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Hutchings DA, Larson BK, Guindi M, Waters KM. Markedly increased duodenal villous surface apoptosis in patients taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against human immunodeficiency virus. Histopathology 2024; 84:888-892. [PMID: 38192211 DOI: 10.1111/his.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) consists of combination antiretroviral therapy and is increasingly utilized to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in high-risk populations. Two index cases noted during routine care showed markedly increased duodenal villous surface apoptosis in patients on PrEP. We sought to examine the prevalence of this finding and identify any clinicopathologic correlations. METHODS Gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from 23 male patients aged 18-40 years taking PrEP and 23 control patients were reviewed. Patients with HIV, inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, and celiac disease were excluded. Apoptoses were counted on surface epithelium and deep crypts. The highest apoptotic body count per tissue fragment was recorded. Clusters were defined as groups of ≥5 apoptoses. Apoptotic counts between patients taking PrEP and controls were compared using t-tests. RESULTS In PrEP patients, the median age was 35 years (range 25-40) and 83% (19/23) were white. The control patients were demographically similar (median age: 32 years [range 23-40]; 70% [16/23] white). Duodenal apoptosis in villous surface epithelium was increased in PrEP patients, with 14/23 (60.9%) patients having ≥10 surface apoptoses compared to 2/23 (8.7%) controls (P = 2.1 × 10-3 ) and 14/23 (61%) having clusters compared to 3/23 (13%) controls (P = 2.0 × 10-3 ). There was no significant association between increased surface apoptosis or clusters and clinical symptoms or duration of PrEP use. CONCLUSION Markedly increased villous surface apoptosis, particularly in clusters, is often seen in the duodenum of patients taking PrEP. Although the mechanism and significance are unknown, knowledge of this peculiar finding may prevent unnecessary additional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Hutchings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hutchings DA, Salimian KJ, Waters KM, Birkness-Gartman JE, Voltaggio L, Assarzadegan N, Huang J, Lin MT, Singhi AD, Montgomery EA. Aberrant p53 Expression in Gastric Biopsies and Resection Specimens Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation: A Diagnostic Pitfall. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:1458-1465. [PMID: 36843539 PMCID: PMC10460459 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231157304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastric mucosal biopsies and resections from patients treated with neoadjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy are frequently encountered. These samples may show histologic features related to therapy including inflammation, ulceration, and epithelial atypia. In some cases, epithelial atypia may be marked, prompting the use of adjunct p53 immunohistochemistry. We examined p53 expression by immunohistochemistry in gastric mucosa following therapy. We evaluated the histology and p53 immunohistochemical expression in gastric mucosa from 57 resections and 3 mucosal biopsies, from 60 patients treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy for gastroesophageal carcinoma (n = 33) or pancreatic carcinoma (n = 27). We identified histomorphologic features of therapy-related epithelial changes in 50 of 60 cases (83%). Abnormal p53 expression was present at least focally in nearly half the cases (27 of 60 cases; 45%), all of which showed morphologic evidence of therapy-related epithelial changes. Neuroendocrine cell micronests were present in 37 of 60 cases (62%). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of foci with therapy-related epithelial changes showing abnormal p53 expression and carcinoma from the same patient was attempted and yielded results in 1 patient. Interestingly, differing TP53 alterations in the patient's adenocarcinoma and in a histologically benign esophageal submucosal gland with therapy-related epithelial changes and abnormal p53 expression were identified. Our results demonstrate that abnormal p53 expression is relatively common in gastric mucosal samples following radiation and/or chemotherapy and suggest that p53 expression should be avoided when distinguishing therapy-related changes from dysplasia or carcinoma. Furthermore, our NGS results raise interesting biological questions, which may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Hutchings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevan J. Salimian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lysandra Voltaggio
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Tseh Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aatur D. Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ojukwu K, Cox BK, Larson BK, Guindi M, Waters KM, Hutchings DA. Capecitabine-induced Gastrointestinal Injury Shows a Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)-like Pattern. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:1160-1167. [PMID: 37493102 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Capecitabine is a commonly used oral chemotherapeutic agent. Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects are clinically well-known, however, the histopathologic changes have not been comprehensively studied. This study describes the largest case series (8 patients) characterizing the histopathology of capecitabine-induced GI injury. All patients were adults (median age: 64.5 y, range: 61 to 76 y) and there was gender parity. Patients were receiving treatment for malignancies of the colorectum (n=5), breast (n=1), pancreas (n=1), and appendix (n=1). All had GI symptoms, including 7 with diarrhea and abdominal pain and 1 with melena. Five of 8 (63%) showed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-like histologic changes in small intestinal and/or colonic biopsies characterized by crypt disarray and dropout, crypt atrophy, dilated crypts lined by attenuated epithelium, and increased crypt apoptosis. Neuroendocrine cell aggregates were present in 4 of 5 cases. Four of 5 showed patchy prominence in lamina propria eosinophils. One patient receiving concomitant radiation therapy had a small intestinal biopsy showing regenerative changes. Two patients had histologically unremarkable biopsies. On follow-up, capecitabine was discontinued or dose-reduced in all patients. Three of 5 patients with a GVHD-like pattern had clinical improvement, whereas 2 died shortly after biopsy. One with regenerative changes also had radiation dose reduction and improved clinically. Two with unremarkable biopsies improved symptomatically. In summary, capecitabine-related GI injury shows a GVHD-like pattern. Knowledge of this is important to confirm the diagnosis as patients typically improve with dose reduction or discontinuation of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenechukwu Ojukwu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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4
