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Kenig A, Nachman D, Aliev E, Wagnert-Avraham L, Kolben Y, Kessler A, Lutsker M, Mevorach D. Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapy for the Modification of the Inflammatory Response to Hemorrhagic Shock. Mil Med 2024; 189:416-422. [PMID: 39160884 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many trauma patients die from hemorrhagic shock in the military and civilian settings. Although two-thirds of hemorrhagic shock victims die of reasons other than exsanguination, such as the consequent cytokine storm, anti-inflammatory therapies failed to be utilized. Apoptotic cell-based treatments enhance innate ability to exert systemic immunomodulation as demonstrated in several clinical applications and hence might present a novel approach in hemorrhagic shock treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two rats underwent a pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock model and followed up for 24 hours. An infusion of apoptotic cells (Allocetra-OTS, Enlivex Therapeutics Ltd, Nes Ziona, Israel) was administered to the treatment group. Hemodynamics, blood counts, biochemistry findings, and cytokine profile were compared to a saline-resuscitated control group. RESULTS The treatment group's mean arterial pressure decreased from 94.8 mmHg to 28.2 mmHg, resulting in an 8.13 mg/dL increase in lactate and a 1.9 g/L decrease in hemoglobin, similar to the control group. White blood cells and platelets decreased more profoundly in the treatment group. A similar cytokine profile after 24 hours was markedly attenuated in the treatment group 2 hours after bleeding. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1a (28.4 pg/mL vs. 179.1 pg/mL), IL-1b (47.4 pg/mL vs. 103.9 pg/mL), IL-6 (526.2 pg/mL vs. 3492 pg/mL), interferon γ (11.4 pg/mL vs. 427.9 pg/mL), and tumor necrosis factor α (19.0 pg/mL vs. 31.7 pg/mL) were profoundly lower in the treatment group. CONCLUSION In a pressure-control hemorrhagic shock model in rats, apoptotic cell infusion showed preliminary signs of a uniform attenuated cytokine response. Apoptotic cell-based therapies might serve as a novel immunomodulatory therapy for hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Kenig
- The Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 911210, Israel
- The Lung Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- The Heart Institute, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Emil Aliev
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Linn Wagnert-Avraham
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yotam Kolben
- The Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 911210, Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- The Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 911210, Israel
| | - Maya Lutsker
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- The Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 911210, Israel
- Department of Rheumatology-Immunology-Allergology and the Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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Maksimova A, Shevela E, Sakhno L, Tikhonova M, Ostanin A, Chernykh E. Human Macrophages Polarized by Interaction with Apoptotic Cells Produce Fibrosis-Associated Mediators and Enhance Pro-Fibrotic Activity of Dermal Fibroblasts In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:1928. [PMID: 37566007 PMCID: PMC10417661 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and subsequent removal of dead cells are an essential part of wound healing. Macrophages phagocytize apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and contribute to the resolution of inflammation. However, their participation in fibrogenesis and the mechanisms of influence on this process remain unclear. In the present study, we focused on the fibrogenic properties of human monocyte-derived macrophages polarized in the M2 direction by interaction with apoptotic cells. We studied their influence on the proliferation ([3H]-thymidine incorporation), differentiation (by the expression of α-SMA, a myofibroblast marker) and collagen-producing activity (ELISA) of dermal fibroblasts compared to classically (LPS) and alternatively (IL-4) activated macrophages. Macrophages polarized by the interaction with apoptotic cells had a unique phenotype and profile of produced factors and differed from the compared macrophage subtypes. Their conditioned media promoted the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and the expression of α-SMA in them at the level of macrophages stimulated by IL-4, while the stimulating effect on the collagen-producing activity was more pronounced compared to that of the other macrophage subtypes. Moreover, they are characterized by the high level of production of pro-fibrotic factors such as TIMP-1, TGF-β1 and angiogenin. Taken together, M2-like macrophages polarized by efferocytosis demonstrate in vitro pro-fibrotic activity by promoting the functional activity of dermal fibroblasts and producing pro-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maksimova
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia; (E.S.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (A.O.); (E.C.)
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3
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Li YF, Ren X, Zhang L, Wang YH, Chen T. Microglial polarization in TBI: Signaling pathways and influencing pharmaceuticals. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:901117. [PMID: 35978950 PMCID: PMC9376354 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.901117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disease that threatens life and health of people. It poses a great economic burden on the healthcare system. Thus, seeking effective therapy to cure a patient with TBI is a matter of great urgency. Microglia are macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) and play an important role in neuroinflammation. When TBI occurs, the human body environment changes dramatically and microglia polarize to one of two different phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 microglia play a role in promoting the development of inflammation, while M2 microglia play a role in inhibiting inflammation. How to regulate the polarization direction of microglia is of great significance for the treatment of patients with TBI. The polarization of microglia involves many cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the TLR-4/NF-κB, JAK/STAT, HMGB1, MAPK, and PPAR-γ pathways. These provide a theoretical basis for us to seek therapeutic drugs for the patient with TBI. There are several drugs that target these pathways, including fingolimod, minocycline, Tak-242 and erythropoietin (EPO), and CSF-1. In this study, we will review signaling pathways involved in microglial polarization and medications that influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
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4
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Nakagawa Y, Yano Y, Lee J, Anraku Y, Nakakido M, Tsumoto K, Cabral H, Ebara M. Apoptotic Cell-Inspired Polymeric Particles for Controlling Microglial Inflammation toward Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5705-5713. [PMID: 33405702 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are known to suppress microglial inflammation in the brain by presenting phosphatidylserine. In this study, we newly designed polymeric particles that expose the anti-inflammatory site of phosphatidylserine to serve as an apoptotic cell-mimetic anti-inflammatory platform. The prepared anti-inflammatory particles showed no cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 against lipopolysaccharide stimulation in the microglia cell line MG6. This novel polymeric particle has potential for establishing a "cell-free" apoptotic cell-mimetic treatment for intracerebral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yuto Yano
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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5
