1
|
Perivoliotis K, Baloyiannis I, Samara AA, Koutoukoglou P, Ntellas P, Dadouli K, Ioannou M, Tepetes K. Microvessel density in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Methodol 2023; 13:153-165. [PMID: 37456971 PMCID: PMC10348082 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are considered the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Microvessel density (MVD) constitutes a direct method of vascularity quantification and has been associated with survival rates in multiple malignancies.
AIM To appraise the effect of MVD on the survival of patients with GIST.
METHODS This study adhered to Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Electronic scholar databases and grey literature repositories were systematically screened. The Fixed Effects or Random Effects models were used according to the Cochran Q test.
RESULTS In total, 6 eligible studies were identified. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for disease free survival (DFS) was 8.52 (95%CI: 1.69-42.84, P = 0.009). The odds ratios of disease-free survival between high and low MVD groups at 12 and 60 mo did not reach statistical significance. Significant superiority of the low MVD group in terms of DFS was documented at 36 and 120 mo (OR: 8.46, P < 0.0001 and OR: 22.71, P = 0.0003, respectively) as well as at metastases rate (OR: 0.11, P = 0.0003).
CONCLUSION MVD significantly correlates with the HR of DFS and overall survival rates at 36 and 120 mo. Further prospective studies of higher methodological quality are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Baloyiannis
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Athina A Samara
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Prodromos Koutoukoglou
- Research Methodology in Biomedicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Bioinformatics, University of Thessaly, 41110 41110, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ntellas
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Katerina Dadouli
- Research Methodology in Biomedicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Bioinformatics, University of Thessaly, 41110 41110, Greece
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biagioni A, Peri S, Versienti G, Fiorillo C, Becatti M, Magnelli L, Papucci L. Gastric Cancer Vascularization and the Contribution of Reactive Oxygen Species. Biomolecules 2023; 13:886. [PMID: 37371466 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are the most important way for cancer cells to survive and diffuse in the body, metastasizing distant organs. During the process of tumor expansion, the neoplastic mass progressively induces modifications in the microenvironment due to its uncontrolled growth, generating a hypoxic and low pH milieu with high fluid pressure and low nutrients concentration. In such a particular condition, reactive oxygen species play a fundamental role, enhancing tumor proliferation and migration, inducing a glycolytic phenotype and promoting angiogenesis. Indeed, to reach new sources of oxygen and metabolites, highly aggressive cancer cells might produce a new abnormal network of vessels independently from endothelial cells, a process called vasculogenic mimicry. Even though many molecular markers and mechanisms, especially in gastric cancer, are still unclear, the formation of such intricate, leaky and abnormal vessel networks is closely associated with patients' poor prognosis, and therefore finding new pharmaceutical solutions to be applied along with canonical chemotherapies in order to control and normalize the formation of such networks is urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Peri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Versienti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Magnelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Papucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Contreras-Sanzón E, Carlos-Reyes Á, Sierra-Martínez M, Acosta-Altamirano G, Luna-Rivero C, Núñez-Corona D, García-Hernández AP, Ibarra-Sierra E, Vidrio-Morgado H, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Marchat LA, López-Camarillo C. Metastatic breast tumors downregulate miR-145 regulating the hypoxia-induced vasculogenic mimicry. Transl Oncol 2023; 33:101680. [PMID: 37121177 PMCID: PMC10172997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells grow in three-dimensional (3D) channels-like structures denoted as vasculogenic mimicry (VM), which provides a route for nutrients and oxygen acquisition. VM is activated by hypoxia and associated with metastasis and poor prognosis. MetastamiRs are microRNAs regulating metastasis, however, if they control VM in breast cancer remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of VM-associated microRNAs in tumors of metastatic breast cancer patients. Firstly, we constructed microRNAs/mRNAs coregulation networks using expression data from TCGA databases. Dozens of microRNAs regulating genes involved in VM and metastasis were found. Of these, we selected 10 microRNAs for further characterization. The presence of VM in histological samples from patients with or without metastasis was evaluated using CD31-/PAS+ immunophenotyping. Remarkably, data showed that VM was significantly increased in tumors from patients with metastasis in comparison with no-metastatic group. Gene expression analysis indicated that miR-145, miR-142-3p, miR-31, miR-148a, miR-200b-3p and miR-526b were downregulated in primary tumors from patients with metastatic disease and positive for VM. Moreover, modulated microRNAs showed a predictive clinical value in overall survival in a cohort (n=1262) of breast cancer patients. Of these, we evaluated the role of miR-145 in formation of hypoxia-induced 3D channels-like using an in vitro model that recapitulates the early stages of VM. Data showed that miR-145 mimics was able to abolish the VM development in both metastatic Hs578t and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In conclusion, manipulation of miR-145 levels may represent a therapeutic approach in metastatic breast cancer patients that developed VM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángeles Carlos-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Onco-inmunobiologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", CDMX, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sierra-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Salud del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Dirección de Planeación, Enseñanza e Investigación del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Cesar Luna-Rivero
- Servicio de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", CDMX, Mexico
| | - David Núñez-Corona
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, CDMX, México
| | | | - Eloisa Ibarra-Sierra
- Departamento de Investigacion. Instituto Estatal de Cancerologia "Dr. Arturo Béltran Ortega", Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Horacio Vidrio-Morgado
- Departamento de Investigacion. Instituto Estatal de Cancerologia "Dr. Arturo Béltran Ortega", Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Laurence A Marchat
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular II, Programa en Biomedicina Molecular y Red de Biotecnologia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CDMX, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, CDMX, México.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ileiwat ZE, Tabish TA, Zinovkin DA, Yuzugulen J, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. The mechanistic immunosuppressive role of the tumour vasculature and potential nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:976677. [PMID: 36045675 PMCID: PMC9423123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.976677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour vasculature is well-established to display irregular structure and hierarchy that is conducive to promoting tumour growth and metastasis while maintaining immunosuppression. As tumours grow, their metabolic rate increases while their distance from blood vessels furthers, generating a hypoxic and acidic tumour microenvironment. Consequently, cancer cells upregulate the expression of pro-angiogenic factors which propagate aberrant blood vessel formation. This generates atypical vascular features that reduce chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy efficacy. Therefore, the development of therapies aiming to restore the vasculature to a functional state remains a necessary research target. Many anti-angiogenic therapies aim to target this such as bevacizumab or sunitinib but have shown variable efficacy in solid tumours due to intrinsic or acquired resistance. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies such as combination therapies and nanotechnology-mediated therapies may provide alternatives to overcoming the barriers generated by the tumour vasculature. This review summarises the mechanisms that induce abnormal tumour angiogenesis and how the vasculature’s features elicit immunosuppression. Furthermore, the review explores examples of treatment regiments that target the tumour vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Elias Ileiwat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jale Yuzugulen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Nahid Arghiani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul I. Pranjol,
| | - Md Zahidul I. Pranjol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul I. Pranjol,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Targeting circDGKD Intercepts TKI's Effects on Up-Regulation of Estrogen Receptor β and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071639. [PMID: 35406411 PMCID: PMC8996923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been reported as an alternative channel to increase tumor nutrient supplies and accelerate tumor progression, and is associated with poor survival prognosis in multiple cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The currently used anti-angiogenic treatment for metastatic RCC, sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been reported to induce VM formation. Previously we identified that the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) functions as an oncogenic factor to promote RCC progression, supported by the analytic results from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We have also found evidence that sunitinib induces RCC VM formation by up-regulating ERβ expression. In this study, we further demonstrated that treatment with sunitinib, as well as axitinib, another TKI, could induce ERβ expression in RCC cell lines. Clinical clear cell RCC (ccRCC) patients with higher ERβ expression are more likely to be found VE-cadherin positive and VM positive. Mechanism dissection showed that TKI- induced ERβ transcriptionally up-regulates the circular RNA of DGKD (circDGKD, hsa_circ_0058763), which enhances VE-cadherin expression by sponging the microRNA miR-125-5p family. Targeting circDGKD intercepts sunitinib-pretreatment-induced RCC VM formation, reduces metastases and improves survival in an experimental orthotopic animal model. Targeting ERβ/circDGKD signals may improve the TKI efficacy and provide novel combination therapies for metastatic RCC.