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Cox BK, Guindi M, Hutchings D, Kim SA, Waters KM, Larson BK. Glycogenic hepatopathy is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in only a minority of cases in a contemporary adult population. Ann Diagn Pathol 2023; 64:152130. [PMID: 36965212 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2023.152130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the clinical-pathological profiles of patients with glycogenic hepatopathy in a contemporary cohort of patients at an adult acute care hospital. METHODS Liver biopsies with glycogenic hepatopathy were retrieved from the departmental surgical pathology database, the histological findings were studied, and the clinical findings were reviewed. RESULTS Five cases of glycogenic hepatopathy were found, including cases associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 1), type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 1), corticosteroids (n = 2), and anorexia (n = 2, including the patient with type 1 diabetes). AST and ALT were normal to mildly elevated (13-115 U/L and 7-126 U/L, respectively). Trace ascites was present in two patients. Hepatomegaly was only present in the patient with type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Four of five cases were associated with etiologies other than type 1 diabetes, which is widely reported as the most common etiology of glycogenic hepatopathy. This study suggests that etiologies currently only rarely recognized may actually be more common causes of glycogenic hepatopathy than type 1 diabetes in a contemporary adult population. It is important not only to recognize that these rarely reported causes of glycogenic hepatopathy may be underrecognized, but that the clinical presentation may also be mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Cox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Danielle Hutchings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Stacey A Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
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Wong MT, Singhi AD, Larson BK, Huynh CAT, Balzer BL, Burch M, Dhall D, Gangi A, Gong J, Guindi M, Hendifar AE, Kim SA, de Peralta-Venturina M, Waters KM. Claudin-18. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022; 147:559-567. [PMID: 35976638 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0428-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Claudin-18 is expressed in some gastric cancers. Clinical trials are evaluating it as a therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE.— To evaluate claudin-18 expression in intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus/gastroesophageal junction and stomach. To also evaluate claudin-18 expression in gastric and nongastric neuroendocrine tumors as a marker of gastric origin. DESIGN.— Samples included gastroesophageal junction with intestinal metaplasia (n = 40), dysplasia (n = 54), and adenocarcinoma (n = 20) and stomach with intestinal metaplasia (n = 79), dysplasia (n = 43), and adenocarcinoma (n = 25). Additionally, gastric (n = 40) and nongastric (n = 322) neuroendocrine tumors were included. Claudin-18 expression was evaluated for any staining as positive and by meeting clinical trial inclusion criteria (≥2+ intensity in ≥50% of tumor). RESULTS.— Claudin-18 staining was not significantly different across dysplasia categories in gastroesophageal junction (P = .11) or stomach (P = .12). Rate of positive staining was higher in gastroesophageal junction than stomach for intestinal metaplasia (37 of 40 [92.5%] versus 37 of 79 [46.8%]; P < .001) and high-grade dysplasia (33 of 38 [86.8%] versus 9 of 16 [56.3%]; P = .03). Intestinal metaplasia showed staining in 7 of 37 autoimmune gastritis samples (18.9%) compared with 30 of 42 without autoimmune gastritis (71.4%) (P < .001). Adenocarcinoma showed similar staining in gastroesophageal junction (15 of 20; 75.0%) and stomach (17 of 25; 68.0%) (P = .85). Eighty percent (32 of 40) of gastric neuroendocrine tumors were positive for claudin-18 expression, with 57.5% (23 of 40) meeting clinical trial inclusion criteria. Comparatively, 0.62% (2 of 322) of nongastric neuroendocrine tumors showed staining (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS.— Claudin-18 staining was similar in intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma. Claudin-18 was negative in most cases of intestinal metaplasia in autoimmune gastritis, indicating that intestinal metaplasia in this setting may differ from other forms. Claudin-18 was sensitive and specific for gastric origin in neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Wong
- From the Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (Wong)
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- From the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Singhi)
| | - Brent K Larson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carissa A T Huynh
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bonnie L Balzer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Miguel Burch
- From the Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute (Burch, Gangi), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Deepti Dhall
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Dhall)
| | - Alexandra Gangi
- From the Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute (Burch, Gangi), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jun Gong
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, (Gong, Hendifar), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maha Guindi
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, (Gong, Hendifar), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey A Kim
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mariza de Peralta-Venturina
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin M Waters
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Larson, Huynh, Balzer, Guindi, Kim, de Peralta-Venturina, Waters), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Cox BK, Larson BK, Hutchings DA, Morgan M, Balzer BL, Waters KM. The Histopathology of Anorectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:559-563. [PMID: 35938627 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection of the anorectal tract is often asymptomatic and infrequently biopsied, but pathologists can be tasked with identifying the histologic features of possible infection. The study was undertaken to better characterize clinical and morphologic features of confirmed anorectal gonococcal infection. METHODS From 2011 to 2020, 201 positive gonococcal nucleic acid amplification testing samples from 174 patients collected from the distal colorectum and/or anus were matched to eight patients with concurrent biopsy specimens of the distal anorectum. Complete demographic, clinical, and infectious information was collected for each biopsied patient. The histomorphologic features of each biopsy were systematically tabulated. RESULTS All eight gonococcal cases were obtained from men who have sex with men. Each case showed at least mild acute inflammation with moderate activity identified in one case with concurrent cytomegalovirus infection. Intense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was not commonly seen (two of eight). Half of the cases showed mucosal ulceration, and seven of eight cases demonstrated lymphoid aggregates. CONCLUSIONS The microscopic features are mild compared with other well-described types of infectious proctitis, with most cases displaying mild acute inflammation and scattered lymphoid aggregates. These findings highlight the importance of obtaining a complete patient history and recommending additional infectious workup even when only subtle changes are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Cox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle A Hutchings