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Campana L, Starkey Lewis PJ, Pellicoro A, Aucott RL, Man J, O'Duibhir E, Mok SE, Ferreira-Gonzalez S, Livingstone E, Greenhalgh SN, Hull KL, Kendall TJ, Vernimmen D, Henderson NC, Boulter L, Gregory CD, Feng Y, Anderton SM, Forbes SJ, Iredale JP. The STAT3-IL-10-IL-6 Pathway Is a Novel Regulator of Macrophage Efferocytosis and Phenotypic Conversion in Sterile Liver Injury. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1169-1187. [PMID: 29263216 PMCID: PMC5784823 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The disposal of apoptotic bodies by professional phagocytes is crucial to effective inflammation resolution. Our ability to improve the disposal of apoptotic bodies by professional phagocytes is impaired by a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the engulfment and digestion of the efferocytic cargo. Macrophages are professional phagocytes necessary for liver inflammation, fibrosis, and resolution, switching their phenotype from proinflammatory to restorative. Using sterile liver injury models, we show that the STAT3-IL-10-IL-6 axis is a positive regulator of macrophage efferocytosis, survival, and phenotypic conversion, directly linking debris engulfment to tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Campana
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom;
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Starkey Lewis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Pellicoro
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Aucott
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Man
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Eoghan O'Duibhir
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Mok
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Ferreira-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh Livingstone
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Hull
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Vernimmen
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Boulter
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Feng
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - John P Iredale
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- Senate House, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
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6
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Trahtemberg U, Mevorach D. Apoptotic Cells Induced Signaling for Immune Homeostasis in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 29118755 PMCID: PMC5661053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient and abnormal clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) contributes to systemic autoimmune disease in humans and mice, and inefficient chromosomal DNA degradation by DNAse II leads to systemic polyarthritis and a cytokine storm. By contrast, efficient clearance allows immune homeostasis, generally leads to a non-inflammatory state for both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and contributes to maintenance of peripheral tolerance. As many as 3 × 108 cells undergo apoptosis every hour in our bodies, and one of the primary “eat me” signals expressed by apoptotic cells is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Apoptotic cells themselves are major contributors to the “anti-inflammatory” nature of the engulfment process, some by secreting thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) or adenosine monophosphate and possibly other immune modulating “calm-down” signals that interact with macrophages and DCs. Apoptotic cells also produce “find me” and “tolerate me” signals to attract and immune modulate macrophages and DCs that express specific receptors for some of these signals. Neither macrophages nor DCs are uniform, and each cell type may variably express membrane proteins that function as receptors for PtdSer or for opsonins like complement or opsonins that bind to PtdSer, such as protein S and growth arrest-specific 6. Macrophages and DCs also express scavenger receptors, CD36, and integrins that function via bridging molecules such as TSP-1 or milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein and that differentially engage in various multi-ligand interactions between apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and pro-homeostatic nature of apoptotic cell interaction with the immune system. We do not review some forms of immunogenic cell death. We summarize the known apoptotic cell signaling events in macrophages and DCs that are related to toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, the lipid-activated nuclear receptors, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, as well as induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling that lead to immune system silencing and DC tolerance. These properties of apoptotic cells are the mechanisms that enable their successful use as therapeutic modalities in mice and humans in various autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Trahtemberg
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Pasquereau S, Al Moussawi F, Karam W, Diab Assaf M, Kumar A, Herbein G. Cytomegalovirus, Macrophages and Breast Cancer. Open Virol J 2017; 11:15-27. [PMID: 28567162 PMCID: PMC5420183 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that is highly host specific, infects among others epithelial cells and macrophages, and has been recently mentioned as having oncomodulatory properties. HCMV is detected in the breast tumor tissue where macrophages, especially tumor associated macrophages, are associated with a poor prognosis. In this review, we will discuss the potential implication of HCMV in breast cancer with emphasis on the role played by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - F Al Moussawi
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - W Karam
- Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | | | - A Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - G Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
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8
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Beider K, Bitner H, Leiba M, Gutwein O, Koren-Michowitz M, Ostrovsky O, Abraham M, Wald H, Galun E, Peled A, Nagler A. Multiple myeloma cells recruit tumor-supportive macrophages through the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis and promote their polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11283-96. [PMID: 25526031 PMCID: PMC4294328 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells specifically attract peripheral-blood monocytes, while interaction of MM with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly increased monocyte recruitment (p<0.01). The CXCL12 chemokine, produced by both the MM and BMSCs, was found to be a critical regulator of monocyte migration. CXCL12 production was up-regulated under MM-BMSCs co-culture conditions, whereas blockage with anti-CXCR4 antibodies significantly abrogated monocyte recruitment toward a MM-derived conditioned medium (p<0.01). Furthermore, elevated levels of CXCL12 were detected in MM, but not in normal BM samples, whereas malignant MM cells often represented the source of increased CXCL12 in the BM. Blood-derived macrophages effectively supported MM cells proliferation and protected them from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Importantly, MM cells affected macrophage polarization, elevating the expression of M2-related scavenger receptor CD206 in macrophages and blocking LPS-induced TNFα secretion (a hallmark of M1 response). Of note, MM-educated macrophages suppressed T-cell proliferation and IFNγ production in response to activation. Finally, increased numbers of CXCR4-expressing CD163+CD206+ macrophages were detected in the BM of MM patients (n=25) in comparison to MGUS (n=11) and normal specimens (n=8). Taken together, these results identify macrophages as important players in MM tumorogenicity, and recognize the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis as a critical regulator of MM-stroma interactions and microenvironment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Beider
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hanna Bitner
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Merav Leiba
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Odit Gutwein
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maya Koren-Michowitz
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Olga Ostrovsky
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Abraham
- Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Science Park, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hanna Wald
- Biokine Therapeutics Ltd., Science Park, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Peled
