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Zhou Q, Zheng Z, Yin S, Duan D, Liao X, Xiao Y, He J, Zhong J, Zeng Z, Su L, Luo L, Dong C, Chen J, Li J. Nicotinamide mitigates visceral leishmaniasis by regulating inflammatory response and enhancing lipid metabolism. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:288. [PMID: 38971783 PMCID: PMC11227177 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, treatment regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are limited because of the presence of numerous adverse effects. Nicotinamide, a readily available and cost-effective vitamin, has been widely acknowledged for its safety profile. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-leishmanial effects of nicotinamide in vitro. However, the potential role of nicotinamide in Leishmania infection in vivo remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we assessed the efficacy of nicotinamide as a therapeutic intervention for VL caused by Leishmania infantum in an experimental mouse model and investigated its underlying molecular mechanisms. The potential molecular mechanism was explored through cytokine analysis, examination of spleen lymphocyte subsets, liver RNA-seq analysis, and pathway validation. RESULTS Compared to the infection group, the group treated with nicotinamide demonstrated significant amelioration of hepatosplenomegaly and recovery from liver pathological damage. The NAM group exhibited parasite reduction rates of 79.7% in the liver and 86.7% in the spleen, respectively. Nicotinamide treatment significantly reduced the activation of excessive immune response in infected mice, thereby mitigating hepatosplenomegaly and injury. Furthermore, nicotinamide treatment enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation by upregulating key enzymes to maintain lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide initial evidence supporting the safety and therapeutic efficacy of nicotinamide in the treatment of Leishmania infection in BALB/c mice, suggesting its potential as a viable drug for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengbinpei Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Su
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
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Singh TP, Farias Amorim C, Lovins VM, Bradley CW, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Grice EA, Scott P. Regulatory T cells control Staphylococcus aureus and disease severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230558. [PMID: 37812390 PMCID: PMC10561556 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes alterations in the skin microbiota, leading to pathologic immune responses and delayed healing. However, it is not known how these microbiota-driven immune responses are regulated. Here, we report that depletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Staphylococcus aureus-colonized mice resulted in less IL-17 and an IFN-γ-dependent skin inflammation with impaired S. aureus immunity. Similarly, reducing Tregs in S. aureus-colonized and Leishmania braziliensis-infected mice increased IFN-γ, S. aureus, and disease severity. Importantly, analysis of lesions from L. braziliensis patients revealed that low FOXP3 gene expression is associated with high IFNG expression, S. aureus burden, and delayed lesion resolution compared to patients with high FOXP3 expression. Thus, we found a critical role for Tregs in regulating the balance between IL-17 and IFN-γ in the skin, which influences both bacterial burden and disease. These results have clinical ramifications for cutaneous leishmaniasis and other skin diseases associated with a dysregulated microbiome when Tregs are limited or dysfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria M. Lovins
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles W. Bradley
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Servico de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitario Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisas Clinicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Servico de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitario Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisas Clinicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth A. Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Almeida FS, Vanderley SER, Comberlang FC, Andrade AGD, Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Silva EDS, Palmeira PHDS, Amaral IPGD, Keesen TSL. Leishmaniasis: Immune Cells Crosstalk in Macrophage Polarization. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050276. [PMID: 37235324 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex infectious parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, belonging to a group of neglected tropical diseases. It establishes significant global health challenges, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged regions. Macrophages, as innate immune cells, play a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response against the pathogens responsible for this disease. Macrophage polarization, the process of differentiating macrophages into pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, is essential for the immune response in leishmaniasis. The M1 phenotype is associated with resistance to Leishmania infection, while the M2 phenotype is predominant in susceptible environments. Notably, various immune cells, including T cells, play a significant role in modulating macrophage polarization by releasing cytokines that influence macrophage maturation and function. Furthermore, other immune cells can also impact macrophage polarization in a T-cell-independent manner. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines macrophage polarization's role in leishmaniasis and other immune cells' potential involvement in this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Silva Almeida
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Shayenne Eduarda Ramos Vanderley
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cézar Comberlang
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Arthur Gomes de Andrade
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Edson Dos Santos Silva