Collapse
|
6
|
Saha D, Mitra D, Alam N, Sen S, Mitra Mustafi S, Mandal S, Majumder B, Murmu N. Orchestrated expression of vasculogenic mimicry and laminin-5γ2 is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:54-64. [PMID: 35170826 PMCID: PMC8961501 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), an endothelial cell-independent alternative mechanism of blood supply to the malignant tumour, has long been considered as an adverse prognostic factor in many cancers. The correlation of VM with laminin-5γ2 and the assessment of their harmonized expression as an independent risk factor have not been elucidated yet in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). CD31/PAS staining stratified 116 clinically diagnosed OSCC specimens into VM+ and VM- cohorts. The expression pattern of laminin-5γ2 and its upstream modulator MMP2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the survival and prognostic implications. The presence of VM demonstrated a significant correlation with the expression of laminin-5γ2 (p < .001) and MMP2 (p < .001). This pattern was mirrored by the significant upregulation of laminin-5γ2 and MMP2 in VM+ cohorts compared with the VM- ones. Furthermore, co-expression of VM and laminin-5γ2 was significantly associated with tumour grade (p = .010), primary tumour size (p < .001), lymph node metastasis (p = .001) and TNM stages (p < .001) but not with patients' age, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption habit. Vasculogenic mimicry and laminin-5γ2 double-positive cohort displayed a significantly poorer disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Vasculogenic mimicry, laminin-5γ2 and their subsequent dual expression underlie a significant prognostic value for DFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 9.896, p = .028] and OS [HR = 21.401, p = .033] in OSCC patients. Together, our findings imply that VM along with laminin-5γ2 is strongly linked to the malignant progression in OSCC and VM and laminin-5γ2 coordination emerges as a critical prognostic biomarker for OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Depanwita Saha
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Debarpan Mitra
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Neyaz Alam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sagar Sen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Syamsundar Mandal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- Departments of Molecular Profiling, Cancer Biology and Molecular Pathology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, India
| | - Nabendu Murmu
- Department of Signal Transduction and Biogenic Amines, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai H, Liu W, Liu X, Li Z, Feng T, Xue Y, Liu Y. Advances and Prospects of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Glioma: A Potential New Therapeutic Target? Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4473-4483. [PMID: 32547078 PMCID: PMC7247597 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of a “vessel-like” structure without endothelial cells. VM exists in vascular-dependent solid tumors and is a special blood supply source involved in the highly invasive tumor progression. VM is observed in a variety of human malignant tumors and is closely related to tumor proliferation, invasion, and recurrence. Here, we review the mechanism, related signaling pathways, and molecular regulation of VM in glioma and discuss current research problems and the potential future applications of VM in glioma treatment. This review may provide a new viewpoint for glioma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianda Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li X, Sun B, Zhao X, An J, Zhang Y, Gu Q, Zhao N, Wang Y, Liu F. Function of BMP4 in the Formation of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:2560-2571. [PMID: 32201526 PMCID: PMC7066000 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is linked to vascular invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). BMP4, one BMP family member, is upregulated in several cancers. The purpose of this report is to identify the function of BMP4 in the formation of VM in HCC and the mechanism underling this regulation. In our report, BMP4 up-regulation resulted in an increase in migration, invasion and channel-like structure formation as well as induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and stem cell-associated proteins OCT4 and SOX2 expression in HCC cells. In addition, The VM-associated proteins, including EphA2, VE-cadherin and MMP2, also could be effectively enhanced by the overexpression of BMP4. Furthermore, according to the TCGA database, higher expression of BMP4 is seen in HCC in contrast to normal liver samples. Immunohistochemistry revealed that BMP4 was positively associated with VM formation, age, histological differentiation, HCC stage, and shorter survival duration. These data demonstrated that BMP4 could promote VM network formation in HCC through induction of stemness in EMT and modulating the EphA2/VE-cadherin/MMP2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jindan An
- Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department Of Pathology, General Hospital Of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.,Department Of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valdivia A, Mingo G, Aldana V, Pinto MP, Ramirez M, Retamal C, Gonzalez A, Nualart F, Corvalan AH, Owen GI. Fact or Fiction, It Is Time for a Verdict on Vasculogenic Mimicry? Front Oncol 2019; 9:680. [PMID: 31428573 PMCID: PMC6688045 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term vasculogenic mimicry (VM) refers to the capacity of certain cancer cells to form fluid-conducting structures within a tumor in an endothelial cell (EC)-free manner. Ever since its first report by Maniotis in 1999, the existence of VM has been an extremely contentious issue. The overwhelming consensus of the literature suggests that VM is frequently observed in highly aggressive tumors and correlates to lower patient survival. While the presence of VM in vivo in animal and patient tumors are claimed upon the strong positive staining for glycoproteins (Periodic Acid Schiff, PAS), it is by no means universally accepted. More controversial still is the existence of an in vitro model of VM that principally divides the scientific community. Original reports demonstrated that channels or tubes occur in cancer cell monolayers in vitro when cultured in matrigel and that these structures may support fluid movement. However, several years later many papers emerged stating that connections formed between cancer cells grown on matrigel represented VM. We speculate that this became accepted by the cancer research community and now the vast majority of the scientific literature reports both presence and mechanisms of VM based on intercellular connections, not the presence of fluid conducting tubes. In this opinion paper, we call upon evidence from an exhaustive review of the literature and original data to argue that the majority of in vitro studies presented as VM do not correspond to this phenomenon. Furthermore, we raise doubts on the validity of concluding the presence of VM in patient samples and animal models based solely on the presence of PAS+ staining. We outline the requirement for new biomarkers of VM and present criteria by which VM should be defined in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Valdivia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Mingo
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Varina Aldana
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio P Pinto
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Ramirez
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Retamal
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Center of Cellular Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Gonzalez
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Center of Cellular Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalan
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bai C, Liu X, Qiu C, Zheng J. FoxM1 is regulated by both HIF-1α and HIF-2α and contributes to gastrointestinal stromal tumor progression. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:91-103. [PMID: 29948390 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FoxM1 plays important regulatory roles in a variety of diseases. However, the functional role of FoxM1 and mechanisms responsible for its expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is not thoroughly understood. METHODS FoxM1 protein expression and biological function were examined in human GIST tissues and cells using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, CCK-8, wound-healing- and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling in FoxM1 expression was investigated using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter and in vivo tumor growth assays. RESULTS FoxM1 was highly expressed in highly proliferative and migratory/invasive GIST specimens. Upregulation of FoxM1 was positively correlated with the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in GIST specimens, and hypoxia-induced FoxM1 expression in GIST cells. Functionally, ectopic expression of FoxM1 significantly promoted GIST cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, whereas the knockdown of endogenous FoxM1 of hypoxic GIST cells had the opposite effects. Molecularly, FoxM1 was transcriptionally regulated by HIF-2α under normoxia, whereas it was upregulated by both HIF-1α and HIF-2α under hypoxia. The xenograft tumor data further confirmed the regulated effect of HIF-1α and HIF-2α on FoxM1, and demonstrated that the simultaneous downregulation of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α inhibited GIST tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the critical role of FoxM1 in promoting GIST progression and uncovered a novel HIF-1α/HIF-2α-FoxM1 axis. These findings identify FoxM1 as a possible new molecular target for designing novel therapeutic treatments to control GIST progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Bai
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168, Changhai Rd., Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168, Changhai Rd., Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cen Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168, Changhai Rd., Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168, Changhai Rd., Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clinical characteristics and preliminary morphological observation of 47 cases of primary anorectal malignant melanomas. Melanoma Res 2018; 28:592-599. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Dong M, Miao L, Zhang F, Li S, Han J, Yu R, Qie S. Nuclear factor-κB p65 regulates glutaminase 1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3721-3729. [PMID: 29988727 PMCID: PMC6029591 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s167408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutaminase (GLS), the key enzyme that catalyzes glutamine catabolism, facilitates the production of energy, building blocks, and factors resisting stresses. Two isoforms of GLS have been identified: GLS1 and GLS2. Elevated GLS1 contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This study investigates the molecular mechanism by which GLS1 is regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Online databases were investigated to search for factors that co-overexpress with GLS1. siRNA knockdown or chemical compounds were utilized to manipulate the activation or inactivation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 signaling. Both the mRNA and protein levels of GLS1 were detected. The biological and clinical importance of p65-GLS1 in HCC was also demonstrated. Results NF-κB p65 regulates GLS1 expression in HCC cells. Knockdown or suppression of GLS1 compromises HCC cell proliferation. Elevated GLS1 expression correlates with neoplasm histological grade, and the dysregulation of p65-GLS1 is associated with poor prognosis in human HCC patients. Conclusion GLS1 can be developed as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for human HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, China,
