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Wang J, Wren JD, Ding Y, Chen J, Mittal N, Xu C, Li X, Zeng C, Wang M, Shi J, Zhang YH, Han SJ, Zhang XA. EWI2 promotes endolysosome-mediated turnover of growth factor receptors and integrins to suppress lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215641. [PMID: 35339615 PMCID: PMC9036562 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a partner of tetraspanins, EWI2 suppresses glioblastoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer; but its role in lung cancer has not been investigated. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that EWI2 gene expression is up regulated in lung adenocarcinoma and higher expression of EWI2 mRNA may predict poorer overall survival. However, experimental analysis shows that EWI2 protein is actually downregulated constantly in the tissues of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Forced expression of EWI2 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells reduces total cellular and cell surface levels of various integrins and growth factor receptors, which initiates the outside-in motogenic and mitogenic signaling. These reductions result in the decreases in 1) cell-matrix adhesion, cell movement, and cell transformation in vitro and 2) tumor growth, burden, and metastasis in vivo, and result from the increases in lysosomal trafficking and proteolytic degradation of theses membrane receptors. EWI2 elevates lysosome formation by promoting nuclear retention of TFEB, the master transcription factor driving lysosomogenesis. In conclusion, EWI2 as a lung cancer suppressor attenuates lung cancer cells in a comprehensive fashion by inhibiting both tumor growth and tumor metastasis; EWI2 as an endolysosome regulator promotes lysosome activity to enhance lysosomal degradation of growth factor receptors and integrins and then reduce their levels and functions; and EWI2 can become a promising therapeutic candidate given its accessibility at the cell surface, dual inhibition on growth factor receptors and integrins, and broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity. More importantly, our observations also provide a novel therapeutic strategy to bypass the resistance to EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Wren
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yingjun Ding
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Junxiong Chen
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cengxi Zeng
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanhui H. Zhang
- University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Xin A. Zhang
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Xin Zhang, Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center Room 1474, 975 NE 10 Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. Tel: 405-271-8001 (ext. 56218);
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Immunohistochemistry scoring of breast tumor tissue microarrays: A comparison study across three software applications. J Pathol Inform 2022; 13:100118. [PMID: 36268097 PMCID: PMC9577037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2022.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital pathology can efficiently assess immunohistochemistry (IHC) data on tissue microarrays (TMAs). Yet, it remains important to evaluate the comparability of the data acquired by different software applications and validate it against pathologist manual interpretation. In this study, we compared the IHC quantification of 5 clinical breast cancer biomarkers-estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6)-across 3 software applications (Definiens Tissue Studio, inForm, and QuPath) and benchmarked the results to pathologist manual scores. IHC expression for each marker was evaluated across 4 TMAs consisting of 935 breast tumor tissue cores from 367 women within the Nurses' Health Studies; each women contributing three 0.6-mm cores. The correlation and agreement between manual and software-derived results were primarily assessed using Spearman's ρ, percentage agreement, and area under the curve (AUC). At the TMA core-level, the correlations between manual and software-derived scores were the highest for HER2 (ρ ranging from 0.75 to 0.79), followed by ER (0.69-0.71), PR (0.67-0.72), CK5/6 (0.43-0.47), and EGFR (0.38-0.45). At the case-level, there were good correlations between manual and software-derived scores for all 5 markers (ρ ranging from 0.43 to 0.82), where QuPath had the highest correlations. Software-derived scores were highly comparable to each other (ρ ranging from 0.80 to 0.99). The average percentage agreements between manual and software-derived scores were excellent for ER (90.8%-94.5%) and PR (78.2%-85.2%), moderate for HER2 (65.4%-77.0%), highly variable for EGFR (48.2%-82.8%), and poor for CK5/6 (22.4%-45.0%). All AUCs across markers and software applications were ≥0.83. The 3 software applications were highly comparable to each other and to manual scores in quantifying these 5 markers. QuPath consistently produced the best performance, indicating this open-source software is an excellent alternative for future use.
