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Tong X, Shen Q. Identification of immune-related regulatory networks and diagnostic biomarkers in thyroid eye disease. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:38. [PMID: 38332455 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an orbit-associated autoimmune inflammatory disorder intricately linked to immune dysregulation. Complete pathogenesis of TED remains elusive. This work aimed to mine pathogenesis of TED from immunological perspective and identify diagnostic genes. METHODS Gene expression microarray data for TED patients were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, immune-related genes (IRGs) were from ImmPort database, and TED-related transcription factors (TFs) were from Cirtrome Cancer database. Differential analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. Regulatory networks of TFs and IRGs were constructed with Cytoscape. Diagnostic biomarkers in TED were identified through LASSO. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed using CIBERSORT. RESULTS Twenty-three immune-related DEmRNAs were revealed and were primarily enriched in humoral immune response, positive regulation of inflammatory response, IL-17, and TNF pathways. Co-expression regulatory network included four TFs and 16 immune-related DEmRNAs. Seven diagnostic genes were identified, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.993 for training set and AUC value of 0.836 for validation set. TED patients exhibited elevated infiltration levels by macrophages M2, mast cells, and CD8 T cells among 22 immune cell types, whereas macrophages M2 and mast cells resting were significantly lower than normal group. CONCLUSIONS The seven feature genes had high diagnostic value for TED patients. Our work explored regulatory network and diagnostic biomarkers, laying theoretical basis for TED diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Tong
- The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310002, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Tonglu County, Tonglu, 311500, China
| | - Qianyun Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
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2
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Radziszewski M, Kuś A, Bednarczuk T. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Graves' disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101745. [PMID: 36828713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting with varying degrees of severity the thyroid gland, orbital tissues and skin. The pathogenesis of GD involves a complex interplay between multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. Although the genetic predisposition to GD is well established, the significance of genotype-phenotype correlations and the role of epigenetic modifications in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of genotype-phenotype correlations and summarize possible clinical implications of genetic and epigenetic markers in GD patients. We will specifically discuss the association of genetic markers and epigenetic modifications with age of GD onset, severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism and the development of clinically evident Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Radziszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Zhang P, Zhu H. Cytokines in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2528046. [PMID: 36419958 PMCID: PMC9678454 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2528046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), also known as thyroid eye disease (TED) or Graves' orbitopathy (GO), is a complex autoimmune condition causing visual impairment, disfigurement, and harm to patients' physical and mental health. The pathogenesis of TAO has not been fully elucidated, and the mainstream view is that coantigens shared by the thyroid and orbit trigger remodeling of extraocular muscles and orbital connective tissues through an inflammatory response. In recent years, cytokines and the immune responses they mediate have been crucial in disease progression, and currently, common evidence has shown that drugs targeting cytokines, such as tocilizumab, infliximab, and adalimumab, may be novel targets for therapy. In this review, we summarize the research development of different cytokines in TAO pathogenesis in the hope of discovering new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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4
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Jeleń A, Żebrowska-Nawrocka M, Szmajda-Krygier D, Mazur K, Gałecki P, Balcerczak E. Preliminary investigation of two promoter region polymorphisms of the TNFA gene in patients with recurrent depressive disorder. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:105. [PMID: 34760278 PMCID: PMC8567462 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system dysregulation plays a role in the pathogenesis of complex human diseases, including psychiatric disorders. In addition, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) may be conditioned by the presence of specific polymorphic variants. The present case-controlled preliminary study evaluated the prevalence of TNFA gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) G-308A (rs1800629) and T-1031C (rs1799964) in 83 Polish patients with depression by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results were compared with the frequencies of genotypes in a geographically- and ethnically-matched group of individuals without depression. No statistically significant difference in genotype/allele frequency was observed for either SNP between the two groups. No association was found between the particular genotypes and selected demographic/clinical features, including sex, age at diagnosis or severity of depressive symptoms before/after pharmacotherapy. Thus, there does not appear to be any connection between the studied SNPs and the development and progression of depression; however, further studies are required with larger cohorts to better understand this aspect of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Marta Żebrowska-Nawrocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szmajda-Krygier
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, 91-229 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
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5
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Kim BY, Jang SY, Choi DH, Jung CH, Mok JO, Kim CH. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Selenium on Orbital Fibroblasts of Patients With Graves Ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 37:476-481. [PMID: 33782320 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of selenium on inflammation, hyaluronan production, and oxidative stress in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS Orbital adipose/connective tissue specimens were obtained during the course of orbital surgery for patients with GO (n = 7) and other noninflammatory problems (n = 5). After incubation with various concentrations of sodium selenite for 48 hours, supernatants from primary cultures were collected. Hyaluronan and cytokine levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. To determine the effect of selenium on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production stimulated by H2O2 (100 μM) for 30 minutes, the cells were pretreated with various concentrations of sodium selenite for 60 minutes. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were significantly higher in orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO than in orbital fibroblasts of control patients. Hyaluronan production was suppressed by selenium in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were suppressed by selenium in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. IL-1β and IL-6 were not suppressed by selenium in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. Selenium pretreatment reduced intracellular ROS generation stimulated by H2O2 in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, hyaluronan production, inflammatory cytokines, and intracellular ROS generation were suppressed by selenium in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. Several inflammatory cytokines may be suppressed by selenium in cultured orbital fibroblasts of patients with GO. This study provide the basis for use of selenium in the treatment of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sun-Young Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Dug-Hyun Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Chan-Hee Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Ji-Oh Mok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Chul-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
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6
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Zhu P, Wu X, Zhou J, Wu K, Lu Y. Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect the risk of Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:311-319. [PMID: 32474766 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) may influence the risk of Graves' disease, but the results of so far published studies remain inconclusive. Therefore, the authors conducted this meta-analysis to assess relationships between TNF-α/IL-1/IL-6 polymorphisms and the risk of Graves' disease by pooling the findings of all relevant studies. METHODS A comprehensive literature searching of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI was conducted by the authors, and twenty-eight studies were found to be eligible for pooled analyses. RESULTS The pooled meta-analyses results showed that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects differed significantly. Moreover, we found that genotypic frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Caucasians differed significantly, and genotypic frequencies of IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms among patients with Graves' disease and control subjects in Asians also differed significantly. Nevertheless, we did not detect such genotypic frequencies differences for TNF-α rs361525 and IL-1B rs1143627 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that TNF-α rs1800629, IL-1A rs1800587, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in overall population. Moreover, TNF-α rs1800629 and IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Caucasians, while IL-1A rs1800587, IL-1B rs16944, IL-6 rs1800795 and IL-6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may influence the risk of Graves' disease in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian District, Huaian, 223200, China
| | - K Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University Medical College, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, 361026, China.