| | - Lin Miao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yixingbu Hospital, Beichen, Tianjin 300402, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Shengshui Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, China
| | - Jingzhi Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, China,
| | - Ruohui Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, China,
| | - Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang H, Huang B, Li BM, Cao KY, Mo CQ, Jiang SJ, Pan JC, Wang ZR, Lin HY, Wang DH, Qiu SP. ZEB1-mediated vasculogenic mimicry formation associates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell phenotypes in prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3768-3781. [PMID: 29754422 PMCID: PMC6050489 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger E‐box‐binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) induced the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and altered ZEB1 expression could lead to aggressive and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes in various cancers. Tissue specimens from 96 prostate cancer patients were collected for immunohistochemistry and CD34/periodic acid–Schiff double staining. Prostate cancer cells were subjected to ZEB1 knockdown or overexpression and assessment of the effects on vasculogenic mimicry formation in vitro and in vivo. The underlying molecular events of ZEB1‐induced vasculogenic mimicry formation in prostate cancer were then explored. The data showed that the presence of VM and high ZEB1 expression was associated with higher Gleason score, TNM stage, and lymph node and distant metastases as well as with the expression of vimentin and CD133 in prostate cancer tissues. Furthermore, ZEB1 was required for VM formation and altered expression of EMT‐related and CSC‐associated proteins in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. ZEB1 also facilitated tumour cell migration, invasion and clonogenicity. In addition, the effects of ZEB1 in prostate cancer cells were mediated by Src signalling; that is PP2, a specific inhibitor of the Src signalling, dose dependently reduced the p‐Src527 level but not p‐Src416 level, while ZEB1 knockdown also down‐regulated the level of p‐Src527 in PC3 and DU‐145 cells. PP2 treatment also significantly reduced the expression of VE‐cadherin, vimentin and CD133 in these prostate cancer cells. Src signalling mediated the effects of ZEB1 on VM formation and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bai Mou Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yuan Cao
- Research Center for Clinical Laboratory Standard, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qiang Mo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Jian Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Cheng Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong Ren Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yi Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dao Hu Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao Peng Qiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Hui Ya hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rhodocetin-αβ selectively breaks the endothelial barrier of the tumor vasculature in HT1080 fibrosarcoma and A431 epidermoid carcinoma tumor models. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22406-22422. [PMID: 29854288 PMCID: PMC5976474 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor vasculature differs from normal blood vessels in morphology, composition and stability. Here, we describe a novel tumor vessel-disrupting mechanism. In an HT1080/mouse xenograft tumor model rhodocetin-αβ was highly effective in disrupting the tumor endothelial barrier. Mechanistically, rhodocetin-αβ triggered MET signaling via neuropilin-1. As both neuropilin-1 and MET were only lumen-exposed in a subset of abnormal tumor vessels, but not in normal vessels, the prime target of rhodocetin-αβ were these abnormal tumor vessels. Consequently, cells lining such tumor vessels became increasingly motile which compromised the vessel wall tightness. After this initial leakage, rhodocetin-αβ could leave the bloodstream and reach the as yet inaccessible neuropilin-1 on the basolateral side of endothelial cells and thus disrupt nearby vessels. Due to the specific neuropilin-1/MET co-distribution on cells lining such abnormal tumor vessels in contrast to normal endothelial cells, rhodocetin-αβ formed the necessary trimeric signaling complex of rhodocetin-αβ-MET-neuropilin-1 only in these abnormal tumor vessels. This selective attack of tumor vessels, sparing endothelial cell-lined vessels of normal tissues, suggests that the neuropilin-1-MET signaling axis may be a promising drugable target for anti-tumor therapy, and that rhodocetin-αβ may serve as a lead structure to develop novel anti-tumor drugs that target such vessels.
Collapse
|
15
|
Irani S, Dehghan A. The Expression and Functional Significance of Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin, CD44, and Vimentin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:110-117. [PMID: 29780735 PMCID: PMC5946518 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_408_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ninety percent of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinoma which develops in the oral cavity. Metastasis is the main causative factor for death in 90% of all cancer-related deaths and begins with the invasion of tumor cells through the walls of small blood vessels or lymph vessels. A growing body of evidence has shown that vasculogenic mimicry (VM) facilitates tumor growth and cancer metastasis. The current study aimed to present the role of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, CD44, and vimentin in inducing VM and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to identify the cancer stem cell (CSC) niche in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods A total of 63 OSCC samples (21 samples each grade) were collected from the archive of Pathology Department of Besat educational hospital, Hamadan, Iran, from 2000 to 2015. VE-cadherin, CD44, and vimentin/periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) double-staining were used to validate VM. VM was identified by the detection of PAS-positive loops surrounded by tumor cells. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between the variables. Significant level was set at 0.05. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the co-localization of the markers. Results There were statistically significant differences between tumor grade and the expression levels of VE-cadherin, CD44, and vimentin (P = 0.000). In addition, significant differences were found between tumor grade and microvessel density (P = 0.000) and between tumor grade and VM (P = 0.000). Conclusion Our results may disclose a definite relationship between VE-cadherin, CD44 and vimentin expression levels, VM formation, EMT, CSCs, and microvessel count in OSCC samples. For this reason, it is suggested that VE-cadherin, CD44, and vimentin are related to angiogenesis and VM formation in OSCC, therefore, in tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, antitumor angiogenic therapies have been challenged. The presence of VM may explain the failure of antiangiogenic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soussan Irani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Research Centre, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Arash Dehghan
- Department of Pathology, Besat Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang W, Song S, Xu Y, Li H, Liu H. Knockdown of ZEB1 suppressed the formation of vasculogenic mimicry and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6711-6716. [PMID: 29512767 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women. It has been suggested that a type of microcirculation pattern that does not rely on host microvascular endothelial cells known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM) may contribute to the poor effect of anti‑angiogenesis treatment on some patients with breast cancer. However, the formation and regulatory mechanism of VM in breast cancer are unclear and still require further investigation. The present study examined whether decreasing the expression of zinc finger E‑box binding homeobox (ZEB1) using siRNA can inhibit the formation of VM in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), and its specific function and molecular mechanism. mRNA and protein expression were detected by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. Invasion assay and tube formation assay were also performed. The results demonstrated that ZEB1 small hairpin (sh)RNA inhibited the formation of VM. Knockdown of ZEB1 markedly inhibited the expression of vimentin in MDA‑MB‑231 cells and markedly increased the expression of E‑cadherin. It was suggested that ZEB1 shRNA may have inhibited the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, ZEB1 shRNA inhibited the invasion of MDA‑MB‑231 cells and suppressed the expression of fetal liver kinase 1 (flk‑1). The flk‑1 inhibitor Semaxanib inhibited the formation of VM; thus, ZEB1 shRNA inhibited EMT and cell invasion, and may have inhibited the formation of VM through flk‑1. The present study contributed further understanding on the theory of tumor angiogenesis and provided theoretical basis for novel targeted therapy of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Song
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Huantao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun B, Zhang D, Zhao N, Zhao X. Epithelial-to-endothelial transition and cancer stem cells: two cornerstones of vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30502-30510. [PMID: 27034014 PMCID: PMC5444760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a functional microcirculation pattern in malignant tumors accompanied by endothelium-dependent vessels and mosaic vessels. VM has been identified in more than 15 solid tumor types and is associated with poor differentiation, late clinical stage and poor prognosis. Classic anti-angiogenic agents do not target endothelium-dependent vessels and are not efficacious against tumors exhibiting VM. Further insight into the molecular signaling that triggers and promotes VM formation could improve anti-angiogenic therapeutics. Recent studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelium-to-endothelium transition (EET), a subtype of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), accelerate VM formation by stimulating tumor cell plasticity, remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) and connecting VM channels with host blood vessels. VM channel-lining cells originate from CSCs due to expression of EMT inducers such as Twist1, which promote EET and ECM remodeling. Hypoxia and high interstitial fluid pressure in the tumor microenvironment induce a specific type of cell death, linearly patterned programmed cell necrosis (LPPCN), which spatially guides VM and endothelium-dependent vessel networks. This review focuses on the roles of CSCs and EET in VM, and on possible novel anti-angiogenic strategies against alternative tumor vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ngernyuang N, Shao R, Suwannarurk K, Limpaiboon T. Chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1) promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation in cervical cancer. Pathology 2018; 50:293-297. [PMID: 29452694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is an alternative microvascular system which tumour cells orchestrate, independent of endothelial cell-mediated angiogenesis. VM develops tumour vascular networks that correlate with tumour growth, metastasis, and short survival time of patients with a number of cancers. However, little is known regarding VM in the vascularisation of cervical cancer. Chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1) has been previously reported to display the ability to induce angiogenesis in cervical cancer. Here, we explored a pathological role of CHI3L1 in tumour cell-mediated vascularisation. Sixty-six samples of cervical cancer were collected to examine CHI3L1 expression and VM formation using immunohistochemistry and CD34-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) dual staining. CHI3L1 expression was significantly correlated with formation of tumour cell-associated vascular channels in the absence of endothelial cells (p=0.031). Interestingly, tumour samples lacking VM were positively correlated with non-metastasis (p=0.035). Patients with VM positive tumours tended to have decreased overall survival (OS) compared to those with VM negative samples (43.9 versus 64.6 months, p=0.079). In addition, recombinant CHI3L1 enhanced cervical cancer cell lines to form tube-like structures, supporting the notion that CHI3L1 mediates VM in cervical cancer. Our present data reveal the crucial role of CHI3L1 in the formation of VM, which may contribute to tumour aggressiveness. Therefore, targeting CHI3L1 may be a valuable strategy for the reduction of cervical cancer vascularisation and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipaporn Ngernyuang