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margie Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie L Balzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Montgomery EA, Arnold CA, Lam-Himlin DM, McDonald OG, Poveda JC, Salimian KJ, Voltaggio L, Waters KM, Wood LD, Singhi AD. Some Morphology Frontiers of Dysplasia in the Tubular Gastrointestinal Tract: The Rodger C. Haggitt Memorial Lecture. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:e1-e14. [PMID: 33284191 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review, based on the content of the 2020 US Gastrointestinal Pathology Society's Rodger Haggitt Lecture, concerns an array of tubular gastrointestinal tract dysplastic or possible "predysplastic lesions" with an almost purely morphologic focus based on our collaborative efforts over the past few years. These processes include esophageal epidermoid metaplasia, Barrett esophagus-associated dysplasia, polypoid gastric dysplastic lesions, small intestinal dysplasia, and the ability of metastases to mimic it, the controversial "serrated epithelial change" encountered in the setting of long-standing ulcerative and Crohn colitis, and recently described anal columnar human papilloma virus-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Wong M, Kim JT, Cox B, Larson BK, Kim S, Waters KM, Vail E, Guindi M. Evaluation of tumor mutational burden in small early hepatocellular carcinoma and progressed hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2021; 8:HEP39. [PMID: 34765106 PMCID: PMC8577511 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While researchers know that tumor mutational burden (TMB) is low in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prior studies have not investigated TMB in cirrhosis, small early HCC and progressed HCC. HCC (n = 18) and cirrhosis (n = 6) cases were identified. TMB was determined by a 1.7 megabase, 409-gene next-generation sequencing panel. TMB values were defined as the number of nonsynonymous variants per megabase of sequence. There was no significant difference between cirrhosis versus small early HCC or between cohorts when stratified by size, early versus progressed, differentiation or morphology. There was a significant difference between cirrhosis and small early HCC versus progressed HCC (p = 0.045), suggesting TMB may be related to HCC progression. TMB similarities in small early HCC and background cirrhosis suggest TMB is not a useful tool for diagnosing small early HCC. Additional study is needed to address TMB in histological and molecular subsets of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jong T Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brian Cox
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Stacey Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Eric Vail
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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9
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Salimian KJ, Birkness-Gartman J, Waters KM. The path(ology) from reflux oesophagitis to Barrett oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2021; 54:147-156. [PMID: 34711413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review seeks to summarise the steps in the path from reflux oesophagitis to Barrett oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, definitions, pathological features, diagnostic pitfalls, and emerging concepts are reviewed for each entity. The histological features of reflux oesophagitis can be variable and are not specific. Cases of reflux oesophagitis with numerous eosinophils are difficult to distinguish from eosinophilic oesophagitis and other oesophagitides with eosinophils (Crohn's disease, medication effect, and connective tissue disorders). In reflux oesophagitis, the findings are often most pronounced in the distal oesophagus, the eosinophils are randomly distributed throughout the epithelium, and eosinophilic abscesses and degranulated eosinophils are rare. For reflux oesophagitis with prominent lymphocytes, clinical history and ancillary clinical studies are paramount to distinguish reflux oesophagitis from other causes of lymphocytic oesophagitis pattern. For Barrett oesophagus, the definition remains a hotly debated topic for which the requirement for intestinal metaplasia to make the diagnosis is not applied unanimously across the globe. Assessing for dysplasia is a challenging aspect of the histological interpretation that guides clinical management. We describe the histological features that we find useful in making this evaluation. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma has been steadily increasing in incidence and has a poor prognosis. The extent of invasion can be overdiagnosed due to a duplicated muscularis mucosae. We also describe the technical factors that can lead to challenges in distinguishing the mucosal and deep margins of endoscopic resections. Lastly, we give an overview of targeted therapies with emerging importance and the ancillary tests that can identify the cases best suited for each therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan J Salimian
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Lin CY, Mehta P, Waters KM, Chang E, Hendifar A, Osipov A, Burch M, Lin DC, Gangi A, Cho M, Gong J. Complete response to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and capecitabine in microsatellite stable, Epstein-Barr virus-positive, locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: case report. AME Case Rep 2021; 5:30. [PMID: 34312609 DOI: 10.21037/acr-21-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been established as a standard in select molecular subgroups of treatment-refractory advanced gastric cancer. However, its role in resectable gastric cancer where perioperative systemic therapy is the standard remains unclear. We present a case of a man who was diagnosed with resectable gastric cancer that was microsatellite stable but programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-positive. Given extenuating circumstances of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, preferences to limit exposure to the healthcare setting, and the unique tumor molecular features, neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and capecitabine was pursued after multidisciplinary discussion. He was able to achieve a complete response to this neoadjuvant regimen with no further signs of radiographic or pathologic disease on follow-up. We highlight a dramatic response to this novel approach that represents among the first cases to support a potentially viable neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy strategy to resectable gastric cancer. In select patients, perioperative immunotherapy-based therapy may constitute a promising strategy in resectable gastric cancer and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ying Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pareen Mehta
- Department of Imaging, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elena Chang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Hendifar
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arsen Osipov
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Burch
- Department of General Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Gangi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - May Cho