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique de Sousa Palmeira
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Ian P G do Amaral
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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4
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Brelaz de Castro MCA, de Freitas E Silva R, de Andrade Cavalcante MK, Silva LLSB, Santos Dos Gomes FO, de Brito MEF, Pereira VRA. Chemokine receptors on human regulatory T cells during cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12966. [PMID: 36601688 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to define the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are circulating in the blood of Leishmania infected individuals clinically displaying a lesion (active disease-AD) and sub-clinical (SC) ones. We have individually collected blood samples, processed the PBMC and stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD3, CD4, Foxp3, CD25, CTLA-4, Ki-67, CCR4, CCR5, and CCR7. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results suggest that CD25 and CTLA-4 are upregulated in Tregs of AD patients when compared to SC and uninfected (UN) controls. Moreover, Tregs proliferate upon infection based on Ki-67 nuclear antigen staining. Finally, we have observed that these Tregs of SC and AD patients upregulate CCR4, but not CCR5 and CCR7. There is an increase in the number of circulating Tregs in the blood of Leishmania infected individuals. These cells are potentially more suppressive based on the increased upregulation of CD25 and CTLA-4 during clinical infection (AD) when compared to SC infection. Tregs of both SC and AD cohorts are proliferating and express CCR4, which potentially guide them to the skin, but do not upregulate CCR5 and CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz de Castro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marton Kaique de Andrade Cavalcante
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa Layne Soares Bezerra Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Oliveira Santos Dos Gomes
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Valéria Rêgo Alves Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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5
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Seth A, Kar S. Host-directed antileishmanial interventions: Harvesting unripe fruits to reach fruition. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:217-236. [PMID: 35275772 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an exemplary paradigm of immune evasion, fraught with the perils of limited clinical assistance, escalating costs of treatment and made worse with the lack of suitable vaccine. While drugs remain central to large-scale disease control, the growing emergence of parasite resistance necessitates the need for combination therapy involving host-directed immunological agents. Also, since prolonged disease progression is associated with strong immune suppression of the host, augmentation of host immunity via restoration of the immunoregulatory circuit involving antigen-presenting cells and T-cells, activation of macrophage function and/or CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation may serve as an ideal approach to resolve severe cases of leishmaniasis. As such, therapies that embody a synergistic approach that involve direct killing of the parasite in addition to elevating host immunity are likely to pave the way for widespread elimination of leishmaniasis in the future. With this review, we aim to recapitulate the various immunotherapeutic agents found to hold promise in antileishmanial treatment both in vitro and in vivo. These include parasite-specific antigens, dendritic cell-targeted therapy, recombinant inhibitors of various components intrinsic to immune cell signaling and agonists or antagonists to immune cells and cytokines. We also summarize their abilities to direct therapeutic skewing of the host cell-immune response and review their potential to combat the disease either alone, or as adjunct modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Seth
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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6
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Page B, Lago A, Silva JA, Schriefer A, Lago J, Oliveira L, Guimarães LH, Glesby M, Carvalho EM. Influence of Intestinal Helminth Burden on Clinical Manifestations, Therapeutic Response, and Leishmania braziliensis Load in Patients with New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1060-1066. [PMID: 34398812 PMCID: PMC8592135 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the most important cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Americas. A Th1-type immune response is required to control Leishmania infection, but an exaggerated inflammatory response leads to the development of ulcers seen in CL. Infection with intestinal helminths has the potential to inhibit the Th1 response in a manner that depends both on the species of helminth present as well as the burden of helminthiasis. We conducted a prospective cohort study of CL patients from an endemic area between January and December 2017 with either negative or high intestinal helminth burden to characterize relationships between helminth burden, L. braziliensis quantification within CL lesions, clinical aspects of CL, and therapeutic response. Of 234 participants with leishmaniasis who underwent stool examination at the time of diagnosis, 45% had detectable helminth infection. The overall cure rate after 90 days was 66%, with a median time to resolution of disease of 40 days (interquartile range: 30-65 days). There was no significant association between the type of helminth infection or the magnitude of intestinal helminth burden at the time of diagnosis and L. braziliensis genomic DNA (gDNA) detected in biopsies from CL lesions. Likewise, there was no association between helminth burden and response to treatment after 90 days. Considering quantification of parasite DNA in CL lesions, participants who were cured at 90 days had a median of 0.017 ng/mg gDNA, and participants who failed therapy had a median of 0.091 ng/mg gDNA (P = 0.03). The results indicate that cutaneous Leishmania load may influence therapeutic response in CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Page
