex fractionated atrial EGMs (CFAE) during AF was evaluated. Persistent AF showed a higher number and percentage of HSC+ than paroxysmal AF (13.9% vs. 3.3%, P < 0.001). The delta of EGM duration was 53 ± 22 ms for HSC+ compared with 13 ± 11 (10) ms in sites with negative HSC (HSC-) (P < 0.001). The number and density of HSC+ were lower than CFAE during AF (19 vs. 56 per map, P < 0.001). The reproducibility and distribution of HSC+ in repeated maps were superior to CFAE (P = 0.19 vs. P < 0.001). Sites with negative and positive responses showed a similar bipolar voltage in the preceding sinus beat (1.65 ± 1.34 and 1.48 ± 1.47 mV, P = 0.12). CONCLUSION Functional mapping identifies more discrete and reproducible abnormal substrates than mapping during AF. The HSC+ sites in response to triple extrastimuli are more frequent in persistent AF than in paroxysmal AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etel Silva Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ivan Lobo-Torres
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Diego Penela
- Teknon Medical Center, Heart Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Gomez-Lopez
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Acosta
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Felipe Bisbal
- Institut del Cor (iCor), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Cano-Calabria
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
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Nery PB, Wells GA, Verma A, Joza J, Nair GM, Veenhuyzen G, Andrade J, Nault I, Wong JA, Sikkel M, Essebag V, Macle L, Sapp J, Roux JF, Skanes A, Angaran P, Novak P, Redfearn D, Golian M, Redpath CJ, Sturmer M, Birnie D. Characterization of arrhythmia substrate to ablate persistent atrial fibrillation (COAST-AF): Randomized controlled trial design and rationale. Am Heart J 2022; 254:133-140. [PMID: 36030965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial low voltage area (LVA) catheter ablation has emerged as a promising strategy for ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). It is unclear if catheter ablation of atrial LVA increases treatment success rates in patients with persistent AF. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this trial is to assess the potential benefit of adjunctive catheter ablation of atrial LVA in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with persistent AF, when compared to PVI alone. The secondary aims are to evaluate safety outcomes, the quality of life and the healthcare resource utilization. METHODS/DESIGN A multicenter, prospective, parallel-group, 2-arm, single-blinded randomized controlled trial is under way (NCT03347227). Patients who are candidates for catheter ablation for persistent AF will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either PVI alone or PVI + atrial LVA ablation. The primary outcome is 18-month documented event rate of atrial arrhythmia (AF, atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter) post catheter ablation. Secondary outcomes include procedure-related complications, freedom from atrial arrhythmia at 12 months, AF burden, need for emergency department visits/hospitalization, need for repeat ablation for atrial arrhythmia, quality of life at 12 and 18 months, ablation time, and procedure duration. DISCUSSION Characterization of Arrhythmia Mechanism to Ablate Atrial Fibrillation (COAST-AF) is a multicenter randomized trial evaluating ablation strategies for catheter ablation. We hypothesize that catheter ablation of atrial LVA in addition to PVI will result in higher procedural success rates when compared to PVI alone in patients with persistent AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Nery
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada..
| | - George A Wells
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.; Cardiovascular Research Methods Center, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Atul Verma
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Girish M Nair
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - George Veenhuyzen
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason Andrade
- Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada
| | - Isabelle Nault
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge A Wong
- Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Sikkel
- Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vidal Essebag
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - John Sapp
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Allan Skanes
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Angaran
- St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Novak
- Victoria Cardiac Arrhythmia Trials, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mehrdad Golian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Calum J Redpath
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marcio Sturmer
- Hôpital Sacré-Cœur, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Birnie
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Fixed complex electrograms during sinus rhythm and local pacing: potential ablation targets for persistent atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10697. [PMID: 35739217 PMCID: PMC9225993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, complex electrograms during sinus rhythm (C-EGMs) could be pathological or not. We aimed to demonstrate whether local pacing was helpful to discern pathological C-EGMs. 126 persistent AF patients and 27 patients with left-side accessory pathway (LAP) underwent left atrial mapping during sinus rhythm. If C-EGMs were detected, local pacing was performed. If the electrograms turned normal, we defined them as non-fixed C-EGMs, otherwise as fixed C-EGMs. No difference was detected in the incidence and proportion of non-fixed C-EGMs between AF patients and LAP patients (101/126 vs. 19/27, P = 0.26; 9.1 ± 6.0% vs. 7.7 ± 5.7%, P = 0.28). However, the incidence and proportion of fixed C-EGMs were higher in persistent AF patients (87/126 vs. 1/27, P < 0.01; 4.3 ± 3.4% vs. 0.1 ± 0.5%, P < 0.01). Compared with non-fixed C-EGMs, fixed C-EGMs had lower amplitudes, longer electrogram durations and longer Stimuli-P wave internals. All AF patients received circumferential pulmonary vein isolation. Among AF patients with fixed C-EGMs, 45 patients received fixed C-EGMs ablation and 42 patients underwent linear ablation. Compared with linear ablation, fixed C-EGMs ablation reduced recurrence (HR: 0.43; 95% CI 0.21‐0.81; P = 0.011). Among patients without fixed C-EGMs ablation, the proportion of fixed C-EGMs was an independent predictor of ablation outcomes (HR for per percent: 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.28, P = 0.038). C-EGMs could be classified into fixed and non-fixed C-EGMs through local pacing. Fixed rather than non-fixed C-EGMs might indicate abnormal atrial substrates and fixed C-EGMs ablation improve outcomes of persistent AF ablation.