- Department of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Wong M, Waters KM, Guindi M, Larson BK. New Names for Old Tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:698-710. [PMID: 33258899 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies described "clear cell" hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although definitions have varied. New clear cell subtypes of HCC have been proposed, including chromophobe (C-HCC), steatohepatitic (SH-HCC), and steatotic (S-HCC), and this study assessed the utility and clinical-pathologic profile of these subtypes. METHODS Current histologic definitions, including 3 separate proposed definitions for SH-HCC, were applied to tumors previously characterized as clear cell HCC. Histologic and clinical variables were analyzed. RESULTS Of 66 HCCs, 51 (77%) were classified using modern definitions, including 34 SH-HCCs, 15 S-HCCs, and 2 C-HCCs. Compared with the most permissive SH-HCC definition, the other 2 definitions designated 30 and 25 SH-HCCs (-12% and -26% cases, respectively). Unsurprisingly, S-HCC and SH-HCC were associated with steatotic clear cells (P < .0001). S-HCC was also more typically early type and low grade (P = .0017). The remaining unclassified clear cell HCCs were associated with flocculent (rather than steatotic or optically clear) cytoplasm (P < .0001) but otherwise demonstrated no discrete clinical-pathologic profile. CONCLUSIONS Current definitions could be used to reclassify the majority of "clear cell" HCCs. The subtypes are significantly correlated with a few variables, suggesting valid differences of the subtypes, although additional study is warranted, particularly to standardize the definition of SH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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12
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Singhi AD, Waters KM, Makhoul EP, Parian A, Lazarev MG, Proksell SS, Dueker JM, Schwartz MB, Wald AI, Nikiforova MN, Montgomery EA. Targeted next-generation sequencing supports serrated epithelial change as an early precursor to inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal neoplasia. Hum Pathol 2021; 112:9-19. [PMID: 33727167 PMCID: PMC10113803 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serrated epithelial change (SEC) manifests in patients with long-standing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is characterized by disorganized crypt architecture, irregular serrations, and goblet cell-rich epithelium. The serrated nature of SEC is reminiscent of serrated colorectal polyps, which frequently harbor KRAS/BRAF mutations. SEC is, however, not only histologically distinct from sporadic serrated polyps but also associated with colorectal neoplasia. Whether SEC is a precursor to IBD-associated neoplasia remains unclear. To further define the relationship of SEC with serrated colorectal polyps and IBD-associated neoplasia, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing on colorectal specimens to include the following: SEC without dysplasia/neoplasia (n = 10), SEC with separate foci of associated dysplasia/adenocarcinoma from the same patients (n = 17), and uninvolved mucosa (n = 10) from 14 patients. In addition, we molecularly profiled sessile serrated lesion (SSL)-like or serrated lesion, not otherwise specified (SL-NOS), specimens, from 11 patients who also had IBD. This control cohort included SSL-like/SL-NOS without dysplasia/neoplasia (n = 11), SSL-like/SL-NOS with associated low-grade dysplasia (n = 2), and uninvolved mucosa (n = 8). By next-generation sequencing, the most frequently mutated gene in SEC without neoplasia and associated dysplasia/adenocarcinoma from separate foci in the same patients was TP53. Recurrent TP53 mutations were present in 50% of SEC specimens without dysplasia/neoplasia. In addition, alterations in TP53 were detected at a prevalence of 71% in low-grade dysplasia, 83% in high-grade dysplasia, and 100% in adenocarcinoma. Paired sequencing of SEC and associated neoplasia revealed identical TP53 missense mutations for 3 patients. In contrast, 91% of SSL-like/SL-NOS specimens without dysplasia/neoplasia harbored KRAS/BRAF mutations, which were conserved in associated low-grade dysplasia. No genomic alterations were found in uninvolved mucosa from either patients with SEC or patients with SSL-like/SL-NOS. Based on our findings, we conclude SEC is distinct from SSL-like serrated colorectal lesions in patients with IBD and an early precursor to IBD-associated neoplasia that warrants colonoscopic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Elias P Makhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mark G Lazarev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Siobhan S Proksell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Dueker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marc B Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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13
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Klempner SJ, Hendifar A, Waters KM, Nissen N, Vail E, Tuli R, Mita A. Exploiting Temozolomide-Induced Hypermutation With Pembrolizumab in a Refractory High-Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasm: A Proof-of-Concept Case. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:614-619. [DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Klempner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew Hendifar
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nicholas Nissen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eric Vail
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Tuli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alain Mita
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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Waters KM, Salimian KJ, Assarzadegan N, Hutchings D, Makhoul EP, Windon AL, Wong MT, Voltaggio L, Montgomery EA. Cell polarity (the 'four lines') distinguishes gastric dysplasia from epithelial changes in reactive gastropathy. Histopathology 2020; 78:453-458. [PMID: 32841414 DOI: 10.1111/his.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gastric dysplasia is a risk factor for synchronous and subsequent gastric carcinoma. Distinguishing gastric dysplasia from reactive changes is subject to interobserver disagreement and is a frequent reason for expert consultation. We previously used assessment of surface cell polarity (the 'four lines') as a key feature to decrease equivocal diagnoses in Barrett oesophagus. In the current study, we examined for the presence or absence of the four lines in gastric dysplasia and reactive gastropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study includes all (n = 91) in-house biopsies with at least gastric dysplasia from the surgical pathology archives of two academic institutions during a 5-year period from 2008 to 2012. A reactive gastropathy group (n = 60) was created for comparison. RESULTS The dysplasia/neoplasia group was comprised of 14 biopsies of gastric foveolar-type dysplasia, 59 of intestinal-type dysplasia, 14 with dysplasia in fundic gland polyps, three pyloric gland adenomas and one oxyntic gland adenoma. Loss of surface cell polarity was seen in all 88 dysplasia cases with evaluable surface epithelium. All 57 reactive gastropathy cases with evaluable surface epithelium showed intact surface cell polarity except in focal areas directly adjacent to erosions in 17 cases, where the thin wisp of residual surface mucin could not be appreciated on haematoxylin and eosin. CONCLUSION Surface cell polarity (the four lines) was lost in all gastric dysplasia biopsies with evaluable surface epithelium and maintained in all biopsies of reactive gastropathy. Caution should be taken in using this feature adjacent to erosions in reactive gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevan J Salimian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Elias P Makhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annika L Windon