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusettes
| | - Alex Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana Almeida Silva
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, CNPq, Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lívia Oliveira
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Marshall Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, CNPq, Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fudação Oswaldo Crux (Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
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Du Y, Fang Q, Zheng SG. Regulatory T Cells: Concept, Classification, Phenotype, and Biological Characteristics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:1-31. [PMID: 33523440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an indispensable role in maintaining the body's immune nonresponse to self-antigens and suppressing the body's unwarranted and potentially harmful immune responses. Their absence, reduction, dysfunction, transformation, and instability can lead to numerous autoimmune diseases. There are several distinct subtypes of the Treg cells, although they share certain biological characteristics and have unique phenotypes with different regulatory functions, as well as mechanistic abilities. In this book chapter, we introduce the latest advances in Treg cell subtypes pertaining to classification, phenotype, biological characteristics, and mechanisms. We also highlight the relationship between Treg cells and various diseases, including autoimmune, infectious, as well as tumors and organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiannan Fang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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E Silva RDF, de Oliveira BC, da Silva AA, Brelaz de Castro MCA, Ferreira LFGR, Hernandes MZ, de Brito MEF, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rezende AM, Pereira VRA. Immunogenicity of Potential CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Epitopes Derived From the Proteome of Leishmania braziliensis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3145. [PMID: 32117204 PMCID: PMC7033680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A safe and effective vaccine against human leishmaniasis still requires the identification of better antigens for immunization and adequate models to evaluate the immune response. To support vaccine development, this work tested the immunogenicity of 10 different peptides derived from the proteome of Leishmania braziliensis, which were selected by their in silico affinity to MHC complexes. Research design and Methods: Comparative cell proliferation assays were performed by culturing, in the presence of each peptide, PBMC cells from subclinical subjects (SC), cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with active disease (AD), post-treatment (PT) individuals, and healthy controls. Culture supernatants were then used for Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine measurements. Cells from selected PT samples were also used to assess the expression, by T cells, of the T-bet Th1 transcription factor. Results: A robust cell proliferation was observed for the SC group, for all the tested peptides. The levels of Th1 cytokines were peptide-dependent and had substantial variations between groups, where, for instance, IFN-γ and TNF levels were some of the highest, particularly on PT cultures, when compared to IL-2. On the other hand, Th2 cytokines displayed much less variation. IL-6 was the most abundant among all the evaluated cytokines while IL-4 and IL-10 could be found at much lower concentrations. IL-17 was also detected with variations in SC and AD groups. T-bet was up-regulated in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the PT group after stimulation with all peptides. Conclusions: The peptide epitopes can differentially stimulate cells from SC, AD, and PT individuals, leading to distinct immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Freitas E Silva
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz de Castro
- Department of Immunology, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil.,Parasitology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
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A Comparative Evaluation of Regulatory T Cells Profile among Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Flow Cytometry. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 14:190-196. [PMID: 31543906 PMCID: PMC6737365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is described as a major health problem in many countries of the world. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized as one of immunologic indexes. One of the best methods to determine of Tregs percentage is flow cytometry. The aim of this study was determination of the role of Tregs profile among acute and chronic forms of human CL using flow cytometry analysis. METHODS This study was conducted on 24 patients referred to Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran with acute and 14 patients with chronic phases of CL as well as 15 healthy individuals as control group in 2015-2016. After microscopic examination, 2 ml of peripheral blood samples were collected for determining percentage of CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low Tregs by using flow cytometry method. RESULTS Using flow cytometry analysis, the average percentage of Tregs were calculated 5.73, 6.71 and 6.61 for acute, chronic and healthy individuals, respectively. With SPSS software and Scheffe multiple comparison tests, the differences within in these groups are statistically significant (P=0.04) and between the acute and chronic group, there was marginally significant with approximately 91% of confidence level (P=0.088). CONCLUSION Marginally differences were found significantly among averages of Regulatory T cells, acute and chronic phases of CL. Further comprehensive studies can be needed to verify the role of Tregs in both phases of CL cases.