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7
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Huang X, Liu G, Mei S, Cai J, Rao J, Tang M, Zhu T, Chen W, Peng S, Wang Y, Ye Y, Zhang T, Deng Z, Zhao J. Human leucocyte antigen alleles confer susceptibility and progression to Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Southern Chinese population. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1462-1468. [PMID: 33221730 PMCID: PMC8479741 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the contributions of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II genes in the development of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) in a Southern Chinese population. Methods Eight HLA loci were genotyped and analysed in 272 unrelated patients with Graves’ disease (GD) or the proptosis and myogenic phenotypes of GO, and 411 ethnically matched control subjects. Results The allele frequencies of HLA-DRB1*16:02 and -DQB1*05:02 in the GD, proptosis and myogenic groups, HLA-B*38:02 and -DQA1*01:02 in the myogenic group were significantly higher than those in the control group, respectively (all corrected p values <0.05, OR >2.5). The haplotype frequencies of HLA-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 and HLA-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02-DPA1*02:02-DPB1*05:01 in the proptosis and myogenic groups, and HLA-A*02:03-B*38:02-C*07:02 and HLA-A*02:03-B*38:02-C*07:02-DRB1*16:02-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02-DPA1*02:02-DPB1*05:01 in the myogenic group were significantly higher than those in the control group respectively (all corrected p values <0.05, OR >2.5). The potential epitopes (‘FLGIFNTGL’ of TSHR, ‘IRHSHALVS’, ‘ILYIRTNAS’ and ‘FVFARTMPA’ of IGF-1R) were fitted exactly in the peptide-binding groove between HLA-DRA1-DRB1*16:02 heterodimer, and the epitopes (‘ILEITDNPY’ of THSR, ‘NYALVIFEM’ and ‘NYSFYVLDN’ of IGF-1R) were also fitted exactly in the peptide-binding groove between HLA-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 heterodimer. Conclusions The HLA-DRB1*16:02 and -DQB1*01:02 alleles might be risk factors for GD including the proptosis and myogenic phenotypes of GO. The alleles HLA-B*38:02, -DQA1*01:02, the HLA haplotypes consisting of HLA-B*38:02, -DRB1*16:02, -DQA1*01:02 and -DQB1*05:02 might be susceptibility risk factors for GO. Simultaneously, some epitopes of TSHR and IGF-1R tightly binding to groove of HLA-DRA1-DRB1*16:02 or HLA-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*05:02 heterodimers might provide some hints on presenting the pathological antigen in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoyi Mei
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Cai
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Rao
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Minzhong Tang
- Cancer Center, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchiew Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiming Peng
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Ye
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Shenzhen Blood Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China .,Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China .,School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Association of variant on the promoter of cluster of differentiation 74 in graves disease and graves ophthalmopathy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225965. [PMID: 32744317 PMCID: PMC7432997 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) plays a role in immunological functions. The present study aims to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MIF and CD74 are risk factors for developing Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with Graves disease (GD). A case–control study enrolled 484 patients with GD (203 with and 281 without GO) and 1000 healthy individuals. SNPs were discriminated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, as well as frequencies of allele and genotype between GD patients with and without GO, were estimated using the Chi-square test. The effects of CD74 on adipocyte proliferation and differentiation were evaluated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Quantitative DNA-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding capacity of NR3C1 and FOXP3 to A/G oligonucleotides. The results showed that individuals carrying the GG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had a decreased risk of developing GD (P=3.390 × 10−11, odds ratio (OR) = 0.021, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.003–0.154); however, patients with GD carrying the AG genotype at rs2569103 in the CD74 had an increased risk of developing GO (P=0.009, OR = 1.707, 95% CI = 1.168–2.495). The knockdown of CD74 reduced adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. NR3C1 had a higher affinity for A, whereas FOXP3 had a higher affinity for G of rs2569103. The results suggested the existence of a link between the genetic variation of CD74 promoter and the risk for developing GD and GO, which should be considered in clinical practice.
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Petunina NA, Martirosian NS, Trukhina LV, Saakyan SV, Panteleeva OG, Burdennyy AM, Nosikov VV. Association between polymorphic markers in candidate genes and the risk of manifestationof endocrine ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018. [DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890104-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To analyze the association between the polymorphic markers in CTLA4, TNF, IL10 and IL16 genes and the risk of manifestation of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO) in patients with Graves’ disease (GD). Materials and methods. Case-control study included 248 patients with GD. Using polymerase chain reaction we studied the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers such as A60G (rs3087243) in CTLA4 gene, G(-308)A (rs1800629) in TNF gene, G(-1082)A (rs1800896) in IL10 gene, T3249C (rs4778641) in IL16 gene among 141 patients with Graves’ disease and EO and 107 patients with GD without EO. Results and discussion. The frequencies of A alleles and the AA genotypes were significantly increased and the frequencies of G alleles and the GG genotype polymorphic markers rs3087243 of CTLA4 gene and rs1800896 of IL10 gene, as well as the GG genotype polymorphic marker rs1800629 of TNF gene were reduced in patients with GD and EO. The polymorphism in CTLA4 gene was also associated with the activity and the severity of EO. The comparative analysis of the allele and genotype frequency distribution of polymorphic markers of IL16 gene did not show the significant difference. Conclusion. The risk of manifestation and the development of EO in patients with Graves’ disease can be caused by not only environmental, but also genetic risk factors.