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary T Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Waters KM, Cox BK, Wong MT, Guindi M, Kim SA, Larson BK, Morgan M, Voltaggio L, Balzer BL. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) of the anorectum: evaluation of clinicopathological associations and the utility of a novel RNA in-situ hybridisation stain. Histopathology 2020; 78:392-400. [PMID: 32780441 DOI: 10.1111/his.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies from multiple global regions have reported a resurgence of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctitis, which is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). LGV proctitis is histologically indistinguishable from other forms of sexually transmitted proctitis and is difficult to differentiate from inflammatory bowel disease. While immunohistochemical stains are available for syphilis, there is no commonly available stain for the tissue identification of CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 200 positive CT nucleic acid tests (NAT) from anorectal swabs, we identified 12 patients with biopsies collected from the distal colorectum or anus within 90 days of the positive NAT. We collected basic demographic information and tabulated clinical and histological findings. We examined the performance of a novel RNA in-situ hybridisation (ISH) stain targeting CT 23s rRNA on these 12 cases and 10 controls from the anorectum. RESULTS All 12 patients were male; nine were HIV+, two had concurrent gonococcal infection, one had concurrent syphilis and one had cytomegalovirus co-infection. The majority of biopsies (11 of 12) showed mild or moderate acute inflammation, had a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (eight of 11) and lacked marked crypt distortion (10 of 10). The RNA ISH stain was positive in 10 of 12 cases (sensitivity 83%). One case showed equivocal staining. No controls showed definitive positive staining (specificity 100%). One had equivocal staining. CONCLUSION Our series showed that anorectal LGV had similar histological findings to those of prior STI proctitis series predominantly comprised of syphilis. The novel RNA ISH stain was sensitive and specific and may show utility in differentiating types of STI proctitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Cox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary T Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey A Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margie Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Bonnie L Balzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jeon CY, Lin YC, Klempner SJ, Wu BU, Kim S, Waters KM, Haile RW. Endoscopic History and Provider Characteristics Influence Gastric Cancer Survival in Asian Americans. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:773-782. [PMID: 32561562 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) disproportionately affects Asian Americans. We examined whether history of upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was associated with lower stage at GC diagnosis among Asian Americans and whether origin of providers influenced referral for endoscopy. We employed Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare data on Asian Americans diagnosed with GC in 2004-2013 (n = 1,554). Stage distribution, GI conditions at diagnosis, and history of endoscopy were compared between Asian ethnic groups. Multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, poverty level, tumor location, and histology was used to examine the association of ethnicity and endoscopic history with stage I disease at diagnosis of GC. Koreans were more likely to be diagnosed with stage I, T1a GC and have prior history of endoscopy, compared with other Asian ethnicities (24% vs. 8% for stage I, T1a; 40% vs. 15% for endoscopy). Patients with primary care providers of concordant ethnic origin were more likely to have history of endoscopy. Asian American patients with GC with history of endoscopy were more likely to be diagnosed with GC at stage I disease (adjusted OR, 3.07; 95% confidence interval, 2.34-4.02). Compared with other Asian Americans, Koreans were diagnosed with GC at earlier stages owing to common history of endoscopy, which was more often undergone by patients with primary care providers of concordant ethnic origin. Overall, upper GI endoscopy was associated with early detection of GC in Asian Americans. Novelty and Impact. It is well-established that Asian Americans in the United States are disproportionately affected by gastric cancer. In our study we found that Asian American patients treated by physicians of similar ethnic background are more likely to undergo upper GI endoscopy in the United States, leading to early detection of gastric cancer and longer survival. Given this, targeted endoscopic screening in Asian Americans should be considered for early detection of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Y Jeon
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel J Klempner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bechien U Wu
- Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Chen L, Huang M, Plummer J, Pan J, Jiang YY, Yang Q, Silva TC, Gull N, Chen S, Ding LW, An O, Yang H, Cheng Y, Said JW, Doan N, Dinjens WN, Waters KM, Tuli R, Gayther SA, Klempner SJ, Berman BP, Meltzer SJ, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. Master transcription factors form interconnected circuitry and orchestrate transcriptional networks in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2020; 69:630-640. [PMID: 31409603 PMCID: PMC8108390 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains infrequent in Western populations, the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased sixfold to eightfold over the past four decades. We aimed to characterise oesophageal cancer-specific and subtypes-specific gene regulation patterns and their upstream transcription factors (TFs). DESIGN: To identify regulatory elements, we profiled fresh-frozen oesophageal normal samples, tumours and cell lines with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Mathematical modelling was performed to establish (super)-enhancers landscapes and interconnected transcriptional circuitry formed by master TFs. Coregulation and cooperation between master TFs were investigated by ChIP-Seq, circularised chromosome conformation capture sequencing and luciferase assay. Biological functions of candidate factors were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found widespread and pervasive alterations of the (super)-enhancer reservoir in both subtypes of oesophageal cancer, leading to transcriptional activation of a myriad of novel oncogenes and signalling pathways, some of which may be exploited pharmacologically (eg, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) pathway). Focusing on EAC, we bioinformatically reconstructed and functionally validated an interconnected circuitry formed by four master TFs-ELF3, KLF5, GATA6 and EHF-which promoted each other's expression by interacting with each super-enhancer. Downstream, these master TFs occupied almost all EAC super-enhancers and cooperatively orchestrated EAC transcriptome. Each TF within the transcriptional circuitry was highly and specifically expressed in EAC and functionally promoted EAC cell proliferation and survival. CONCLUSIONS By establishing cancer-specific and subtype-specific features of the EAC epigenome, our findings promise to transform understanding of the transcriptional dysregulation and addiction of EAC, while providing molecular clues to develop novel therapeutic modalities against this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Moli Huang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jasmine Plummer