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Ding L, Weng S, Zhai Z, Zhou B, Qi Y, Yu F, Zhang H, Zhang S, Tang M. Association Between the Coronary Sinus Ostial Size and Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 12:790077. [PMID: 35126179 PMCID: PMC8814530 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.790077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AimsThe incidence of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is higher in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients than in the general population. AVNRT is reportedly associated with a larger coronary sinus (CS) ostium (CSo). However, the correlation between AVNRT and CSo size in PAH patients is poorly investigated. We aimed to investigate the impact of CSo size on AVNRT and identify its risk factors in PAH.Methods and ResultsOf 102 PAH patients with catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), twelve with a confirmed AVNRT diagnosis who underwent computed tomographic angiography were retrospectively enrolled as the study group. The control group (PAH without SVT, n = 24) was matched for sex and BMI at a 2:1 ratio. All baseline and imaging data were collected. Mean pulmonary artery pressure was not significantly different between the two groups (65.3 ± 16.8 vs. 64.5 ± 17.6 mmHg, P = 0.328). PAH patients with AVNRT were older (45.9 ± 14.8 vs. 32.1 ± 7.6 years, P = 0.025), had a larger right atrial volume (224.4 ± 129.6 vs. 165.3 ± 71.7 cm3, P = 0.044), larger CSo in the left anterior oblique (LAO) plane (18.6 ± 3.3 vs. 14.8 ± 4.0 mm, P = 0.011), and larger CSo surface area (2.08 ± 1.35 vs. 1.45 ± 0.73 cm2, P = 0.039) and were more likely to have a windsock-shape CS (75% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.001) than those without AVNRT. A linear correlation was shown between CSo diameter in the LAO-plane and the atrial fractionation of the ablation target for AVNRT (R2 = 0.622, P = 0.012).ConclusionAnatomical dilation of the CSo is a risk factor for AVNRT development in patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sixian Weng
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqin Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Min Tang,
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Left Atrial Electroanatomical Voltage Mapping to Characterize Substrate and Guide Ablation. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-020-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Brook J, Kim MY, Koutsoftidis S, Pitcher D, Agha-Jaffar D, Sufi A, Jenkins C, Tzortzis K, Ma S, Jabbour RJ, Houston C, Handa BS, Li X, Chow JJ, Jothidasan A, Bristow P, Perkins J, Harding S, Bharath AA, Ng FS, Peters NS, Cantwell CD, Chowdhury RA. Development of a pro-arrhythmic ex vivo intact human and porcine model: cardiac electrophysiological changes associated with cellular uncoupling. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1435-1446. [PMID: 32870378 PMCID: PMC7476990 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a human and large animal Langendorff experimental apparatus for live electrophysiological studies and measure the electrophysiological changes due to gap junction uncoupling in human and porcine hearts. The resultant ex vivo intact human and porcine model can bridge the translational gap between smaller simple laboratory models and clinical research. In particular, electrophysiological models would benefit from the greater myocardial mass of a large heart due to its effects on far-field signal, electrode contact issues and motion artefacts, consequently more closely mimicking the clinical setting. Porcine (n = 9) and human (n = 4) donor hearts were perfused on a custom-designed Langendorff apparatus. Epicardial electrograms were collected at 16 sites across the left atrium and left ventricle. A total of 1 mM of carbenoxolone was administered at 5 ml/min to induce cellular uncoupling, and then recordings were repeated at the same sites. Changes in electrogram characteristics were analysed. We demonstrate the viability of a controlled ex vivo model of intact porcine and human hearts for electrophysiology with pharmacological modulation. Carbenoxolone reduces cellular coupling and changes contact electrogram features. The time from stimulus artefact to (-dV/dt)max increased between baseline and carbenoxolone (47.9 ± 4.1–67.2 ± 2.7 ms) indicating conduction slowing. The features with the largest percentage change between baseline and carbenoxolone were fractionation + 185.3%, endpoint amplitude − 106.9%, S-endpoint gradient + 54.9%, S point − 39.4%, RS ratio + 38.6% and (-dV/dt)max − 20.9%. The physiological relevance of this methodological tool is that it provides a model to further investigate pharmacologically induced pro-arrhythmic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Brook
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Simos Koutsoftidis
- Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Pitcher
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Danya Agha-Jaffar
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Annam Sufi
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Catherine Jenkins
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Konstantinos Tzortzis
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Suofeiya Ma
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard J Jabbour
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Charles Houston
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Balvinder S Handa
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Xinyang Li
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ji-Jian Chow
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Poppy Bristow
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK
| | - Justin Perkins
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, UK
| | - Sian Harding
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anil A Bharath
- Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chris D Cantwell
- Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rasheda A Chowdhury
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Williams SE, Linton NWF, Harrison J, Chubb H, Whitaker J, Gill J, Rinaldi CA, Razavi R, Niederer S, Wright M, O'Neill M. Intra-Atrial Conduction Delay Revealed by Multisite Incremental Atrial Pacing is an Independent Marker of Remodeling in Human Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 3:1006-1017. [PMID: 28966986 PMCID: PMC5612260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study sought to characterize direction-dependent and coupling interval–dependent changes in left atrial conduction and electrogram morphology in uniformly classified patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and normal bipolar voltage mapping. Background Although AF classifications are based on arrhythmia duration, the clinical course, and treatment response vary between patients within these groups. Electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for this variability are incompletely described. Methods Intracardiac contact mapping during incremental atrial pacing was used to characterize atrial conduction, activation dispersion, and electrogram morphology in 15 consecutive paroxysmal AF patients undergoing first-time pulmonary vein isolation. Outcome measures were vulnerability to AF induction at electrophysiology study and 2-year follow-up for arrhythmia recurrence. Results Conduction delay showed a bimodal distribution, occurring at either long (high right atrium pacing: 326 ± 13 ms; coronary sinus pacing: 319 ± 16 ms) or short (high right atrium pacing: 275 ± 11 ms; coronary sinus pacing: 271 ± 11 ms) extrastimulus coupling intervals. Arrhythmia recurrence was found only in patients with conduction delay at long extrastimulus coupling intervals, and patients with inducible AF were characterized by increased activation dispersion (activation dispersion time: 168 ± 29 ms vs. 136 ± 11 ms). Electrogram voltage and duration varied throughout the left atrium, between patients, and with pacing site but were not correlated with AF vulnerability or arrhythmia recurrence. Conclusions Within the single clinical entity of paroxysmal AF, incremental atrial pacing identified a spectrum of activation patterns correlating with AF vulnerability and arrhythmia recurrence. In contrast, electrogram morphology (characterized by electrogram voltage and duration) was highly variable and not associated with AF vulnerability or recurrence. An improved understanding of the electrical phenotype in AF could lead to improved mechanistic classifications.