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Tu Y, Fan G, Zeng T, Cai X, Kong W. Association of TNF-α promoter polymorphism and Graves' disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180143. [PMID: 29440561 PMCID: PMC5861325 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disorder with a genetic predisposition. Owing to the biological effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the thyroid gland and its gene location, TNF-α should be able to influence an individual's susceptibility to GD. In the present study, we conduct a meta-analysis of rs1800629 and rs361525 in TNF-α gene from all eligible case-control studies to assess the associations amongst reported TNF-α gene with GD. A total of ten case-control studies involving 2790 GD patients and 3472 healthy controls were included. The results showed that a significant association was characterized between the rs1800629 polymorphism and GD in the homozygous model (AA compared with GG: odds ratio (OR) = 1.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-3.06, P=0.002) and recessive model (AA compared with GA + GG: OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.04-2.50, P=0.03). GD susceptibility was significantly detected in European population in all genetic models after ethnicity stratification. In sharp contrast, no significant association could be detected in Asian population. Next, we conducted a meta-analysis for another promoter SNP rs361525. However, SNP rs361525 did not show a significant association with GD in any genetic model before and after ethnicity stratification. Together, our data support that only the promoter single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800629 within the TNF-α gene is associated with increased risk for developing GD, especially in European population. Future large-scale studies are required to validate the associations between TNF-α gene and GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guorun Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Bednarczuk T, Ploski R, Krajewska J, Kula D, Kowalska M, Tukiendorf A, Kolosza Z, Jarzab B. Differences in Gene-Gene Interactions in Graves' Disease Patients Stratified by Age of Onset. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150307. [PMID: 26943356 PMCID: PMC4778933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graves’ disease (GD) is a complex disease in which genetic predisposition is modified by environmental factors. Each gene exerts limited effects on the development of autoimmune disease (OR = 1.2–1.5). An epidemiological study revealed that nearly 70% of the risk of developing inherited autoimmunological thyroid diseases (AITD) is the result of gene interactions. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of the interactions of multiple loci on the genetic predisposition to GD. The aim of our analyses was to identify pairs of genes that exhibit a multiplicative interaction effect. Material and Methods A total of 709 patients with GD were included in the study. The patients were stratified into more homogeneous groups depending on the age at time of GD onset: younger patients less than 30 years of age and older patients greater than 30 years of age. Association analyses were performed for genes that influence the development of GD: HLADRB1, PTPN22, CTLA4 and TSHR. The interactions among polymorphisms were analyzed using the multiple logistic regression and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) methods. Results GD patients stratified by the age of onset differed in the allele frequencies of the HLADRB1*03 and 1858T polymorphisms of the PTPN22 gene (OR = 1.7, p = 0.003; OR = 1.49, p = 0.01, respectively). We evaluated the genetic interactions of four SNPs in a pairwise fashion with regard to disease risk. The coexistence of HLADRB1 with CTLA4 or HLADRB1 with PTPN22 exhibited interactions on more than additive levels (OR = 3.64, p = 0.002; OR = 4.20, p < 0.001, respectively). These results suggest that interactions between these pairs of genes contribute to the development of GD. MDR analysis confirmed these interactions. Conclusion In contrast to a single gene effect, we observed that interactions between the HLADRB1/PTPN22 and HLADRB1/CTLA4 genes more closely predicted the risk of GD onset in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kowalska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kolosza
- Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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Sałagacka-Kubiak A, Zebrowska M, Jeleń A, Mirowski M, Balcerczak E. Assessment of TNFA polymorphisms at positions -857 and -863 in Polish peptic ulcer patients. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:164-8. [PMID: 26774268 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptic ulceration connected with chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal mucosa could be induced by Helicobacter pylori infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) encoded by TNFA gene is a key mediator in the inflammation process. There are several polymorphisms in the promoter of TNFA influencing its transcriptional activity. -857C>T (rs1799724) and -863C>A (rs1800630) substitutions may be responsible for increased TNFA transcription and TNF-α production. The association of these two polymorphisms with peptic ulceration and the development of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients in Poles were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Polymorphisms were assessed by PCR-RFLP in 203 peptic ulcer patients. H. pylori infection was confirmed by rapid urease test. The results of genotyping were compared with those obtained for 248 healthy Polish individuals. RESULTS There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies for both investigated polymorphisms between peptic ulcer patients and healthy individuals. No associations between frequencies of particular genotypes and alleles for both SNPs and the presence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients and in subgroups of peptic ulcer women and men were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The investigated SNPs are not risk factors for peptic ulcer development. They are not risk factors for H. pylori infection in ulcer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sałagacka-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Zebrowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Mirowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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Miskiewicz P, Gos-Zajac A, Kurylowicz A, Plazinska TM, Franaszczyk M, Bartoszewicz Z, Kondracka A, Pirko-Kotela K, Rupinski M, Jarosz D, Regula J, Ploski R, Bednarczuk T. HLA DQ2 HAPLOTYPE, EARLY ONSET OF GRAVES DISEASE, AND POSITIVE FAMILY HISTORY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS ARE RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING CELIAC DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES DISEASE. Endocr Pract 2015; 21:993-1000. [PMID: 26121457 DOI: 10.4158/ep15700.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) in patients with different autoimmune diseases including Graves disease (GD) remains a challenge. The aims of our study were to: (1) assess the prevalence of CD in Polish patients with GD and (2) evaluate the prevalence of CD in the subgroups of patients with GD divided on the basis of clinical and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing criteria. METHODS The prospective study was conducted at an academic referral center. The study groups consisted of consecutive, euthyroid patients with GD (n = 232) and healthy volunteers without autoimmune thyroid diseases (n = 122). The diagnosis of CD was based on elevated immunoglobulin A autoantibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (IgA-TTG) and small intestine biopsy findings. RESULTS CD was diagnosed in 8 patients with GD (3.4%) and 1 healthy volunteer (0.8%). The development of CD in patients with GD was strongly associated with HLA-DQ2 haplotype (as predicted from linkage disequilibria, 14.6% vs. 1.5%, P = .009; odds ratio [OR] = 11.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-252.7): 6 patients with CD carried HLA-DRB1(*)03, 1 carried an HLA-DRB1(*)04 allele, and 1 had an HLA-DRB1(*)07/(*)11 genotype. Multivariate analysis showed independent associations between CD and early GD onset (P = .014, OR = 9.6), autoimmunity in family (P = .029, OR = 6.3) and gastroenterologic symptoms (P = .031, OR = 8.1). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that serologic screening for CD may be considered in GD patients (1) with the HLA alleles typical for CD, (2) with an early onset of GD, or (3) a family history of autoimmunity. Moreover, the diagnosis of CD should be explored in euthyroid GD patients with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Martirosian NS, Burdennyi AM, Trukhina LV, Panteleeva OG, Saakyan SV, Petunina NA, Nosikov VV. [Association of CTLA4 and TNF gene polymorphisms with endocrine ophthalmopathy in ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2015; 87:67-71. [PMID: 26978177 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2015871067-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the associations of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism and the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) in ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease (GD). MATERIAL AND METHODS The case-control study enrolled 205 patients with GD. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the rs3087243 CTLA4 and rs1800629 TNF polymorphisms was studied in 141 patients with GD and EOP (a GD+EOP group) and 64 patients with GD without EOP (a GD-EOP group). The polymorphic alleles were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length analysis. RESULTS The patients with GD in their history and EOP had significantly higher frequencies of A allele and AA genotype and a lower proportion of G allele and GG genotype of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism. Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in the frequency of the alleles and genotypes of the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism. CONCLUSION The rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism is associated with the risk of EOP in ethnic Russian patients with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Martirosian
