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Xia Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Wolfram J. Immunogenicity of Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403199. [PMID: 38932653 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising next-generation therapeutics and drug delivery systems due to demonstrated safety and efficacy in preclinical models and early-stage clinical trials. There is an urgent need to address the immunogenicity of EVs (beyond the apparent lack of immunotoxicity) to advance clinical development. To date, few studies have assessed unintended immunological recognition of EVs. An in-depth understanding of EV-induced immunogenicity and clearance is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies, including approaches to mitigate immunological recognition when undesired. This article summarizes various factors involved in the potential immunogenicity of EVs and strategies to reduce immunological recognition for improved therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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2
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Wang S, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Liu M, Gao Q, Zhang C. Harnessing the potential of HLA-G in cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and prospects. J Transl Med 2024; 22:130. [PMID: 38310272 PMCID: PMC10838004 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockades have been prized in circumventing and ablating the impediments posed by immunosuppressive receptors, reaching an exciting juncture to be an innovator in anticancer therapy beyond traditional therapeutics. Thus far, approved immune checkpoint blockades have principally targeted PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 with exciting success in a plethora of tumors and yet are still trapped in dilemmas of limited response rates and adverse effects. Hence, unveiling new immunotherapeutic targets has aroused immense scientific interest in the hope of expanding the clinical application of immune checkpoint blockades to scale new heights. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, is enriched on various malignant cells and is involved in the hindrance of immune effector cells and the facilitation of immunosuppressive cells. HLA-G stands out as a crucial next-generation immune checkpoint showing great promise for the benefit of cancer patients. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the expression pattern and immunological functions of HLA-G, as well as its interaction with well-characterized immune checkpoints. Since HLA-G can be shed from the cell surface or released by various cells as free soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) or as part of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely HLA-G-bearing EVs (HLA-GEV), we discuss the potential of sHLA-G and HLA-GEV as predictive biomarkers. This review also addresses the advancement of HLA-G-based therapies in preclinical and clinical settings, with a focus on their clinical application in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yueqiang Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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3
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Gonzalez-Melero L, Hernandez RM, Santos-Vizcaino E, Igartua M. Tumour-derived extracellular vesicle based vaccines for melanoma treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1520-1542. [PMID: 37022605 PMCID: PMC10102154 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer immunotherapy is increasing every day. EVs are lipid bilayer vesicles released by most cells, which contain the molecular signature of their parent cell. Melanoma-derived EVs present antigens specific to this aggressive type of cancer, but they also exert immunomodulatory and pro-metastatic activity. Until now, most reviews focus on the immunoevasive characteristics of tumour-derived EVs, but do not help to overcome the issues related to them. In this review, we describe isolation methods of EVs from melanoma patients and most interesting markers to oversee their effect if they are used as antigen carriers. We also discuss the methods developed so far to overcome the lack of immunogenicity of melanoma-derived EVs, which includes EV modification or adjuvant co-administration. In summary, we conclude that EVs can be an interesting antigen source for immunotherapy development once EV obtaining is optimised and the understanding of the mechanisms behind their multiple effects is further understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Melero
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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4
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Adamova P, Lotto RR, Powell AK, Dykes IM. Are there foetal extracellular vesicles in maternal blood? Prospects for diagnostic biomarker discovery. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:65-81. [PMID: 36538060 PMCID: PMC9977902 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital disease improves clinical outcomes; however, as many as 50% of congenital heart disease cases are missed by current ultrasound screening methods. This indicates a need for improved screening technology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted enormous interest in recent years for their potential in diagnostics. EVs mediate endocrine signalling in health and disease and are known to regulate aspects of embryonic development. Here, we critically evaluate recent evidence suggesting that EVs released from the foetus are able to cross the placenta and enter the maternal circulation. Furthermore, EVs from the mother appear to be transported in the reverse direction, whilst the placenta itself acts as a source of EVs. Experimental work utilising rodent models employing either transgenically encoded reporters or application of fluorescent tracking dyes provide convincing evidence of foetal-maternal crosstalk. This is supported by clinical data demonstrating expression of placental-origin EVs in maternal blood, as well as limited evidence for the presence of foetal-origin EVs. Together, this work raises the possibility that foetal EVs present in maternal blood could be used for the diagnosis of congenital disease. We discuss the challenges faced by researchers in translating these basic science findings into a clinical non-invasive prenatal test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Adamova
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robyn R Lotto
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,School of Nursing and Allied Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Tithebarn St, Liverpool, L2 2ER, UK
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain M Dykes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. .,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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5
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Goyal R, Chopra H, singh I, Dua K, Gautam RK. Insights on prospects of nano-siRNA based approaches in treatment of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:985670. [PMID: 36091772 PMCID: PMC9452808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.985670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNA interference, commonly referred to as gene silence, is a biological mechanism that inhibits gene expression in disorders such as cancer. It may enhance the precision, efficacy, and stability of medicines, especially genetic therapies to some extent. However, obstacles such as the delivery of oligonucleotide drugs to inaccessible areas of the body and the prevalence of severe side effects must be overcome. To maximize their potential, it is thus essential to optimize their distribution to target locations and limit their toxicity to healthy cells. The action of siRNA may be harnessed to delete a similar segment of mRNA that encodes a protein that causes sickness. The absence of an efficient delivery mechanism that shields siRNA from nuclease degradation, delivers it to cancer cells and releases it into the cytoplasm of specific cancer cells without causing side effects is currently the greatest obstacle to the practical implementation of siRNA therapy. This article focuses on combinations of siRNA with chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer and gives an overview of several nanocarrier formulations in both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
- MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Inderbir singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy Graduate School of Health Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM) University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kamal Dua, ; Rupesh K. Gautam,
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Kamal Dua, ; Rupesh K. Gautam,
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6