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Rong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Komsun Suwannarurk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Temduang Limpaiboon
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang Z, Yao H, Fei F, Li Y, Qu J, Li C, Zhang S. Generation of erythroid cells from polyploid giant cancer cells: re-thinking about tumor blood supply. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:617-627. [PMID: 29417259 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During development and tumor progression, cells need a sufficient blood supply to maintain development and rapid growth. It is reported that there are three patterns of blood supply for tumor growth: endothelium-dependent vessels, mosaic vessels, and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). VM was first reported in highly aggressive uveal melanomas, with tumor cells mimicking the presence and function of endothelial cells forming the walls of VM vessels. The walls of mosaic vessels are randomly lined with both endothelial cells and tumor cells. We previously proposed a three-stage process, beginning with VM, progressing to mosaic vessels, and eventually leading to endothelium-dependent vessels. However, many phenomena unique to VM channel formation remain to be elucidated, such as the origin of erythrocytes before VM vessels connect with endothelium-dependent vessels. RESULTS In adults, erythroid cells are generally believed to be generated from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. In contrast, embryonic tissue obtains oxygen through formation of blood islands, which are largely composed of embryonic hemoglobin with a higher affinity with oxygen, in the absence of mature erythrocytes. Recent data from our laboratory suggest that embryonic blood-forming mechanisms also exist in cancer tissue, particularly when these tissues are under environmental stress such as hypoxia. We review the evidence from induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro and in vivo to support this previously underappreciated cell functionality in normal and cancer cells, including the ability to generate erythroid cells. We will also summarize the current understanding of tumor angiogenesis, VM, and our recent work on polyploid giant cancer cells, with emphasis on their ability to generate erythroid cells and their association with tumor growth under hypoxia. CONCLUSION An alternative embryonic pathway to obtain oxygen in cancer cells exists, particularly when they are under hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Departments of Pathology, Baodi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Baodi District, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fei
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Irani S, Dehghan A. Expression of Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: Role in Cancer Development. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 7:301-307. [PMID: 29387612 PMCID: PMC5774049 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_323_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) accounts for 35% of all malignant salivary gland tumors. Previous investigations have shown that vasculogenic mimicry (VM) exists in many cancers which can be used as a prognostic factor of poor prognosis. Elevated expression level of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin has been implicated in cancer neovascularization, growth, and progression. The current study aimed to study the presence of VE-cadherin in VM channels and tumor cells in different grades of MEC. Materials and Methods: A total of 63 MEC samples (21 samples in each grade) were collected from the archive of pathology department of Besat Educational Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, from 2002 to 2016. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to confirm the previous diagnosis. The specimens were then processed for immunohistochemistry analysis. Then, periodic acid–Schiff staining was performed. Analyses were conducted through SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between categorical variables. Significance level was set at 0.05. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the co-localization of the marker. Results: A total of 63 samples (35 men; 55.6%, and 28 women; 44.4%) were used for immunohistochemical study. There were statistically significant differences between tumor grade and the expression levels of VE-cadherin (P = 0.000), between tumor grade and VM formation (P = 0.000), and also between tumor grade and microvessel density (MVD) (P = 0.000). Additionally, there was a strong positive correlation between tumor grade and VE-cadherin expression level (Pearson's r = 0.875, P < 0.000). Conclusions: Our results may disclose a definite relationship between VE-cadherin expression level, VM, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, and MVD in MEC samples. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that VE-cadherin is related to angiogenesis and VM formation in MECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soussan Irani
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Research Centre, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Arash Dehghan
- Department of Pathology, Besat Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Collateral Damage Intended-Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Vasculature Are Potential Targets in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112355. [PMID: 29112161 PMCID: PMC5713324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After oncogenic transformation, tumor cells rewire their metabolism to obtain sufficient energy and biochemical building blocks for cell proliferation, even under hypoxic conditions. Glucose and glutamine become their major limiting nutritional demands. Instead of being autonomous, tumor cells change their immediate environment not only by their metabolites but also by mediators, such as juxtacrine cell contacts, chemokines and other cytokines. Thus, the tumor cells shape their microenvironment as well as induce resident cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs), to support them. Fibroblasts differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which produce a qualitatively and quantitatively different extracellular matrix (ECM). By their contractile power, they exert tensile forces onto this ECM, leading to increased intratumoral pressure. Moreover, along with enhanced cross-linkage of the ECM components, CAFs thus stiffen the ECM. Attracted by tumor cell- and CAF-secreted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), ECs sprout from pre-existing blood vessels during tumor-induced angiogenesis. Tumor vessels are distinct from EC-lined vessels, because tumor cells integrate into the endothelium or even mimic and replace it in vasculogenic mimicry (VM) vessels. Not only the VM vessels but also the characteristically malformed EC-lined tumor vessels are typical for tumor tissue and may represent promising targets in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeng F, Ju RJ, Liu L, Xie HJ, Mu LM, Lu WL. Efficacy in Treating Lung Metastasis of Invasive Breast Cancer with Functional Vincristine Plus Dasatinib Liposomes. Pharmacology 2017; 101:43-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000480737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The metastasis of breast cancer is the leading cause of death, while lung metastasis is a major clinical phenomenon in patients with invasive breast cancer. The current treatment option comprising surgery, radiation, and standard chemotherapy cannot achieve a satisfactory effect on the treatment of lung metastasis of breast cancer. In this study, we report the potential of preventing lung metastasis of invasive breast cancer using the newly developed functional vincristine plus dasatinib liposomes. Methods: The investigations were performed on invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in lung metastatic model of invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice. Results: The functional drug liposomes were able to induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, induce apoptosis, inhibit adhesion, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro, and prevent lung metastasis of breast cancer in nude mice. Conclusion: These findings indicate a potential clinical use of functional vincristine plus dasatinib liposomes for treating metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yao N, Ren K, Wang Y, Jin Q, Lu X, Lu Y, Jiang C, Zhang D, Lu J, Wang C, Huo J, Chen Y, Zhang J. Paris polyphylla Suppresses Proliferation and Vasculogenic Mimicry of Human Osteosarcoma Cells and Inhibits Tumor Growth In Vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:575-598. [PMID: 28385078 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla, a traditional antipyretic-detoxicate chinese medicinal herb, has been applied extensively in cancer treatments for nearly 2000 years. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the potential anti-osteosarcoma effects of Paris polyphylla ethanol extract (PPEE) and to investigate its underlying mechanisms. The antiproliferation activity of PPEE was tested on 143B, MG-63, U-2 OS and hFOB1.19 cells using MTT assay. The pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest effects of PPEE were confirmed by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. The antimigratory, anti-invasive and antivasculogenic mimicry (VM) effects of PPEE were investigated by wound healing, Transwell and 3D culture assays. Mouse xenograft model was used to examine its anti-osteosarcoma efficacy in vivo. Hematologic profiles and hepatorenal functions were evaluated to assess the toxicity of PPEE. PPEE evidently suppressed cell proliferation of 143B, MG-63 and U-2 OS with IC50 values of 10-60[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL, but showed little cytotoxicity against normal osteoblastic cell. PPEE promoted apoptosis in 143B cell via caspase activation, increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and PARP cleavage. It also induced G2/M phase arrest associated with elevated phosphorylation of CDK1, Cdc25C, Chk2 and down-regulation of cyclin B1, CDK1, Cdc25C expression. Additionally, PPEE inhibited 143B cell migration, invasion and VM formation at noncytotoxic concentrations through decreasing the expression of FAK, Mig-7, MMP2 and MMP9. Finally, daily oral administration of PPEE for four weeks exhibits potent antitumor and anti-VM activity in 143B xenograft model with low toxicity. Taken together, these findings demonstrated PPEE possesses anti-osteosarcoma and anti-VM activity in vitro and in vivo, and therefore is a potential candidate for osteosarcoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yao
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ren