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia; N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Burdennyi
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Trukhina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - O G Panteleeva
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Saakyan
- Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Petunina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Nosikov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Sałagacka A, Żebrowska M, Jeleń A, Mirowski M, Balcerczak E. Investigation of -308G>A and -1031T>C polymorphisms in the TNFA promoter region in Polish peptic ulcer patients. Gut Liver 2014; 8:632-6. [PMID: 25368751 PMCID: PMC4215449 DOI: 10.5009/gnl13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) encoded by TNFA is a key mediator in inflammation, a precursor condition for peptic ulceration. Promoter polymorphisms of TNFA that influence its transcriptional activity and TNF-α production are known. TNFA-308G>A (rs1800629) and TNFA-1031T>C (rs1799964), which are responsible for increased TNFA transcription, could influence the risk of peptic ulceration. This study aimed to investigate these polymorphisms and to evaluate their association with peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori infection in the Polish population. METHODS Gastric mucosa specimens obtained from 177 Polish peptic ulcer patients were used to conduct rapid urease tests and to assess the investigated polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genotyping data were compared with the results obtained from healthy individuals of Polish origin. RESULTS There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency of the investigated polymorphisms between peptic ulcer patients and healthy individuals. No associations between the frequencies of particular genotypes and alleles for both single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the presence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients and in subgroups of men and women with peptic ulcer disease were found. CONCLUSIONS The investigated SNPs are not risk factors for either peptic ulcer or H. pylori infection development in the Polish population. The results require verification in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sałagacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Żebrowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Mirowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Liu YH, Chen YJ, Wu HH, Wang TY, Tsai FJ. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at the PRR3, ABCF1, and GNL1 Genes in the HLA Class I Region Are Associated with Graves' Ophthalmopathy in a Gender-Dependent Manner. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:2033-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Ploski R, Kula D, Szymanski K, Bednarczuk T, Ambroziak U, Hasse-Lazar K, Hyla-Klekot L, Tukiendorf A, Kolosza Z, Jarzab B. Association between polymorphisms in the TSHR gene and Graves' orbitopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102653. [PMID: 25061884 PMCID: PMC4111286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' orbitopathy (GO) as well as Graves' disease (GD) hyperthyroidism originate from an autoimmune reaction against the common auto-antigen, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). GO phenotype is associated with environmental risk factors, mainly nicotinism, as well as genetic risk factors which initiate an immunologic reaction. In some patients GO is observed before diagnosis of GD hyperthyroidism, while it can also be observed far after diagnosis. The intensity of GO symptoms varies greatly in these patients. Thus, the pathogenesis of GD and GO may correlate with different genetic backgrounds, which has been confirmed by studies of correlations between GO and polymorphisms in cytokines involved in orbit inflammation. The aim of our analysis was to assess genetic predisposition to GO in young patients (age of diagnosis ≤30 years of age), for whom environmental effects had less time to influence outcomes than in adults. METHODS 768 GD patients were included in the study. 359 of them had clinically evident orbitopathy (NOSPECS ≥2). Patients were stratified by age at diagnosis. Association analyses were performed for genes with a known influence on development of GD - TSHR, HLA-DRB1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22). RESULTS The rs179247 TSHR polymorphism was associated with GO in young patients only. In young GO-free patients, allele A was statistically more frequent and homozygous carriers had a considerable lower risk of disease incidence than patients with AG or GG genotypes. Those differences were not found in either elderly patients or the group analyzed as a whole. CONCLUSIONS Allele A of the rs179247 polymorphism in the TSHR gene is associated with lower risk of GO in young GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Konrad Szymanski
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Ambroziak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kornelia Hasse-Lazar
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tukiendorf
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zofia Kolosza
- Department of Epidemiology, Gliwice Branch, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
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Association between age at diagnosis of Graves' disease and variants in genes involved in immune response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59349. [PMID: 23544060 PMCID: PMC3609789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graves' disease (GD) is a complex disease in which genetic predisposition is modified by environmental factors. The aim of the study was to examine the association between genetic variants in genes encoding proteins involved in immune response and the age at diagnosis of GD. Methods 735 GD patients and 1216 healthy controls from Poland were included into the study. Eight genetic variants in the HLA-DRB1, TNF, CTLA4, CD40, NFKb, PTPN22, IL4 and IL10 genes were genotyped. Patients were stratified by the age at diagnosis of GD and the association with genotype was analysed. Results Polymorphism in the HLA-DRB1, TNF and CTLA4 genes were associated with GD. The carriers of the HLA DRB1*03 allele were more frequent in patients with age at GD diagnosis ≤30 years than in patients with older age at GD diagnosis. Conclusions HLADRB1*03 allele is associated with young age at diagnosis of Graves' disease in polish population.
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Association of IL12B polymorphisms with susceptibility to Graves ophthalmopathy in a Taiwan Chinese population. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:97. [PMID: 23164360 PMCID: PMC3514134 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 12B (IL12B) gene polymorphisms have been linked to several inflammatory diseases, but their role in the development of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) in Graves disease (GD) patients is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease association of IL12B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods A Taiwan Chinese population comprising 200 GD patients with GO and 271 GD patients without GO was genotyped using an allele-specific extension and ligation method. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was estimated using the chi-square test. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between GD patients with and without GO using the chi-square test. Results The genotype and allele frequencies of examined SNPs did not differ between GD patients with and without GO. Although the genotype distribution remained nonsignificant in the sex-stratified analyses, the frequency of the T allele at SNP rs1003199 was significantly higher in patients with GO in the male cohort (P = 6.00 × 10-3). In addition, haplotypes of IL12B may be used to predict the risk of GO (P = 1.70 × 10-2); however, we could not prove the statistical significance of analysis after applying the Bonferroni correction. Conclusions Our results provide new information that the examined IL12B gene polymorphisms may be associated with susceptibility to GO in the Taiwan Chinese population in a sex-specific manner. This conclusion requires further investigation.