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Tan Y, Tang F, Li J, Yu H, Wu M, Wu Y, Zeng H, Hou K, Zhang Q. Tumor-derived exosomes: the emerging orchestrators in melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112832. [PMID: 35325853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer type derived from melanocytes and its incidence has rapidly increased worldwide. Despite the vast improvement in therapy, melanoma is still confronted with high invasion, metastasis, and recurrence rate. Recent studies have confirmed that the exosomes are naturally occurring membranous extracellular vesicles with nano-sized lipid bilayers, performing as information messagers within cellular reciprocal action. Exosomes are unquestionably endowed with multifaceted roles in various diseases, including melanoma. Notably, tumor-derived exosomes play a pivotal role in conditioning the tumor microenvironment to promote the growth, metastasis, immune escape, and even drug-resistance of melanoma by transferring carcinogenic nucleic acids and proteins. Clinically, the dynamic expressions of exosomal components and loadings in melanoma patients with different tumor stages confer the clinical application of melanoma exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, this review highlights the recent complicated roles and mechanisms of melanoma exosomes, as well as their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in melanoma. The in-depth insights into the properties and behaviors of melanoma exosomes are of great potential to yield attractive therapeutic methods for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Kai Hou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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7
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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8
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Li P, Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang C, Du L. HLA-G/sHLA-G and HLA-G-Bearing Extracellular Vesicles in Cancers: Potential Role as Biomarkers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791535. [PMID: 34868081 PMCID: PMC8636042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a non-classic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is expressed in fetal-maternal interface and immunoprivileged site only in healthy condition, and in pathological conditions such as cancer, it can be de novo expressed. It is now widely accepted that HLA-G is a key molecule in the process of immune escape of cancer cells, which is ubiquitously expressed in the tumor environment. This raises the possibility that it may play an adverse role in tumor immunity. The expression level of HLA-G has been demonstrated to be highly correlated with clinical parameters in many tumors, and its potential significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer has been postulated. However, because HLA-G itself has up to seven different subtypes, and for some subtypes, detected antibodies are few or absent, it is hard to evaluate the actual expression of HLA-G in tumors. In the present work, we described (a) the structure and three main forms of HLA-G, (b) summarized the mechanism of HLA-G in the immune escape of tumor cells, (c) discussed the potential role of HLA-G as a tumor marker, and reviewed (d) the methods for detecting and quantifying HLA-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection , Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection , Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection , Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
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9
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Kurian TK, Banik S, Gopal D, Chakrabarti S, Mazumder N. Elucidating Methods for Isolation and Quantification of Exosomes: A Review. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:249-266. [PMID: 33492613 PMCID: PMC7940341 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles present in most of the biological fluids. They are found to play an important role in cell signaling, immune response, tumor metastasis, etc. Studies have shown that these vesicles also have diagnostic and therapeutic roles for which their accurate detection and quantification is essential. Due to the complexity in size and structure of exosomes, even the gold standard methods face challenges. This comprehensive review discusses the various standard methods such as ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, size-exclusion chromatography, precipitation, immunoaffinity, and microfluidic technologies for the isolation of exosomes. The principle of isolation of each method is described, as well as their specific advantages and disadvantages. Quantification of exosomes by nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, tunable resistive pulse sensing, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and microfluidic devices are also described, along with the applications of exosomes in various biomedical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha Keren Kurian
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Soumyabrata Banik
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Dharshini Gopal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Shweta Chakrabarti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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10
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Wang M, Zhao X, Huang F, Wang L, Huang J, Gong Z, Yu W. Exosomal proteins: Key players mediating pre‑metastatic niche formation and clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:4. [PMID: 33649844 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a destructive characteristic of malignant tumors and the fundamental reason why malignant tumors are difficult to cure. The concept of a pre‑metastatic niche (PMN) provides a novel way to elucidate the molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis. At present, the PMN has been considered as a critical determinant priming distal sites for metastasis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that exosomes are cellular communicators serving a pivotal role in mediating tumor cell metastasis by establishing the PMN. Among exosomal cargos, non‑coding RNAs and proteins are two commonly studied components; however, the latter has received less attention. The present review aimed to summarize the findings regarding cargo proteins selectively loaded in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Metastasis‑associated proteins have been demonstrated to be selectively enriched in malignant tumor‑derived exosomes. Exosomal proteins promote PMN formation to mediate the site‑specific metastasis of tumor cells by inducing lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and permeability, educating stromal cells, remodeling the extracellular matrix, and suppressing the antitumor immune response. These exosomal proteins have great potential in predicting organ‑directed metastasis and prognosis, as well as in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jiaying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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11
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Bano R, Ahmad F, Mohsin M. A perspective on the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from different biofluids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19598-19615. [PMID: 35479207 PMCID: PMC9033677 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and detection methods for the different types of EVs (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, oncosomes) from biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Bano
- Metabolic Engineering Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Animal Biology
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Metabolic Engineering Laboratory
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
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12
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Immune Regulation by Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123558. [PMID: 33260499 PMCID: PMC7761478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication as vehicles for the transport of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including different RNAs. Dendritic cells (DCs)-derived EVs (DEVs), albeit variably, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface that enable the interaction with other immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, and other ligands that stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, thereby instructing tumor rejection, and counteracting immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Malignant cells oppose this effect by secreting EVs bearing a variety of molecules that block DCs function. For instance, tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) can impair myeloid cell differentiation resulting in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) generation. Hence, the unique composition of EVs makes them suitable candidates for the development of new cancer treatment approaches including prophylactic vaccine targeting oncogenic pathogens, cancer vaccines, and cancer immunotherapeutics. We offer a perspective from both cell sides, DCs, and tumor cells, on how EVs regulate the antitumor immune response, and how this translates into promising therapeutic options by reviewing the latest advancement in DEV-based cancer therapeutics.