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tiago Chedraoui Silva
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole Gull
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ling-Wen Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Omer An
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Said
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ngan Doan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Winand N.M. Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Richard Tuli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Samuel J. Klempner
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Berman
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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McGonigle AM, Patel EU, Waters KM, Moliterno AR, Thoman SK, Vozniak SO, Ness PM, King KE, Tobian AAR, Lokhandwala PM. Solvent detergent treated pooled plasma and reduction of allergic transfusion reactions. Transfusion 2019; 60:54-61. [PMID: 31840276 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) patients have increased risk for allergic transfusion reactions (ATR) due to the number of plasma products they require. This study evaluated the efficacy of solvent detergent treated plasma (S/D treated plasma) to reduce ATRs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS All TTP patients who presented from April 2014 to February 2015 and experienced a moderate-severe ATR to untreated plasma with TPE were switched to S/D treated plasma (Octaplas) for their remaining procedures and included in the study. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The overall ATR rate per procedure decreased from 35.0% (95% CI = 15.4%-59.2%) with untreated plasma to 1.4% ([1/73] 95% CI = 0.0%-7.4%) with S/D treated plasma. The moderate-severe ATR rate decreased from 20.0% ([4/20] 95% CI = 5.7%-43.7%) with untreated plasma to 0.0% ([0/73] 95% CI = 0.0%-4.9%) with S/D treated plasma. The overall ATR rate per plasma unit decreased from 2.6% (95%CI = 1.0%-5.1%) with untreated plasma to 0.1% (95% CI = 0.0%-0.4%) with S/D treated plasma. No patients experienced VTE while receiving untreated plasma. Four patients experienced VTE events while receiving S/D treated plasma. All patients who experienced a VTE had additional risk factors for VTE. CONCLUSION S/D plasma has promise as an effective product to reduce the risk of ATRs in TTP patients. Given the high risk of ATR in TTP patients, consideration of S/D plasma instead of untreated plasma for TPE in these patients may be warranted, especially for patients with a history of moderate to severe ATR. More extensive studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M McGonigle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alison R Moliterno
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra K Thoman
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sonja O Vozniak
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul M Ness
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen E King
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Parvez M Lokhandwala
- Department of Pathology, Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Waters KM, Cottrell TR, Besharati S, Zhu Q, Anders RA. Evaluation of Peritumoral Fibrosis in Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Liver Using Digital Image Analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151:226-230. [PMID: 30339201 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is challenging to separate peritumoral fibrosis from fibrosis due to chronic liver disease in mass-directed liver biopsies. We evaluated the distance that peritumoral fibrosis extends from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma in liver. Methods Peritumoral and distant uninvolved liver trichrome stains from 25 cases were analyzed using digital image analysis. Fibrosis was quantitated at concentric intervals from each tumor and in uninvolved liver. Results There was a 3.9 fold (range 0.9-18.6) median increase in fibrosis in the first 0.5 mm of peritumoral liver compared to distant liver. Fibrosis levels returned to baseline at median 2.5 mm (interquartile range 1.5-5.0 mm) from tumor. Conclusions Fibrosis is markedly increased in peritumoral liver. Fibrosis levels returned to baseline by 5 mm from tumor in approximately 75% of cases. Pathologists should be cautious of fibrosis in mass-directed liver biopsies without at least 5 mm of liver tissue distal to the mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Rao AD, Feng Z, Shin EJ, He J, Waters KM, Coquia S, DeJong R, Rosati LM, Su L, Li D, Jackson J, Clark S, Schultz J, Hutchings D, Kim SH, Hruban RH, DeWeese TL, Wong J, Narang A, Herman JM, Ding K. A Novel Absorbable Radiopaque Hydrogel Spacer to Separate the Head of the Pancreas and Duodenum in Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:1111-1120. [PMID: 28943075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the feasibility and theoretical dosimetric advantages of an injectable hydrogel to increase the space between the head of the pancreas (HOP) and duodenum in a human cadaveric model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using 3 human cadaveric specimens, an absorbable radiopaque hydrogel was injected between the HOP and duodenum by way of open laparotomy in 1 case and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance in 2 cases. The cadavers were subsequently imaged using computed tomography and dissected for histologic confirmation of hydrogel placement. The duodenal dose reduction and planning target volume (PTV) coverage were characterized using pre- and postspacer injection stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plans for the 2 cadavers with EUS-guided placement, the delivery method that appeared the most clinically desirable. Modeling studies were performed using 60 SBRT plans consisting of 10 previously treated patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, each with 6 different HOP-duodenum separation distances. The duodenal volume receiving 15 Gy (V15), 20 Gy (V20), and 33 Gy (V33) was assessed for each iteration. RESULTS In the 3 cadaveric studies, an average of 0.9 cm, 1.1 cm, and 0.9 cm HOP-duodenum separation was achieved. In the 2 EUS cases, the V20 decreased from 3.86 cm3 to 0.36 cm3 and 3.75 cm3 to 1.08 cm3 (treatment constraint <3 cm3), and the V15 decreased from 7.07 cm3 to 2.02 cm3 and 9.12 cm3 to 3.91 cm3 (treatment constraint <9 cm3). The PTV coverage improved or was comparable between the pre- and postinjection studies. Modeling studies demonstrated that a separation of 8 mm was sufficient to consistently reduce the V15, V20, and V33 to acceptable clinical constraints. CONCLUSIONS Currently, dose escalation has been limited owing to radiosensitive structures adjacent to the pancreas. We demonstrated the feasibility of hydrogel separation of the HOP and duodenum. Future studies will evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technique with the potential for more effective dose escalation using SBRT or intensity-modulated radiation therapy to improve the outcomes in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani D Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ziwei Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eun Ji Shin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin M Waters
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Coquia
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert DeJong
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren M Rosati