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Hematology Division and CBB, Guy Weinshtock Multiple Myeloma Foundation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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9
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Rieger AM, Havixbeck JJ, Belosevic M, Barreda DR. Teleost soluble CSF-1R modulates cytokine profiles at an inflammatory site, and inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:259-266. [PMID: 25498541 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soluble colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (sCSF-1R) is a novel bony fish protein that contributes to the regulation of macrophage proliferation. We recently showed that this soluble receptor is highly upregulated by teleost macrophages in the presence of apoptotic cells. Further, recombinant sCSF-1R inhibited leukocyte infiltration into a challenge site in vivo. Herein, we characterized the mechanisms underlying these changes as a platform to better understand the evolutionary origins of the CSF-1 immune-regulatory axis and inflammation control in teleosts. Using an in vivo model of self-resolving peritonitis, we show that sCSF-1R downregulates chemokine expression and inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis. Soluble CSF-1R also inhibited gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoted the expression of an anti-inflammatory mediator, IL-10. Finally, the phenotype of infiltrating neutrophils changed significantly in the presence of sCSF-1R. Both a reduced capacity for phagocytosis and pathogen killing were observed. Overall, our results implicate sCSF-1R as an important regulator of neutrophil responses in teleosts. It remains unclear whether this represents an inflammation regulatory factor that is unique to this animal group or one that may be evolutionarily conserved and continues to contribute to the regulation of antimicrobial processes at inflammatory sites in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja M Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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10
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The vertebrate homologue of sulfide-quinone reductase in mammalian mitochondria. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:779-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Van Brussel I, Lee WP, Rombouts M, Nuyts AH, Heylen M, De Winter BY, Cools N, Schrijvers DM. Tolerogenic dendritic cell vaccines to treat autoimmune diseases: Can the unattainable dream turn into reality? Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Johnson MJ, Björkström NK, Petrovas C, Liang F, Gall JGD, Loré K, Koup RA. Type I interferon-dependent activation of NK cells by rAd28 or rAd35, but not rAd5, leads to loss of vector-insert expression. Vaccine 2013; 32:717-24. [PMID: 24325826 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines constructed from rare-serotype recombinant adenovirus vectors (rAd) such as rAd serotype 28 (rAd28) and rAd35 are currently being explored as alternatives to rAd5-based vaccines because they circumvent the problems with pre-existing immunity that complicate the effectiveness of rAd5 vaccines. However, previous work has demonstrated that the immunogenicity of rAd28 and rAd35 is substantially lower than rAd5. Here we show that rAd28 and rAd35 increase apoptosis of antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as monocytes, relative to rAd5 and mock infected controls. APCs undergoing apoptosis showed an increased loss of vector-insert expression. Loss of vector-insert expression correlated with activation of NK cells, which resulted in apoptosis of co-cultured monocytes. Finally, we show that activation of NK cells is dependent on IFNα which is produced by exposure to rAd28 or rAd35, but not to rAd5. Taken together, these data demonstrate that IFNα-induced activation of NK cells leads to increased monocyte apoptosis and subsequent vector-insert loss. This may be a possible mechanism that results in reduced immunogenicity of rAd28 and rAd35-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Johnson
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Pathology Department, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank Liang
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Pathology Department, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Loré
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Pathology Department, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Mevorach D, Zuckerman T, Reiner I, Shimoni A, Samuel S, Nagler A, Rowe JM, Or R. Single infusion of donor mononuclear early apoptotic cells as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease in myeloablative HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a phase I/IIa clinical trial. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 20:58-65. [PMID: 24140121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of its potent immunomodulatory effect, an infusion of donor mononuclear early apoptotic cells (ApoCell) was tested in addition to cyclosporine and methotrexate as prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after HLA-matched myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from a related donor. In a phase I/IIa clinical trial, we treated 13 patients (median age, 37 years; range, 20 to 59 years) with hematologic malignancies: 7 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, and 1 patient with chronic myeloid leukemia, who received conventional myeloablative conditioning, with 35, 70, 140, or 210 × 10(6) cell/kg of donor ApoCell, on day -1 of transplantation. Engraftment was successful in all patients with median time to neutrophil recovery of 13 days (range, 11 to 19), and platelet recovery of 15 days (range, 11 to 59). Serious adverse effects were reported on 10 occasions in the trial, all of which were considered unrelated (n = 7) or unlikely to be related (n = 3) to ApoCell infusion. The nonrelapse mortality at day 100 and 180 after transplantation was 7.7% and the overall survival at 100 and 180 days after transplantation was 92% and 85%, respectively. All ApoCell preparations showed an in vitro significant tolerogenic effect upon interaction with dendritic cells. The overall incidence of acute grades II to IV GVHD was 23%, whereas among those receiving the 2 higher doses (n = 6), the rate was 0%. These results suggest that a single infusion of donor ApoCell in HLA-matched allogeneic HSCT is a safe and potentially effective prophylaxis for acute GVHD occurring after myeloablative conditioning. No dose limiting toxicity was observed. (Clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT00524784).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Mevorach
- The Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tsila Zuckerman
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Reiner
- The Rheumatology Research Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avichai Shimoni
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Simcha Samuel
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jacob M Rowe
- Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuven Or
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Loganathan R, Selvaduray KR, Nesaretnam K, Radhakrishnan AK. Tocotrienols promote apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by inducing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B activity. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:203-13. [PMID: 23510475 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tocotrienols and tocopherols are members of the vitamin E family, with similar structures; however, only tocotrienols have been reported to achieve potent anti-cancer effects. The study described here has evaluated anti-cancer activity of vitamin E to elucidate mechanisms of cell death, using human breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-cancer activity of a tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and a tocotrienol-enriched fraction (TEF) isolated from palm oil, as well as pure vitamin E analogues (α-tocopherol, α-, δ- and γ-tocotrienols) were studied using highly aggressive triple negative MDA-MB-231 cells and oestrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells, both of human breast cancer cell lines. Cell population growth was evaluated using a Coulter particle counter. Cell death mechanism, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and levels of NF-κB were determined using commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS Tocotrienols exerted potent anti-proliferative effects on both types of cell by inducing apoptosis, the underlying mechanism of cell death being ascertained using respective IC50 concentrations of all test compounds. There was marked induction of apoptosis in both cell lines by tocotrienols compared to treatment with Paclitaxel, which was used as positive control. This activity was found to be associated with cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (a DNA repair protein), demonstrating involvement of the apoptotic cell death signalling pathway. Tocotrienols also inhibited expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), which in turn can increase sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis. CONCLUSION Tocotrienols induced anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in association with DNA fragmentation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and NF-κB inhibition in the two human breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loganathan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