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13
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Schwich E, Hò GGT, LeMaoult J, Bade-Döding C, Carosella ED, Horn PA, Rebmann V. Soluble HLA-G and HLA-G Bearing Extracellular Vesicles Affect ILT-2 Positive and ILT-2 Negative CD8 T Cells Complementary. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2046. [PMID: 32973812 PMCID: PMC7472666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune escape is associated with both, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on peripheral immune cells and soluble forms of the human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in the blood, which are consequently discussed as clinical biomarker for disease status and outcome of cancer patients. HLA-G preferentially interacts with the inhibitory receptor immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) receptor-2 in the blood and can be secreted as free soluble molecules (sHLA-G) or via extracellular vesicles (EV). To investigate the contribution of these two forms to the expression of checkpoint molecules in peripheral blood, we primed peripheral blood mononuclear cells with purified soluble sHLA-G1 protein, or EV preparations derived from SUM149 cells transfected with membrane-bound HLA-G1 or control vector prior to anti-CD3/CD28 T cell activation. Our study demonstrated that priming of PBMC with sHLA-G1 protein prior to 48 h activation resulted in enhanced frequencies of ILT-2 expressing CD8+ T cells, and in an upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, and CD95 exclusively on ILT-2 positive CD8+ T cells. In contrast, when PBMC were primed with EV (containing HLA-G1 or not) upregulation of CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, and CD95 occurred exclusively on ILT-2 negative CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our data suggest that priming with sHLA-G forms induces a pronounced immunosuppressive/exhausted phenotype and that priming with sHLA-G1 protein or EV derived from HLA-G1 positive or negative SUM149 cells affects CD8+ T cells complementary by targeting either the ILT-2 positive or negative subpopulation, respectively, after T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Schwich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gia-Gia T Hò
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de paris, Paris, France
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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14
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Loustau M, Anna F, Dréan R, Lecomte M, Langlade-Demoyen P, Caumartin J. HLA-G Neo-Expression on Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1685. [PMID: 32922387 PMCID: PMC7456902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-G is known to modulate the immune system activity in tissues where physiological immune-tolerance is necessary (i.e., maternal-fetal interface, thymus, and cornea). However, the frequent neo-expression of HLA-G in many cancer types has been previously and extensively described and is correlated with a bad prognosis. Despite being an MHC class I molecule, HLA-G is highly present in tumor context and shows unique characteristics of tissue restriction of a Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA), and potent immunosuppressive activity of an Immune CheckPoint (ICP). Consequently, HLA-G appears to be an excellent molecular target for immunotherapy. Although the relevance of HLA-G in cancer incidence and development has been proven in numerous tumors, its neo-expression pattern is still difficult to determine. Indeed, the estimation of HLA-G's actual expression in tumor tissue is limited, particularly concerning the presence and percentage of the new non-canonical isoforms, for which detection antibodies are scarce or inexistent. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about HLA-G neo-expression and implication in various tumor types, pointing out the need for the development of new tools to analyze in-depth the HLA-G neo-expression patterns, opening the way for the generation of new monoclonal antibodies and cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Anna
- Invectys, Paris, France
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur & CNRS URA 3015, Paris, France
| | - Raphaelle Dréan
- Invectys, Paris, France
- Molecular Retrovirology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
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15
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Hood JL. Natural melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:251-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Lin A, Yan W. Intercellular transfer of HLA-G: its potential in cancer immunology. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1077. [PMID: 31489189 PMCID: PMC6716982 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular protein transfer between cancer cells and immune cells is a very common phenomenon that can affect different stages of host antitumor immune responses. HLA‐G, a non‐classical HLA class I antigen, has been observed to be widely expressed in various malignancies, and its immune‐suppressive functions have been well recognised. HLA‐G expression in cancer cells can directly mediate immune tolerance by interacting with inhibitory receptors such as ILT2 and ILT4 expressed on immune cells. Moreover, a network of multiple directional intercellular transfers of HLA‐G among cancer cells and immune cells through trogocytosis, exosomes and tunnelling nanotubes provides malignant cells with an alternative ploy for antigen sharing and induces more complex heterogeneity, to modulate immune responses, ultimately leading to immune evasion, therapy resistance, disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Herein, we discuss the relative aspects of the intercellular transfer of HLA‐G between tumor cells and immune cells and its potential use in tumor immunology research and translational cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Lin
- Biological Resource CenterTaizhou Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceWenzhou Medical UniversityLinhaiZhejiangChina
| | - Wei‐Hua Yan
- Medical Research CenterTaizhou Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceWenzhou Medical UniversityLinhaiZhejiangChina
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17
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Wan M, Ning B, Spiegel S, Lyon CJ, Hu TY. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs): How to avoid the sting in the tail. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:385-412. [PMID: 31318078 PMCID: PMC6917833 DOI: 10.1002/med.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are abundantly secreted extracellular vesicles that accumulate in the circulation and are of great interest for disease diagnosis and evaluation since their contents reflects the phenotype of their cell of origin. Tumor‐derived exosomes (TDEs) are of particular interest for cancer diagnosis and therapy, since most tumor demonstrate highly elevated exosome secretion rates and provide specific information about the genotype of a tumor and its response to treatment. TDEs also contain regulatory factors that can alter the phenotypes of local and distant tissue sites and alter immune cell functions to promote tumor progression. The abundance, information content, regulatory potential, in vivo half‐life, and physical durability of exosomes suggest that TDEs may represent a superior source of diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets than other materials currently under investigation. This review will summarize current information on mechanisms that may differentially regulate TDE biogenesis, TDE effects on the immune system that promote tumor survival, growth, and metastasis, and new approaches understudy to counteract or utilize TDE properties in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MeiHua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tony Y Hu
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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18
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Exosome beads array for multiplexed phenotyping in cancer. J Proteomics 2019; 198:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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da Silva IL, Montero-Montero L, Ferreira E, Quintanilla M. New Insights Into the Role of Qa-2 and HLA-G Non-classical MHC-I Complexes in Malignancy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2894. [PMID: 30574154 PMCID: PMC6292030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the immune system can identify and destroy neoplastic transformed cells in a process known as immunosurveillance. Most studies have focused on the classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia molecules, which are known to play an important role on the presentation of tumor antigens to the immune system in order to activate a response against tumor cells. However, a larger family of non-classical MHC class Ib-related molecules has received less attention. In this mini-review, we discuss the role of class Ib murine Qa-2 and its proposed human HLA-G homolog on immunosurveillance during embryogenesis and cancer. Whereas, both HLA-G and Qa-2 are involved in immune tolerance in pregnancy, the current evidence suggests that they play opposite roles in cancer. HLA-G appears to promote tumor progression while Qa-2 acts as a tumor suppressor awaking the immune system to reject tumor cells, as suggested by studies on different cancer cell models, such as melanoma, lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and our own results in mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istéfani L da Silva