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20
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Khalilzadeh O, Noshad S, Rashidi A, Amirzargar A. Graves' ophthalmopathy: a review of immunogenetics. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:564-75. [PMID: 22654556 PMCID: PMC3271309 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves’ disease (GD) is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis and often involves the orbits. Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), can be clinically significant and advance to sight-threatening stages. Our knowledge of the immunogenetic pathophysiology of GO is rapidly expanding. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge on the immunogenetics of GO. First we briefly review the epidemiology and clinical importance of GO, and then we describe in detail the macromolecular pathogenesis and finally immunogenetics of GO. Discrepancies between the results from various reports and the limitations of the available data are discussed. In particular, there is a scarcity of data from non-Asian populations. While several studies have demonstrated significant associations between polymorphisms in certain genes (especially CTLA-4, HLA-DRB-1, and TNF-α), there is a need for studies that investigate the relationship between polymorphisms and both serum and local concentrations of the resulting proteins. A complete understanding of GO susceptibility and pathogenesis has not been yet possible due to a number of important knowledge gaps that need to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Molecular Immunology and Immunogenetics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Płoski R, Szymański K, Bednarczuk T. The genetic basis of graves' disease. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:542-63. [PMID: 22654555 PMCID: PMC3271308 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented comprehensive review of current knowledge about genetic factors predisposing to Graves’ disease (GD) put emphasis on functional significance of observed associations. In particular, we discuss recent efforts aimed at refining diseases associations found within the HLA complex and implicating HLA class I as well as HLA-DPB1 loci. We summarize data regarding non-HLA genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, CD40, TSHR and TG which have been extensively studied in respect to their role in GD. We review recent findings implicating variants of FCRL3 (gene for FC receptor-like-3 protein), SCGB3A2 (gene for secretory uteroglobin-related protein 1- UGRP1) as well as other unverified possible candidate genes for GD selected through their documented association with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tenr–IL2–IL21, CAPSL (encoding calcyphosine-like protein), IFIH1(gene for interferon-induced helicase C domain 1), AFF3, CD226 and PTPN2. We also review reports on association of skewed X chromosome inactivation and fetal microchimerism with GD. Finally we discuss issues of genotype-phenotype correlations in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Chng CL, Seah LL, Khoo DHC. Ethnic differences in the clinical presentation of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 26:249-58. [PMID: 22632362 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic differences in a number of eye conditions have been described. The literature on ethnic differences in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is limited. There is some evidence to suggest Asian patients with GO may manifest milder phenotypic features of GO, with less proptosis and evidence of extraocular muscle involvement and restriction. The reasons for these differences are likely to be multifactorial and include orbital and lid anatomy, genetic background and autoimmune responses including TSH -receptor antibodies. These differences should be kept in mind when evaluating and managing patients with GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaw-Ling Chng
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
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Hausberger S, Steinbrugger I, Haas A, Rabensteiner DF, Luger T, Borkenstein AF, Renner W, Wedrich A, El-Shabrawi Y, Schmut O, Weger M. Die Rolle der TNF-α -308G>A und -238G>A Genpolymorphismen als Risikofaktoren für den retinalen Arterienverschluss. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00717-011-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Płoski R, Brand OJ, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Franaszczyk M, Kula D, Krajewski P, Karamat MA, Simmonds MJ, Franklyn JA, Gough SCL, Jarząb B, Bednarczuk T. Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) intron 1 variants are major risk factors for Graves' disease in three European Caucasian cohorts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15512. [PMID: 21124799 PMCID: PMC2991361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene is an established susceptibility locus for Graves' disease (GD), with recent studies refining association to two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs179247 and rs12101255, within TSHR intron 1. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We aimed to validate association of rs179247 and rs12101255 in Polish and UK Caucasian GD case-control subjects, determine the mode of inheritance and to see if association correlates with specific GD clinical manifestations. We investigated three case-control populations; 558 GD patients and 520 controls from Warsaw, Poland, 196 GD patients and 198 controls from Gliwice, Poland and 2504 GD patients from the UK National collection and 2784 controls from the 1958 British Birth cohort. Both rs179247 (P = 1.2×10(-2)-6.2×10(-15), OR = 1.38-1.45) and rs12101255 (P = 1.0×10(-4)-3.68×10(-21), OR = 1.47-1.87) exhibited strong association with GD in all three cohorts. Logistic regression suggested association of rs179247 is secondary to rs12101255 in all cohorts. Inheritance modeling suggested a co-dominant mode of inheritance in all cohorts. Genotype-phenotype correlations provided no clear evidence of association with any specific clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS We have validated association of TSHR intron 1 SNPs with GD in three independent European cohorts and have demonstrated that the aetiological variant within the TSHR is likely to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs12101255. Fine mapping is now required to determine the exact location of the aetiological DNA variants within the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliver J. Brand
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Beata Jurecka-Lubieniecka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maria Franaszczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kula
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Muhammad A. Karamat
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Simmonds
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne A. Franklyn
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. L. Gough
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Jarząb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Anvari M, Khalilzadeh O, Esteghamati A, Momen-Heravi F, Mahmoudi M, Esfahani SA, Rashidi A, Amirzargar A. Graves' disease and gene polymorphism of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ. Endocrine 2010; 37:344-8. [PMID: 20960273 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and GD in Iranian patients. A case-control hospital-based study was carried out on 107 GD patients and 140 healthy controls. Cytokine typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the following cytokine genes were determined: TNF-α (-308A/G, -238A/G), IL-2 (-330T/G, +166G/T), IL-6 (-174C/G, A/G nt565), IL-12 (-1188A/C), and IFN-γ (UTR 5644A/T). The following alleles and genotypes were significantly overrepresented in patients: TNF-α -308A allele (P < 0.01) and AA genotype (P < 0.05), IL-2 -330G allele (P < 0.01) and GG genotype (P < 0.01), IL-6 -174C allele (P < 0.01) and CC genotype (P < 0.01), IL-12 -1188C allele (P < 0.01) and CC genotype (P < 0.01), IFN-γ UTR5644T allele (P < 0.01) and TT genotype (P < 0.01). In conclusion, this is the first study to show a significant association between GD and IL-2 -330G, IL-12 -1188C, and IFN-γ UTR 5644T alleles. Our results support the hypothesis that polymorphism in pro-inflammatory cytokines might be involved in predisposition to GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Anvari