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15
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Zhong K, Song W, Wang Q, Wang C, Liu X, Chen D, Zhu Z, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhang M. Murine myeloid dendritic cells that phagocytose apoptotic T cells inhibit the immune response via NO. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49378. [PMID: 23166651 PMCID: PMC3499560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The contraction phase of antigen-specific immune responses involves the apoptotic loss of numerous activated lymphocytes. While apoptotic cells are known to induce immune suppression, the mechanisms involved therein are still ambiguous. Some reports have speculated that macrophages can induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) after engulfing apoptotic cells. In this study, we showed that dendritic cells (DCs) that phagocytose apoptotic T cells acquire inhibitory function (named DCapos) toward CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These inhibitory DCs could not induce the generation of Tregs, but they were found to directly inhibit mDCs that initiate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Soluble factors including NO play a role in the DCapos-induced suppression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Further results showed that STAT3 phosphorylation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generation were enhanced when DCs were co-cultured with apoptotic cells. Both iNOS transcription and NO secretion were inhibited in the presence of the specific p-STAT3 inhibitor JSI-124. All the data indicated that apoptotic cells could turn DCs to inhibitory DCs, which might play important roles in the suppression of immune responses. STAT3 activation and the consequent release of NO are responsible for the inhibitory functions of DCapos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Zhong
- Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengang Song
- Department of Immunology, Taishan Medical College, Tai’an, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Taishan Medical College, Tai’an, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Liu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongwei Chen
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Taishan Medical College, Tai’an, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijing Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (MZ)
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (MZ)
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16
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Rieger AM, Konowalchuk JD, Grayfer L, Katzenback BA, Havixbeck JJ, Kiemele MD, Belosevic M, Barreda DR. Fish and mammalian phagocytes differentially regulate pro-inflammatory and homeostatic responses in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47070. [PMID: 23110059 PMCID: PMC3479104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular mechanism that is important to the early induction of antimicrobial responses and the regulation of adaptive immunity. At an inflammatory site, phagocytes serve as central regulators for both pro-inflammatory and homeostatic anti-inflammatory processes. However, it remains unclear if this is a recent evolutionary development or whether the capacity to balance between these two seemingly contradictory processes is a feature already displayed in lower vertebrates. In this study, we used murine (C57BL/6) and teleost fish (C. auratus) in vitro and in vivo models to assess the evolutionary conservation of this dichotomy at a site of inflammation. At the level of the macrophage, we found that teleost fish already displayed divergent pro-inflammatory and homeostatic responses following internalization of zymosan or apoptotic bodies, respectively, and that these were consistent with those of mice. However, fish and mice displayed significant differences in vivo with regards to the level of responsiveness to zymosan and apoptotic bodies, the identity of infiltrating leukocytes, their rate of infiltration, and the kinetics and strength of resulting antimicrobial responses. Unlike macrophages, significant differences were identified between teleost and murine neutrophilic responses. We report for the first time that activated murine, but not teleost neutrophils, possess the capacity to internalize apoptotic bodies. This internalization translates into reduction of neutrophil ROS production. This may play an important part in the recently identified anti-inflammatory activity that mammalian neutrophils display during the resolution phase of inflammation. Our observations are consistent with continued honing of inflammatory control mechanisms from fish to mammals, and provide added insights into the evolutionary path that has resulted in the integrated, multilayered responses that are characteristic of higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Moira D. Kiemele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Gustafsson K, Junevik K, Werlenius O, Holmgren S, Karlsson-Parra A, Andersson PO. Tumour-loaded α-type 1-polarized dendritic cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia produce a superior NK-, NKT- and CD8+ T cell-attracting chemokine profile. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:318-326. [PMID: 21595737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) matured using an α-type 1-polarized DC cocktail (IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-α/IFN-γ/poly-I:C;αDC1) were recently shown to induce more functional CD8(+) T cells against autologous tumour cells in vitro than DCs matured with the 'standard' cocktail (IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-6/PGE(2) ;PGE(2) DCs). However, the ability of vaccine DCs to induce a type 1-polarized immune response in vivo probably relies on additional features, including their ability to induce a CXCR3-dependent recruitment of NK cells into vaccine-draining lymph nodes. Moreover, their guiding of rare tumour-specific CD8(+) T cells to sites of DC-CD4(+) T cell interactions by secretion of CCL3 and CCL4 is needed. We therefore analysed the chemokine profile and the lymphocyte-attracting ability in vitro of monocyte-derived PGE(2) DCs and αDC1s from patients with CLL. αDC1s produced much higher levels of CXCR3 ligands (CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11) than PGE(2) DCs. Functional studies further demonstrated that αDC1s were superior recruiters of both NK and NKT cells. Moreover, αDC1s produced higher levels of CCL3/CCL4 upon CD40 ligation. These findings suggest that functional αDC1s, derived from patients with CLL, produce a desirable NK-, NKT- and CD8(+) T cell-attracting chemokine profile which may favour a guided and Th1-deviated priming of CD8(+) T cells, supporting the idea that αDC1-based vaccines have a higher immunotherapeutic potential than PGE(2) DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gustafsson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Katarina Junevik
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Olle Werlenius
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Sandra Holmgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Alex Karlsson-Parra
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Andersson