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Key Words
- ADT, activation dispersion time
- AF substrate
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- CS, coronary sinus
- ED, electrogram duration
- ERP, effective refractory period
- EV, electrogram voltage
- HRA, high right atrium
- LA, left atrial
- PAF, paroxysmal AF
- S1S2block, the shortest S1S2 coupling interval that conducts from pacing site to left atrium
- S1S2delay, the shortest S1S2 coupling interval conducting without decrement to the left atrium
- atrial fibrillation
- atrial remodeling
- electrophysiology testing
- ΔED, rate dependence of electrogram duration
- ΔEV, rate dependence of electrogram voltage
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Williams
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick W F Linton
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Harrison
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Chubb
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Whitaker
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaswinder Gill
- Cardiovascular Division, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Rinaldi
- Cardiovascular Division, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Razavi
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Niederer
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wright
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O'Neill
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kharbanda RK, Özdemir EH, Taverne YJ, Kik C, Bogers AJ, de Groot NM. Current Concepts of Anatomy, Electrophysiology, and Therapeutic Implications of the Interatrial Septum. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 5:647-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Left atrial voltage mapping: defining and targeting the atrial fibrillation substrate. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2019; 56:213-227. [PMID: 31076965 PMCID: PMC6900285 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-019-00537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Low atrial endocardial bipolar voltage, measured during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF), is a commonly used surrogate marker for the presence of atrial fibrosis. Low voltage shows many useful associations with clinical outcomes, comorbidities and has links to trigger sites for AF. Several contemporary trials have shown promise in targeting low voltage areas as the substrate for AF ablation; however, the results have been mixed. In order to understand these results, a thorough understanding of voltage mapping techniques, the relationship between low voltage and the pathophysiology of AF, as well as the inherent limitations in voltage measurement are needed. Two key questions must be answered in order to optimally apply voltage mapping as the road map for ablation. First, are the inherent limitations of voltage mapping small enough as to be ignored when targeting specific tissue based on voltage? Second, can conventional criteria, using a binary threshold for voltage amplitude, truly define the extent of the atrial fibrotic substrate? Here, we review the latest clinical evidence with regard to voltage-based ablation procedures before analysing the utility and limitations of voltage mapping. Finally, we discuss omnipole mapping and dynamic voltage attenuation as two possible approaches to resolving these issues.
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Starreveld R, van der Does LJME, de Groot NMS. Anatomical hotspots of fractionated electrograms in the left and right atrium: do they exist? Europace 2019; 21:60-72. [PMID: 29688325 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Targeting of complex fractionated electrograms (CFEs) in the atria is not yet beneficial in treating drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). In order to gain insight into potential anatomical hotspots of fractionated electrograms, a structured literature search was performed. Methods and results PubMed was searched for studies describing fractionation during human atrial electrophysiological measurements (n = 565), of which 36 articles described the pre-ablation distribution of fractionated electrograms for the left atrium and/or right atrium in at least four regions. Fractionation was commonly found in high proportions within all regions of both atria, without clear preference for specific regions. Furthermore, no differences in the fractionation distribution between paroxysmal AF and persistent AF patients were observed. Conclusion Whereas atrial inhomogeneous conduction is widely believed to play a key role in AF initiation and perpetuation, different electrophysiological causes for fractionation and the influence of measurement properties complicate identification of the arrhythmogenic substrate. Thereby, simply targeting all CFEs would be short-sighted. Further research is warranted on how to distinguish 'physiologic CFEs' from 'pathologic CFEs', with only the latter reflecting potential targets for ablative therapy of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeliene Starreveld
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette J M E van der Does
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M S de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's Gravendijkwal 230, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Alagoz C, Cohen AR, Frisch DR, Tunç B, Phatharodom S, Guez A. Spiral waves characterization: Implications for an automated cardiodynamic tissue characterization. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 161:15-24. [PMID: 29852958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Spiral waves are phenomena observed in cardiac tissue especially during fibrillatory activities. Spiral waves are revealed through in-vivo and in-vitro studies using high density mapping that requires special experimental setup. Also, in-silico spiral wave analysis and classification is performed using membrane potentials from entire tissue. In this study, we report a characterization approach that identifies spiral wave behaviors using intracardiac electrogram (EGM) readings obtained with commonly used multipolar diagnostic catheters that perform localized but high-resolution readings. Specifically, the algorithm is designed to distinguish between stationary, meandering, and break-up rotors. METHODS The clustering and classification algorithms are tested on simulated data produced using a phenomenological 2D model of cardiac propagation. For EGM measurements, unipolar-bipolar EGM readings from various locations on tissue using two catheter types are modeled. The distance measure between spiral behaviors are assessed using normalized compression distance (NCD), an information theoretical distance. NCD is a universal metric in the sense it is solely based on compressibility of dataset and not requiring feature extraction. We also introduce normalized FFT distance (NFFTD) where compressibility is replaced with a FFT parameter. RESULTS Overall, outstanding clustering performance was achieved across varying EGM reading configurations. We found that effectiveness in distinguishing was superior in case of NCD than NFFTD. We demonstrated that distinct spiral activity identification on a behaviorally heterogeneous tissue is also possible. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates a theoretical validation of clustering and classification approaches that provide an automated mapping from EGM signals to assessment of spiral wave behaviors and hence offers a potential mapping and analysis framework for cardiac tissue wavefront propagation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Alagoz
- ECE Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andrew R Cohen
- ECE Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel R Frisch
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Birkan Tunç
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Allon Guez
- ECE Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kuroki K, Nogami A, Igarashi M, Masuda K, Kowase S, Kurosaki K, Komatsu Y, Naruse Y, Machino T, Yamasaki H, Xu D, Murakoshi N, Sekiguchi Y, Aonuma K. New Substrate-Guided Method of Predicting Slow Conducting Isthmuses of Ventricular Tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2018; 11:e005705. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.117.005705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Several conducting channels of ventricular tachycardia (VT) can be identified using voltage limit adjustment (VLA) of substrate mapping. However, the sensitivity or specificity to predict a VT isthmus is not high by using VLA alone. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the combined use of VLA and fast-Fourier transform analysis to predict VT isthmuses.
