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Ye Q, Wang J, Chen M, Nie W, Zhang H, Su X, Ling L, Liu X, Liu L, Wang C, Gao Y. Interferon-gamma FlowSpot assay for the measurement of the T-cell response to cytomegalovirus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16792. [PMID: 37360105 PMCID: PMC10285093 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We describe a new method, FlowSpot, to assess CMV-specific T-cell response by quantification of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). CMV-specific, T-cell-released IFN-γ was captured by flow beads and measured via flow cytometry. In the present study, we used FlowSpot to assess CMV-specific T-cell response in healthy individuals. The FlowSpot results were compared with those of serological analysis and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Methods Experimental results and parameter analysis were investigated by using serological, ELISpot, and FlowSpot assays. Results The levels of IFN-γ, which is released from CMV-specific T-cells, were measured, and the results and parameter analysis showed a good correlation between FlowSpot and ELISpot. However, FlowSpot was more sensitive and better reflected the strength of IFN-γ secretion than did ELISpot. Conclusions Compared to ELISpot, FlowSpot has a high sensitivity and is cost and time effective. Thus, this method can be used in wider clinical and scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Ye
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Weijian Nie
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxi Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuting Ling
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Longshan Liu
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lindemann M, Wilde B, Friebus-Kardash J, Gäckler A, Witzke O, Dittmer U, Horn PA, Kribben A, Mülling N, Eisenberger U. Comparison of Humoral and Cellular CMV Immunity in Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091688. [PMID: 34574029 PMCID: PMC8467335 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease may alter antiviral T cell immunity. In the current study, we assessed in 63 patients prior to kidney transplantation how humoral and cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) correlated using an interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot (T-Track® CMV, Mikrogen, Neuried, Germany). The cohort comprised 24 patients with negative and 39 with positive CMV IgG. Whereas none of the patients with negative CMV IgG showed detectable responses to the T-Track® CMV, 26 out of 39 patients with positive CMV IgG had positive ELISpot responses. The median response to CMV pp65 in the CMV seronegative group was 0 spot forming units (SFU) per 200,000 PBMC (range 0–1) and in the seropositive group 43 SFU (range 0–750). Thus, 13 out of 39 patients with positive CMV serostatus (33%) had undetectable T cell immunity and may be at an increased risk of CMV reactivation. CMV pp65-specific ELISpot responses were 29.3-fold higher in seropositive patients with vs. without dialysis and 5.6-fold higher in patients with vs. without immunosuppressive therapy, but patients with dialysis and immunosuppressive therapy showed, as expected, lower responses to phytohemagglutinin, the positive control. This finding may be caused by (subclinical) CMV-DNAemia and a “booster” of CMV-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-4217
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
| | - Justa Friebus-Kardash
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
| | - Anja Gäckler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
| | - Oliver Witzke
- West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Essen-Duisburg, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Essen-Duisburg, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
| | - Nils Mülling
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
| | - Ute Eisenberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (B.W.); (J.F.-K.); (A.G.); (A.K.); (N.M.); (U.E.)
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Lehmann AA, Zhang T, Reche PA, Lehmann PV. Discordance Between the Predicted Versus the Actually Recognized CD8+ T Cell Epitopes of HCMV pp65 Antigen and Aleatory Epitope Dominance. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618428. [PMID: 33633736 PMCID: PMC7900545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell immune monitoring aims at measuring the size and functions of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell populations, thereby providing insights into cell-mediated immunity operational in a test subject. The selection of peptides for ex vivo CD8+ T cell detection is critical because within a complex antigen exists a multitude of potential epitopes that can be presented by HLA class I molecules. Further complicating this task, there is HLA class I polygenism and polymorphism which predisposes CD8+ T cell responses towards individualized epitope recognition profiles. In this study, we compare the actual CD8+ T cell recognition of a