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenSection of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology all at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Akademiska University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden
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18
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Schif-Zuck S, Gross N, Assi S, Rostoker R, Serhan CN, Ariel A. Saturated-efferocytosis generates pro-resolving CD11b low macrophages: modulation by resolvins and glucocorticoids. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:366-79. [PMID: 21268007 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the resolution phase of inflammation, apoptotic leukocytes are efferocytosed by macrophages in a nonphlogistic fashion that results in diminished responses to bacterial moieties and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Complement receptor 3 and pro-resolving lipid mediators promote the engulfment of apoptotic leukocytes by macrophages. Here, we present evidence for the emergence of pro-resolving, CD11b(low) macrophages in vivo during the resolution of murine peritonitis. These macrophages are distinct from the majority of peritoneal macrophages in terms of their functional protein expression profile, as well as pro-resolving properties, such as apoptotic leukocyte engulfment, indifference to TLR ligands, and emigration to lymphoid organs. Notably, we also found macrophages convert from the CD11b(high) to the CD11b(low) phenotype upon interaction with apoptotic cells ex vivo. In addition, we found that the pro-resolving lipid mediators resolvin E1 and D1, and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone regulated pro-resolving macrophage functions in vivo. This regulation culminated in a novel pro-resolving function, namely reducing the apoptotic leukocyte ingestion requirement for CD11b(low) macrophage generation. These new phenotype and molecular pathway markers define the new satiated macrophage. Thus, we suggest that satisfying efferocytosis generates CD11b(low) macrophages that are essential for complete nonphlogistic containment of inflammatory agents and the termination of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagie Schif-Zuck
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Eken C, Martin PJ, Sadallah S, Treves S, Schaller M, Schifferli JA. Ectosomes released by polymorphonuclear neutrophils induce a MerTK-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39914-21. [PMID: 20959443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At the earliest stage of activation, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils release vesicles derived directly from the cell surface. These vesicles, called ectosomes (PMN-Ect), expose phosphatidylserine in the outer membrane leaflet. They inhibit the inflammatory response of human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to zymosan A (ZymA) and LPS and induce TGF-β1 release, suggesting a reprogramming toward a tolerogenic phenotype. The receptors and signaling pathways involved have not yet been defined. Here, we demonstrate that PMN-Ect interfered with ZymA activation of macrophages via inhibition of NFκB p65 phosphorylation and NFκB translocation. The MerTK (Mer receptor tyrosine kinase) and PI3K/Akt pathways played a key role in this immunomodulatory effect as shown using specific MerTK-blocking antibodies and PI3K inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin. As a result, PMN-Ect reduced the transcription of many proinflammatory genes in ZymA-activated macrophages. In sum, PMN-Ect interacted with the macrophages by activation of the MerTK pathway responsible for down-modulation of the proinflammatory signals generated by ZymA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Eken
- Basel University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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van der Does AM, Beekhuizen H, Ravensbergen B, Vos T, Ottenhoff THM, van Dissel JT, Drijfhout JW, Hiemstra PS, Nibbering PH. LL-37 directs macrophage differentiation toward macrophages with a proinflammatory signature. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1442-9. [PMID: 20610648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It also participates at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity by chemoattracting immune effector cells, modulating the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators by different cell types, and regulating the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of LL-37 on the differentiation of human monocytes into anti-inflammatory macrophages (MPhi-2; driven by M-CSF) versus proinflammatory macrophages (MPhi-1; driven by GM-CSF) as well as on fully differentiated MPhi-1 and MPhi-2. Results revealed that monocytes cultured with M-CSF in the presence of LL-37 resulted in macrophages displaying a proinflammatory signature, namely, low expression of CD163 and little IL-10 and profound IL-12p40 production on LPS stimulation. The effects of LL-37 on M-CSF-driven macrophage differentiation were dose- and time-dependent with maximal effects observed at 10 microg/ml when the peptide was present from the start of the cultures. The peptide enhanced the GM-CSF-driven macrophage differentiation. Exposure of fully differentiated MPhi-2 to LL-37 for 6 d resulted in macrophages that produced less IL-10 and more IL-12p40 on LPS stimulation than control MPhi-2. In contrast, LL-37 had no effect on fully differentiated MPhi-1. Peptide mapping using a set of 16 overlapping 22-mer peptides covering the complete LL-37 sequence revealed that the C-terminal portion of LL-37 is responsible for directing macrophage differentiation. Our results furthermore indicate that the effects of LL-37 on macrophage differentiation required internalization of the peptide. Together, we conclude that LL-37 directs macrophage differentiation toward macrophages with a proinflammatory signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M van der Does
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, C5-P, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Zhang J, Shipston MJ, Brown SB. A Role for Potassium Permeability in the Recognition, Clearance, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Apoptotic Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 42:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Amarilyo G, Verbovetski I, Atallah M, Grau A, Wiser G, Gil O, Ben-Neriah Y, Mevorach D. iC3b-opsonized apoptotic cells mediate a distinct anti-inflammatory response and transcriptional NF-kappaB-dependent blockade. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:699-709. [PMID: 20039295 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become apparent that the removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages and DC is not only noninflammatory, but also immune-inhibitory, in most although not all circumstances. Complement may be involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells via direct binding of bridging factors in some physiological circumstances, by opsonization and engagement of the complement receptors. In the current study, we use a complement-dependent system of apoptotic cell clearance by human-derived macrophages and DC. Using a luciferase reporter gene and measuring immune response to non-opsonic zymosan, we show that iC3b-apoptotic cells induce NF-kappaB inhibition in response to zymosan and LPS at the nuclear translocation, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, leading to profound inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, interaction with iC3b-opsonized apoptotic cells is characterized by macrophage secretion of IL-10 and lack of TGF-beta secretion. In conclusion, in cells with iC3b receptors, opsonized apoptotic cells mediate a distinct anti-inflammatory response and transcriptional NF-kappaB-dependent blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Amarilyo