Methods and Results:
VLA and fast-Fourier transform analyses of local ventricular bipolar electrograms during sinus rhythm were performed in 9 postinfarction patients who underwent catheter ablation for a total of 13 monomorphic VTs. Relatively higher voltage areas on an electroanatomical map were defined as high voltage channels (HVCs), and relatively higher fast-Fourier transform areas were defined as high-frequency channels (HFCs). HVCs were classified into full or partial HVCs (the entire or >30% of HVC can be detectable, respectively). Twelve full HVCs were identified in 7 of 9 patients. HFCs were located on 7 of 12 full HVCs. Five VT isthmuses (71%) were included in the 7 full HVC+/HFC+ sites, whereas no VT isthmus was found in the 5 full HVC+/HFC− sites. HFCs were identical to 9 of 16 partial HVCs. Eight VT isthmuses (89%) were included in the 9 partial HVC+/HFC+ sites, whereas no VT isthmus was found in the 7 partial HVC+/HFC− sites. All HVC+/HFC+ sites predicted VT isthmus with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%.
Conclusions:
Combined use of VLA and fast-Fourier transform analysis may be a useful method to detect VT isthmuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuroki
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Akihiko Nogami
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Miyako Igarashi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Keita Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Shinya Kowase
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Kenji Kurosaki
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Yuki Komatsu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Yoshihisa Naruse
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Takeshi Machino
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Hiro Yamasaki
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Dongzhu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Nobuyuki Murakoshi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Yukio Sekiguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.K., A.N., M.I., Y.K., Y.N., T.M., H.Y, D.X., N.M., Y.S., K.A.). Department of Heart Rhythm Management, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (K.M., S.K., K.K.)
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Luther V, Qureshi N, Lim PB, Koa-Wing M, Jamil-Copley S, Ng FS, Whinnett Z, Davies DW, Peters NS, Kanagaratnam P, Linton N. Isthmus sites identified by Ripple Mapping are usually anatomically stable: A novel method to guide atrial substrate ablation? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018; 29:404-411. [PMID: 29341322 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postablation reentrant ATs depend upon conducting isthmuses bordered by scar. Bipolar voltage maps highlight scar as sites of low voltage, but the voltage amplitude of an electrogram depends upon the myocardial activation sequence. Furthermore, a voltage threshold that defines atrial scar is unknown. We used Ripple Mapping (RM) to test whether these isthmuses were anatomically fixed between different activation vectors and atrial rates. METHODS We studied post-AF ablation ATs where >1 rhythm was mapped. Multipolar catheters were used with CARTO Confidense for high-density mapping. RM visualized the pattern of activation, and the voltage threshold below which no activation was seen. Isthmuses were characterized at this threshold between maps for each patient. RESULTS Ten patients were studied (Map 1 was AT1; Map 2: sinus 1/10, LA paced 2/10, AT2 with reverse CS activation 3/10; AT2 CL difference 50 ± 30 ms). Point density was similar between maps (Map 1: 2,589 ± 1,330; Map 2: 2,214 ± 1,384; P = 0.31). RM activation threshold was 0.16 ± 0.08 mV. Thirty-one isthmuses were identified in Map 1 (median 3 per map; width 27 ± 15 mm; 7 anterior; 6 roof; 8 mitral; 9 septal; 1 posterior). Importantly, 7 of 31 (23%) isthmuses were unexpectedly identified within regions without prior ablation. AT1 was treated following ablation of 11/31 (35%) isthmuses. Of the remaining 20 isthmuses, 14 of 16 isthmuses (88%) were consistent between the two maps (four were inadequately mapped). Wavefront collision caused variation in low voltage distribution in 2 of 16 (12%). CONCLUSIONS The distribution of isthmuses and nonconducting tissue within the ablated left atrium, as defined by RM, appear concordant between rhythms. This could guide a substrate ablative approach.
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Standardized unfold mapping: a technique to permit left atrial regional data display and analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2017; 50:125-131. [PMID: 28884216 PMCID: PMC5633640 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-017-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Left atrial arrhythmia substrate assessment can involve multiple imaging and electrical modalities, but visual analysis of data on 3D surfaces is time-consuming and suffers from limited reproducibility. Unfold maps (e.g., the left ventricular bull's eye plot) allow 2D visualization, facilitate multimodal data representation, and provide a common reference space for inter-subject comparison. The aim of this work is to develop a method for automatic representation of multimodal information on a left atrial standardized unfold map (LA-SUM). METHODS The LA-SUM technique was developed and validated using 18 electroanatomic mapping (EAM) LA geometries before being applied to ten cardiac magnetic resonance/EAM paired geometries. The LA-SUM was defined as an unfold template of an average LA mesh, and registration of clinical data to this mesh facilitated creation of new LA-SUMs by surface parameterization. RESULTS The LA-SUM represents 24 LA regions on a flattened surface. Intra-observer variability of LA-SUMs for both EAM and CMR datasets was minimal; root-mean square difference of 0.008 ± 0.010 and 0.007 ± 0.005 ms (local activation time maps), 0.068 ± 0.063 gs (force-time integral maps), and 0.031 ± 0.026 (CMR LGE signal intensity maps). Following validation, LA-SUMs were used for automatic quantification of post-ablation scar formation using CMR imaging, demonstrating a weak but significant relationship between ablation force-time integral and scar coverage (R 2 = 0.18, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The proposed LA-SUM displays an integrated unfold map for multimodal information. The method is applicable to any LA surface, including those derived from imaging and EAM systems. The LA-SUM would facilitate standardization of future research studies involving segmental analysis of the LA.