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of the West of Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Lucía Montero-Montero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Compared Pathology, Department of General Pathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Lin A, Yan WH. Heterogeneity of HLA-G Expression in Cancers: Facing the Challenges. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2164. [PMID: 30319626 PMCID: PMC6170620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed in most malignancies, which represents a considerable challenge for tumor therapy. In recent decades, the biological function and clinical significance of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G have been intensively explored. It is now widely accepted that HLA-G is a critical marker of immunotolerance in cancer cell immune evasion and is strongly associated with disease progress and prognosis for cancer patients. Moreover, it has recently been emphasized that the signaling pathway linking HLA-G and immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) is considered an immune checkpoint. In addition, HLA-G itself can generate at least seven distinct isoforms, and intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity of HLA-G expression is common across different tumor types. Furthermore, HLA-G heterogeneity in cancers has been related to disease stage and outcomes, metastatic status and response to different therapies. This review focuses on the heterogeneity of HLA-G expression in malignant lesions, and clinical implications of this heterogeneity that might be relevant to personalized treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Lin
- Biological Resource Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yan
- Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
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21
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Dias FC, Bertol BC, Poras I, Souto BM, Mendes-Junior CT, Castelli EC, Gineau L, Sabbagh A, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED, Donadi EA, Moreau P. The genetic diversity within the 1.4 kb HLA-G 5' upstream regulatory region moderately impacts on cellular microenvironment responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5652. [PMID: 29618829 PMCID: PMC5884815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA-G 5'URR extending 1.4 kb from the ATG presents a unique set of regulatory elements among HLA genes. Several variable sites have been described that coincide with or are close to these elements, thus HLA-G 5'URR polymorphism might influence the HLA-G expression level. We cloned the ten most frequent HLA-G 5'URR haplotypes to evaluate their activity on a luciferase reporter gene in HLA-G+ cell lines (JEG-3/choriocarcinoma and FON+/melanoma). We also investigated associations between the plasma HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels and the HLA-G 5'URR variability in 157 healthy individuals. Cell lines were transfected with pGL3-Basic vector constructions containing HLA-G 5'URR sequences. The G010101a (in JEG-3) and G010101b (in FON+) haplotypes exhibited higher promoter activity, whereas the G010101d (in JEG-3) and G010102a (in FON+) haplotypes exhibited lower promoter activity. In the presence of HLA-G inducers (interferon-β and progesterone) or repressors (cyclopamine) HLA-G promoter activity was modulated, but certain haplotypes exhibited differential responses. No strict association was observed between plasma sHLA-G levels and the 5'URR haplotypes or genotypes; however, the G010101b haplotype was underrepresented among HLA-G-negative plasmas. Therefore, the HLA-G 5'URR polymorphism may have an impact on the modulation of HLA-G gene expression, but alone provides a limited predictive value for sHLA-G levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício C Dias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR_E5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France
| | - Bruna C Bertol
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Poras
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR_E5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France
| | - Bruno M Souto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil
| | - Celso T Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil
| | - Erick C Castelli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, State of São, Paulo, ZIP Code 18.618-687, Brazil
| | - Laure Gineau
- UMR 216-MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris - Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, ZIP Code 75006, France
| | - Audrey Sabbagh
- UMR 216-MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris - Université Paris Descartes, COMUE Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, ZIP Code 75006, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR_E5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR_E5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, ZIP Code 14.049-900, Brazil
| | - Philippe Moreau
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France. .,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, UMR_E5, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, ZIP code 75010, France.
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22
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Bardi GT, Smith MA, Hood JL. Melanoma exosomes promote mixed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2018; 105:63-72. [PMID: 29459345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1β, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-α. The M2 cytokine TGF-β was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Smith
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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23
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Li W, Li C, Zhou T, Liu X, Liu X, Li X, Chen D. Role of exosomal proteins in cancer diagnosis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:145. [PMID: 28851367 PMCID: PMC5576100 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarkers. Exosome is a bilayered nano-sized vesicle secreted by various living cells in all body fluids. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, exosomes are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of cancer cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma correlate with pathological processes of many diseases including cancer. However, previous studies on exosome application in cancer diagnosis and treatment mainly focussed on miRNAs. With the development of rapid large-scale production, purification, extraction and screening of exosomal contents, exosomal protein application can be explored for early stage cancer diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis evaluation. Here, we summarized the recent developments in application of exosomal proteins for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China.,, NO.8, xitoutiao,Youan men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyun Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhui Li
- YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, China.
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24
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Grange C, Camussi G. Immunosuppressive role of extracellular vesicles: HLA-G, an important player. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:223. [PMID: 28603738 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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25
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Amodio G, Gregori S. The discovery of HLA-G-bearing extracellular vesicles: new perspectives in HLA-G biology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:148. [PMID: 28462228 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.01.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Amodio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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26
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Isola AL, Chen S. Exosomes: The Messengers of Health and Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:157-165. [PMID: 27568544 PMCID: PMC5327461 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160825160421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles comprised of a lipid bilayer containing various proteins, RNAs and bioactive lipids. They act as intercellular messengers that give the ability to communicate between both cells of the same type and other cell types. They are released by healthy cells, both constitutively and upon cell activation and play an important role in immune system function. Exosomes are essential for healthy physiological conditions, however under pathological circumstances, they act to potentiate cellular stress and damage. This review explores the characteristics, biogenesis, role(s) in the pathogenesis of diseases and role(s) in progression of cancer of these nano-sized messages-in-a-vesicle: exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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27
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Ingato D, Lee JU, Sim SJ, Kwon YJ. Good things come in small packages: Overcoming challenges to harness extracellular vesicles for therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Allergen-driven HLA-G expression and secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic rhinitis patients. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1172-1178. [PMID: 27527921 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that soluble HLA-G serum levels are increased in patients with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis and decrease after immunotherapy. However, no functional study has been conducted so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the membrane expression and secretion of HLA-G molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from allergic rhinitis patients after in vitro incubation with the causal allergen. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two allergic rhinitis patients and ten healthy subjects were enrolled. Membrane HLA-G expression was determined by flow cytometry and soluble HLA-G in culture supernatant was determined by immunoenzymatic assay. HLA-G expression was detected in CD4+ (T-helper-2) cells and monocytes after in vitro stimulation with the causal allergen but not with non specific stimuli and non causal allergens. Accordingly, the release of soluble HLA-G in culture supernatant occurred only after the stimulation with the causal allergen. Collectively, these results were confirmed by Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first in vitro evidence that in allergic patients HLA-G expression and secretion is specifically induced by the causal allergen. These data may add new insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying allergic inflammation and allergen specific immunotherapy.