- The Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Herbein G, Varin A. The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation? Retrovirology 2010; 7:33. [PMID: 20380696 PMCID: PMC2859752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the heterogeneity of the macrophage population has been highlighted. Classically activated or type 1 macrophages (M1) induced in particular by IFN-γ display a pro-inflammatory profile. The alternatively activated or type 2 macrophages (M2) induced by Th-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13 express anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties. Finally IL-10 has been described as the prototypic cytokine involved in the deactivation of macrophages (dM). Since the capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be modulated by cytokines, this review shows how modulation of macrophage activation by cytokines impacts the capacity to support productive HIV-1 infection. Based on the activation status of macrophages we propose a model starting with M1 classically activated macrophages with accelerated formation of viral reservoirs in a context of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Then IL-4/IL-13 alternatively activated M2 macrophages will enter into the game that will stop the expansion of the HIV-1 reservoir. Finally IL-10 deactivation of macrophages will lead to immune failure observed at the very late stages of the HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA 4266 Pathogens and Inflammation, IFR 133 INSERM, Franche-Comte University, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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van der Plas MJA, van Dissel JT, Nibbering PH. Maggot secretions skew monocyte-macrophage differentiation away from a pro-inflammatory to a pro-angiogenic type. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8071. [PMID: 19956650 PMCID: PMC2778998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maggots of the blowfly Lucilia sericata are used for the treatment of chronic wounds. Earlier we reported maggot secretions to inhibit pro-inflammatory responses of human monocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maggot secretions on the differentiation of monocytes into pro-inflammatory (MØ-1) and anti-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic macrophages (MØ-2) as these cells play a central role in wound healing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Freshly isolated monocytes were incubated with secretions and GM-CSF or M-CSF for 6 days and then stimulated with LPS or LTA for 18 h. The expression of cell surface molecules and the levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in supernatants were measured. Our results showed secretions to affect monocyte-macrophage differentiation leading to MØ-1 with a partial MØ-2-like morphology but lacking CD163, which is characteristic for MØ-2. In response to LPS or LTA, secretions-differentiated MØ-1 produced less pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-12p40 and MIF) than control cells. Similar results were observed for MØ-2 when stimulated with low concentrations of LPS. Furthermore, secretions dose-dependently led to MØ-1 and MØ-2 characterized by an altered chemokine production. Secretions led to MØ-2, but not MØ-1, producing enhanced levels of the growth factors bFGF and VEGF, as compared to control cells. The expression of cell-surface receptors involved in LPS/LTA was enhanced by secretions, that of CD86 and HLA-DR down-regulated, while receptors involved in phagocytosis remained largely unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Maggot secretions skew the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages away from a pro-inflammatory to a pro-angiogenic type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariena J. A. van der Plas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap T. van Dissel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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A novel role for c-Src and STAT3 in apoptotic cell-mediated MerTK-dependent immunoregulation of dendritic cells. Blood 2009; 114:3191-8. [PMID: 19667404 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-207522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an instrumental role in regulating tolerance to self-antigens and preventing autoimmunity. One mechanism by which "tolerogenic" DCs are established is through the inhibitory effects of apoptotic cells (ACs). Immature DCs encountering ACs are resistant to stimuli that activate and mature DCs. We have shown that the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MerTK) plays a key role in transducing inhibitory signals upon binding of ACs, which in turn involve the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for AC-induced inhibition of DCs is ill defined. In the current study, the proximal signaling events induced by MerTK after AC binding were studied. AC treatment of bone marrow-derived or splenic DCs established a complex consisting of MerTK, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src, the transcription factor STAT3, and PI3K. In contrast, AC treatment of DCs lacking MerTK expression failed to increase c-Src and STAT3 activation. In addition, the inhibitory effects of ACs were blocked by treating DCs with pharmacologic inhibitors or siRNA specific for c-Src and STAT3. These findings demonstrate that AC-induced inhibition of DCs requires MerTK-dependent activation of c-Src and STAT3, and provide evidence for novel roles for c-Src and STAT3 in the immunoregulation of DCs.
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Perruche S, Saas P, Chen W. Apoptotic cell-mediated suppression of streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis is associated with alteration of macrophage function and local regulatory T-cell increase: a potential cell-based therapy? Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R104. [PMID: 19570235 PMCID: PMC2745779 DOI: 10.1186/ar2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Experimental streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis is characterized by two successive phases of the disease. The acute phase occurs early and is associated with an inflammatory process and neutrophil infiltration into the synovium. The second chronic phase is related to effector T-cell activation and the dysregulation of macrophage function. Creation of an immunomodulatory environment has been attributed to apoptotic cells themselves, apoptotic cell uptake by phagocytes as well as a less sensibility of phagocytes capturing apoptotic bodies to activation. Therefore we evaluated the potential of apoptotic cell injection to influence the course of inflammation in SCW-induced arthritis in rats. Methods Rat apoptotic thymocytes were injected intraperitoneally (2 × 108) in addition to an arthritogenic dose of systemic SCW in LEW female rats. Control rats received SCW immunization and PBS. Rats were then followed for arthritis occurrence and circulating cytokine detection. At sacrifice, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and macrophages were analyzed. Results Apoptotic cell injection profoundly suppressed joint swelling and destruction typically observed during the acute and chronic phases of SCW-induced arthritis. Synovial inflammatory cell infiltration and bone destruction were also markedly suppressed. Ex vivo experiments revealed reduced levels of TNF in cultures of macrophages from rats challenged with SCW in the presence of apoptotic thymocytes as well as reduced macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, apoptotic cell injection induced higher Foxp3+ Tregs in the lymphoid organs, especially in the draining lymph nodes. Conclusions Our data indicate that apoptotic cells modulate macrophage function and result in Treg generation/increase. This may be involved in inhibition of inflammation and amelioration of arthritis. This highlights and confirms previous studies showing that in vivo generation of Tregs using apoptotic cell injection may be a useful tool to prevent and treat inflammatory autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Perruche
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Glia have emerged as key contributors to pathological and chronic pain mechanisms. On activation, both astrocytes and microglia respond to and release a number of signalling molecules, which have protective and/or pathological functions. Here we review the current understanding of the contribution of glia to pathological pain and neuroprotection, and how the protective, anti-inflammatory actions of glia are being harnessed to develop new drug targets for neuropathic pain control. Given the prevalence of chronic pain and the partial efficacy of current drugs, which exclusively target neuronal mechanisms, new strategies to manipulate neuron-glia interactions in pain processing hold considerable promise.