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16
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MASUDA MASAHARU, FUJITA MASASHI, IIDA OSAMU, OKAMOTO SHIN, ISHIHARA TAKAYUKI, NANTO KIYONORI, KANDA TAKASHI, SUNAGA AKIHIRO, TSUJIMURA TAKUYA, MATSUDA YASUHIRO, OHASHI TAKUYA, UEMATSU MASAAKI. Comparison of Left Atrial Voltage between Sinus Rhythm and Atrial Fibrillation in Association with Electrogram Waveform. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2017; 40:559-567. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MASAHARU MASUDA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - MASASHI FUJITA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - OSAMU IIDA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - SHIN OKAMOTO
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | | | - KIYONORI NANTO
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - TAKASHI KANDA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - AKIHIRO SUNAGA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - TAKUYA TSUJIMURA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - YASUHIRO MATSUDA
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - TAKUYA OHASHI
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
| | - MASAAKI UEMATSU
- Cardiovascular Center; Kansai Rosai Hospital; Amagasaki Hyogo Japan
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Han X, Li J. Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Where Are We? CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2016.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Association of left atrial epicardial adipose tissue with electrogram bipolar voltage and fractionation: Electrophysiologic substrates for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:2333-2339. [PMID: 27546816 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicardial adipose tissue (EAdT) is metabolically active and likely contributes to atrial fibrillation (AF) through the release of inflammatory cytokines into the myocardium or through its rich innervation with ganglionated plexi at the pulmonary vein ostia. The electrophysiologic mechanisms underlying the association between EAdT and AF remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of EAdT with adjacent myocardial substrate. METHODS Thirty consecutive patients who underwent cardiac computed tomography as well as electroanatomic mapping in sinus rhythm before an initial AF ablation procedure were studied. Semiautomatic segmentation of atrial EAdT was performed and registered anatomically to the voltage map. RESULTS In multivariable regression analysis clustered by patient, age (-0.01 per year) and EAdT (-0.29) were associated with log bipolar voltage as well as low-voltage zones (<0.5 mV). Age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02 per year), male gender (OR: 3.50), diabetes (OR: 2.91), hypertension (OR: 2.55), and EAdT (OR: 8.56) were associated with fractionated electrograms, and age (OR: 2.80), male gender (OR: 3.00), and EAdT (OR: 7.03) were associated with widened signals. Age (OR: 1.03 per year) and body mass index (OR: 1.06 per kg/m2) were associated with atrial fat. CONCLUSION The presence of overlaying EAdT was associated with lower bipolar voltage and electrogram fractionation as electrophysiologic substrates for AF. EAdT was not a statistical mediator of the association between clinical variables and AF substrate. Body mass index was directly associated with the presence of EAdT in patients with AF.
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Cantwell CD, Roney CH, Ali RL, Qureshi NA, Lim PB, Peters NS. A software platform for the comparative analysis of electroanatomic and imaging data including conduction velocity mapping. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2014:1591-4. [PMID: 25570276 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6943908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Electroanatomic mapping systems collect increasingly large quantities of spatially-distributed electrical data which may be potentially further scrutinized post-operatively to expose mechanistic properties which sustain and perpetuate atrial fibrillation. We describe a modular software platform, developed to post-process and rapidly analyse data exported from electroanatomic mapping systems using a range of existing and novel algorithms. Imaging data highlighting regions of scar can also be overlaid for comparison. In particular, we describe the conduction velocity (CV) mapping algorithm used to highlight wavefront behaviour. CV was found to be particularly sensitive to the spatial distribution of the triangulation points and corresponding activation times. A set of geometric conditions were devised for selecting suitable triangulations of the electrogram set for generating CV maps.
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YAGISHITA ATSUHIKO, DE OLIVEIRA SAMER, CAKULEV IVAN, GIMBEL JROD, SPARANO DINA, MANYAM HARISH, MANRIQUE-GARCIA ALVARO, ARREDONDO MICHAEL, MACKALL JUDITH, ARRUDA MAURICIO. Correlation of Left Atrial Voltage Distribution Between Sinus Rhythm and Atrial Fibrillation: Identifying Structural Remodeling by 3-D Electroanatomic Mapping Irrespective of the Rhythm. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016; 27:905-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ATSUHIKO YAGISHITA
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - SAMER DE OLIVEIRA
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - IVAN CAKULEV
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - J. ROD GIMBEL
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - DINA SPARANO
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - HARISH MANYAM
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - ALVARO MANRIQUE-GARCIA
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - MICHAEL ARREDONDO
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - JUDITH MACKALL
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - MAURICIO ARRUDA
- University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio USA
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Vigmond E, Pashaei A, Amraoui S, Cochet H, Hassaguerre M. Percolation as a mechanism to explain atrial fractionated electrograms and reentry in a fibrosis model based on imaging data. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:1536-43. [PMID: 26976038 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) have long been associated with proarrhythmic alterations in atrial structure or electrophysiology. Structural alterations disrupt and slow smoothly propagating wavefronts, leading to wavebreaks and electrogram (EGM) fractionation, but the exact nature and characteristics for arrhythmia remain unknown. Clinically, in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, increases in frequency, whether by pacing or fibrillation, increase EGM fractionation and duration, and reentry can occur in relation with the conduction disturbance. Recently, percolation has been proposed as an arrhythmogenic mechanism, but its role in AF has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine if percolation can explain reentry formation and EGM behavior observed in AF patients. METHODS Computer models of fibrotic tissue with different densities were generated based on late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images, using pixel intensity as a fibrosis probability to avoid an arbitrary binary threshold. Clinical pacing protocols were followed to induce AF, and EGMs were computed. RESULTS Reentry could be elicited, with a biphasic behavior dependent on fibrotic density. CFAEs were recorded above fibrotic regions, and consistent with clinical data, EGM duration and fractionation increased with more rapid pacing. CONCLUSION These findings confirm percolation as a potential mechanism to explain AF in humans and give new insights into dynamics underlying conduction distortions and fractionated signals in excitable media, which correlate well with the experimental findings in fibrotic regions. The greater understanding of the different patterns of conduction changes and related EGMs could lead to more individualized and effective approaches to AF ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Vigmond
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Fondation Université de Bordeaux, Hôpital Xavier-Arnozan, Pessac, France; Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
| | - Ali Pashaei
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Fondation Université de Bordeaux, Hôpital Xavier-Arnozan, Pessac, France; Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Sana Amraoui
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Fondation Université de Bordeaux, Hôpital Xavier-Arnozan, Pessac, France; Hôpital cardiologique de Haut- Lévèque, Pessac, France
| | - Hubert Cochet
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Fondation Université de Bordeaux, Hôpital Xavier-Arnozan, Pessac, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Hôpital cardiologique de Haut- Lévèque, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Hassaguerre
- L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Fondation Université de Bordeaux, Hôpital Xavier-Arnozan, Pessac, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Hôpital cardiologique de Haut- Lévèque, Pessac, France
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Prevalence and distribution of focal triggers in persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2015; 13:374-82. [PMID: 26477712 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relevance of focal triggers in persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE We prospectively evaluated the prevalence and distribution of AF triggers in patients referred for catheter ablation of PerAF and LSPAF. METHODS We analyzed consecutive patients undergoing first time AF ablation who underwent a standardized trigger protocol including cardioversion of induced or spontaneous AF and infusion of up to 20 μg of isoproterenol for 15-20 minutes either before or after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation accomplished. Triggers were defined as AF/sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia or repetitive atrial premature depolarizations. RESULTS A total of 2168 patients were included (mean age 57 ± 11 years; 1636 [75%] men), with 1531 patients having paroxysmal AF (PAF) (71%), 496 having PerAF (23%), and 141 having LSPAF (7%). PV triggers were found in 1398 patients with PAF (91%), 449 patients with PerAF (91%), and 129 patients with LSPAF (91%) (P = .856 for comparison across groups). Non-PV triggers were elicited in a total of 234 patients (11%), and the prevalence was similar across the different types of AF (PAF, 165 [11%]; PerAF, 54 [11%]; LSPAF, 15 [11%]; P = .996 for comparison across groups). CONCLUSION PVs are the main AF trigger site in patients with PerAF and LSPAF, with an overall prevalence similar to that found in patients with PAF. These results support the current recommendations for PV isolation as the cornerstone of catheter ablation to eliminate AF triggers in PerAF and LSPAF.