- ‡ Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Wang
- § Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou City 213003, Jiangsu Province P.R. China
| | - Qiaomei Jin
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lu
- ¶ Nanjing Biopharmaceutical Innovation Platform Company Limited, Nanjing 210032, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lu
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Dongjian Zhang
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- ‡ Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- ‡ Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiege Huo
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- ∥ Jinling Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- * Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.,† Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun H, Zhang D, Yao Z, Lin X, Liu J, Gu Q, Dong X, Liu F, Wang Y, Yao N, Cheng S, Li L, Sun S. Anti-angiogenic treatment promotes triple-negative breast cancer invasion via vasculogenic mimicry. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:205-213. [PMID: 28278077 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1294288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that target angiogenesis have shown limited efficacy for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in clinical trials. Along with endothelium-dependent vessels, there is also vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in the microcirculation of malignant tumors. The role of VM is not completely understood regarding anti-angiogenic treatment. In this study, human TNBC MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T and non-TNBC MCF-7 and BT474 tumor-bearing mice were treated with sunitinib, an anti-angiogenic drug, using a clinically relevant schedule. The drug was administered for one week and then discontinued. Tumor growth and invasion were observed, and the microcirculation patterns were detected with PAS/endomucin staining. Moreover, hypoxia and VM-associated proteins were evaluated with Hypoxyprobe kits and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Sunitinib significantly inhibited tumor growth in the TNBC and non-TNBC tumors. However, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors regrew and were more aggressive when the treatment was stopped. The discontinuation had no significant effect on the behavior of the non-TNBC MCF-7 and BT474 tumors. The growth of endothelium-dependent vessels in the TNBC MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors were blocked by sunitinib, during which the number of VM channels significantly increased and resulted in a rebound of endothelium-dependent vessels after sunitinib discontinuation. Moreover, the VM-associated proteins VE-cadherin and Twist1 upregulated in the sunitinib-treated MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T tumors. Furthermore, the clinical significance of this upregulation was validated in 174 human breast cancers. The results from human breast cancer specimens indicated that there were more VM-positive TNBC cases than those in non-TNBC cases. HIF-1α, MMP2, VE-cadherin, and Twist1 were also expressed in a higher level in human TNBC compared with non-TNBC. In aconclusion, sunitinib promoted TNBC invasion by VM. The VM status could be helpful to predict the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Sun
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Pathology , General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Zhi Yao
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,c Department of Immunology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xian Lin
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Qiang Gu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China.,b Department of Pathology , General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fang Liu
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yi Wang
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Nan Yao
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Siqi Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Linqi Li
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Shuya Sun
- a Department of Pathology , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vasculogenic Mimicry in Clinically Non-functioning Pituitary Adenomas: a Histologic Study. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 23:803-809. [PMID: 28084580 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The term "vasculogenic mimicry" (VM) refers to the phenomenon in which vascular-like channels, which are not lined by endothelial cells, are formed in tumors. Since its discovery in 1999, it has been observed in several tumor types and is proposed to provide blood perfusion to tumors in absence of co-apted or neo-angiogenic blood vessels. Pituitary tumors are generally slow growing, benign adenomas which are less vascularized than the normal pituitary gland. To date, VM in pituitary adenomas has not been described. In this histological study, we assessed the presence of VM in a series of surgically resected clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) using CD34 and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) double staining. To identify VM, slides were assessed for the presence of CD34-negative and PAS-positive channels indicating that they were not lined by endothelial cells. The histological staining pattern suggestive of VM was noted in 22/49 (44.9%) of the specimens studied. VM was observed in both recurring and non-recurring NFPAs. The incidence of VM present varied from case to case and within groups. There was no association between the presence of VM and gender, tumor size, Ki-67 index, recurrence or cavernous sinus invasion. VM was not noted in cases of non-tumorous pituitaries. Our findings suggest the existence of a complementary perfusion system in pituitary adenomas, implying potential clinical implications with respect to response to therapy and clinical course. Further research is warranted to confirm the presence of VM in pituitary adenomas to elucidate its clinical relevance in patients diagnosed with a pituitary adenoma.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Y, Sun B, Liu T, Zhao X, Wang X, Li Y, Meng J, Gu Q, Liu F, Dong X, Liu P, Sun R, Zhao N. Function of AURKA protein kinase in the formation of vasculogenic mimicry in triple-negative breast cancer stem cells. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3473-84. [PMID: 27366084 PMCID: PMC4913546 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s93015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a newly defined pattern of tumor blood supply, signifies the functional plasticity of aggressive cancer cells forming vascular networks. VM and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be associated with tumor growth, local invasion, and distant metastasis. In our previous study, CSCs in triple-negative breast cancer were potential to participate in VM formation. In this study, breast CSCs were isolated from the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by using mammosphere culture. Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that mammosphere cells displayed an increased expression of AURKA protein kinase and stem cell marker c-myc and sox2. The VM formation by mammosphere cells was inhibited by AURKA knockdown or the addition of AURKA inhibitor MLN8237. In the meantime, MLN8237 induced the increased E-cadherin and decreased c-myc, sox2, and β-catenin expressions. The function of AURKA in VM formation was further confirmed using a xenograft-murine model. The results suggested that AURKA protein kinase is involved in VM formation of CSCs and may become a new treatment target in suppressing VM and metastasis of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieju Liu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Peimei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang L, Liu L, Xu Z, Liao W, Feng D, Dong X, Xu S, Xiao L, Lu J, Luo X, Tang M, Bode AM, Dong Z, Sun L, Cao Y. EBV-LMP1 targeted DNAzyme enhances radiosensitivity by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis via the JNKs/HIF-1 pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5804-17. [PMID: 25714020 PMCID: PMC4467403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LMP1, which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus, is proposed to be one of the major oncogenic factors involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 by LMP1-targeted DNAzyme (DZ1) increases the radiosensitivity of NPC. However, the mechanism by which DZ1 contributes to this radiosensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we determined whether a DZ1 blockade of LMP1 expression has an overall positive effect on the radiotherapy of NPCs by repressing HIF-1/VEGF activity and to investigate the mechanisms underlying LMP1-induced HIF-1 activation in NPC cells. The results showed that DZ1 inhibited the microtubule-forming ability of HUVECs co-cultured with NPC cells, which occurs with the down-regulation of VEGF expression and secretion. Moreover, LMP1 increases phosphorylated JNKs/c-Jun signaling, which is involved in the regulation of HIF-1/VEGF activity. After silencing LMP1 and decreasing phosphorylation of JNKs, NPC cells exhibited an enhanced radiosensitivity. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed a significant inhibition of tumor growth and a marked reduction of the Ktrans parameter, which reflects the condition of tumor micro-vascular permeability. Taken together, our data suggested that VEGF expression is increased by LMP1 through the JNKs/c-Jun signaling pathway and indicated that DZ1 enhances the radiosensitivity of NPC cells by inhibiting HIF-1/VEGF activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Deyun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - San Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingchen Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tumor vasculogenic mimicry predicts poor prognosis in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:191-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
29
|
Zhao X, Sun B, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu Z, Zhao X, Gu Q, Han C, Dong X, Che N, An J, Zheng Y, Liu T. Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis Induced by Chronic Hypoxia Plays a Role in Melanoma Angiogenesis. J Cancer 2016; 7:22-31. [PMID: 26722356 PMCID: PMC4679377 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Highly aggressive tumors are exposed to hypoxia and increased tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) conditions which is resistant to blood supply. Physiological responses of the organism may reduce IFP through induction of orderly cell death. Specific aims: This study demonstrates that orderly cell death provided spatial structure for early angiogenesis in the hypoxic, high-IFP tumor microenvironment and the participation of linearly patterned programmed cell necrosis (LPPCN) in nascent melanoma angiogenesis. Methods: Animal model, laser capture microdissection, wound healing and transwell assays, three-dimensional cultures, zymography assays, western-blotting analysis, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were performed. Results: This study demonstrated a special form of cell death occurring in groups of malignant tumor cells which arrayed in lines. Both features of apoptosis and necrosis can be found in this cell death pattern and were termed as LPPCN. Its role as a stimulus of tumor angiogenesis was investigated using human melanoma samples and an animal model. Computer image analysis showed that LPPCN and tumor microvessels had identical spatial distributions. It can be induced by chronic hypoxia, high IFP and subsequent calcium influx. Higher number of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and VEGF expression were found in the tumor with LPPCN. Based on the tumor-bearing animal model, it was found that block of caspase pathway inhibited LPPCN, microvessel density and vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Conclusions: LPPCN formation may play an important role in tumor angiogenesis due to stimulation of macrophage infiltration and HIF-1α regulation, and that inhibition of LPPCN may be a novel therapeutic strategy against tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Zhao