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Nardi FDS, König L, Wagner B, Giebel B, Santos Manvailer LF, Rebmann V. Soluble monomers, dimers and HLA-G-expressing extracellular vesicles: the three dimensions of structural complexity to use HLA-G as a clinical biomarker. HLA 2016; 88:77-86. [PMID: 27440734 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The HLA-G molecule belongs to the family of nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. At variance to classical HLA class I, HLA-G displays (i) a low number of nucleotide variations within the coding region, (ii) a high structural diversity, (iii) a restricted peptide repertoire, (iv) a limited tissue distribution and (v) strong immune-suppressive properties. The physiological HLA-G surface expression is restricted to the maternal-fetal interface and to immune-privileged adult tissues. Soluble forms of HLA-G (sHLA-G) are detectable in various body fluids. Cellular activation and pathological processes are associated with an aberrant or a neo-expression of HLA-G/sHLA-G. Functionally, HLA-G and its secreted forms are considered to be key players in the induction of short- and long-term tolerance. Thus, its unique expression profile and tolerance-inducing functions render HLA-G/sHLA-G an attractive biomarker to monitor the systemic health/disease status and disease activity/progression for clinical approaches in disease management and treatments. Here, we place emphasis on (i) the current status of the tolerance-inducing functions by HLA-G/sHLA-G, (ii) the current complexity to implement this molecule as a meaningful clinical biomarker regarding the three dimensions of structural diversity (monomers, dimers and HLA-G-expressing extracellular vesicles) with its functional implications, and (iii) novel and future approaches to detect and quantify sHLA-G structures and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F da Silva Nardi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Federal University of Paraná, Genetics Department, Curitiba, Brazil.,Ministry of Education of Brazil, Capes Foundation, Brasília, Brazil
| | - L König
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - L F Santos Manvailer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ministry of Education of Brazil, Capes Foundation, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Rebmann V, König L, Nardi FDS, Wagner B, Manvailer LFS, Horn PA. The Potential of HLA-G-Bearing Extracellular Vesicles as a Future Element in HLA-G Immune Biology. Front Immunol 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 27199995 PMCID: PMC4854879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA-G molecule is a member of the non-classical HLA class I family. Its surface expression is physiologically restricted to the maternal–fetal interface and to immune privileged adult tissues. Despite the restricted tissue expression, HLA-G is detectable in body fluids as secreted soluble molecules. A unique feature of HLA-G is the structural diversity as surface expressed and as secreted molecules. Secreted HLA-G can be found in various body fluids either as free soluble HLA-G or as part of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are composed of various antigens/ligands/receptors, bioactive lipids, cytokines, growth factors, and genetic information, such as mRNA and microRNA. Functionally, HLA-G and its secreted forms are considered to play a crucial role in the network of immune-regulatory tolerance mechanisms, preferentially interacting with the cognate inhibitory receptors LILRB1 and LILRB2. The HLA-G mediated tolerance is described in processes of pregnancy, inflammation, and cancer. However, almost all functional and clinical implications of HLA-G in vivo and in vitro have been established based on simple single ligand/receptor interactions at the cell surface, whereas HLA-G-bearing EVs were in minor research focus. Indeed, cytotrophoblast cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and cancer cells were recently described to secrete HLA-G-bearing EVs, displaying immunosuppressive effects and modulating the tumor microenvironment. However, numerous functional and clinical open questions persist. Here, we (i) introduce basic aspects of EVs biology, (ii) summarize the functional knowledge, clinical implications and open questions of HLA-G-bearing EVs, and (iii) discuss HLA-G-bearing EVs as a future element in HLA-G biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Lisa König
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabiola da Silva Nardi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Federal University of Paraná Genetics Department, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Luis Felipe Santos Manvailer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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Nardi FDS, Slowik R, Michelon T, Manvailer LFDS, Wagner B, Neumann J, Horn P, Bicalho MDG, Rebmann V. High Amounts of Total and Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Soluble HLA-G are Associated with HLA-G 14-bp Deletion Variant in Women with Embryo Implantation Failure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:661-71. [PMID: 26959830 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression is related to 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3'UTR of the HLA-G gene. Soluble forms of HLA-G are released as free molecules or via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Due to the crucial role of HLA-G during pregnancy, we analyzed the 14-bp polymorphism and the two secreted forms in implantation failure women (IF) and in fertile women (FW). METHOD OF STUDY For the genetic analysis, 49 IF and 34 FW were genotyped. For sHLA-G quantification, serum samples from 35 IF and 23 FW were available. ExoQuick(™) kit was used for EVs precipitation. The total soluble HLA-G (sHLA-Gtot ) and vesicular sHLA-GEV were quantified by ELISA. The EVs size and concentration were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). RESULTS An increased proportion of IF presented high levels of sHLA-Gtot (P = 0.02) and vesicular sHLA-GEV (P = 0.0003) compared to FW. The 14-bp deletion allele is more frequent in IF (P = 0.0002) and associated with high levels of sHLA-Gtot and vesicular sHLA-GEV . CONCLUSION The high expression of sHLA-Gtot and sHLA-GEV , together with the presence of the 14-bp deletion allele, might be involved in implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola da Silva Nardi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Genetics Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Renata Slowik
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Genetics Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Felipe Dos Santos Manvailer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jorge Neumann
- Reproductive Immunology Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Peter Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Genetics Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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König L, Kasimir-Bauer S, Hoffmann O, Bittner AK, Wagner B, Manvailer LFS, Schramm S, Bankfalvi A, Giebel B, Kimmig R, Horn PA, Rebmann V. The prognostic impact of soluble and vesicular HLA-G and its relationship to circulating tumor cells in neoadjuvant treated breast cancer patients. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:791-9. [PMID: 26796737 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The non-classical human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) molecule and its soluble forms exert multiple immune suppressive regulatory functions in malignancy and in stem cells contributing to immune escape mechanisms. HLA-G can be secreted as free soluble HLA-G molecules or via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we evaluated these soluble HLA-G forms as prognostic marker for prediction of the clinical outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) treated breast cancer (BC) patients. Plasma samples of BC patients procured before (n=142) and after (n=154) NACT were quantified for total soluble HLA-G (sHLA-Gtot) and HLA-G levels in ExoQuick™ derived EV fractions (sHLA-GEV) by ELISA. The corresponding increments were specified as free sHLA-G (sHLA-Gfree). Total and free sHLA-G were significantly increased in NACT treated BC patients compared to healthy controls (n=16). High sHLA-Gfree levels were exclusively associated to estrogen receptor expression before NACT. Importantly, high sHLA-GEV levels before NACT were related to disease progression and the detection of stem cell-like circulating tumor cells, but high sHLA-Gfree levels indicated an improved clinical outcome. Thus, this study demonstrates for the first time that the different sHLA-G subcomponents represent dissimilar qualitative prognostic impacts on the clinical outcome of NACT treated BC patients, whereas the total sHLA-G levels without separating into subcomponents are not related to clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa König
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoffmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Bittner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Luis Felipe Santos Manvailer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; The Capes Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Cx. Postal 250, Brasília DF 70.040-020, Brazil
| | - Sabine Schramm
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Role of HLA-G and extracellular vesicles in renal cancer stem cell-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1009. [PMID: 26704308 PMCID: PMC4690241 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor immune-escape has been related to the ability of cancer cells to inhibit T cell activation and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We previously identified a tumor initiating population, expressing the mesenchymal marker CD105, which fulfills the criteria for definition as cancer stem cells (CD105(+) CSCs) able to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that favor tumor progression and metastases. The aim of the present study was to compare the ability of renal CSCs and derived EVs to modulate the behavior of monocyte-derived DCs with a non-tumor initiating renal cancer cell population (CD105(-) TCs) and their EVs. METHODS Maturation of monocyte-derived DCs was studied in presence of CD105(+) CSCs and CD105(-) TCs and their derived EVs. DC differentiation experiments were evaluated by cytofluorimetric analysis. T cell proliferation and ELISA assays were performed. Monocytes and T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy donors. RESULTS The results obtained demonstrate that both CD105(+) CSCs and CD105(-) TCs impaired the differentiation process of DCs from monocytes. However, the immune-modulatory effect of CD105(+) CSCs was significantly greater than that of CD105(-) TCs. EVs derived from CD105(+) CSCs and in less extent, those derived from CD105(-) TCs retained the ability to impair monocyte maturation and T cell activation. The mechanism has been mainly related to the expression of HLA-G by tumor cells and to its release in a form associated to EVs. HLA-G blockade significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of EVs on DC differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that renal cancer cells and in particular CSCs and derived EVs impair maturation of DCs and T cell immune response by a mechanism involving HLA-G.