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10
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Geiger A, Bossard G, Sereno D, Pissarra J, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Holzmuller P. Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids. Front Immunol 2016; 7:212. [PMID: 27303406 PMCID: PMC4885876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas' disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts' immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host's immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite-host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites-hosts-vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR INTERTRYP, IRD-CIRAD, CIRAD TA A-17/G, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177, IRD-CIRAD Université de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMRCMAEE CIRAD-INRA TA-A15/G “Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes”, Montpellier, France
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11
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Souza MA, Almeida TM, Castro MCAB, Oliveira-Mendes AP, Almeida AF, Oliveira BC, Rocha LF, Medeiros ACR, Brito MEF, Dessein AJJ, Pereira VRA. American tegumentary leishmaniasis: mRNA expression for Th1 and Treg mediators are predominant in patients with recent active disease. Immunobiology 2015; 221:253-9. [PMID: 26572279 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Besides the Th1×Th2 paradigm, Treg and Th17 cytokines may play a role in the response to American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Considering the sensitivity and accuracy of qPCR and the lack of studies using this approach, we evaluated mRNA expression for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, TGF-β, Foxp3 and RORC in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with active disease, after stimulation with L. (V.) braziliensis soluble or insoluble fractions. Our results show that the antigens promoted specific mRNA expression related to the immune response in patients with ATL, and the insoluble fraction seems to stimulate the immune response in a higher intensity. The pro-inflammatory response was also fueled by IFN-γ and TNF-α, probably due to the active disease. IL-4, in certain way, seems to regulate this response along with IL-10 that may be produced by Treg cells, which are supposedly present in the patients' samples due the evidenced expression of Foxp3, in the presence of AgIns. In contrast, down-regulated RORC suggests that the significant levels of IL-6 expressed in response to AgSol were not able to induce an expressive Th17 profile along with TGF-β, which might have predominantly contributed to the development of a regulatory profile in the active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Souza
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Thays M Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Maria Carolina A B Castro
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Andresa P Oliveira-Mendes
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Amanda F Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Beatriz C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Lucas F Rocha
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Angela C R Medeiros
- Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco (HUOC/UPE), Brazil.
| | - Maria E F Brito
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
| | - Alain J J Dessein
- Institut National de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM-U906), France.
| | - Valéria R A Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Immunology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPqAM/FIOCRUZ), Brazil.