well-characterized model antigen, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp65 protein, with its anticipated epitope coverage. Due to the abundance of experimentally defined HLA-A*02:01-restricted pp65 epitopes, and because in silico epitope predictions are most advanced for HLA-A*02:01, we elected to focus on subjects expressing this allele. In each test subject, every possible CD8+ T cell epitope was systematically covered testing 553 individual peptides that walk the sequence of pp65 in steps of single amino acids. Highly individualized CD8+ T cell response profiles with aleatory epitope recognition patterns were observed. No correlation was found between epitopes' ranking on the prediction scale and their actual immune dominance. Collectively, these data suggest that accurate CD8+ T cell immune monitoring may necessitate reliance on agnostic mega peptide pools, or brute force mapping, rather than electing individual peptides as representative epitopes for tetramer and other multimer labeling of surface antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
| | - Pedro A. Reche
- Laboratorio de Inmunomedicina & Inmunoinformatica, Departamento de Immunologia & O2, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research and Development, Cellular Technology Ltd., Shaker Heights, OH, United States
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A phase 1/2 trial of an immune-modulatory vaccine against IDO/PD-L1 in combination with nivolumab in metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 2021; 27:2212-2223. [PMID: 34887574 PMCID: PMC8904254 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-programmed death (PD)-1 (aPD1) therapy is an effective treatment for metastatic melanoma (MM); however, over 50% of patients progress due to resistance. We tested a first-in-class immune-modulatory vaccine (IO102/IO103) against indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1), targeting immunosuppressive cells and tumor cells expressing IDO and/or PD-L1 (IDO/PD-L1), combined with nivolumab. Thirty aPD1 therapy-naive patients with MM were treated in a phase 1/2 study ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ , NCT03047928). The primary endpoint was feasibility and safety; the systemic toxicity profile was comparable to that of nivolumab monotherapy. Secondary endpoints were efficacy and immunogenicity; an objective response rate (ORR) of 80% (confidence interval (CI), 62.7-90.5%) was reached, with 43% (CI, 27.4-60.8%) complete responses. After a median follow-up of 22.9 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 26 months (CI, 15.4-69 months). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Vaccine-specific responses assessed in vitro were detected in the blood of >93% of patients during vaccination. Vaccine-reactive T cells comprised CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activity against IDO- and PD-L1-expressing cancer and immune cells. T cell influx of peripherally expanded T cells into tumor sites was observed in responding patients, and general enrichment of IDO- and PD-L1-specific clones after treatment was documented. These clinical efficacy and favorable safety data support further validation in a larger randomized trial to confirm the clinical potential of this immunomodulating approach.
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The Cytomegalovirus-Specific IL-21 ELISpot Correlates with Allograft Function of Kidney Transplant Recipients. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123945. [PMID: 30544783 PMCID: PMC6320857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In kidney transplant recipients, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) is frequently causing infection/reactivation and can trigger allograft rejection. To assess the risk of reactivation, the cellular immune response against CMV is increasingly assessed by cellular in vitro methods, such as the interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot. In the current study we compared the IFN-γ ELISpot with our newly established CMV-specific ELISpot assays determining IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, granzyme B, and perforin and correlated the results with flow cytometric data and clinical parameters. In 77 kidney transplant recipients, the highest frequency was observed for CMV pp65-specific cells secreting IFN-γ, followed by cells secreting IL-21 (62.9 and 23.2 Δ spot forming cells/105 cells). We observed a positive correlation between the percentage of CMV-specific CD3+ CD4+ CD154+ cells and results of the CMV-specific IL-21 ELISpot (p = 0.002). Results of the CMV pp65-specific IL-21 ELISpot correlated negatively with kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, p = 0.006) and were significantly higher in women (p = 0.005). IL-21, a cytokine involved in aging that is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells, may also impact on allograft function. Thus, the CMV-specific IL-21 ELISpot could become a new tool to assess if CMV seropositivity represents a hazard for the graft.