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Lin A, Yan WH. Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) Expression in Cancers: Roles in Immune Evasion, Metastasis and Target for Therapy. Mol Med 2015; 21:782-791. [PMID: 26322846 PMCID: PMC4749493 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant induction of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression has been observed in various malignancies and is strongly associated with tumor immune escape, metastasis and poor prognosis. To date, great achievements have been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of HLA-G involved in tumor progression. HLA-G could lead to tumor evasion by inhibition of immune cell cytolysis, differentiation and proliferation and inhibition of cytokine production, induction of immune cell apoptosis, generation of regulatory cells and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressive cells and by impairment of chemotaxis. Moreover, HLA-G could arm tumor cells with a higher invasive and metastatic potential with the upregulation of tumor-promoting factor expression such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), indicating that ectopic HLA-G expression could render multiple effects during the progression of malignancies. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of HLA-G involved in promoting tumor cell immune escaping, metastasis and disease progression. Special attention will be paid to its significance as an attractive therapeutic target in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Lin
- Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hua Yan
- Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Andersson E, Poschke I, Villabona L, Carlson JW, Lundqvist A, Kiessling R, Seliger B, Masucci GV. Non-classical HLA-class I expression in serous ovarian carcinoma: Correlation with the HLA-genotype, tumor infiltrating immune cells and prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1052213. [PMID: 26942060 PMCID: PMC4760332 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1052213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have shown that patients with serous ovarian carcinoma in advanced surgical stage disease have a particularly poor prognosis if they carry the HLA-A*02 genotype. This represent a stronger prognostic factor than loss or downregulation of the MHC class I heavy chain (HC) on tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the expression of the non-classical, immune tolerogenic HLA -G and -E on the tumor cells along with the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. FFPE primary tumors from 72 patients with advanced stages of serous adenocarcinoma and metastatic cells present in ascites fluid from 8 additional patients were included in this study. Both expression of HLA-G and aberrant expression of HLA-E were correlated to a significant worse prognosis in patients with HLA-A*02, but not with different HLA genotypes. Focal cell expression of HLA-G correlated to a site-specific downregulation of classical MHC class I HC products and aberrant HLA-E expression, showing a poor survival. HLA-G was more frequently expressed in metastatic cells than in primary tumor lesions and the expression of HLA-G inversely correlated with the frequency of tumor infiltrating immune cells. All these parameters can contribute together to identify and discriminate subpopulations of patients with extremely poor prognosis and can give them the opportunity to receive, and benefit of individually tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Andersson
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Poschke
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Villabona
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph W Carlson
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Giuseppe V Masucci
- Department Oncology-Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital ; Stockholm, Sweden
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McKelvey KJ, Powell KL, Ashton AW, Morris JM, McCracken SA. Exosomes: Mechanisms of Uptake. J Circ Biomark 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 28936243 PMCID: PMC5572985 DOI: 10.5772/61186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30–100 nm microvesicles which contain complex cellular signals of RNA, protein and lipids. Because of this, exosomes are implicated as having limitless therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer, pregnancy complications, infections, and autoimmune diseases. To date we know a considerable amount about exosome biogenesis and secretion, but there is a paucity of data regarding the uptake of exosomes by immune and non-immune cell types (e.g., cancer cells) and the internal signalling pathways by which these exosomes elicit a cellular response. Answering these questions is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie L Powell
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon A McCracken
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Lê VB, Schneider JG, Boergeling Y, Berri F, Ducatez M, Guerin JL, Adrian I, Errazuriz-Cerda E, Frasquilho S, Antunes L, Lina B, Bordet JC, Jandrot-Perrus M, Ludwig S, Riteau B. Platelet activation and aggregation promote lung inflammation and influenza virus pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:804-19. [PMID: 25664391 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1031oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The hallmark of severe influenza virus infection is excessive inflammation of the lungs. Platelets are activated during influenza, but their role in influenza virus pathogenesis and inflammatory responses is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of platelets during influenza A virus infections and propose new therapeutics against influenza. METHODS We used targeted gene deletion approaches and pharmacologic interventions to investigate the role of platelets during influenza virus infection in mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lungs of infected mice were massively infiltrated by aggregates of activated platelets. Platelet activation promoted influenza A virus pathogenesis. Activating protease-activated receptor 4, a platelet receptor for thrombin that is crucial for platelet activation, exacerbated influenza-induced acute lung injury and death. In contrast, deficiency in the major platelet receptor glycoprotein IIIa protected mice from death caused by influenza viruses, and treating the mice with a specific glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, eptifibatide, had the same effect. Interestingly, mice treated with other antiplatelet compounds (antagonists of protease-activated receptor 4, MRS 2179, and clopidogrel) were also protected from severe lung injury and lethal infections induced by several influenza strains. CONCLUSIONS The intricate relationship between hemostasis and inflammation has major consequences in influenza virus pathogenesis, and antiplatelet drugs might be explored to develop new antiinflammatory treatment against influenza virus infections.