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lin Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dengwang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan Jackson
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen Clark
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle Hutchings
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seong-Hun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amol Narang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Jourabchi N, Fischer AH, Cimino-Mathews A, Waters KM, Okoye GA. Squamous cell carcinoma complicating a chronic lesion of hidradenitis suppurativa: a case report and review of the literature. Int Wound J 2016; 14:435-438. [PMID: 27681476 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from chronic hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is rare; however, the morbidity associated with this presentation is high and management has not been standardised or optimised. We present a case of HS of the perineum and buttocks complicated by SCC, requiring multiple extensive surgical resections. Adjuvant radiotherapy was withheld initially because of concern for poor healing of the surgical wound but was eventually initiated after a second recurrence was identified. The patient ultimately expired 4 years after the initial diagnosis of SCC. We also review 80 cases of SCC complicating HS found in the English literature. Case reports and mechanistic studies suggest the possibility that human papilloma virus and smoking may be risk factors associated with SCC in HS. Despite the majority of SCC cases being well-differentiated tumours in HS, the highly aggressive nature of SCC in HS and its high likelihood for rapid progression, recurrence, metastasis and high mortality suggests the need to advocate for aggressive treatment. We recommend an aggressive approach to management at the time of SCC diagnosis in HS, which includes appropriate imaging to establish the extent of the tumour, large and deep surgical excision, sentinel lymph node evaluation, consultation with radiation oncology for potential adjuvant radiation therapy and close surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanel Jourabchi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander H Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ginette A Okoye
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Sarnecki JS, Burns KH, Wood LD, Waters KM, Hruban RH, Wirtz D, Wu PH. A robust nonlinear tissue-component discrimination method for computational pathology. J Transl Med 2016; 96:450-8. [PMID: 26779829 PMCID: PMC4808351 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in digital pathology, specifically imaging instrumentation and data management, have allowed for the development of computational pathology tools with the potential for better, faster, and cheaper diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of disease. Images of tissue sections frequently vary in color appearance across research laboratories and medical facilities because of differences in tissue fixation, staining protocols, and imaging instrumentation, leading to difficulty in the development of robust computational tools. To address this challenge, we propose a novel nonlinear tissue-component discrimination (NLTD) method to register automatically the color space of histopathology images and visualize individual tissue components, independent of color differences between images. Our results show that the NLTD method could effectively discriminate different tissue components from different types of tissues prepared at different institutions. Further, we demonstrate that NLTD can improve the accuracy of nuclear detection and segmentation algorithms, compared with using conventional color deconvolution methods, and can quantitatively analyze immunohistochemistry images. Together, the NLTD method is objective, robust, and effective, and can be easily implemented in the emerging field of computational pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Sarnecki
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Kathleen H. Burns
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Laura D. Wood
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231, USA, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA,Co-corresponding authors: Denis Wirtz () and Pei-Hsun Wu ()
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA,Co-corresponding authors: Denis Wirtz () and Pei-Hsun Wu ()
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Pang J, Mydlarz WK, Gooi Z, Waters KM, Bishop J, Sciubba JJ, Kim YJ, Fakhry C. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the head and neck: Case report, literature review, and pooled analysis of 97 cases. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E2241-9. [PMID: 25917851 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare lymphoid neoplasm presenting in the head and neck. There are no pooled analyses of head and neck FDCS cases in the English language literature. METHODS A MEDLINE and PubMed review of cases from 1978 to February 2014 was performed. Demographics, clinicopathologic data, and outcomes were summarized. RESULTS We presented 2 patients and analyzed 97 cases. The mean age was 42.7 years (SD = 16.3 years). Outcomes were available for 76 patients. Tumors ≤4 cm had better disease-free survival (63% vs 28% at 5 years; p = .0282). Locoregional recurrence was significantly less likely with surgery and radiation compared to surgery alone (15% vs 45%; p = .019) and in patients receiving a neck dissection (10% vs 43%; p = .046). CONCLUSION This pooled analysis provides the largest sample size of FDCS of the head and neck to date and suggests that radiation and neck dissection may be beneficial to locoregional oncologic control. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2241-E2249, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wojciech K Mydlarz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhen Gooi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Bishop
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James J Sciubba
- Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.,Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Head and Neck Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland
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Goodale BC, La Du J, Tilton SC, Sullivan CM, Bisson WH, Waters KM, Tanguay RL. Ligand-Specific Transcriptional Mechanisms Underlie Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Developmental Toxicity of Oxygenated PAHs. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:397-411. [PMID: 26141390 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority environmental contaminants that exhibit mutagenic, carcinogenic, proinflammatory, and teratogenic properties. Oxygen-substituted PAHs (OPAHs) are formed during combustion processes and via phototoxidation and biological degradation of parent (unsubstituted) PAHs. Despite their prevalence both in contaminated industrial sites and in urban air, OPAH mechanisms of action in biological systems are relatively understudied. Like parent PAHs, OPAHs exert structure-dependent mutagenic activities and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome p450 metabolic pathway. Four-ring OPAHs 1,9-benz-10-anthrone (BEZO) and benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B[a]AQ) cause morphological aberrations and induce markers of oxidative stress in developing zebrafish with similar potency, but only 7,12-B[a]AQ induces robust Cyp1a protein expression. We investigated the role of the AHR in mediating the toxicity of BEZO and 7,12-B[a]AQ, and found that knockdown of AHR2 rescued developmental effects caused by both compounds. Using RNA-seq and molecular docking, we identified transcriptional responses that precede developmental toxicity induced via differential interaction with AHR2. Redox-homeostasis genes were affected similarly by these OPAHs, while 7,12-B[a]AQ preferentially activated phase 1 metabolism and BEZO uniquely decreased visual system genes. Analysis of biological functions and upstream regulators suggests that BEZO is a weak AHR agonist, but interacts with other transcriptional regulators to cause developmental toxicity in an AHR-dependent manner. Identifying ligand-dependent AHR interactions and signaling pathways is essential for understanding toxicity of this class of environmentally relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Goodale