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STRANAVOVA L, HRUBA P, GIRMANOVA E, TYCOVA I, SLAVCEV A, FRONEK J, SLATINSKA J, REINKE P, VOLK HD, VIKLICKY O. The Effect of Induction Therapy on Established CMV Specific T Cell Immunity in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation. Physiol Res 2018; 67:251-260. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection influences both short and long term outcomes in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different induction immunosuppression regimens on CMV specific T cell response in patients with already established CMV immunity. In 24 seropositive living donor kidney recipients, the frequency of CMV specific T cells was determined by ELISPOT (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot) assay prior and 6 months after transplantation. Recipients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with immediate-early (IE1) and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) CMV-derived peptide pools and the number of cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was assessed. Patients received quadruple immunosuppression based either on depletive rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) or non-depletive basiliximab induction and tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil/steroids. Patients with rATG induction received valgancyclovir prophylaxis. No effects of different induction agents on CMV specific T cell immunity were found at sixth month after kidney transplantation. There were no associations among dialysis vintage, pretransplant CMV specific T cell immunity, and later CMV DNAemia. Similarly, no effect of CMV prophylaxis on CMV specific T cell immunity was revealed. This study shows no effect of posttransplant immunosuppression on CMV specific T cell immunity in living donor kidney transplant recipients with CMV immunity already established, regardless of lymphocyte depletion and CMV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - O. VIKLICKY
- Department of Nephrology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Möbs C, Schmidt T. Research Techniques Made Simple: Monitoring of T-Cell Subsets using the ELISPOT Assay. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 136:e55-e59. [PMID: 27212652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay allows characterization of single-cell immune responses through detection of secreted analytes. Although ELISPOT analysis shares similarities with ELISA, it has some essential differences. In general, the ELISPOT assay uses antibodies to capture and detect analytes of interest released by activated immune cells. Released analytes form specific antibody-antigen complexes and are visualized as spots of enzyme-substrate precipitates. These spots indicate both how many cells secrete the respective analyte and how much analyte is produced per individual cell. Initially developed for the detection of antibody-secreting cells, ELISPOT assays are now frequently performed both in the context of clinical diagnostics and in research on T-cell responses, in particular antigen-specific T-cell subpopulations, as related to allergy, cancer, infections, or autoimmune diseases. The one spot-one cell principle allows sensitive detection of specific and rare immune cell subsets. Here we present general principles, applications, and recent modifications of the ELISPOT technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Banas B, Böger CA, Lückhoff G, Krüger B, Barabas S, Batzilla J, Schemmerer M, Köstler J, Bendfeldt H, Rascle A, Wagner R, Deml L, Leicht J, Krämer BK. Validation of T-Track® CMV to assess the functionality of cytomegalovirus-reactive cell-mediated immunity in hemodialysis patients. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:15. [PMID: 28270092 PMCID: PMC5339958 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uncontrolled cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in immunocompromised solid-organ transplant recipients is a clinically relevant issue and an indication of impaired CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Primary aim of this study was to assess the suitability of the immune monitoring tool T-Track® CMV to determine CMV-reactive CMI in a cohort of hemodialysis patients representative of patients eligible for renal transplantation. Positive and negative agreement of T-Track® CMV with CMV serology was examined in 124 hemodialysis patients, of whom 67 (54%) revealed a positive CMV serostatus. Secondary aim of the study was to evaluate T-Track® CMV performance against two unrelated CMV-specific CMI monitoring assays, QuantiFERON®-CMV and a cocktail of six class I iTAg™ MHC Tetramers. Results Positive T-Track® CMV results were obtained in 90% (60/67) of CMV-seropositive hemodialysis patients. In comparison, 73% (45/62) and 77% (40/52) positive agreement with CMV serology was achieved using QuantiFERON®-CMV and iTAg™ MHC Tetramer. Positive T-Track® CMV responses in CMV-seropositive patients were dominated by pp65-reactive cells (58/67 [87%]), while IE-1-responsive cells contributed to an improved (87% to 90%) positive agreement of T-Track® CMV with CMV serology. Interestingly, T-Track® CMV, QuantiFERON®-CMV and iTAg™ MHC Tetramers showed 79% (45/57), 87% (48/55) and 93% (42/45) negative agreement with serology, respectively, and a strong inter-assay variability. Notably, T-Track® CMV was able to detect IE-1-reactive cells in blood samples of patients with a negative CMV serology, suggesting either a previous exposure to CMV that yielded a cellular but no humoral immune response, or TCR cross-reactivity with foreign antigens, both suggesting a possible protective immunity against CMV in these patients. Conclusion T-Track® CMV is a highly sensitive assay, enabling the functional assessment of CMV-responsive cells in hemodialysis patients prior to renal transplantation. T-Track® CMV thus represents a valuable immune monitoring tool to identify candidate transplant recipients potentially at increased risk for CMV-related clinical complications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-017-0194-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Krüger
- 5th Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Schemmerer
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Köstler