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Frydrychowicz M, Kolecka-Bednarczyk A, Madejczyk M, Yasar S, Dworacki G. Exosomes - structure, biogenesis and biological role in non-small-cell lung cancer. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:2-10. [PMID: 25359529 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many different cells produce and release membraneous microvesicles (MV) or exosomes into their microenvironment. Exosomes represent a specific subtype of secreted derived vesicles which are defined as homogenous vesicles of 30-100 nm lined by a lipid bilayer, which contain a specific set of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. There are clear evidences that they serve as important biological signals messengers and carriers in physiological as well as in pathological processes. Those derived from tumours (tumour-derived exosomes, TD-exosomes) function as protumourigenic factors that can mediate intercellular communication in the tumour microenvironment and also contribute to cancer progression. The main functions of exosomes in the cancer microenvironment include the following: promotion of primary cancer growth, stimulation of angiogenesis, activation of stromal fibroblasts, sculpting the cancer ECM, generation of a premetastatic niche and suppression of host immune response. Exosomes have recently emerged as potentially promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. This article is a summary of information about the structure and origin of exosomes and also indicates the importance of exosomes and microRNAs in lung cancer. The role of exosomes in NSCLC is little known, and its explanation requires thorough research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frydrychowicz
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Yan WH, Liu D, Lu HY, Li YY, Zhang X, Lin A. Significance of tumour cell HLA-G5/-G6 isoform expression in discrimination for adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma in lung cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:778-85. [PMID: 25689063 PMCID: PMC4395192 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-G has seven isoforms, of which HLA-G1-G4 are membrane-bound and HLA-G5-G7 are soluble. Previous studies reinforced HLA-G expression was strongly related to poor prognosis in different types of cancers. Among these studies, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4H84 was used which detects all HLA-G isoform heavy chain; unfortunately, leaves the specific types of isoforms expressed in lesions undistinguished and its clinical significance needs to be clarified. To explore clinical significance of lesion soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mAb 5A6G7 recognizing HLA-G5/-G6 molecules was used. Tumour cell sHLA-G expression in 131 primary NSCLC lesions (66 squamous cell carcinoma, 55 adenocarcinoma and 10 adenosquamous carcinoma) were analysed with immunohistochemistry. Data showed that sHLA-G expression was observed in 34.0% (45/131) of the NSCLC lesions, which was unrelated to patient age, sex, lymph nodal status, tumour-node-metastasis stage and patient survival. However, tumour cell sHLA-G expression in lesions was predominately observed in adenocarcinoma lesions (73.0%, 40/55) which was significantly higher than that in squamous cell carcinoma (6.0%, 4/66) and adenosquamous carcinoma lesions (10.0%, 1/10, P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for lesion sHLA-G was 0.833 (95% CI: 0.754-0.912, P < 0.001) for adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma. Our findings for the first time showed that tumour cell sHLA-G was predominately expressed in lung adenocarcinoma, which could be a useful biomarker to discriminate adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Yan
- Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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Catamo E, Zupin L, Crovella S, Celsi F, Segat L. Non-classical MHC-I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-G) in hepatotropic viral infections and in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1225-31. [PMID: 25318079 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a "nonclassical" major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib gene, located at chromosome 6, in the 6p21.3 region. The HLA-G presents immunomodulatory functions essential in pregnancy for the tolerance of the semi-allogenic fetus, but an abnormal expression of HLA-G has been observed in numerous pathological conditions, such as tumors, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In recent years, numerous studies have assessed the clinical relevance of HLA-G expression in different types of cancer: in general, a higher HLA-G expression correlates with a lower survival rate or a shorter disease-free survival. Altered expression of HLA-G has been found in both HCV and HBV infection, and some genetic polymorphisms have been associated with altered susceptibility/disease development for these infections, however, whether the biologic role of HLA-G in HCV and HBV infection is beneficial or hazardous, it is not completely clear. In the context of hepatocellular carcinoma, HLA-G has shown a potential diagnostic role, moreover a prognostic value in HCC patients has been also attributed to HLA-G molecules. We revise here the role of HLA-G in hepatotropic HBV/HCV infections and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Catamo
- Medical Science Department, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Medical Science Department, University of Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio Celsi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
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Rebmann V, da Silva Nardi F, Wagner B, Horn PA. HLA-G as a tolerogenic molecule in transplantation and pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:297073. [PMID: 25143957 PMCID: PMC4131093 DOI: 10.1155/2014/297073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-G is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule. In allogeneic situations such as pregnancy or allograft transplantation, the expression of HLA-G has been related to a better acceptance of the fetus or the allograft. Thus, it seems that HLA-G is crucially involved in mechanisms shaping an allogeneic immune response into tolerance. In this contribution we focus on (i) how HLA-G is involved in transplantation and human reproduction, (ii) how HLA-G is regulated by genetic and microenvironmental factors, and (iii) how HLA-G can offer novel perspectives with respect to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Fabiola da Silva Nardi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, 70.040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
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43
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A comprehensive overview of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles - endogenous nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:75-87. [PMID: 24747178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes denote a class of secreted nanoparticles defined by size, surface protein and lipid composition, and the ability to carry RNA and proteins. They are important mediators of intercellular communication and regulators of the cellular niche, and their altered characteristics in many diseases, such as cancer, suggest them to be important both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, prompting the idea of using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, especially for gene therapy. This review covers the current status of evidence presented in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems. Components for successful exosome-based drug delivery, such as choice of donor cell, therapeutic cargo, use of targeting peptide, loading method and administration route are highlighted and discussed with a general focus pertaining to the results obtained in models of different cancer types. In addition, completed and on-going clinical trials are described, evaluating exosome-based therapies for the treatment of different cancer types. Due to their endogenous origin, exosome-based drug delivery systems may have advantages in the treatment of cancer, but their design needs further refinement to justify their usage on the clinical scale.
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Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a low polymorphic nonclassical HLA-I molecule restrictively expressed and with suppressive functions. HLA-G gene products are quite complex, with seven HLA-G isoforms, four membrane bound, and other three soluble isoforms that can suffer different posttranslational modifications or even complex formations. In addition, HLA-G has been described included in exosomes. In this review we will focus on HLA-G biochemistry with special emphasis to the mechanisms that regulate its expression and how the protein modifications affect the quantification in biological fluids.