- Molecular Immunology and Immunogenetics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kurylowicz A, Miśkiewicz P, Bar-Andziak E, Nauman J, Bednarczuk T. Association of polymorphism in genes encoding kappaB inhibitors (IkappaB) with susceptibility to and phenotype of Graves' disease: a case-control study. Thyroid Res 2009; 2:10. [PMID: 19886988 PMCID: PMC2777844 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genes related to the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key transcription factor involved in regulation of immune responses, are interesting candidates for association studies in autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate an association of polymorphisms in two genes encoding NF-κB inhibitors: IKBL (encoding inhibitor of κB-like) and NFKBIA (encoding κB inhibitor α), withsusceptibility to and phenotype of Graves' disease (GD). Methods A population-based, case-control association study comprising 481 patients with GD and 455 healthy controls was performed. We analyzed 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IKBL [promoter region -62T/A substitution (rs2071592), intron 1 C/T substitution (rs2071591) and exon 4 T/C substitution (rs3130062)] and 3 SNPs in NFKBIA [G/A substitution in 3' untranslated region (rs696) and two promoter region polymorphisms -297C/T (rs2233409) and -826C/T (rs2233406)] by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Results The two SNPs in IKBL (rs2071592 and rs2071591) were in a strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.835) and the AT haplotype was associated with susceptibility to GD (p < 10-4, OR = 1.61 [95%CI:1.21-2.14]). Moreover subgroup analysis revealed a gen-gen interaction between the investigated IKBL haplotype and HLA-DRB1*03 allele (p < 10-4). The investigated NFKBIA SNPs were not associated with susceptibility to GD. However, when correlated with phenotype, the -297T (rs2233409) and -826T (rs2233406) alleles were associated with the development of clinically evident ophthalmophaty (p = 0.004, pc = 0.07, OR = 1.65 [95%CI: 1.18-2.38] and p = 0.002, pc = 0.036, OR = 1.67 [95%CI: 1.20-2.36], respectively). Conclusion Our results suggest that SNPs in genes encoding NF-κB inhibitors may contribute to the development and clinical phenotype of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kurylowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Esteghamati A, Mahmoudi M, Tahvildari M, Rashidi A, Khosravi F, Amirzargar A. Graves' ophthalmopathy and gene polymorphisms in interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1 receptor and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 37:614-9. [PMID: 19702713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is known to have an important role in pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Polymorphisms in IL-1 gene have been associated with autoimmune reactions. This study aimed to investigate the association of GO with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-1 family (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor [IL-1R] and IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]). METHODS A total of 57 patients of Graves' disease without GO, 50 patients with GO and 140 healthy controls were enrolled. Patients were recruited consecutively from the outpatient endocrine clinic of a large university general hospital. Cytokine typing was performed by the polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers assay. The allele and genotype frequencies of the following polymorphisms were determined: IL-1alpha (-889C/T), IL-1beta (-511C/T), IL-1beta (+3962C/T), IL-1R (Pst-1 1970C/T) and IL-1RA (Mspa-1 11100C/T). Genotype distributions among patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. RESULTS Among the five SNPs studied, the frequencies of the T allele and the TT genotype of IL-1alpha (-889C/T) were significantly higher among patients with GO than those without GO (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-3.74; P = 0.006 and 5.67, 95% CI = 1.66-49.34; P = 0.005, respectively). For IL-1RA (Mspa-1 11100C/T), the frequencies of the C allele and the CC genotype were significantly higher among patients with GO (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.34-4.00; P = 0.004 and 6.73 95% CI = 1.94-23.36; P = 0.004, respectively; P < 0.01). No significant association was found for other SNPs. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show a positive correlation between polymorphisms in the IL-1alpha and IL-1RA genes and susceptibility to GO. These findings promote further research into genetic correlates of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khalilzadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Genetic susceptibility to Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the role of polymorphisms in proinflammatory cytokine genes. Eye (Lond) 2009; 24:1058-63. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Gu LQ, Zhu W, Pan CM, Zhao L, Zhang MJ, Liu JM, Song HD, Ning G, Zhao YJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms in Chinese patients with Graves' disease. Clin Biochem 2009; 43:223-7. [PMID: 19732761 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may play a central role in the development of Graves' disease (GD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TNF-alpha polymorphisms with GD in Chinese population. DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocyte of 436 GD patients and 316 control subjects. TNF-alpha polymorphisms at positions -308 (G-308A, rs1800629), -238 (G-238A, rs361525), and +419 (G+419A, rs3093661) were genotyped. RESULTS The distribution of TNF-alpha -238 and +419 allelic frequencies between GD and control individuals was significantly different. Both the G alleles of TNF-alpha -238 (OR 2.385, 95%CI 1.359-4.184) and +419 (OR 2.293, 95%CI 1.303-4.035) SNPs conferred higher risk of GD as compared with A alleles. No significant difference of -308 allelic frequency was observed. Further haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype GGG was associated with an increased risk of GD (OR 1.554, 95%CI 1.125-2.146), whereas the haplotype GAA was found to be protective (OR 0.419, 95%CI 0.239-0.736). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the association of TNF-alpha gene with GD in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Gu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center For Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, PR China
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Dittmar M, Kaczmarczyk A, Bischofs C, Kahaly GJ. The proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha -308 AA genotype is associated with polyglandular autoimmunity. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:255-67. [PMID: 19811436 DOI: 10.1080/08820130902766092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Data regarding polymorphisms of immunoregulatory genes in polyglandular autoimmunity (PGA) are lacking. We have analyzed whether the polymorphism of the proinflammatory cytokine gene TNF-alpha; -308 and mutations of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene were associated with PGA in adults. Sixty-seven patients with PGA and 209 healthy controls were genotyped by multiplex minisequencing with capillary electrophoresis on an ABI PRISM-310 genetic analyzer. HLA DRB1 typing was performed using polymerase-chain-reaction-amplified DNA hybridized with sequence-specific-oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSO). The TNF-alpha; -308*A allele occurred more frequently in patients (0.269) than in controls (0.163, P = 0.008, P(c) = 0.016). Also, TNF-alpha; -308*A carriers were more frequent in patients than controls (47.8% vs. 31.1%, OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.19-3.00). The frequency of the AA genotype was increased in PGA (P = 0.014, P(c) = 0.042). PGA patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and the TNF-alpha; -308 AA genotype showed the highest prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies (TPO, P = 0.04; Tg, P = 0.003). HLA-DRB1*03 and TNF-alpha; -308*A alleles were strongly associated in patients with PGA (87.5%, P(c) < 0.00001). The AIRE R257X and 13bpdel mutations were not observed in patients with PGA. The association of TNF-alpha; -308*A with PGA might be directly or indirectly due to the association with HLA-DRB1*03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Dittmar
- Department of Medicine I, Gutenberg University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
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Kammoun-krichen M, Bougacha-elleuch N, Rebai A, Mnif M, Abid M, Ayadi H. TNF gene polymorphisms in Graves’ disease: TNF-308 A/G meta-analysis. Ann Hum Biol 2008; 35:656-61. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460802477939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Kammoun-krichen
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bougacha-elleuch
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Unité de Bioinformatique, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Mnif
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abid
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hammadi Ayadi