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da Mata S, Franchi-Mendes T, Abreu S, Filipe B, Morgado S, Mesquita M, Albuquerque C, Fonseca R, Santo VE, Boghaert ER, Rosa I, Brito C. Patient-Derived Explants of Colorectal Cancer: Histopathological and Molecular Analysis of Long-Term Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184695. [PMID: 34572922 PMCID: PMC8465429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer type among men and women. Prescription of medical treatments for cancer often relies on a process of trial and potential error, more recently guided by patient stratification based on biomarkers. Nonetheless, available biomarkers do not accurately predict patient response and there is a need for predictive and translational models to provide proper clinical information on treatment guidance. Herein, we developed an ex vivo model of colorectal cancer, using fresh tumour samples to establish explant cultures, taking advantage of agitation-based culture systems. We performed a thorough characterisation over one month in culture and observed preservation of original tumour genetic features and partial preservation of architecture and non-malignant cells that compose the tumour microenvironment. Our findings highlight the importance of detailed model characterisation and support the applicability of our model in pre- and co-clinical settings. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Although short-term cultures of tumour sections and xenotransplants have been used to determine drug efficacy, the results frequently fail to confer clinically useful information. Biomarker discovery has changed the paradigm for advanced CRC, though the presence of a biomarker does not necessarily translate into therapeutic success. To improve clinical outcomes, translational models predictive of drug response are needed. We describe a simple method for the fast establishment of CRC patient-derived explant (CRC-PDE) cultures from different carcinogenesis pathways, employing agitation-based platforms. A total of 26 CRC-PDE were established and a subset was evaluated for viability (n = 23), morphology and genetic key alterations (n = 21). CRC-PDE retained partial tumor glandular architecture and microenvironment features were partially lost over 4 weeks of culture. Key proteins (p53 and Mismatch repair) and oncogenic driver mutations of the original tumours were sustained throughout the culture. Drug challenge (n = 5) revealed differential drug response from distinct CRC-PDE cases. These findings suggest an adequate representation of the original tumour and highlight the importance of detailed model characterisation. The preservation of key aspects of the CRC microenvironment and genetics supports CRC-PDE potential applicability in pre- and co-clinical settings, as long as temporal dynamics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara da Mata
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Abreu
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Filipe
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (B.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Sónia Morgado
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Marta Mesquita
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (B.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Ricardo Fonseca
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.d.M.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (R.F.)
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vítor E. Santo
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erwin R. Boghaert
- Abbvie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-6098, USA;
| | - Isadora Rosa
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG, EPE), Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Catarina Brito
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (S.A.); (V.E.S.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.R.); (C.B.)
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Singhi AD, Waters KM, Makhoul EP, Parian A, Lazarev MG, Proksell SS, Dueker JM, Schwartz MB, Wald AI, Nikiforova MN, Montgomery EA. Targeted next-generation sequencing supports serrated epithelial change as an early precursor to inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2021; 112:9-19. [PMID: 33727167 PMCID: PMC10113803 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serrated epithelial change (SEC) manifests in patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is characterized by disorganized crypt architecture, irregular serrations, and goblet cell-rich epithelium. The serrated nature of SEC is reminiscent of serrated colorectal polyps, which frequently harbor KRAS/BRAF mutations. SEC is, however, not only histologically distinct from sporadic serrated polyps but also associated with colorectal neoplasia. Whether SEC is a precursor to IBD-associated neoplasia remains unclear. To further define the relationship of SEC with serrated colorectal polyps and IBD-associated neoplasia, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing on colorectal specimens to include the following: SEC without dysplasia/neoplasia (n = 10), SEC with separate foci of associated dysplasia/adenocarcinoma from the same patients (n = 17), and uninvolved mucosa (n = 10) from 14 patients. In addition, we molecularly profiled