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Letsas KP, Efremidis M, Sgouros NP, Vlachos K, Asvestas D, Sideris A. Catheter ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: The importance of substrate modification. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:111-118. [PMID: 25810810 PMCID: PMC4365304 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data have shown that elimination of atrial fibrillation (AF) sources should be the goal in persistent AF ablation. Pulmonary vein isolation, linear lesions and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) ablation have shown limited efficacy in patients with persistent AF. A combined approach using voltage, CFAEs and dominant frequency (DF) mapping may be helpful for the identification of AF sources and subsequent focal substrate modification. The fibrillatory activity is maintained by intramural reentry centered on fibrotic patches. Voltage mapping may assist in the identification of fibrotic areas. Stable rotors display the higher DF and possibly drive AF. Furthermore, the single rotor is usually consistent with organized AF electrograms without fractionation. It is therefore quite possible that rotors are located at relatively “healthy islands” within the patchy fibrosis. This is supported by the fact that high DF sites have been negatively correlated to the amount of fibrosis. CFAEs are located in areas adjacent to high DF. In conclusion, patchy fibrotic areas displaying the maximum DF along with high organization index and the lower fractionation index are potential targets of ablation. Prospective studies are required to validate the efficacy of substrate modification in left atrial ablation outcomes.
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Varela M, Aslanidi OV. Role of atrial tissue substrate and electrical activation pattern in fractionation of atrial electrograms: a computational study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2014:1587-90. [PMID: 25570275 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6943907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) are often used as a clinical marker for re-entrant drivers of atrial fibrillation. However, outcomes of clinical ablation procedures based on CFAEs are controversial and the mechanistic links between fractionation, re-entrant activity and the characteristics of the atrial substrate are not completely understood. We explore such links by simulating electrograms arising from both normal and re-entrant electrical activity in atrial tissue models. 2D and 3D tissue geometries with a range of conditions for intracellular coupling and myofiber orientation fields were studied. Electrograms were fractionated in the presence of complex atrial fiber fields and in 3D irregular geometries, due to far-field excitations. The complexity of the local electrical activity was not a strong determinant of the degree of fractionation. These results suggest that electrogram fractionation is more strongly linked to atrial substrate characteristics (including tissue geometry, fiber orientation and degree of intercelullar coupling) than to the electrical activation pattern sustaining atrial fibrillation.
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Campos B, Jauregui ME, Marchlinski FE, Dixit S, Gerstenfeld EP. Use of a novel fragmentation map to identify the substrate for ventricular tachycardia in postinfarction cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2014; 12:95-103. [PMID: 25285645 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substrate ablation is commonly performed in patients with postinfarction cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Recognition of fragmented and late potentials during sinus rhythm is a tedious process subject to operator fatigue. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the value of automated analysis to quantify electrogram fragmentation and to determine the relationship of fragmented regions to the VT isthmus. METHODS Detailed left ventricular (LV) mapping was performed in 2 groups: (1) 14 patients with previous myocardial infarction and tolerated VT and (2) 14 controls with structurally normal hearts. In patients with VT, mid-isthmus sites were identified using entrainment mapping. Sinus rhythm endocardial LV electrograms underwent time- and frequency-domain analysis and were displayed as fragmentation or frequency maps. The region of fractionated electrograms and their relation to the VT isthmus sites were determined. RESULTS Cutoffs for abnormal electrogram fragmentation were ventricular fractionation index ≥ 7 and fast Fourier transform ratio ≥ 14%, respectively. In the time domain, LV surface area with fractionated electrograms was significantly smaller than the total scar surface area (27.3% ± 7.1% vs 42.1% ± 12.3%, P <.001), yet contained 100% of VT isthmus sites. In the frequency domain, areas of abnormal fractionation occupied 9.7% ± 6.9% of total LV surface area and included only 60% of the VT isthmus sites. CONCLUSION Automated electrogram fractionation analysis represents an objective tool to rapidly quantify electrogram fragmentation and guide substrate-based ablation of VT. Empiric ablation of these regions may be a new strategy for substrate-guided VT ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieito Campos
- Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Miguel E Jauregui
- Electrophysiology Section, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - Francis E Marchlinski
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Dixit
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward P Gerstenfeld
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California.