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Baocun Sun
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University ; 3. Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yanrong Liu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Danfang Zhang
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- 3. Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
| | - Xueming Zhao
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Qiang Gu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Chunrong Han
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Xueyi Dong
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Na Che
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Jindan An
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Yanjun Zheng
- 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| | - Tieju Liu
- 1. Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ; 2. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen L, He Y, Sun S, Sun B, Tang X. Vasculogenic mimicry is a major feature and novel predictor of poor prognosis in patients with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1635-1641. [PMID: 26622724 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a key developmental program, frequently activated during cancer invasion and metastasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of VM in orbital rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the correlation between VM and tumor differentiation, recurrence and survival duration, as well as the contribution of epithelial cell kinase (EphA2) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in VM initiation. A total of 32 patients were enrolled to investigate the associations between VM in orbital RMS tumors and clinical characteristics, as well as its impact on overall survival. VM was identified and confirmed by CD31/periodic acid-Schiff double staining, while the presence of EphA2 and MMP-2 were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. VM was identified in eleven patients, particularly those with poorly differentiated orbital RMS (P=0.001). Patients with VM exhibited significantly worse survival rates (P=0.001, log-rank test), a significantly increased risk of mortality (P=0.008) and EphA2 and MMP-2 expression levels were enhanced (P=0.005 and 0.001, respectively). The VM and mitotic rate were independent predictors of poor prognosis (P=0.001 and 0.004, respectively), indicated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. These results demonstrated that VM is present in orbital RMS and represents an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. In addition, overexpression of EphA2 and MMP-2 may promote VM formation in orbital RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Chen
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China ; Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yanjin He
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Shizhen Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Research Institute, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lin H, Pan JC, Zhang FM, Huang B, Chen X, Zhuang JT, Wang H, Mo CQ, Wang DH, Qiu SP. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is required for vasculogenic mimicry by clear cell renal carcinoma cells. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:168.e9-16. [PMID: 25618297 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a new pattern of tumor microcirculation system, has been proved to be important for tumor growth and progression and may be one of the causes of antiangiogenesis resistance. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) was shown to correlate with VM formation in some other cancers. However, the relationship between VM formation and MMP9 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been determined. METHODS The VM formation and MMP9 expressions were analyzed by CD34/periodic acid-Schiff dual staining and immunohistochemistry in 119 RCC specimens. We used a well-established 3-dimention culture model to compare VM formation in 786-O, 769-P, and HK-2 cell lines in vitro. MMP9 expressions on either messenger RNA or protein levels were compared among the cell lines by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. To determine further the relationship between MMP9 and VM in RCC, 786-O and 769-P were treated with specific MMP9 inhibitor or small interfering RNA. VM formation, cell migration, and invasion were subsequently assessed by 3-dimention culture, wound-healing, and transwell assays. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated both VM formation and MMP9 overexpression were positively associated with clinical staging, pathological grade, and metastasis (P<0.01). VM formation was closely correlated with MMP9 overexpression in RCC (r = 0.602, P<0.01). Lower MMP9 expression level was observed in normal kidney cell line HK-2, which was unable to form VM on Matrigel, whereas higher expression of MMP9 was found in VM-forming cancer cell lines 786-O and 769-P. Inhibition of MMP9 not only disrupted VM formation in 786-O and 769-P but also reduced cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an intimate relationship between MMP9 overexpression and VM formation in RCC. Treatments targeting VM formation by inhibiting the activity of MMP9 could be beneficial in RCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-cheng Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa-ming Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-tao Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-qiang Mo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dao-hu Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shao-peng Qiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang S, Fu Z, Wei J, Guo J, Liu M, Du K. Peroxiredoxin 2 is involved in vasculogenic mimicry formation by targeting VEGFR2 activation in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 32:414. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
33
|
Song Y, Mu L, Han X, Liu X, Fu S. siRNA targeting stathmin inhibits invasion and enhances chemotherapy sensitivity of stem cells derived from glioma cell lines. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:1034-40. [PMID: 25348735 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most highly angiogenic tumors, and glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as recurrence after operation. Stathmin is substantial for mitosis and plays an important role in proliferation and migration of glioma-derived endothelial cells. However, the relationship between stathmin and GSCs is incompletely understood. Here we isolated GSCs from glioma cell lines U87MG and U251, and then used siRNA targeting stathmin for silencing. We showed that silencing of stathmin suppressed the proliferation, increased the apoptosis rate, and arrested the cell cycle at G2/M phase in GSCs. Silencing of stathmin in GSCs also resulted in inhibited the migration/invasion as well as the capability of vasculogenic mimicry. The susceptibility of GSCs to temozolomide was also enhanced by stathmin silencing. Our findings suggest stathmin as a potential target in GSCs for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Luyan Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuezhe Han
- Neurosurgery and Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital Boston/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- Department of Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vasculogenic mimicry: a new prognostic sign of human osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
ROCK is involved in vasculogenic mimicry formation in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107661. [PMID: 25238232 PMCID: PMC4169566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and 2) are key regulators of focal adhesion, actomyosin contraction and cell motility. RhoA/ROCK signaling has emerged as an attractive target for the development of new cancer therapeutics. Whether RhoA/ROCK is involved in regulating the formation of tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is largely unknown. To confirm this hypothesis, we performed in vitro experiments using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Firstly, we demonstrated that HCC cells with higher active RhoA/ROCK expression were prone to form VM channels, as compared with RhoA/ROCK low-expressing cells. Furthermore, Y27632 (a specific inhibitor of ROCK) rather than exoenzyme C3 (a specific inhibitor of RhoA) effectively inhibited the formation of tubular network structures in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the possible mechanism of ROCK on VM formation, real-time qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect changes of the key VM-related factors, including VE-cadherin, erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma-A2 (EphA2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)14, MMP2, MMP9 and laminin 5γ2-chain (LAMC2), and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) markers: E-cadherin and Vimentin. The results showed that all the expression profiles were attenuated by blockage of ROCK. In addition, in vitro cell migration and invasion assays showed that Y27632 inhibited the migration and invasion capacity of HCC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner markedly. These data indicate that ROCK is an important mediator in the formation of tumor cell VM, and suggest that ROCK inhibition may prove useful in the treatment of VM in HCC.
Collapse
|
36
|
Polyploid giant cancer cells with budding and the expression of cyclin E, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, stathmin associated with the grading and metastasis in serous ovarian tumor. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:576. [PMID: 25106448 PMCID: PMC4137091 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) exhibit cancer stem cell properties and express cell cycle-related proteins. HEY PGCCs induced by cobalt chloride generated daughter cells and the daughter cells had a strong migratory and invasive ability. This study is to compare the expression of cyclin E, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), and stathmin between PGCCs with budding and control HEY cells, and determine the clinicopathological significance of cell cycle-related protein expression in ovarian tumors. METHODS We used western blot and immunocytochemical staining to compare the expression levels of cyclin E, SKP2 and stathmin between PGCC with budding daughter cells and control HEY cells. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for cyclin E, SKP2 and stathmin was performed on a total of 80 paraffin-embedded serous ovarian tumor tissue samples. The samples included 21 cases of primary high-grade carcinoma (group I) and their metastatic tumors (group II), 26 cases of primary low-grade carcinoma without metastasis (group III), and 12 cases of serous borderline cystadenoma (group IV). RESULTS Single PGCC with budding in the stroma showed high correlation with the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma. Group I had a significantly higher number of single PGCCs with budding in the stroma than group III (85.71% [18/21] vs. 23.08% [6/26] cases; χ2 = 18.240, P = 0.000). The expression of cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin was compared among the four groups. The expression levels of cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin increased with the malignant grade of ovarian tumors and group II had the highest expression levels. The expression of cyclin E (χ2 = 17.985, P = 0.000), SKP2 (χ2 = 12.384, P = 0.000), and stathmin (χ2 = 20.226, P = 0.000) was significantly different among the 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin E, SKP2, and stathmin may be valuable biomarkers to evaluate the metastasis in patients with ovarian serous carcinoma.