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45
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Rouas-Freiss N, Moreau P, LeMaoult J, Carosella ED. The dual role of HLA-G in cancer. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:359748. [PMID: 24800261 PMCID: PMC3995100 DOI: 10.1155/2014/359748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We here review the current data on the role of HLA-G in cancer based on recent findings of an unexpected antitumor activity of HLA-G in hematological malignancies. For the past decade, HLA-G has been described as a tumor-escape mechanism favoring cancer progression, and blocking strategies have been proposed to counteract it. Aside from these numerous studies on solid tumors, recent data showed that HLA-G inhibits the proliferation of malignant B cells due to the interaction between HLA-G and its receptor ILT2, which mediates negative signaling on B cell proliferation. These results led to the conjecture that, according to the malignant cell type, HLA-G should be blocked or conversely induced to counteract tumor progression. In this context, we will here present (i) the dual role of HLA-G in solid and liquid tumors with special emphasis on (ii) the HLA-G active structures and their related ILT2 and ILT4 receptors and (iii) the current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms of HLA-G expression in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moreau
- CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- CEA, Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, 75010 Paris, France
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46
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Berri F, Lê VB, Jandrot-Perrus M, Lina B, Riteau B. Switch from protective to adverse inflammation during influenza: viral determinants and hemostasis are caught as culprits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:885-98. [PMID: 24091817 PMCID: PMC11114008 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause acute respiratory infections, which are highly contagious and occur as seasonal epidemic and sporadic pandemic outbreaks. Innate immune response is activated shortly after infection with influenza A viruses (IAV), affording effective protection of the host. However, this response should be tightly regulated, as insufficient inflammation may result in virus escape from immunosurveillance. In contrast, excessive inflammation may result in bystander lung tissue damage, loss of respiratory capacity, and deterioration of the clinical outcome of IAV infections. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the innate immune response to IAV infection and summarize the most important findings on how the host can inappropriately respond to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Berri
- VirPath, EA4610 Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Vuong Ba Lê
- VirPath, EA4610 Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- Inserm, U698, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- VirPath, EA4610 Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- VirPath, EA4610 Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- INRA, Nouzilly, France
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Hood JL, Scott MJ, Wickline SA. Maximizing exosome colloidal stability following electroporation. Anal Biochem 2013; 448:41-9. [PMID: 24333249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of exosome-based semisynthetic nanovesicles for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes requires novel approaches to load exosomes with cargo. Electroporation has previously been used to load exosomes with RNA. However, investigations into exosome colloidal stability following electroporation have not been considered. Herein, we report the development of a unique trehalose pulse media (TPM) that minimizes exosome aggregation following electroporation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and RNA absorbance were employed to determine the extent of exosome aggregation and electroextraction post electroporation in TPM compared to common PBS pulse media or sucrose pulse media (SPM). Use of TPM to disaggregate melanoma exosomes post electroporation was dependent on both exosome concentration and electric field strength. TPM maximized exosome dispersal post electroporation for both homogenous B16 melanoma and heterogeneous human serum-derived populations of exosomes. Moreover, TPM enabled heavy cargo loading of melanoma exosomes with 5nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION5) while maintaining original exosome size and minimizing exosome aggregation as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Loading exosomes with SPION5 increased exosome density on sucrose gradients. This provides a simple, label-free means of enriching exogenously modified exosomes and introduces the potential for MRI-driven theranostic exosome investigations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C-TRAIN), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 101, Campus Box 8215, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | - Michael J Scott
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C-TRAIN), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 101, Campus Box 8215, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine (C-TRAIN), Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 101, Campus Box 8215, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Alegre E, Rebmann V, Lemaoult J, Rodriguez C, Horn PA, Díaz-Lagares A, Echeveste JI, González A. In vivo identification of an HLA-G complex as ubiquitinated protein circulating in exosomes. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1933-9. [PMID: 23589311 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a tolerogenic molecule that can be released to the circulation by expressing cells. This molecule can form dimers but some other complexed HLA-G forms have been proposed to be present in vivo. Here, we further characterized these other complexed HLA-G forms in vivo. Ascitic and pleural exudates from patients were selected based on positivity for HLA-G by ELISA. Complexed HLA-G was detected in exosomes, which indicates an intracellular origin of these forms. 2D-PAGE analysis of exudates and isolated exosomes showed that these high molecular weight complexes were more heterogeneous than the HLA-G1 expressed by cell cultures. Treatment with deglycosylating enzymes did not change the molecular weight of HLA-G complexes. Immunoblot analysis of exudates and exosomes with an anti-ubiquitin antibody showed that at least some of these structures correspond to ubiquitinated HLA-G. HLA-G ubiquitination could be reproduced in vitro in HLA-G1-transfected cell lines, although with a lower modified/nonmodified protein proportion than in exudates. In summary, we demonstrate new circulating HLA-G forms in vivo that open a new perspective in the study of HLA-G function and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Plasminogen controls inflammation and pathogenesis of influenza virus infections via fibrinolysis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003229. [PMID: 23555246 PMCID: PMC3605290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental inflammation of the lungs is a hallmark of severe influenza virus infections. Endothelial cells are the source of cytokine amplification, although mechanisms underlying this process are unknown. Here, using combined pharmacological and gene-deletion approaches, we show that plasminogen controls lung inflammation and pathogenesis of infections with influenza A/PR/8/34, highly pathogenic H5N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. Reduction of virus replication was not responsible for the observed effect. However, pharmacological depletion of fibrinogen, the main target of plasminogen reversed disease resistance of plasminogen-deficient mice or mice treated with an inhibitor of plasminogen-mediated fibrinolysis. Therefore, plasminogen contributes to the deleterious inflammation of the lungs and local fibrin clot formation may be implicated in host defense against influenza virus infections. Our studies suggest that the hemostatic system might be explored for novel treatments against influenza. Influenza viruses, including H5N1 bird influenza viruses continue to form a major threat for public health. Available antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza are effective to a limited extent and the emergence of resistant viruses may further undermine their use. The symptoms associated with influenza are caused by replication of the virus in the respiratory tract and the host immune response. Here, we report that a molecule of the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen, contributes to inflammation caused by influenza. Inhibiting the action of plasminogen protected mice from severe influenza infections, including those caused by H5N1 and H1N1 pandemic 2009 viruses and may be a promising novel strategy to treat influenza.
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50
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Xu D, Tahara H. The role of exosomes and microRNAs in senescence and aging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:368-75. [PMID: 22820533 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is viewed as a cellular counterpart to aging of tissues and organisms, characterized by an irreversible growth arrest and a combination of changes in cell morphology, function and behavior. microRNAs (miRNAs), the most studied small non-coding RNAs, play an important role in many biological processes by the regulation of gene expression. Recent evidence has shown that miRNAs are contained in exosomes that are tiny vesicles of endocytic origin and released by a variety of different cells as a means for cell-to-cell contact and information transfer. Exosomes and miRNAs have been found to participate in the complex networks of cellular senescence and contribute to aging. Here, we will give an overview on the involvement of secretory factors including exosomes and miRNA in the regulation of cellular senescence, demonstrating the potential role of exosomes and miRNAs in biological processes and signaling pathways of senescence and aging.
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