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Waks JW, Josephson ME. Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation - Reentry, Rotors and Reality. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014; 3:90-100. [PMID: 26835073 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2014.3.2.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, yet our understanding of the mechanisms that initiate and sustain this arrhythmia remains quite poor. Over the last 50 years, various mechanisms of AF have been proposed, yet none has been consistently observed in both experimental studies and in humans. Recently, there has been increasing interest in understanding how spiral waves or rotors - which are specific, organised forms of functional reentry - sustain human AF and how they might be therapeutic targets for catheter-based ablation. The following review describes the historical understanding of reentry and AF mechanisms from earlier in the 20th century, advances in our understanding of mechanisms that are able to sustain AF with a focus on rotors and complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs), and how the study of AF mechanisms has resulted in new strategies for treating AF with novel forms of catheter ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Waks
- Clinical Fellow in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute and Arrhythmia Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, US
| | - Mark E Josephson
- Herman C. Dana Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Chief of the Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Director, Harvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology Institute and Arrhythmia Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, US
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Delineating Atrial Scar by Electroanatomic Voltage Mapping versus Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Where to Draw the Line? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25:1053-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jce.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tan C, Han W, Liu X, Hu X, Liu J, Cui J, Li J. Electrophysiological characteristics of left atrial diverticulum in patients with atrial fibrillation: electrograms, impedance and clinical implications. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:48-54. [PMID: 25043219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial diverticulum (LAD) is not rare in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent reports focused on its morphology however data on its electrophysiological characteristics are lacking. Our study aims to investigate the electrogram and impedance features of LAD. METHODS This study included 24 patients (mean age, 58.5 ± 10.7 years) with LAD undergoing catheter ablation for AF and 24 gender-and-age-matched individuals without LAD as controls. A bipolar LAD electroanatomic map was acquired in sinus rhythm from all study participants. Points were acquired for diverticulum in the LAD group and for corresponding areas in the control group. Electrogram deflections were counted, bipolar voltage and impedance were measured for each point, and average ∆ impedance and highest ∆ impedance were calculated. RESULTS A total of 234 points were collected in the two groups. In the LAD vs. control group, median (Q1, Q3) of electrogram deflections was 6 (5, 7) and 4 (4, 5) (P<0.0001), respectively, voltage was not significantly different (1.58 ± 0.68 mV vs. 1.28 ± 0.65 mV, P=0.10), and average ∆ impedance was significantly higher in the LAD group (19.5 ± 9.0 Ω vs 3.9 ± 1.7 Ω, P<0.0001). A cut-off value of 9.5 Ω for ∆ impedance predicted LAD with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 83.5%, 92.8%, 92.1% and 84.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Electrogram was more fractionated and impedance was higher at LAD than in corresponding areas without LAD, which might help to differentiate LAD during catheter ablation for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junyu Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Military Region General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Kapa S, Desjardins B, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE, Dixit S. Contact electroanatomic mapping derived voltage criteria for characterizing left atrial scar in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25:1044-52. [PMID: 24832482 DOI: 10.1111/jce.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Criteria have not been established for identifying LA scar using electroanatomic mapping (EAM). It is also unclear if voltage criteria using EAM may assist in identifying areas of pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection in patients undergoing repeat AF ablation. OBJECTIVES To characterize left atrial (LA) voltage in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. METHODS An LA shell was created and bipolar voltage amplitude (in mV) at each point was measured. The shell was divided into 8 regions. Bipolar voltage values lower than the amplitude of 95% of sampled points was used as the upper cutoff value. Delayed enhancement (DE) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) sequences were performed to validate voltage cutoffs. RESULTS Twenty patients participated. A mean of 141 ± 12 points constituted the LA map that was created during sinus rhythm (SR). In patients undergoing initial AF ablation, mean bipolar LA voltage was 1.44 ± 1.27 mV. In patients undergoing repeat AF ablation, scar along the posterior wall and LA-PV junction was identified using a voltage cutoff <0.2 mV, whereas a cutoff <0.45 mV best identified scar at other locations. This voltage range (0.2-0.45 mV) was useful to identify areas of reconnection around the PVs. On DE CMRI, a bipolar voltage cutoff of 0.27 mV performed best for delineating scar (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 83%). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing AF ablation, EAM derived LA bipolar voltage shows regional variation. For maps acquired during SR, a voltage range of 0.2-0.45 mV can accurately demarcate LA scar distribution. This can be helpful in identifying PV reconnection in patients undergoing repeat AF ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kapa
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Woods CE, Olgin J. Atrial fibrillation therapy now and in the future: drugs, biologicals, and ablation. Circ Res 2014; 114:1532-46. [PMID: 24763469 PMCID: PMC4169264 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex disease with multiple inter-relating causes culminating in rapid, seemingly disorganized atrial activation. Therapy targeting AF is rapidly changing and improving. The purpose of this review is to summarize current state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for treatment of AF. The review focuses on reviewing treatment as it relates to the pathophysiological basis of disease and reviews preclinical and clinical evidence for potential new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, including imaging, biomarkers, pharmacological therapy, and ablative strategies for AF. Current ablation and drug therapy approaches to treating AF are largely based on treating the arrhythmia once the substrate occurs and is more effective in paroxysmal AF rather than persistent or permanent AF. However, there is much research aimed at prevention strategies, targeting AF substrate, so-called upstream therapy. Improved diagnostics, using imaging, genetics, and biomarkers, are needed to better identify subtypes of AF based on underlying substrate/mechanism to allow more directed therapeutic approaches. In addition, novel antiarrhythmics with more atrial specific effects may reduce limiting proarrhythmic side effects. Advances in ablation therapy are aimed at improving technology to reduce procedure time and in mechanism-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Woods
- From the Division of Cardiology, University of California at San Francisco (C.E.W., J.O.); and Division of Cardiology Research, AUST Development, LLC, Mountain View, CA (C.E.W.)