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu XD, Yang L, Zheng LY, Pan YY, Cao ZF, Zhang ZQ, Zhou QS, Yang B, Cao C. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, suppresses vasculogenic mimicry and proliferation of highly aggressive pancreatic cancer PaTu8988 cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:373. [PMID: 24886166 PMCID: PMC4047270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a extremely low 5-year survival rate. Hence, the search for more effective anti-pancreatic cancer agents is urgent. METHODS PaTu8988 pancreatic cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), cell survival, proliferation, migration and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) were analyzed. Associated signaling changes were also analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blots. RESULTS Here, we reported that SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), exerted significant inhibitory efficiency against pancreatic cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration and VM. SAHA dose-dependently inhibited PaTu8988 pancreatic cancer cell growth with the IC-50 of 3.4 ± 0. 7 μM. Meanwhile, SAHA suppressed PaTu8988 cell cycle progression through inducing G2/M arrest, which was associated with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK-1)/cyclin-B1 degradation and p21/p27 upregulation. Further, SAHA induced both apoptotic and non-apoptotic death of PaTu8988 cells. Significantly, SAHA suppressed PaTu8988 cell in vitro migration and cell-dominant tube formation or VM, which was accompanied by semaphorin-4D (Sema-4D) and integrin-β5 down-regulation. Our evidences showed that Akt activation might be important for Sema-4D expression in PaTu8988 cells, and SAHA-induced Sema-4D down-regulation might be associated with Akt inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This study is among the first to report the VM formation in cultured human pancreatic cancer cells. And we provided strong evidence to suggest that SAHA executes significant anti-VM efficiency in the progressive pancreatic cancer cells. Thus, SAHA could be further investigated as a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou City 213003, Jiangsu, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by EphA2 contributes to vasculogenic mimicry formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:803914. [PMID: 24864260 PMCID: PMC4016880 DOI: 10.1155/2014/803914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) was related to invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. This study was designed to investigate the role of EphA2 in VM formation of HNSCC. Methods. The SiRNA technique was used to knock down the expression of EphA2 in vitro. The ability of cell migration and invasion were measured by transwell and wound healing assays; three-dimensional culture was used to detect the ability of channel-like structure formation; Western blot was used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition- (EMT-) related molecules in vitro. Further semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR assays and immunohistochemistry were used to demonstrate expression of EphA2 and EMT-related molecules according to VM presence or not in human tissue. Results. Knocking down EphA2 in vitro leads to disabled channel-like structure formation, reduction of invasion and migration ability, and reverse of EMT-related markers. Both semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that expressions of EphA2, Twist, and Vimentin were higher in the VM-positive group than in the VM-negative group significantly, while expressions of E-cadherin, claudin4, and DSG-3 were reverse. Conclusions. EphA2 played a key role in VM formation of HNSCC through regulation of EMT.
Collapse
|
39
|
Li Y, Cai W, Yi Q, Xie F, Liu Y, Du B, Feng L, Qiu L. Lipid droplets may lay a spacial foundation for vasculogenic mimicry formation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:56-9. [PMID: 24774719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry is a highly patterned vascular channel distinguished from the endothelium-dependent blood vessel. Vasculogenic mimicry is lined by highly aggressive tumor cells, and is associated with tumor grade, invasion and metastasis, and poor clinical prognosis. Much attention has been focused on the signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment needed for vasculogenic mimicry formation, however, the studies on the spacial foundation for vasculogenic mimicry formation are limited. There are many lipid droplets in hepatocellular carcinoma due to steatosis, while increased numbers of lipid droplets also have been reported in many other neoplastic processes. The role of lipid droplets in tumor is still unclear. Based on the similar structural and morphological characteristics between vasculogenic mimicry and lipid droplet, we speculate that the lipid droplets may lay a spacial foundation for vasculogenic mimicry formation by a way of "space placeholder" in HCC. Experimental data and limited clinical literatures support the hypothesis to a certain degree. This hypothesis may provide a new idea for the study of vasculogenic mimicry and also provide a new direction for the functional study of lipid droplets in tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Laboratory of Tumor Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Laboratory of Tumor Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yi
- Laboratory of Tumor Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Fengshan Xie
- Laboratory of Tumor Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Laboratory of Tumor Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bin Du
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lei Feng
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Liying Qiu
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Song YY, Sun LD, Liu ML, Liu ZL, Chen F, Zhang YZ, Zheng Y, Zhang JP. STAT3, p-STAT3 and HIF-1α are associated with vasculogenic mimicry and impact on survival in gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:431-437. [PMID: 24959290 PMCID: PMC4063567 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation is important for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). The present study aimed to investigate the association between signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), phosphor-STAT3 (p-STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and VM formation in GAC, and discuss their clinical significance and correlation with the prognosis of patients with GAC. The expression levels of STAT3, p-STAT3, HIF-1α and VM were assessed in 60 cases of patients with GAC and 20 cases of patients with gastritis on tissue microarrays by immunohistochemical methods. The expression levels of STAT3, p-STAT3, HIF-1α and VM were higher in patients with GAC (particularly in poorly differentiated GAC) than in those with gastritis (P<0.05). The expression levels of STAT3, p-STAT3 and HIF-1α were higher in VM tissues compared with non-VM tissues (P<0.05). Positive correlations existed between STAT3, p-STAT3, HIF-1α and VM expression (P<0.05). The expression levels of STAT3, p-STAT3 and HIF-1α, VM, status of lymph node metastasis and tumor differentiation degree were associated with the overall survival time of patients with GAC (P<0.05). However, only p-STAT3 and VM expression were identified as the independent risk factors of GAC OS when analyzed with multivariate analysis. p-STAT3 and VM play a significant role in indicating the prognosis of patients with GAC. STAT3 activation may play a positive role in VM formation of GAC by the STAT3-p-STAT3-HIF-1α-VM effect axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Song
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Min-Li Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yamamoto J, Shimajiri S, Miyaoka R, Nishizawa S. Pitfalls of conservative treatments of multiple probable cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs): clinicopathological features of CCMs coexisting with vasculogenic mimicry in an anaplastic oligodendroglioma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2013; 31:215-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-013-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Cao Z, Bao M, Miele L, Sarkar FH, Wang Z, Zhou Q. Tumour vasculogenic mimicry is associated with poor prognosis of human cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3914-23. [PMID: 23992642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) has been reported in various malignant tumours and is known to play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the impact of VM on the overall survival of human cancer patients remains controversial. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether VM is associated with 5-year survival of human cancer patients. METHODS Twenty-two eligible clinical studies with data on both tumour cell-dominant VM and the 5-year survival of 3062 patients involved in 15 types of cancers were pooled in the meta-analysis. RESULTS The 5-year overall survival of VM-positive and -negative cancer patients was 31% and 56%, respectively. The relative risk (RR) of the 5-year survival of VM-positive patients was significantly higher than that of VM-negative cases (RR=1.531; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.357-1.726; P<0.001). Notably, metastatic melanoma patients demonstrated a higher VM rate (45.3%) than patients with primary melanoma (23.1%) and showed worse 5-year survival, suggesting that VM contributes to tumour metastasis and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Subgroup analysis indicated that a poor 5-year survival was significantly associated with eight types of VM-positive malignant tumours, such as lung, colon, liver cancers, sarcomas and melanoma; but was not associated with the seven other types of cancers, such as prostate cancer. Heterogeneity and publication biases were found among the 22 studies, mainly due to the divergent characteristics of cancers and extremely low survival rate in six types of malignant tumours. CONCLUSION VM-positive cancer patients show a poor 5-year overall survival compared with VM-negative malignant tumour cases, particularly in metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Cao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Qu Y, Zhang L, Rong Z, He T, Zhang S. Number of glioma polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) associated with vasculogenic mimicry formation and tumor grade in human glioma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:75. [PMID: 24422894 PMCID: PMC4029228 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) contribute to solid tumor heterogeneity. This study investigated the relationships among PGCCs numbers, vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation, and tumor grades in glioma. Methods A total of 76 paraffin-embedded glioma tissue samples, including 28 cases of low grade and 48 cases of high grade gliomas, were performed with H&E and immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and hemoglobin. The size of PGCCs nuclei was measured by a micrometer using H&E section and defined as at least three times larger than the nuclei of regular diploid cancer cells. The number of PGCCs and different blood supply patterns were compared in different grade gliomas. Microcirculation patterns in tumors were assessed using CD31 immunohistochemical and PAS histochemical double staining. Human glioma cancer cell line C6 was injected into the chicken embryonating eggs to form xenografts, which was used to observe the PGCCs and microcirculation patterns. Results In human glioma, the number of PGCCs increased with the grade of tumors (χ2 = 4.781, P = 0.015). There were three kinds of microcirculation pattern in human glioma including VM, mosaic vessel (MV) and endothelium dependent vessel. PGCCs were able to generate erythrocytes via budding to form VM. The walls of VM were positive (or negative) for PAS staining and negative for CD31 staining. There were more VM and MVs in high grade gliomas than those in low grade gliomas. The differences have statistical significances for VM (t = 3.745, P = 0.000) and MVs (t = 4.789, P = 0.000). PGCCs, VM and MVs can also be observed in C6 chicken embryonating eggs xenografts. Conclusions The data demonstrated presence of PGCCs, VM and MVs in glioma and PGCCs generating erythrocytes contribute the formation of VM and MVs.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang Y, Sun B, Zhao X, Liu Z, Wang X, Yao X, Dong X, Chi J. Clinical significances and prognostic value of cancer stem-like cells markers and vasculogenic mimicry in renal cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:414-9. [PMID: 23996537 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin General Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin General Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin General Hospital; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Jiadong Chi