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Rascle
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Deml
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard K Krämer
- 5th Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Barabas S, Spindler T, Kiener R, Tonar C, Lugner T, Batzilla J, Bendfeldt H, Rascle A, Asbach B, Wagner R, Deml L. An optimized IFN-γ ELISpot assay for the sensitive and standardized monitoring of CMV protein-reactive effector cells of cell-mediated immunity. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:14. [PMID: 28270111 PMCID: PMC5339961 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In healthy individuals, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is efficiently controlled by CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Functional impairment of CMI in immunocompromized individuals however can lead to uncontrolled CMV replication and severe clinical complications. Close monitoring of CMV-specific CMI is therefore clinically relevant and might allow a reliable prognosis of CMV disease as well as assist personalized therapeutic decisions. Methods Objective of this work was the optimization and technical validation of an IFN-γ ELISpot assay for a standardized, sensitive and reliable quantification of CMV-reactive effector cells. T-activated® immunodominant CMV IE-1 and pp65 proteins were used as stimulants. All basic assay parameters and reagents were tested and optimized to establish a user-friendly protocol and maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the ELISpot assay. Results Optimized and standardized ELISpot revealed low intra-assay, inter-assay and inter-operator variability (coefficient of variation CV below 22%) and CV inter-site was lower than 40%. Good assay linearity was obtained between 6 × 104 and 2 × 105 PBMC per well upon stimulation with T-activated® IE-1 (R2 = 0.97) and pp65 (R2 = 0.99) antigens. Remarkably, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with T-activated® IE-1 and pp65 proteins resulted in the activation of a broad range of CMV-reactive effector cells, including CD3+CD4+ (Th), CD3+CD8+ (CTL), CD3−CD56+ (NK) and CD3+CD56+ (NKT-like) cells. Accordingly, the optimized IFN-γ ELISpot assay revealed very high sensitivity (97%) in a cohort of 45 healthy donors, of which 32 were CMV IgG-seropositive. Conclusion The combined use of T-activated® IE-1 and pp65 proteins for the stimulation of PBMC with the optimized IFN-γ ELISpot assay represents a highly standardized, valuable tool to monitor the functionality of CMV-specific CMI with great sensitivity and reliability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-017-0195-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Barabas
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Spindler
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Kiener
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Tonar
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Lugner
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Batzilla
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Bendfeldt
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rascle
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Deml
- Lophius Biosciences GmbH, Am BioPark 13, 93053, Regensburg, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Choi KY, Root M, McGregor A. A Novel Non-Replication-Competent Cytomegalovirus Capsid Mutant Vaccine Strategy Is Effective in Reducing Congenital Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7902-19. [PMID: 27334585 PMCID: PMC4988156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00283-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a leading cause of mental retardation and deafness in newborns. The guinea pig is the only small animal model for congenital CMV infection. A novel CMV vaccine was investigated as an intervention strategy against congenital guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection. In this disabled infectious single-cycle (DISC) vaccine strategy, a GPCMV mutant virus was used that lacked the ability to express an essential capsid gene (the UL85 homolog GP85) except when grown on a complementing cell line. In vaccinated animals, the GP85 mutant virus (GP85 DISC) induced an antibody response to important glycoprotein complexes considered neutralizing target antigens (gB, gH/gL/gO, and gM/gN). The vaccine also generated a T cell response to the pp65 homolog (GP83), determined via a newly established guinea pig gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay. In a congenital infection protection study, GP85 DISC-vaccinated animals and a nonvaccinated control group were challenged during pregnancy with wild-type GPCMV (10(5) PFU). The pregnant animals carried the pups to term, and viral loads in target organs of pups were analyzed. Based on live pup births in the vaccinated and control groups (94.1% versus 63.6%), the vaccine was successful in reducing mortality (P = 0.0002). Additionally, pups from the vaccinated group had reduced CMV transmission, with 23.5% infected target organs versus 75.9% in the control group. Overall, these preliminary studies indicate that a DISC CMV vaccine strategy has the ability to induce an immune response similar to that of natural virus infection but has the increased safety of a non-replication-competent virus, which makes this approach attractive as a CMV vaccine strategy. IMPORTANCE Congenital CMV infection is a leading cause of mental retardation and deafness in newborns. An effective vaccine against CMV remains an elusive goal despite over 50 years of CMV research. The guinea pig, with a placenta structure similar to that in humans, is the only small animal model for congenital CMV infection and recapitulates disease symptoms (e.g., deafness) in newborn pups. In this report, a novel vaccine strategy against congenital guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection was developed, characterized, and tested for efficacy. This disabled infectious single-cycle (DISC) vaccine strategy induced a neutralizing antibody or a T cell response to important target antigens. In a congenital infection protection study, animals were protected against CMV in comparison to the nonvaccinated group (52% reduction of transmission). This novel vaccine was more effective than previously tested gB-based vaccines and most other strategies involving live virus vaccines. Overall, the DISC vaccine is a safe and promising approach against congenital CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yeon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Root