sessile serrated lesion (SSL)-like or serrated lesion, not otherwise specified (SL-NOS), specimens, from 11 patients who also had IBD. This control cohort included SSL-like/SL-NOS without dysplasia/neoplasia (n = 11), SSL-like/SL-NOS with associated low-grade dysplasia (n = 2), and uninvolved mucosa (n = 8). By next-generation sequencing, the most frequently mutated gene in SEC without neoplasia and associated dysplasia/adenocarcinoma from separate foci in the same patients was TP53. Recurrent TP53 mutations were present in 50% of SEC specimens without dysplasia/neoplasia. In addition, alterations in TP53 were detected at a prevalence of 71% in low-grade dysplasia, 83% in high-grade dysplasia, and 100% in adenocarcinoma. Paired sequencing of SEC and associated neoplasia revealed identical TP53 missense mutations for 3 patients. In contrast, 91% of SSL-like/SL-NOS specimens without dysplasia/neoplasia harbored KRAS/BRAF mutations, which were conserved in associated low-grade dysplasia. No genomic alterations were found in uninvolved mucosa from either patients with SEC or patients with SSL-like/SL-NOS. Based on our findings, we conclude SEC is distinct from SSL-like serrated colorectal lesions in patients with IBD and an early precursor to IBD-associated neoplasia that warrants colonoscopic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Elias P Makhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mark G Lazarev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Siobhan S Proksell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Dueker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marc B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Abstract
NTRK fusion-positive tumors are known to be highly sensitive to TRK inhibitors, such as larotrectinib and entrectinib. Therefore, identification of patients who can potentially benefit from these inhibitors is important; however, the frequency of NTRK fusions in Japanese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. We performed pan-TRK staining using TMA-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) on samples from 971 consecutive Japanese CRC cases from a single institution. Positive cases were further analyzed using NanoString and subsequent targeted RNA sequencing. We found three positive cases using TRK-IHC. Furthermore, the Nanostring assay supported the presence of NTRK fusion in these cases. Subsequent targeted RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR revealed two cases with TPM3-NTRK1 and one with TPR-NTRK1. The TNM stages of these cases were stage I, stage IIA, and stage IIIB, and two showed microsatellite instability-high status. Next-generation sequencing analysis using Cancer hotspot panel revealed TP53 and SMAD4 mutations in separate cases. IHC of β-catenin did not show nuclear accumulation. We found three cases (0.31%) of CRC with NTRK1 fusion among 971 consecutive Japanese CRC cases. No potential driver alterations other than NTRK fusion were identified in these three patients.
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Albasri AM, Elkablawy MA, Ansari IA, Alhujaily AS, Khalil AA. The prognostic significance of p63 cytoplasmic expression in colorectal cancer. An immunohistochemical study. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:432-439. [PMID: 31056618 PMCID: PMC6535166 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.5.24162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate p63 expression pattern in Saudi colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and correlate that with clinicopathological parameters and its role in carcinogenesis and prognosis. Methods: Archival tumor samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for p63 expression in 324 consecutive Saudi patients diagnosed with CRC between January 2006 and December 2017 at the Pathology Department of a tertiary care Hospital, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Results: P63 over-expression was absent in normal mucosa, while 12.5% cases of adenoma showed its over-expression. In CRC, p63 expression was high in 24.1% of cases. There were no significant correlations between p63 expression and gender, tumor location, tumor size, and tumor histologic differentiation. However, high p63 expression revealed a significant correlation with age (p=0.035), tumor type (p=0.004), American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (p=0.046), lymph node metastasis (p=0.006), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.006), distant metastasis (p=0.049) high Ki67 expression (p=0.000) and K-ras expression (p=0.002). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a shorter period of survival with p63 over-expression (p<0.001). The Cox-regression model analysis showed that p63 over-expression was an independent prognostic marker in CRC (p=0.000). Conclusion: P63 expression increased from normal to adenoma to carcinoma sequence. Moreover, p63 cytoplasmic expression seems to be related to high Ki67 indexing, K-ras expression, advanced tumor stage and poor clinical outcome of CRC. These findings suggest a significant role of cytoplasmic p63 expression in tumor progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader M Albasri
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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