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CpG-ODN enhances ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. Clin Exp Med 2008; 9:37-43. [PMID: 18953633 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-008-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages plays an important role in the process of inflammatory response. In the present study, we examined the ability of macrophages to ingest apoptotic neutrophils after activated by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) in vitro. The results showed that, while CpG-ODN at the experimental concentration had no cytotoxic effect on the viability of macrophages, the percentage of macrophages with ingested apoptotic neutrophils was increased from 23.6 to 42.30% by CpG-ODN stimulation. This effect was silenced when macrophages were treated with the mutation of CpG-ODN motifs. Both the total and cell surface protein of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression in macrophages was up-regulated after CpG-ODN stimulation. While chloroquine (CHQ) had no effect on TLR9 expression in macrophages, it abolished the enhanced uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. Although CpG-ODN had no significant effect on the IL-6 production, it was able to induce the increase of TNF-alpha protein expression and this effect was inhibited by CHQ pretreatment. Increased TNF-alpha production from macrophages induced by CpG-ODN stimulation was down-regulated after phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. In conclusion, CpG-ODN could enhance the ingestion of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages via TLR9 accompanied with an increasing in the level of TNF-alpha. After phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, the increased TNF-alpha production from macrophages induced by CpG-ODN stimulation was down-regulated which the implications in the immune response remains for the further study.
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Behrens EM, Ning Y, Muvarak N, Zoltick PW, Flake AW, Gallucci S. Apoptotic cell-mediated immunoregulation of dendritic cells does not require iC3b opsonization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3018-26. [PMID: 18713972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies show that activation of CR3 on dendritic cells (DCs) suppresses TLR-induced TNF-alpha and IL-12 production and inhibits effective Ag presentation. Although the proposed physiologic role for these phenomena is immune suppression due to recognition of iC3b opsonized apoptotic cells by CR3, all of the aforementioned investigations used artificial means of activating CR3. We investigated whether iC3b opsonized apoptotic cells could induce the same changes reported with artificial ligands such as mAbs or iC3b-opsonized RBC. We explored the kinetics of iC3b opsonization in two models of murine cell apoptosis, gamma-irradiated thymocytes and cytokine deprivation of the IL-3 dependent cell line BaF3. Using a relatively homogenous population of early apoptotic cells (IL-3 deprived BaF3 cells), we show that iC3b opsonized apoptotic cells engage CR3, but this interaction is dispensable in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of apoptotic cells. TLR-induced TNF-alpha and IL-12 production by bone marrow-derived DCs occurs heterogeneously, with apoptotic cells inhibiting only certain populations depending on the TLR agonist. In contrast, although apoptotic cells induced homogeneous IL-10 production by DCs, IL-10 was not necessary for the inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-12. Furthermore, because the ability of iC3b opsonization to enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells has been controversial, we report that iC3b opsonization does not significantly affect apoptotic cell ingestion by DCs. We conclude that the apoptotic cell receptor system on DCs is sufficiently redundant such that the absence of CR3 engagement does not significantly affect the normal anti-inflammatory processing of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Behrens
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Division of Rheumatology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Londoño D, Marques A, Hornung RL, Cadavid D. IL-10 helps control pathogen load during high-level bacteremia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2076-83. [PMID: 18641346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During relapsing fever borreliosis, a high pathogen load in the blood occurs at times of peak bacteremia. Specific IgM Abs are responsible for spirochetal clearance so in absence of B cells there is persistent high-level bacteremia. Previously, we showed that B cell-deficient mice persistently infected with Borrelia turicatae produce high levels of IL-10 and that exogenous IL-10 reduces bacteremia. This suggested that IL-10 helps reduce bacteremia at times of high pathogen load by a B cell-independent mechanism, most likely involving innate immunity. To investigate this possibility, we compared B. turicatae infection in RAG2/IL-10(-/-) and RAG2(-/-) mice. The results showed that IL-10 deficiency resulted in significantly higher bacteremia, higher TNF levels, and early mortality. Examination of the spleen and peripheral blood showed markedly increased apoptosis of immune cells in infected RAG2/IL-10(-/-) mice. Neutralization of TNF reduced apoptosis of leukocytes and splenocytes, increased production of IFN-gamma by NK cells, increased phagocytosis in the spleen, decreased spirochetemia, and rescued mice from early death. Our results indicate that at times of high pathogen load, as during peak bacteremia in relapsing fever borreliosis, IL-10 protects innate immune cells from apoptosis via inhibition of TNF resulting in improved pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Londoño
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience and Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is an essential and highly ordered process that contributes to both the development and the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. It is associated with dramatic biochemical and cell biological events within the dying cell, including fragmentation of the nucleus and the redistribution of intracellular proteins and membrane lipids. It has long been apparent that phagocytic clearance of the cell corpse is an integral part of the apoptotic process; apoptotic clearance also may be essential in tissue homeostasis. During the cell death process, apoptotic cells acquire new cell surface determinants for specific recognition by responder phagocytes and suppression of immune responsiveness. Recent studies indicate that these determinants are well conserved throughout metazoan evolution; remarkably, their recognition shows no species-specific restriction. Professional and non-professional phagocytes recognize and respond to apoptotic cells similarly, notably with the immediate-early transcriptional repression of a variety of specific genes including those encoding inflammatory cytokines. Secondary responses following engulfment of the apoptotic corpse, utilizing several distinct mechanisms, enhance and sustain this apoptotic suppression. In this review, we highlight the central role of apoptotic cells in innate homeostatic regulation of immunity.