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12
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Oliveira PRS, Dessein H, Romano A, Cabantous S, de Brito MEF, Santoro F, Pitta MGR, Pereira V, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Rodrigues V, Rafati S, Argiro L, Dessein AJ. IL2RA genetic variants reduce IL-2-dependent responses and aggravate human cutaneous leishmaniasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2664-72. [PMID: 25672756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of Leishmania infections varies substantially, depending on the host and the parasite strain; infection may be asymptomatic or cause mild or severe skin ulcers (cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL]), limited or disseminated lesions, or lethal visceral disease. We previously reported an association between IL-2R mutations and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in children infected with Leishmania donovani. In the present study, we evaluated the possible role of IL-2 signaling in human CL. We first showed that the transcripts of several genes of the IL-2 pathway were abundant in skin lesions caused by Leishmania braziliensis. We then carried out a genetic analysis, focusing on major genes of the IL-2 pathway. We used a family-based approach and found that polymorphisms of several genes appeared to be associated with CL in a Brazilian population. Moreover, two polymorphisms of the IL2RA gene were significantly and independently associated with CL. We confirmed this result in a second Brazilian sample (also exposed to L. braziliensis) and in Iranians infected with Leishmania tropica: IL2RA rs10905669 T (Pcombined = 6 × 10(-7)) and IL2RA rs706778 T (Pcombined = 2 × 10(-9)) were associated with greater susceptibility to lesion development. These alleles were also correlated with a poor IFN-γ response and poor FOXP3(+) regulatory T cell activation. Thus, IL-2 plays a crucial role in protection against the cutaneous ulcers caused by Leishmania, and the IL-2 pathway is a potential target for strategies aiming to control Leishmania-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R S Oliveira
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France; Laboratory of Pathology and Bio-Intervention, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia 40296, Brazil
| | - Hélia Dessein
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Romano
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Cabantous
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Maria E F de Brito
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco 50670 420, Brazil
| | - Ferrucio Santoro
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Maira G R Pitta
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Valéria Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco 50670 420, Brazil
| | - Lain C Pontes-de-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pathology and Bio-Intervention, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia 40296, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Mina Gerais 38015 050, Brazil; and
| | - Sima Rafati
- Laboratory of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Laurent Argiro
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Alain J Dessein
- Aix Marseille Université, Génétique et Immunologie des Maladies Parasitaires, Unité Mixte de Recherche S906, 13385 Marseille, France; INSERM, Unité 906, 13385 Marseille, France;
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13
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Carvalho AM, Cristal JR, Muniz AC, Carvalho LP, Gomes R, Miranda JC, Barral A, Carvalho EM, de Oliveira CI. Interleukin 10-Dominant Immune Response and Increased Risk of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis After Natural Exposure to Lutzomyia intermedia Sand Flies. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:157-65. [PMID: 25596303 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites transmitted to the vertebrate host by infected sand flies. During transmission, the vertebrate host is also inoculated with sand fly saliva, which exerts powerful immunomodulatory effects on the host's immune response. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort analysis to characterize the human immune response to Lutzomyia intermedia saliva in 264 individuals, from an area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. RESULTS Antibodies were found in 150 individuals (56.8%); immunoglobulin G1 and G4 were the predominant subclasses. Recall responses to salivary gland sonicate showed elevated production of interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 13, interferon γ, CXCL9, and CCL2 compared with controls. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, including Foxp3(+) cells, were the main source of IL-10. L. braziliensis replication was increased (P < .05) in macrophages cocultured with saliva-stimulated lymphocytes from exposed individuals and addition of anti-IL-10 reverted this effect. Positive correlation between antibody response to saliva and cellular response to Leishmania was not found. Importantly, individuals seropositive to saliva are 2.1 times more likely to develop CL (relative risk, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-4.2; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to L. intermedia sand flies skews the human immune response, facilitating L. braziliensis survival in vitro, and increases the risk of developing CL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline C Muniz
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais
| | - Regis Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz
| | - José C Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz
| | - Aldina Barral
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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14