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
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11
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Higuchi Y, Koya T, Yuzawa M, Yamaoka N, Mizuno Y, Yoshizawa K, Hirabayashi K, Kobayashi T, Sano K, Shimodaira S. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay for the Detection of Wilms' Tumor 1-Specific T Cells Induced by Dendritic Cell Vaccination. Biomedicines 2015; 3:304-315. [PMID: 28536414 PMCID: PMC5344226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy and the development of various assays for T cell assessment, a lack of universal standards within immune monitoring remains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay in comparison with major histocompatibility complex-tetramer analysis in the context of dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy. METHODS The ELISpot assay was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells to assess reproducibility, daily precision, and linearity using HLA-A*24:02-restricted Cytomegalovirus peptide. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells were then evaluated by both the ELISpot assay and WT1 tetramer analysis in peripheral blood from 46 cancer patients who received DC vaccinations pulsed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*24:02-restricted modified WT1 peptides. RESULTS The ELISpot assay was proven to have reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 7.4% to 16.3%), daily precision (CV ranged from 5.0% to 17.3%), and linearity (r = 0.96-0.98). WT1-specific immune responses were detected by the ELISpot assay in 34 out of 46 patients (73.9%) post-vaccination. A Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient of 0.82 between the ELISpot assay and WT1 tetramer analysis was obtained. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a comparison of an ELISpot assay and tetramer analysis in the context of dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy. The ELISpot assay has reproducibility, linearity, and excellent correlation with the WT1 tetramer analysis. These findings suggest that the validated ELISpot assay is useful to monitor the acquired immunity by DC vaccination targeting WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Higuchi
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Terutsugu Koya
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Miki Yuzawa
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Naoko Yamaoka
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Mizuno
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshizawa
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hirabayashi
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Shinshu Cancer Center, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Kenji Sano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Shigetaka Shimodaira
- Center for Advanced Cell Therapy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Garcia-Castillo MD, Tran T, Bobard A, Renard HF, Rathjen SJ, Dransart E, Stechmann B, Lamaze C, Lord M, Cintrat JC, Enninga J, Tartour E, Johannes L. Retrograde transport is not required for cytosolic translocation of the B-subunit of Shiga toxin. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2373-87. [PMID: 25977475 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells have the remarkable capacity to transfer exogenous antigens to the cytosol for processing by proteasomes and subsequent presentation on major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) molecules, a process termed cross-presentation. This is the target of biomedical approaches that aim to trigger a therapeutic immune response. The receptor-binding B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) has been developed as an antigen delivery tool for such immunotherapy applications. In this study, we have analyzed pathways and trafficking factors that are involved in this process. A covalent conjugate between STxB and saporin was generated to quantitatively sample the membrane translocation step to the cytosol in differentiated monocyte-derived THP-1 cells. We have found that retrograde trafficking to the Golgi complex was not required for STxB-saporin translocation to the cytosol or for STxB-dependent antigen cross-presentation. Depletion of endosomal Rab7 inhibited, and lowering membrane cholesterol levels favored STxB-saporin translocation. Interestingly, experiments with reducible and non-reducible linker-arm-STxB conjugates led to the conclusion that after translocation, STxB remains associated with the cytosolic membrane leaflet. In summary, we report new facets of the endosomal escape process bearing relevance to antigen cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniela Garcia-Castillo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thi Tran
- INSERM U970, PARCC Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris Cedex 15 75908, France
| | - Alexandre Bobard
- Dynamique des Interactions Hôte Pathogène, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Henri-François Renard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stefan J Rathjen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Estelle Dransart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bahne Stechmann
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
| | - Mike Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Jost Enninga
- Dynamique des Interactions Hôte Pathogène, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15 75724, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris Cedex 15 75908, France
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France CNRS UMR3666, Paris 75005, France INSERM U1143, Paris 75005, France
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13