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Biswas SK, Sica A, Lewis CE. Plasticity of macrophage function during tumor progression: regulation by distinct molecular mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2011-7. [PMID: 18250403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that macrophages play an important part in both tumor initiation and various key steps in growth and metastasis. These cells show a remarkable degree of plasticity during tumor development with a "switch" in macrophage phenotypes occurring during the course of tumor progression. During chronic inflammation they appear to predispose a given tissue to tumor initiation by the release of factors that promote neoplastic transformation. Following this, their phenotype shifts more toward one that is immunosuppressive and supports tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the evidence for this plasticity of macrophage functions, the specific signaling mechanisms that may be regulating it, and the new targets for anticancer therapies highlighted by these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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Leiva M, Ruiz-Bravo A, Jimenez-Valera M. Effects of telithromycin in in vitro and in vivo models of lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. Chest 2008; 134:20-9. [PMID: 18403658 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketolide antibiotic telithromycin (TEL) exerts immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in a mouse model of septic shock. We studied the antiinflammatory activity of TEL in in vitro and in vivo models of airway inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS We measured the effects of TEL on the response of RAW 264.7 macrophages to LPS and of murine lung epithelial (MLE)-12 cells to supernatants of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, and apoptosis were determined. Acute airway inflammation was induced in untreated and TEL-treated BALB/c mice by nebulization with LPS. Total number of leukocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, the protein concentration, and nitrite and cytokine levels were determined in the BAL fluid. RESULTS TEL inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of MIP-2 and TNF-alpha by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the production of MIP-2 by MLE-12 epithelial cells to supernatants of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. NF-kappaB activation was inhibited and apoptosis was increased in both cell lines by TEL. The LPS-induced influx of neutrophils in BAL fluid was decreased by TEL pretreatment. TEL also reduced protein, nitrite, MIP-2, and TNF-alpha levels in the BAL fluid of LPS-nebulized animals. CONCLUSIONS We have provided evidence that TEL exerts potent antiinflammatory effects in LPS-induced airways injury. We propose that TEL acts in the early phase of inflammation by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators through NF-kappaB inhibition, and in the later phase through enhancement of inflammatory cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Leiva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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Maniati E, Potter P, Rogers NJ, Morley BJ. Control of apoptosis in autoimmunity. J Pathol 2008; 214:190-8. [PMID: 18161756 DOI: 10.1002/path.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and the subsequent removal of apoptotic cells underpin a healthy immune system. They are crucial for both the maintenance of self-tolerance and the contraction of clonally expanded lymphocytes at the conclusion of immune responses. Aberrant apoptosis and the disposal of apoptotic cells is implicated in the development of both systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disease and is a major contributing factor in disease susceptibility. Dissection of the molecular mechanisms involved in dysregulated apoptosis may reveal pathways which can be targeted for more effective therapeutic intervention. This review highlights the molecular events underlying programmed cell death and apoptotic cell uptake, and summarizes recent studies that link impaired apoptotic death to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maniati
- Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology Section, Division of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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Danesh A, Seneviratne C, Cameron CM, Banner D, Devries ME, Kelvin AA, Xu L, Ran L, Bosinger SE, Rowe T, Czub M, Jonsson CB, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Cloning, expression and characterization of ferret CXCL10. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1288-97. [PMID: 18006061 PMCID: PMC5653245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors function in the recruitment and activation of cells of the immune system to sites of inflammation. As such, chemokines play an important role in mediating pathophysiological events during microbial infection. In particular, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 and their cognate receptor CXCR3 have been associated with the clinical course of several infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. While CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 share the same receptor and have overlapping functions, each can also have unique activity in host defense. The lack of a preferred characterized animal model for SARS has brought our attention to ferrets, which have been used for years in influenza studies. The lack of immunological reagents for ferrets prompted us to clone CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCR3 and, in the case of CXCL10, to express the gene as a recombinant protein. In this study we demonstrate that endogenous ferret CXCL10 exhibits similar mRNA expression patterns in the lungs of deceased SARS patients and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS coronavirus. This study therefore represents an important step towards development of the ferret as a model for the role of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11:CXCR3 axis in severe viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Danesh
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charit Seneviratne
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Cheryl M. Cameron
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Mark E. Devries
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Longsi Ran
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Marcus Czub
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Corresponding author at: Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital, TMDT, 101 College Street, 3rd Floor, Room 913, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel.: +1 416 581 7608; fax: +1 416 581 7606.
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From regulation of dying cell engulfment to development of anti-cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:29-38. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Interactions of tumor cells with dendritic cells: balancing immunity and tolerance. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:39-50. [PMID: 17948027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells specialized to initiate and maintain immunity and tolerance. DCs initiate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from pathogens, surrounding cells and their products. Most tumors are infiltrated by DCs. Thus, interactions between DCs and dying tumor cells may determine the balance between immunity and tolerance to tumor cells. In addition, DCs also display non-immunologic effects on tumors and the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, improved understanding of the cross talk between tumor cells and DCs may suggest new approaches to improve cancer therapy.
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