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Huang X, He J, Liu M, Zhou C. The influence of aminophylline on the nanostructure and nanomechanics of T lymphocytes: an AFM study. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:518. [PMID: 25258618 PMCID: PMC4174535 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in the illustration of the mechanism of aminophylline (AM) treating asthma, there is no data about its effect on the nanostructure and nanomechanics of T lymphocytes. Here, we presented atomic force spectroscopy (AFM)-based investigations at the nanoscale level to address the above fundamental biophysical questions. As increasing AM treatment time, T lymphocytes' volume nearly double increased and then decreased. The changes of nanostructural features of the cell membrane, i.e., mean height of particles, root-mean-square roughness (Rq), crack and fragment appearance, increased with AM treatment time. T lymphocytes were completely destroyed with 96-h treatment, and they existed in the form of small fragments. Analysis of force-distance curves showed that the adhesion force of cell surface decreased significantly with the increase of AM treatment time, while the cell stiffness increased firstly and then decreased. These changes were closely correlated to the characteristics and process of cell oncosis. In total, these quantitative and qualitative changes of T lymphocytes' structure and nanomechanical properties suggested that AM could induce T lymphocyte oncosis to exert anti-inflammatory effects for treating asthma. These findings provide new insights into the T lymphocyte oncosis and the anti-inflammatory mechanism and immune regulation actions of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiexiang He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510630, China
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15
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FOXP3 expression and frequency of regulatory T cells in healed individuals from Leishmania major infection and the asymptomatic cases. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1026-33. [PMID: 25167770 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.08.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of residents in an endemic area of Leishmania major infection in Iran with positive leishmanin skin tests who were either asymptomatic or had healed cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions were compared with respect to their T helper responses. The percentages of regulatory T cells (Treg; CD4(+)CD25(high) FoxP3(+)) from the peripheral blood and CD4(+) T cells producing intracellular cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-γ) from the stimulated PBMCs were evaluated by flow cytometry and the expressions of RORC and FOXP3 genes were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. T responder (CD4(+)CD25(-)) and Treg-enriched (CD4(+)CD25(+)) cells were isolated magnetically and the suppressive capacity of the latter and the cytokines (IFN-γ, TGF-β and IL-10) secreted from them were evaluated by in vitro assays. The results showed that the frequency of Treg in the studied groups were similar and Treg from both groups exhibited high yet similar suppressive capacities while significantly higher levels of FOXP3 expression was observed in the asymptomatic group. Taken together, similar frequency and suppressiveness of Treg combined with high ratios of IFN-γ/IL-10 producing CD4(+) T cells were common in both groups; however the members of the asymptomatic group appeared to require higher expression of FOXP3 to maintain their immunity to re-infection.
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16
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Costa DL, Cardoso TM, Queiroz A, Milanezi CM, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Silva JS. Tr-1-like CD4+CD25-CD127-/lowFOXP3- cells are the main source of interleukin 10 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:708-18. [PMID: 25139022 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells have long been shown to mediate susceptibility to Leishmania infection, mainly via interleukin 10 production. In this work, we showed that the main sources of interleukin 10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis are CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(-/low)FOXP3(-) cells. Compared with uninfected controls, patients with CL had increased frequencies of circulating interleukin 10-producing CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(-/low) cells, which efficiently suppressed tumor necrosis factor α production by the total PBMC population. Also, in CL lesions, interleukin 10 was mainly produced by CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, and interleukin 10 messenger RNA expression was associated with interleukin 27, interleukin 21, and interferon γ expression, rather than with FOXP3 or transforming growth factor β expressions. Active production of both interleukin 27 and interleukin 21, together with production of interferon γ and interleukin 10, was also detected in the lesions. Since these cytokines are associated with the differentiation and activity of Tr-1 cells, our results suggest that this cell population may play an important role in the immunomodulation of CL. Therefore, development of treatments that interfere with this pathway may lead to faster parasite elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| | - Tiago M Cardoso
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
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17
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Ehrlich A, Castilho TM, Goldsmith-Pestana K, Chae WJ, Bothwell ALM, Sparwasser T, McMahon-Pratt D. The immunotherapeutic role of regulatory T cells in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2961-70. [PMID: 25098291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) parasites are etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. Infection is characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 inflammatory response, which contributes to disease pathology. However, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Leishmania (Viannia) disease pathogenesis is unclear. Using the mouse model of chronic L. (V.) panamensis infection, we examined the hypothesis that Treg functionality contributes to control of pathogenesis. Upon infection, Tregs (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)) presented with a dysregulated phenotype, in that they produced IFN-γ, expressed Tbet, and had a reduced ability to suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. Targeted ablation of Tregs resulted in enlarged lesions, increased