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Calarota SA, Chiesa A, Scaramuzzi L, Adzasehoun KMG, Comolli G, Mangione F, Esposito P, Baldanti F. Normalizing ELISPOT responses to T-cell counts: a novel approach for quantification of HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:65-73. [PMID: 24961915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common opportunistic virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. The analysis of HCMV-specific T-cell immunity after organ transplant is of relevant clinical interest. OBJECTIVES To analyze HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in healthy subjects and kidney transplant recipients (KTR). STUDY DESIGN HCMV-specific T-cell responses were evaluated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) using overlapping 15-mer peptide pools of immediate early (IE)-1, IE-2, phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) (for stimulation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses) and a pool of 34 short peptides (8-12 amino acids in length, for stimulation of CD8(+) T-cell responses). ELISPOT results were normalized to T-cell subset counts and their correlations with a reported dendritic cell (DC)-based assay, which simultaneously quantifies HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, were analyzed. RESULTS HCMV-seropositive KTR showed higher ELISPOT responses compared to HCMV-seropositive healthy subjects. IE-1 and pp65 ELISPOT responses were mediated mainly by CD8(+) T-cells and, to a lesser extent, CD4(+) T cells; IE-2 peptides appear to stimulate CD56(+) cells (natural killer cells). In HCMV-seropositive healthy subjects, ELISPOT results (expressed either as net spots/million cells or normalized to the corresponding T-cell count) significantly correlated with the DC assay. However, in HMCV-seropositive KTR, only normalized ELISPOT responses to overlapping 15-mer peptide pools significantly correlated with DC-assay responses. CONCLUSIONS The normalized ELISPOT represents a novel and simple approach for quantifying and monitoring HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in KTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Chiesa
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Scaramuzzi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Kodjo M G Adzasehoun
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuditta Comolli
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Experimental Research Laboratories, Biotechnology Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Mangione
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Chauvat A, Benhamouda N, Loison E, Gougeon ML, Gey A, Levionnois E, Ravel P, Abitbol V, Roncelin S, Marcheteau E, Quintin-Colonna F, Fridman WH, Launay O, Tartour E. Pitfalls in anti-influenza T cell detection by Elispot using thimerosal containing pandemic H1N1 vaccine as antigen. J Immunol Methods 2012; 378:81-7. [PMID: 22366633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring T cells in combination with humoral response may be of value to predict clinical protection and cross-protective immunity after influenza vaccination. Elispot technique which measures cytokine produced after antigen-specific T cell stimulation is used routinely to detect and characterize anti-viral T cells. We found that the preservative thimerosal present in most H1N1 pandemic vaccines, induced in vitro abortive activation of T cells followed by cell death leading to false-positive results with the Elispot technique. The size of the spots, usually not measured in routine analysis, appears to be a discriminative criterion to detect this bias. Multi-dose vials of vaccine containing thimerosal remain important for vaccine delivery and our results alert about false-positive results of Elispot to monitor the clinical efficacy of these vaccines. We showed that this finding extends for other T cell monitoring techniques based on cytokine production such as ELISA. Although measuring in vitro immune response using the whole vaccine used for human immunization directly reflects in vivo global host response to the vaccine, the present study strongly supports the use of individual vaccine components for immune monitoring due to the presence of contaminants, such as thimerosal, leading to a bias in interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chauvat
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
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15
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Slota M, Lim JB, Dang Y, Disis ML. ELISpot for measuring human immune responses to vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:299-306. [PMID: 21434798 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay is one of the most commonly used methods to measure antigen-specific T cells in both mice and humans. Some of the primary reasons for the popularity of the method are that ELISpot is highly quantitative, can measure a broad range of magnitudes of response and is capable of assessing critical cellular immune-related activities such as IFN-γ secretion and granzyme B release. Furthermore, ELISpot is adaptable not only to the evaluation of a variety of T-cell functions, but also to B cells and innate immune cells. It is no wonder that ELISpot has evolved from a research tool to a clinical assay. Recent Phase I and II studies of cancer vaccines, tested in a variety of malignancies, have suggested that ELISpot may be a useful biomarker assay to predict clinical benefit after therapeutic immune modulation. This article will discuss the most common applications of ELISpot, overview the efforts that have been undertaken to standardize the assay and apply the method in the analysis of human clinical trials, and describe some important steps in the process of developing a clinical-grade ELISpot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Slota
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, 815 Mercer Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98058, USA
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16