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Lin Y, Yang B, Garcia FC, Ju W, Zhang F, Chen H, Yu J, Li M, Gu K, Cao K, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE, Chen M. Comparison of left atrial electrophysiologic abnormalities during sinus rhythm in patients with different type of atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2013; 39:57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10840-013-9838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Dewire J, Calkins H. Update on atrial fibrillation catheter ablation technologies and techniques. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013; 10:599-612. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roten L, Derval N, Pascale P, Scherr D, Komatsu Y, Shah A, Ramoul K, Denis A, Sacher F, Hocini M, Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P. Current hot potatoes in atrial fibrillation ablation. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 8:327-46. [PMID: 22920482 PMCID: PMC3492816 DOI: 10.2174/157340312803760802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has evolved to the treatment of choice for patients with drug-resistant and symptomatic AF. Pulmonary vein isolation at the ostial or antral level usually is sufficient for treatment of true paroxysmal AF. For persistent AF ablation, drivers and perpetuators outside of the pulmonary veins are responsible for AF maintenance and have to be targeted to achieve satisfying arrhythmia-free success rate. Both complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) ablation and linear ablation are added to pulmonary vein isolation for persistent AF ablation. Nevertheless, ablation failure and necessity of repeat ablations are still frequent, especially after persistent AF ablation. Pulmonary vein reconduction is the main reason for arrhythmia recurrence after paroxysmal and to a lesser extent after persistent AF ablation. Failure of persistent AF ablation mostly is a consequence of inadequate trigger ablation, substrate modification or incompletely ablated or reconducting linear lesions. In this review we will discuss these points responsible for AF recurrence after ablation and review current possibilities on how to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Roten
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France.
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Manlucu J, Brancato S, Lane C, Kazemian P, Michaud GF. Contemporary approaches to persistent atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 10:1421-35. [PMID: 23244363 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently the most commonly treated cardiac arrhythmia. It is generally a progressive disease, often more difficult to control as electromechanical remodeling alters the underlying substrate. Patients typically evolve from infrequent, self-terminating episodes, to more frequent and sustained events. In addition, atrial remodeling may make sinus rhythm more challenging to achieve. Although an ablation strategy limited to pulmonary vein isolation may be curative in those with paroxysmal AF, a more extensive approach is often required in those with persistent AF. This article discusses the current approaches and most recent advances in the ablation of persistent and long-standing persistent AF.
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36
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Campos FO, Wiener T, Prassl AJ, dos Santos RW, Sanchez-Quintana D, Ahammer H, Plank G, Hofer E. Electroanatomical characterization of atrial microfibrosis in a histologically detailed computer model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013; 60:2339-49. [PMID: 23559023 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2013.2256359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is thought to play an important role in the formation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). The propensity of fibrosis to increase AF vulnerability depends not only on its amount, its texture plays a crucial role as well. While the detection of fibrotic tissue patches in the atria with extracellular recordings is feasible based on the analysis of electrogram fractionation, as used in clinical practice to identify ablation targets, the classification of fibrotic texture is a more challenging problem. This study seeks to establish a method for the electroanatomical characterization of the fibrotic textures based on the analysis of electrogram fractionation. The proposed method exploits the dependence of fractionation patterns on the incidence direction of wavefronts which differs significantly as a function of texture. A histologically detailed computer model of the right atrial isthmus was developed for testing the method. A stimulation protocol was conceived which generated various incidence directions for any given recording site where electrograms were computed. A classification method is derived then for discriminating three types of fibrosis, no fibrosis (control), diffuse, and patchy fibrosis. Simulation results showed that electrogram fractionation and amplitudes and their dependence upon incidence direction allow a robust discrimination between different classes of fibrosis. Finally, to minimize the technical effort, sensitivity analysis was performed to identify a minimum number of incidence directions required for robust classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando O Campos
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria, and with the Institute of Medical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Tissue voltage discordance during tachycardia versus sinus rhythm: implications for catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:800-4. [PMID: 23434619 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroanatomic mapping systems are an important tool to identify cardiac chamber voltage and assess channels of slow conduction. OBJECTIVE To assess the correlation between electroanatomic mapping voltage maps obtained during macroreentrant tachycardia compared to sinus rhythm (SR) with a contact mapping system. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated patients with atrial flutter (AFL) referred for radiofrequency ablation with electroanatomic voltage maps obtained during AFL and SR. The atrium was divided into predetermined segments. Overall atrial and segmental peak-to-peak bipolar voltages in AFL and SR were assessed. To directly compare a region within the same patient, tissue voltage differences during AFL and SR were assessed on the basis of mean voltage difference. RESULTS Sixteen patients (87% men) had available voltage maps. Eighty-one percent had typical cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent right AFL. A mean of 441.7±153.9 vs 398.1±125.4 total points (P = .22) were sampled during AFL and SR, with a mean of 99.5±58.9 vs 91.2±60.4 points (P = .45) sampled per region. Overall right atrial mean voltage was significantly higher during AFL than SR (0.554±0.092mV vs 0.473±0.079mV; P≤.001), with the lateral wall (0.707±0.120mV vs 0.573±0.097mV; P = .0004) and the cavotricuspid isthmus (0.559±0.100mV vs 0.356±0.066mV; P<.0001) also showing higher mean voltage during AFL. When compared within an individual patient, 19% (14 of 75) of the patient regions had a>0.5mV mean voltage difference and 40% (30 of 75) had a>0.25mV mean voltage difference. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that voltage maps performed during macroreentrant atrial arrhythmias often vary significantly from maps obtained during SR.
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Viles-Gonzalez JF, Gomes JA, Miller MA, Dukkipati SR, Koruth JS, Eggert C, Coffey J, Reddy VY, d'Avila A. Areas with complex fractionated atrial electrograms recorded after pulmonary vein isolation represent normal voltage and conduction velocity in sinus rhythm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 15:339-46. [PMID: 23148118 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eus321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Viles-Gonzalez
- Helmsley Electrophysiology Center, Mount Sinai Heart, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York City, NY 10029, USA
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Caldwell J, Redfearn D. Ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms in catheter ablation for AF; where have we been and where are we going? Curr Cardiol Rev 2012; 8:347-53. [PMID: 22920481 PMCID: PMC3492817 DOI: 10.2174/157340312803760848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter ablation for persistent AF remains a challenge to the ablator as the disease is now outside the veins and cannot be tackled by pulmonary vein isolation alone. In this article we describe targeting complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) as a method to guide atrial substrate modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Caldwell
- Arrhythmia Service, Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, 76 Stuart St, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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