- Unité Cibles pour le Diagnostic et la Thérapie, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Ichimura M, Kaku H, Fukutani T, Koga H, Mukai T, Miyake I, Yamada K, Koda Y, Hiromatsu Y. Associations of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Japanese population. Thyroid 2008; 18:625-30. [PMID: 18578611 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 22 (PTPN22) gene, which encodes an important negative regulator of T cell activation, has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease (GD) in Caucasians. The objective of this study was to investigate whether PTPN22 gene polymorphisms confer susceptibility to GD and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in a Japanese population. METHODS We performed a case-control study of PTPN22 gene polymorphisms in Japanese GD patients (n = 414) and healthy control subjects with no antithyroid autoantibodies or family history of autoimmune disorders (n = 231). The G-1123C polymorphism (rs2488457) in the promoter region, Arg620Trp (C1858T) polymorphism (rs2476601) in exon 14, IMS-JST146695 polymorphism (rs3789607) in intron 19, and SNP37 (rs3789604) downstream of the PTPN22 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism using restriction enzymes and direct PCR sequencing methods. RESULTS None of the GD patients or control subjects had the 1858T allele of the PTPN22 gene polymorphism. The AA-genotype and A-allele frequencies of SNP37 were significantly higher in GD patients than in control subjects (A-allele frequency: p = 0.0085, odds ratio = 1.45). The genotype frequencies and allele frequencies of the G-1123C and IMS-JST146695 polymorphisms did not differ between GD patients and control subjects. The -1123G/1858C/JST146695T/SNP37C haplotype frequency was significantly lower in GD patients than in control subjects. There were no associations between PTPN22 gene polymorphisms and GO. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that SNP37 of the PTPN22 gene is associated with susceptibility to GD in a Japanese population. Further studies including functional analyses are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ichimura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Li N, Zhou Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Du L, Wei M, Chen X. Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms with Graves' disease: A meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:881-6. [PMID: 18472000 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively summarize the association between tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene polymorphisms and Graves' disease. DESIGN AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified from the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Chinese Bio-medicine Database. A meta-analysis of relevant studies was performed. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 10 case-control studies, which included 2271 Graves' disease cases and 2633 controls. The combined results based on all studies showed that there was significant difference in genotype distribution (-308A/G; -308G/G; -863C/C; -863C/A; -1031C/T) between Graves' disease and controls. When stratifying for race, statistically significant results were observed in three genotype distribution (-863C/C; -863C/A; -1031C/T) between Graves' disease and controls among Asians. Statistically significant results were observed in only two genotype distribution (-308A/G; -308G/G) between Graves' disease and controls among Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms at positions -308 (G-308A), -863 (C-863A), and -1031 (T-1031C) were associated with Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Akaishi PMS, Cruz AAV, Silva FLM, Rodrigues MDLV, Maciel LMZ, Donadi EA. The role of major histocompatibility complex alleles in the susceptibility of Brazilian patients to develop the myogenic type of Graves' orbitopathy. Thyroid 2008; 18:443-7. [PMID: 18352820 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2007.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of the genetic markers HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) with and without extraocular muscle involvement. DESIGN The frequencies of class II HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 allele groups were determined for 81 Brazilian patients with GO and 161 normal subjects. The patients were divided into myogenic and nonmyogenic groups based on the clinical characteristics of the orbitopathy and quantitative computed tomography analysis of the extraocular muscle (EOM) dimensions. MAIN OUTCOME Compared to the frequency obtained for samples of normal subjects of the Brazilian population, HLA-DRB1 16 ( pc=0.008) was overrepresented in myogenic and HLA-DRB1 03 ( pc=0.02) in nonmyogenic patients. CONCLUSIONS The association between the HLA-DRB1 16 and the myogenic subtype of GO suggests that EOM involvement in GO may be genetically predisposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mitiko Santello Akaishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Kisiel B, Bednarczuk T, Kostrzewa G, Kosińska J, Miśkiewicz P, Płazińska MT, Bar-Andziak E, Królicki L, Krajewski P, Płoski R. Polymorphism of the oestrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:429-34. [PMID: 17941906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a polymorphism in the ESR2 gene (rs4986938, previously associated with endometriosis, ovulatory dysfunction and premature onset of coronary heart disease) increases the risk of Graves' disease (GD). SUBJECTS AND DESIGN A cohort of 375 GD patients (300 females and 75 males) and 1001 individuals representative of the background population of Poland (502 males and 499 females) were genotyped for rs4986938 using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS We found an increased frequency of the ESR2 A allele among the patients vs. controls (38.0%vs. 32.7%, OR = 1.26, P = 0.009) that was caused by a co-dominant (OR = 1.25, P = 0.01, P(for model fit) = 0.127) or a recessive (OR = 1.67, P = 0.003, P(for model fit) = 0.554) effect. The association was found in both sexes (OR = 1.21, P = 0.046 and OR = 1.53, P = 0.029, respectively, for co-dominant and recessive models in females, and OR = 1.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 2.29, P = 0.01, respectively, for the two models in males) and was more pronounced among the DRB1*03-negative (OR = 1.63, P = 0.0002) than DRB1*03-positive patients (OR = 1.04, P = 0.822). No other statistically significant associations between the ESR2 genotype and GD subsets were found (age of onset, smoking, clinically evident ophthalmopathy, family history of GD, and PTPN22 and CTLA4 (CT60) genotypes were analysed). CONCLUSIONS In a Polish population the ESR2 A allele is associated with GD with a strength comparable to polymorphisms of PTPN22 and CTLA4 CT60 loci (OR approximately 1.7). The association with ESR2 is found in both sexes and may be particularly strong among the DRB1*03-negative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Kisiel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Rheumatology, Military Institute of Health Services, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Bednarczuk T, Gopinath B, Ploski R, Wall JR. Susceptibility genes in Graves' ophthalmopathy: searching for a needle in a haystack? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:3-19. [PMID: 17521325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of clinical presentations of eye changes in patients with Graves' disease suggests that complex interactions between genetic, environmental, endogenous and local factors influence the development/severity of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). At present, the role of genetic factors in the development of GO remains unknown. Based on small case-control association studies with candidate genes, several susceptibility loci in GO have been proposed. These are human leucocyte antigen (HLA, 6p21.3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, 2q33), tumour necrosis factor (TNF, 6p21.3), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 12q14), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 19p13), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSH-R, 14q31). Unfortunately, these results were either not confirmed or require replication in larger studies. There are many reasons for the lack of reproducibility of association studies in GO, including poor characterization of the studied groups and small sample sizes, which may result in both false positive and negative results. Thus, the genetic background of GO remains to be elucidated in future research. However, the possibility that GO may be a genetically heterogeneous disorder, or that the development of GO may be predominantly influenced by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, can not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Shiau MY, Huang CN, Yang TP, Hwang YC, Tsai KJ, Chi CJ, Chang YH. Cytokine promoter polymorphisms in Taiwanese patients with Graves' disease. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:213-7. [PMID: 17208210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the association between promoter polymorphisms of Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes [interleukin-4 (IL-4 T-34C, A-81G, C-285T and T-589C), IL-6 (G-174C), IL-10 (A-592C and T-819C) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha G-238A and G-308A)] and Graves' disease (GD) in Taiwanese population. DESIGN AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of 137 GD patients and 189 control subjects. Cytokine gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Genotype frequencies of TNF-alpha G-238A or G-308A between control and GD subjects were significantly different. Frequencies of the high TNF-alpha secreting alleles (-238*A and -308*A) and IL-10 -819*C allele were significantly increased in GD patients. No significant differences regarding IL-4 or IL-6 gene polymorphisms between GD patients and control subjects were found. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that TNF-alpha G-238A and G-308A genotypes were strongly associated with GD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuh Shiau