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Oudard S, Rixe O, Beuselinck B, Linassier C, Banu E, Machiels JP, Baudard M, Ringeisen F, Velu T, Lefrere-Belda MA, Limacher JM, Fridman WH, Azizi M, Acres B, Tartour E. A phase II study of the cancer vaccine TG4010 alone and in combination with cytokines in patients with metastatic renal clear-cell carcinoma: clinical and immunological findings. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:261-71. [PMID: 21069322 PMCID: PMC11029770 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 over-expression in renal clear-cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with poor prognosis. This phase II study determined the efficacy and tolerability of TG4010, a cancer vaccine based on a modified vaccinia virus expressing MUC1 and interleukin-2, in combination with cytokines, as first-line therapy in metastatic RCC. Thirty-seven patients with progressive, MUC1-positive RCC received TG4010 10(8) pfu/inj weekly for 6 weeks, then every 3 weeks until progression, when TG4010 was continued in combination with interferon-α2a and interleukin-2. Assessments included clinical response (primary endpoint), safety, time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), and immune response. No objective clinical responses occurred. Five of the 27 evaluable patients (18%) had stable disease for >6 months with TG4010 alone and six of 20 patients (30%) had stable disease for >6 months with TG4010 plus cytokines. Median TTF was 4.1, 3.6, and 9.3 months for monotherapy, combination therapy, and overall, respectively. Median OS was 19.3 months for all patients and 22.4 months combination therapy recipients. The most frequent TG4010-related adverse events were minor-to-moderate injection-site reactions, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms. Six of 28 patients showed a MUC1 CD4+ T cell proliferative response during therapy. Anti-MUC1 CD8+ T cells were detected before and after therapy in 3 and 4 patients, respectively. MUC1-specific CD8+ T cell responses were associated with longer survival. Therapy with TG4010 plus cytokines appears to be feasible and well tolerated in patients with metastatic RCC. However, these data should be interpreted with caution, as additional prospective studies are necessary to clarify the clinical efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 20 rue Leblanc, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Allmendinger J, Paradies F, Kamprad M, Richter T, Pustowoit B, Liebert UG. Determination of rubella virus-specific cell-mediated immunity using IFN gamma-ELISpot. J Med Virol 2010; 82:335-40. [PMID: 20029797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to rubella virus (RV) is conventionally determined by measuring specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, several individuals may be considered immune despite undetectable antibody levels. In the present study RV-specific interferon-gamma (IFN gamma)-ELISpot and rubella-IgG-ELISA were compared in 75 young adults aged between 20 and 30 years. In a subgroup, not only rubella-like particles (RLP), but also HPV77 rubella vaccine derived antigen was used in IFN gamma-ELISpot. The results from both, ELISA and ELISpot were independent of previous encounter to RV (vaccination, exanthematous disease, or childhood infection). There was no difference between RLP and RV vaccine antigen in IFN gamma-ELISpot response, and there was no correlation between IFN gamma-ELISpot and RV-specific IgG levels. IFN gamma-producing cells were found in 78.7% of all tested persons, and 83.8% of them were positive in ELISA. In almost all individuals seronegative for RV antibody, IFN gamma-producing cells were detected. Considering both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, a positive RV immune reaction was seen in 98.6%. The results indicate that the IFN gamma-ELISpot can provide valuable additional information in seronegative individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allmendinger
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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A phase II study of Tg4010 (Mva-Muc1-Il2) in association with chemotherapy in patients with stage III/IV Non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:735-44. [PMID: 18594319 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31817c6b4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TG4010 is a recombinant viral vector expressing both the tumor-associated antigen MUC1 and Interleukine-2. This vector is based on the modified virus of Ankara, a significantly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus. TG4010 has been designed to induce or amplify a cellular immune response directed against tumor cells expressing MUC1. METHODS A multicenter, randomized phase II study has explored two schedules of the combination of TG4010 with first line chemotherapy in patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. In Arm 1, TG4010 was combined upfront with cisplatin (100 mg/m day 1) and vinorelbine (25 mg/m day 1 and day 8). In Arm 2, patients were treated with TG4010 monotherapy until disease progression, followed by TG4010 plus the same chemotherapy as in Arm1. Response rate was evaluated according to RECIST. Median time to progression and median overall survival were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Sixty-five patients were enrolled, 44 in Arm 1 and 21 in Arm 2, in accordance with the two stage Simon design of the statistical plan. In Arm 1, partial response was observed in 13 patients out of 37 evaluable patients (29.5% of the intent to treat population, 35.1% of the evaluable patients). In Arm 2, two patients experienced stable disease for more than 6 months with TG4010 alone (up to 211 days), in the subsequent combination with chemotherapy, one complete and one partial response were observed out of 14 evaluable patients. Arm 2 did not meet the criteria for moving forward to second stage. The median time to progression was 4.8 months for Arm 1. The median overall survival was 12.7 months for Arm 1 and 14.9 for Arm 2. One year survival rate was 53% for Arm 1 and 60% for Arm 2. TG4010 was well tolerated, mild to moderate injection site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and fatigue being the most frequent adverse reactions. A MUC1-specific cellular immune response was observed in lymphocyte samples from all responding patients evaluable for immunology. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TG4010 with standard chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer is feasible and shows encouraging results. A randomized study evaluating the addition of TG4010 to first line chemotherapy in this population is in progress.