parasite load, and enhanced production of IL-17 and IFN-γ, with no change in IL-10 and IL-13 levels. This indicated that an increased inflammatory response was commensurate with disease exacerbation and that the remaining impaired Tregs were important in regulation of disease pathology. Conversely, adoptive transfer of Tregs from naive mice halted disease progression, lowered parasite burden, and reduced cytokine production (IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-γ). Because Tregs appeared to be important for controlling infection, we hypothesized that their expansion could be used as an immunotherapeutic treatment approach. As a proof of principle, chronically infected mice were treated with rIL-2/anti-IL-2 Ab complex to expand Tregs. Treatment transitorily increased the numbers and percentage of Tregs (draining lymph node, spleen), which resulted in reduced cytokine responses, ameliorated lesions, and reduced parasite load (10(5)-fold). Thus, immunotherapy targeting Tregs could provide an alternate treatment strategy for leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ehrlich
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Tiago Moreno Castilho
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Karen Goldsmith-Pestana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Wook-Jin Chae
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, TWINCORE, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520;
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18
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Gasparoto TH, de Souza Malaspina TS, Damante JH, de Mello EF, Ikoma MRV, Garlet GP, Costa MRSN, Cavassani KA, da Silva JS, Campanelli AP. Regulatory T cells in the actinic cheilitis. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:754-60. [PMID: 25060152 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic cheilitis (AC) is an oral potentially malignant lesion which is the counterpart of actinic keratosis of the skin and has potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a critical role in modulating the antitumor immune responses. The presence of regulatory T cells in potentially malignant lesions has not been described. We chose investigate the involvement of regulatory T cells in potentially malignant lesions. METHODS The frequency, phenotype, and activity of CD4+CD25+ T cells isolated from blood and lesion of AC patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines were quantified by ELISA. Data were compared with samples from healthy subjects. RESULTS The frequency and suppressor activity of circulating CD4+CD25+ T cells was similar in AC patients and control subjects. However, the frequencies of IL-10-positive Tregs were higher in AC patients, and these cells inhibited interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and increased interleukin (IL)-10 productions in co-cultures. Furthermore, CD4+CD25+ T cells accumulate in AC lesions. Lesions-derived regulatory T cells suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Moreover, high levels of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and low IFN-γ were detected in the potentially malignant lesions. CONCLUSION Therefore, our data show that Tregs accumulate in AC lesions, and these cells could be suppressing immune responses in a potentially malignant microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
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Nico D, Gomes DC, Palatnik-de-Sousa I, Morrot A, Palatnik M, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Leishmania donovani Nucleoside Hydrolase Terminal Domains in Cross-Protective Immunotherapy Against Leishmania amazonensis Murine Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:273. [PMID: 24966857 PMCID: PMC4052736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside hydrolases of the Leishmania genus are vital enzymes for the replication of the DNA and conserved phylogenetic markers of the parasites. Leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase (NH36) induced a main CD4(+) T cell driven protective response against L. chagasi infection in mice which is directed against its C-terminal domain. In this study, we used the three recombinant domains of NH36: N-terminal domain (F1, amino acids 1-103), central domain (F2 aminoacids 104-198), and C-terminal domain (F3 amino acids 199-314) in combination with saponin and assayed their immunotherapeutic effect on Balb/c mice previously infected with L. amazonensis. We identified that the F1 and F3 peptides determined strong cross-immunotherapeutic effects, reducing the size of footpad lesions to 48 and 64%, and the parasite load in footpads to 82.6 and 81%, respectively. The F3 peptide induced the strongest anti-NH36 antibody response and intradermal response (IDR) against L. amazonenis and a high secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α with reduced levels of IL-10. The F1 vaccine, induced similar increases of IgG2b antibodies and IFN-γ and TNF-α levels, but no IDR and no reduction of IL-10. The multiparameter flow cytometry analysis was used to assess the immune response after immunotherapy and disclosed that the degree of the immunotherapeutic effect is predicted by the frequencies of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells producing IL-2 or TNF-α or both. Total frequencies and frequencies of double-cytokine CD4 T cell producers were enhanced by F1 and F3 vaccines. Collectively, our multifunctional analysis disclosed that immunotherapeutic protection improved as the CD4 responses progressed from 1+ to 2+, in the case of the F1 and F3 vaccines, and as the CD8 responses changed qualitatively from 1+ to 3+, mainly in the case of the F1 vaccine, providing new correlates of immunotherapeutic protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice based on T-helper TH1 and CD8(+) mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirlei Nico
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Crespo Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iam Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Metrologia, Laboratório de Biometrologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Palatnik
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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