- Department of Pathology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cao Z, Shang B, Zhang G, Miele L, Sarkar FH, Wang Z, Zhou Q. Tumor cell-mediated neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis contrive tumor progression and cancer metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:273-86. [PMID: 23933263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Robust neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis have been found in a variety of aggressive and metastatic tumors. Endothelial sprouting angiogenesis is generally considered to be the major mechanism by which new vasculature forms in tumors. However, increasing evidence shows that tumor vasculature is not solely composed of endothelial cells (ECs). Some tumor cells acquire processes similar to embryonic vasculogenesis and produce new vasculature through vasculogenic mimicry, trans-differentiation of tumor cells into tumor ECs, and tumor cell-EC vascular co-option. In addition, tumor cells secrete various vasculogenic factors that induce sprouting angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Vasculogenic tumor cells actively participate in the formation of vascular cancer stem cell niche and a premetastatic niche. Therefore, tumor cell-mediated neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis are closely associated with tumor progression, cancer metastasis, and poor prognosis. Vasculogenic tumor cells have emerged as key players in tumor neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis and play pivotal roles in tumor progression and cancer metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying tumor cell-mediated vascularity as they relate to tumor progression and cancer metastasis remain unclear. Increasing data have shown that various intrinsic and extrinsic factors activate oncogenes and vasculogenic genes, enhance vasculogenic signaling pathways, and trigger tumor neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis. Collectively, tumor cells are the instigators of neovascularization. Therefore, targeting vasculogenic tumor cells, genes, and signaling pathways will open new avenues for anti-tumor vasculogenic and metastatic drug discovery. Dual targeting of endothelial sprouting angiogenesis and tumor cell-mediated neovascularization and lymphangiogenesis may overcome current clinical problems with anti-angiogenic therapy, resulting in significantly improved anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Cao
- Cyrus Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vasculogenic mimicry is a prognostic factor for postoperative survival in patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:339-45. [PMID: 23417321 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A previous report has confirmed the existence and clinical significance of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in glioma. However, its conclusions about the negative clinical significance of VM in glioblastoma are based on a small group of patients and, thus, might be unconvincing. The aim of the present study was to reevaluate the clinical significance of VM in glioblastoma. Patients were classified as VM-positive or VM-negative according to CD34 and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The association between VM and the clinical characteristics of the patients was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify the independent prognostic factors for overall survival using the Cox regression hazard model. Survival times were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Of all 86 glioblastomas, 23 were found to have VM. The presence of VM in glioblastoma was not associated with gender, age, Karnofsky performance status, hydrocephalus, tumor burden, microvessel density, tumor relapse, or the extent of tumor resection. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that VM is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. The median survival time for patients with VM was 11.17 months compared with 16.10 months for those without VM (P = 0.017). In addition to VM, an age of 65 years or older, a KPS of 60 or less, a large tumor burden are significant prognostic factors for patient survival. Our data suggest that VM might be an independent adverse prognostic factor in newly diagnosed GBM, further prospective studies are needed to answer this question.
Collapse
|
47
|
Rac3 induces a molecular pathway triggering breast cancer cell aggressiveness: differences in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23388133 PMCID: PMC3576359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rho GTPases are involved in cellular functions relevant to cancer. The roles of RhoA and Rac1 have already been established. However, the role of Rac3 in cancer aggressiveness is less well understood. Methods This work was conducted to analyze the implication of Rac3 in the aggressiveness of two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7: both express Rac3, but MDA-MB-231 expresses more activated RhoA. The effect of Rac3 in cancer cells was also compared with its effect on the non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells MCF-10A. We analyzed the consequences of Rac3 depletion by anti-Rac3 siRNA. Results Firstly, we analyzed the effects of Rac3 depletion on the breast cancer cells’ aggressiveness. In the invasive MDA-MB-231 cells, Rac3 inhibition caused a marked reduction of both invasion (40%) and cell adhesion to collagen (84%), accompanied by an increase in TNF-induced apoptosis (72%). This indicates that Rac3 is involved in the cancer cells’ aggressiveness. Secondly, we investigated the effects of Rac3 inhibition on the expression and activation of related signaling molecules, including NF-κB and ERK. Cytokine secretion profiles were also analyzed. In the non-invasive MCF-7 line; Rac3 did not influence any of the parameters of aggressiveness. Conclusions This discrepancy between the effects of Rac3 knockdown in the two cell lines could be explained as follows: in the MDA-MB-231 line, the Rac3-dependent aggressiveness of the cancer cells is due to the Rac3/ERK-2/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is responsible for MMP-9, interleukin-6, -8 and GRO secretion, as well as the resistance to TNF-induced apoptosis, whereas in the MCF-7 line, this pathway is not functional because of the low expression of NF-κB subunits in these cells. Rac3 may be a potent target for inhibiting aggressive breast cancer.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wu S, Yu L, Wang D, Zhou L, Cheng Z, Chai D, Ma L, Tao Y. Aberrant expression of CD133 in non-small cell lung cancer and its relationship to vasculogenic mimicry. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:535. [PMID: 23170850 PMCID: PMC3518202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate on expressions and clinical significances of CD133 protein and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The specimens of NSCLC from 305 Chinese patients with follow-up were analyzed for CD133 protein expression and VM by immunohistochemical and histochemical staining. Results In NSCLC, positive rates of 48.9% and 35.7% were obtained for CD133 and VM, respectively. The VM and expression of CD133 were significantly higher in carcinoma than in normal. There were a positive relationship between the VM and expression of CD133 and the tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (all P<0.05). The overall mean survival time of the patients with CD133 and VM positive expression was lower than that of patients with negative expression. Microvessel density (MVD) was positive corresponded with the grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (all P<0.05). The overall mean survival time of the patients with MVD≥22’s group was shorter than that of patients with MVD<22’s group. Pathological-tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) stage, positive expression of CD133 and VM, postoperative therapy and MVD were independent prognostic factors of NSCLC (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed an important intratumoral heterogeneity in all four CD133 expression profiles. Conclusions VM, MVD and expression of CD133 are related to differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and prognosis. It is suggested that CD133, VM and MVD should be considered as a potential marker for the prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen LT, Xu SD, Xu H, Zhang JF, Ning JF, Wang SF. MicroRNA-378 is associated with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis by promoting cell migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. Med Oncol 2012; 29:1673-80. [PMID: 22052152 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Brain metastasis (BM) can affect about 25% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients during their lifetime. Efforts to characterize patients that will develop BM have been disappointing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in regulating a variety of targets and, consequently, multiple pathways, which make them a powerful tool for early detection of disease, risk assessment and prognosis. In this study, using RT-PCR and further northern blot validation, we confirmed that miR-378 was significantly differentially expressed in the matched NSCLC from 8 patients with BM and 21 without BM. Our study showed evidences that miR-378 is associated with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis by promoting cell migration, invasion and tumor angiogenesis. MiR-378 may be a potential biomarker for characterizing non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis and assisting clinicians in stratifying the high-risk patients on a clinical trial for either prophylactic cranial irradiation or a new intervention that may mitigate BM development, ultimately leading to a new standard of care for NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-tao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No 23 You-zheng Street, Nan-gang District, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu R, Yang K, Meng C, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Vasculogenic mimicry is a marker of poor prognosis in prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:527-33. [PMID: 22407030 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Ninety-six patients who had undergone prostatectomy for treatment of PCa and for whom a complete record of clinical and follow-up data were available were reviewed. VM and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected by immunohistochemical staining in frozen tissue sections. Relationship between VM and clinicopathological variables was analyzed statistically. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic significance of VM. Results showed that out of the 96 PCa cases studied here, VM was detectable in 24 (25%) and was positively correlated with preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, seminal vesicle invasion, distant metastasis and PSA doubling time (PSADT). Univariate analysis showed that VM, PSA level, Gleason score, distant metastasis and PSADT were correlated with overall survival (OS), while VM, Gleason score, distant metastasis, local recurrence and PSADT were correlated with disease-free survival (DFS). Multivariable analysis indicated that the presence of VM, higher Gleason score and distant metastasis were the adverse predictors of OS and DFS. A higher widespread staining for MMP-2 was correlated with the VM-positive subgroup. In conclusion, VM mainly exists in the high risk PCa patients and is an independent marker of poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranlu Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|