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Wang XF, Kerzerho J, Adotevi O, Nuyttens H, Badoual C, Munier G, Oudard S, Tu S, Tartour E, Maillère B. Comprehensive analysis of HLA-DR- and HLA-DP4-restricted CD4+ T cell response specific for the tumor-shared antigen survivin in healthy donors and cancer patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:431-9. [PMID: 18566409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the wide distribution of the survivin Ag in a variety of tumors, we have investigated the survivin-specific CD4+ T cell response in healthy donors and cancer patients. Screening of the entire sequence of survivin for HLA class II binding led to the identification of seven HLA-DR promiscuous peptides, including four HLA-DP4 peptides. All of the peptides were able to prime in vitro CD4+ T cells of eight different healthy donors. The peptide-specific T cell lines were stimulated by dendritic cells loaded with the recombinant protein or with the lysates of tumor cells. The high frequency of responders (i.e., immunoprevalence) was provided by a wide reactivity of multiple peptides. Six peptides were T cell stimulating in at least half of the donors and were close to CD8+ T cell epitopes. HLA-DR molecules were more frequently involved in T cell stimulation than were HLA-DP4 molecules, and hence immunoprevalence relies mainly on HLA-DR promiscuity in the survivin Ag. In two cancer patients a spontaneous CD4+ T cell response specific for one of these peptides was also observed. Based on these observations, the tumor-shared survivin does not appear to be the target of immune tolerance in healthy donors and cancer patients and is a relevant candidate for cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Wang
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéine, Gif Sur Yvette, Paris, France
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Mandron M, Martin H, Bonjean B, Lulé J, Tartour E, Davrinche C. Dendritic cell-induced apoptosis of human cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts promotes cross-presentation of pp65 to CD8+ T cells. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:78-86. [PMID: 18089731 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient host response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may depend on rapid sensing of the infection by the innate immune response prior to deployment of viral immunosubversive functions. Control of HCMV dissemination could be ensured by apoptosis of cells immediately following infection. In the present report, it is demonstrated that changes in the ratio of c-FLIP to FLICE contributed to early sensitivity of HCMV-infected MRC5 fibroblasts to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), providing an innate response to infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) co-cultured with HCMV-infected MRC5 cells acquired the ability to secrete TNF-alpha in an amount sufficient to kill infected fibroblasts. Blockage of TNF-alpha binding to its receptor on MRC5 cells with soluble TNF-R reduced the number of dead, HCMV-infected fibroblasts ingested by DCs, thus highlighting the impact of the apoptotic state of infected cells for efficient loading of DCs. Those DCs loaded with antigens available early in infection, such as input virion-associated pp65, could then engage antigen processing for cross-presentation to specific CD8(+) T cells. Cross-presentation was impaired when MRC5 cells were treated with the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD before co-culture with DCs. Altogether, our data suggest that the innate killing capacity of DCs at the early stage of infection plays a role in the activation of anti-HCMV CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mandron
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Bonjean
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacqueline Lulé
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- EA4054, Université René Descartes-Paris 5, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Christian Davrinche
- INSERM, U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, F-31300 Toulouse, France
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21
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Analysis and Characterization of Antitumor T-cell Response After Administration of Dendritic Cells Loaded With Allogeneic Tumor Lysate to Metastatic Melanoma Patients. J Immunother 2008; 31:101-12. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318159f5ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Morita Y, Hosokawa M, Ebisawa M, Sugita T, Miura O, Takaue Y, Heike Y. Evaluation of cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in patients with the HLA-A*02 or HLA-A*24 phenotype undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36:803-11. [PMID: 16113668 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CMV-CTL) are essential for the control of CMV reactivation. To monitor the quantity and function of CMV-CTL after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), two CMV epitopes that bind to HLA-A*0201 NLVPMVATV (A*02NLV) and HLA-A*2402 QYDPVAALF (A*24QYD) were evaluated for their immunological potential. Samples from patients with the HLA-A*02 or HLA-A*24 serotype were analyzed by tetramer, intracellular cytokine staining and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. There were significantly more A*02NLV-specific CMV-CTL than A*24QYD (23 x 10(6) vs 0.4 x 10(6)/l). The frequency of IFN-gamma-producing cells was also higher upon stimulation with A*02NLV than with A*24QYD (2.5 vs 0.1%/CD8). Furthermore, the magnitude of CMV-CTL expansion was two- to 50-fold when cells were cultured with A*02NLV, while only an insignificant increase was observed in culture with A*24QYD. Although the number of A*24QYD-specific CMV-CTL was very low in most of the HLA-A*24 patients, the incidence of CMV reactivation did not differ between those with HLA-A*02 and HLA-A*24 serotype alone. These results suggest that an epitope other than A*24QYD plays a major role in patients with HLA-A*24. Our study also showed that A*02NLV may be a useful epitope for monitoring CMV-CTL not only in patients with HLA-A*0201 but also in those with the A*0206 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morita
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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