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hiromatsu Y, Fukutani T, Ichimura M, Mukai T, Kaku H, Miyake I, Yamada K. Interleukin-12B gene polymorphism does not confer susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy in Japanese population. Endocr J 2006; 53:753-9. [PMID: 16966828 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k06-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder with genetic predisposition and frequently associated with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an important mediator of inflammatory immune responses and is expressed in the thyroid and orbit. IL-12B gene, which encodes the p40 subunit of IL-12, is located at chromosome 5q31-33. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether IL-12B gene polymorphism is associated with the development of GD or GO. IL-12B gene polymorphism was studied in Japanese GD patients (n = 329) and healthy control subjects without anti-thyroid autoantibodies or a family history of autoimmune disorders (n = 226). The A/C polymorphism at position 1188 of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the IL-12B gene was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was no difference in allele or genotype frequency of the IL-12B gene polymorphism (1188A/C) between GD patients and control subjects. There was no association of the IL-12B gene polymorphism with ophthalmopathy, severity of hyperthyroidism or serum IgE levels. There was no association of the IL-12B gene polymorphism with serum IL-12 levels, which were significantly elevated in hyperthyroid phase of GD. In conclusion, IL-12B gene 1188A/C polymorphism is not associated with GD or GO susceptibility in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hiromatsu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Das SN, Baniasadi V, Kapuria V. Association of ?308 TNF-? promoter polymorphism with type 1 diabetes in North Indians. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:411-6. [PMID: 17117950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Das
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Kula D, Bednarczuk T, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Polanska J, Hasse-Lazar K, Jarzab M, Steinhof-Radwanska K, Hejduk B, Zebracka J, Kurylowicz A, Bar-Andziak E, Stechly T, Pawlaczek A, Gubala E, Krawczyk A, Szpak-Ulczok S, Nauman J, Jarzab B. Interaction of HLA-DRB1 alleles with CTLA-4 in the predisposition to Graves' disease: the impact of DRB1*07. Thyroid 2006; 16:447-53. [PMID: 16756466 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study interactions between the two most widely confirmed Graves' disease (GD) loci: HLA-DRB1 and CTLA-4. HLA-DRB1*03 (risk allele) and DRB1*07 (protective allele) were analyzed in this aspect, the linked TNF G(-308)A polymorphism was also considered. DESIGN A case-control study of 429 patients with GD compared to 308 healthy subjects. The impact of genes and their interactions were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS The independent effects of DRB1*03 and DRB1*07 were confirmed in our study both by stratification studies and logistic regression. CTLA-4 did not appear to be associated with GD when the interactions with other genes were considered. By logistic regression we observed a significant interaction between DRB1*07 and CTLA-4 and revealed that CTLA-4 49G attenuated the DRB1*07-related protection, the effect noticed also in three-way stratification studies. We confirmed that the TNF G(-308)A polymorphism is only a marker of the DRB1 status. CONCLUSION Our results stress the importance of complex gene interactions in the multigene predisposition to GD. The interactions between two predisposing loci, DRB1 and CTLA-4, are exerted rather by DRB1*07 than DRB1*03 allele: CTLA-4 acts via switching off the protective DRB1*07 influence, whereas the effect of DRB1*03 is independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kula
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Branch, Poland
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Mukai T, Hiromatsu Y, Ichimura M, Fukutani T, Kaku H, Miyake I, Shoji S, Koda Y, Bednarczuk T. Lack of association of interleukin-18 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility of Japanese populations to Graves' disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2006; 16:243-8. [PMID: 16571086 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-18 gene confer susceptibility to Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). DESIGN We performed a case control study on polymorphisms of IL-18 gene in Japanese patients with GD (n = 435), and healthy control subjects without antithyroid autoantibodies or family history of autoimmune disorders (n = 255). The C-4675G, C-607A, and G-137C polymorphisms in the promoter region and A105C (exon 5) polymorphism were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using restriction enzymes, sequence-specific PCR, and PCR-direct sequencing methods. RESULTS None of the polymorphisms in the IL-18 gene were associated with development of Graves' disease. The CC genotype and C allele frequencies of IL-18 gene G-137C polymorphism tended to be greater in patients with ophthalmopathy than in patients without evident ophthalmopathy. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Although there were three major haplotypes, none of the haplotypes were statistically associated with susceptibility to GD or ophthalmopathy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-18 gene polymorphisms are not major genetic factors for susceptibility to GD in a Japanese population. Further studies with adequate sized data set in the subset analyses for GO are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunori Mukai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kurylowicz A, Kula D, Ploski R, Skorka A, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Zebracka J, Steinhof-Radwanska K, Hasse-Lazar K, Hiromatsu Y, Jarzab B, Bednarczuk T. Association of CD40 gene polymorphism (C-1T) with susceptibility and phenotype of Graves' disease. Thyroid 2005; 15:1119-24. [PMID: 16279844 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, a functional polymorphism in the CD40 gene at position -1, C to T change (C-1T) has been identified and the C/C genotype has been reported to be associated with Graves' disease (GD). DESIGN We performed a case-control, replication study on 556 patients with GD and 611 healthy subjects in a Polish population. Furthermore, we analyzed the distribution of CD40 genotypes in subgroups of patients with GD divided according to age of onset, gender, family history, tobacco smoking, ophthalmopathy, and genetic parameters (CTLA4 49G, PTPN22/LYP 1858T or HLA-DRB1*03 alleles). RESULTS Although the frequency of C/C genotype was increased in GD compared to controls, the difference was not significant (60.5% versus 55.8%, p = 0.062, odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-1.53). Because our study was underpowered to detect such a modest association, we performed a meta-analysis with the data from previous studies. The combined OR for the C/C genotype as a risk factor for GD was 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08-1.38, p = 0.001). We failed to find an interaction between CD40 genotypes and other GD susceptibility alleles. No significant genotype-phenotype associations were found. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion that CD40 C-1T polymorphism has a modest effect on genetic susceptibility to sporadic GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kurylowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
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Skórka A, Bednarczuk T, Bar-Andziak E, Nauman J, Ploski R. Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22/LYP) variant and Graves' disease in a Polish population: association and gene dose-dependent correlation with age of onset. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 62:679-82. [PMID: 15943829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to Graves' disease (GD) is to a significant extent determined by genetic factors of which the best known are those associated with the HLA and the CTLA4 locus. Recently, two studies on British Caucasians reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism, 1858 C > T in PTPN22, encoding Arg620Trp in the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), which is a negative regulator of T-cell activation, increases the risk of GD. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the PTPN22 'T' allele is associated with GD and/or its subsets, defined by clinical or genetic parameters, in a Polish population. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN A cohort of 290 patients and 310 controls was genotyped using a PCR-RFLP method. The distribution of PTPN22 alleles and genotypes among patients and controls was compared, and correlation was sought between PTPN22 'T' and sex, tobacco smoking status, family history of GD, age of disease onset, presence (and severity) of ophthalmopathy, and presence of the CTLA4 A49G or DRB1*03 alleles. RESULTS Association between GD and the PTPN22 'T' allele was confirmed (OR 1.7, P < 0.0008). Furthermore, a significant correlation between the PTPN22 genotype and the age of GD onset was demonstrated (r = -0.18, P = 0.0019). The PTPN22 'TT' and 'CC' genotypes defined groups characterized by more than twofold difference in median age of disease onset (20.8 years vs. 42 years, P < 0.003) whereas the 'CT' genotype was associated with an intermediate value (35 years). There were no statistically significant correlations with other analysed clinical or genetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS We replicated the association between Graves' disease and PTPN22 'T' reported in British Caucasians. We also found a gene dose-dependent effect of PTPN22 'T' on the age of onset of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Skórka
- Department of Diabetology, Newborn Pathology and Birth Defects, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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