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - J La Du
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - S C Tilton
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - C M Sullivan
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - W H Bisson
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - K M Waters
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - R L Tanguay
- *Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97330;
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Mercadante VRG, Waters KM, Marquezini GHL, Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, Arthington JD, DiLorenzo N, Lamb GC. Effects of anti-phospholipase A(2) antibody supplementation on dry matter intake feed efficiency, acute phase response, and blood differentials of steers fed forage- and grain-based diets. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:776-85. [PMID: 26020758 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether supplementation of anti-phospholipase A antibody (aPLA) would alter voluntary DMI, feed efficiency (FE), acute-phase protein concentration, and blood differentials (BD) due to a change in diet from a forage-based to a grain-based diet, individual daily DMI was measured on 80 cross-bred steers during a 141-d period. On d 0, steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to receive a growing forage diet containing 1) no additive (CON; = 20), 2) inclusion of 30 mg of monensin and 8.8 mg of tylosin per kg of diet DM (MT; = 20), 3) inclusion of an aPLA supplement at 0.4% of the diet DM (0.4% aPLA; = 20), and 4) inclusion of an aPLA supplement at 0.2% of the diet DM (0.2% aPLA; = 20). On d 60, steers were transitioned into a grain-based diet (90% concentrate) over a 21-d "step-up" period while continuing to receive their supplement treatments and were maintained on the high-grain diet until the end of the trial on d 141. On d 0, 60, 81, and 141, individual shrunk BW was recorded. Blood samples were collected on d 60, 63, 65, 67, 70, 72, 74, 77, 79, 81, and 84 for determination of concentration of plasma ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and BD. During the growing forage-diet period, steers from the 0.2% aPLA and 0.4% aPLA treatments had lower ( < 0.05) residual feed intake (RFI; -0.12 ± 0.13 and -0.22 ± 0.13 kg/d, respectively) than steers from the CON treatment (0.31 ± 0.13 kg/d). During the grain-based diet period, the 0.2% aPLA (-0.12 ± 0.10 kg/d), 0.4% aPLA (0.36 ± 0.10 kg/d), and MT (0.10 ± 0.10 kg/d) steers had greater ( = 0.04) RFI than CON steers (-0.37 ± 0.10 kg/d). During the transition phase, white blood cell counts were greater ( = 0.04) for the 0.2% aPLA treatment (13.61 × 10 ± 0.42 × 10 cells/μL) than the 0.4% aPLA and MT treatments (12.16 × 10 ± 0.42 × 10 and 12.37 × 10 ± 0.42 × 10 cells/μL, respectively) and concentrations of lymphocytes also were greater ( = 0.01) for the 0.2% aPLA treatment (7.66 × 10 ± 0.28 × 10 cells/μL) than the 0.4% aPLA and MT treatments (6.71 × 10 ± 0.28 × 10 and 6.70 × 10 ± 0.28 × 10 cells/μL, respectively). Concentrations of plasma ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were reduced ( < 0.05) for CON compared to aPLA steers (22.2 ± 0.83 vs. 24.4 ± 0.83 mg/dL and 0.18 ± 0.05 vs. 0.26 ± 0.05 mg/mL, respectively). Supplementation of aPLA improved FE of steers fed a forage-based growing diet but not when feeding grain-based diets. The 0.4% aPLA and MT treatments had decreased white blood cell counts and concentration of lymphocytes during the transition period compared to the 0.2% aPLA treatment, and CON steers had reduced concentrations of plasma ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin during the diet transition phase.
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26
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Mercadante VRG, Waters KM, Marquezini GHL, Henry DD, Ciriaco FM, Arthington JD, DiLorenzo N, Lamb GC. Inclusion of anti-phospholipase A2 antibody to backgrounding diets on performance, feed efficiency, in vitro fermentation, and the acute-phase response of growing beef calves. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:414-24. [PMID: 25568383 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Exp. 1, individual performance and daily DMI was measured on 70 crossbred weaned calves during a 70-d period using a GrowSafe system (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada) at the University of Florida North Florida Research and Education Center Feed Efficiency Facility (FEF). Calves were fed a low-concentrate (LC) growing diet, blocked by weight and sex, and then randomly assigned to pens to receive either no additional supplement (CON; n = 35) or receive a supplement of anti-phospholipase A2 antibody (aPLA2) at an inclusion rate of 0.6% of the diet DM (n = 35). After the 70-d feed efficiency (FE) trial (Phase 1), calves were loaded into a commercial livestock trailer and were driven for approximately 1,600 km during 24 h. Upon return to the FEF (Phase 2), calves were relocated to the same pens and groups and received the same diets and treatments for 28 d. Blood samples from each calf were collected on d 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 relative to initiation of transportation and were analyzed for determination of concentrations of plasma ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin. In Phase 1, initial BW (242.0 ± 3.7 kg; P = 0.92), BW at d 70 (313.0 ± 4.1 kg; P = 0.79), and ADG (1.01 ± 0.02 kg; P = 0.95) were similar between treatments. However, daily DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for CON (9.18 ± 0.15 kg) than aPLA2 (8.53 ± 0.15 kg). In addition, residual feed intake was greater (P = 0.002) for CON (0.389 ± 0.110 kg/d) than aPLA2 calves (-0.272 ± 0.110 kg/d). In Phase 2, after transportation, there were no differences between treatments on BW loss due to transportation shrink (26.0 ± 0.6 kg; P = 0.86), BW at d 28 (339.0 ± 4.1 kg; P = 0.72), ADG (1.28 ± 0.03 kg/d; P = 0.72), G:F (0.164 ± 0.004; P = 0.83), and concentrations of plasma haptoglobin (0.08 ± 0.02 mg/mL; P = 0.41). However, concentrations of plasma ceruloplasmin were greater (P < 0.001) for CON calves (14.3 ± 0.3 mg/dL) compared to aPLA2 calves (13.0 ± 0.3 mg/dL). In Exp. 2, the effects of aPLA2 inclusion on LC and high-concentrate (HC) substrates on in vitro fermentation parameters were assessed. Addition of aPLA2 had no effects on in vitro fermentation parameters of LC and HC substrates. In conclusion, supplementation of aPLA2 improved FE of growing beef calves when fed LC diets in Phase 1 and addition of aPLA2 had no effect on fermentation parameters of LC and HC substrates. In addition, calves supplemented with aPLA2 had reduced concentrations of plasma ceruloplasmin after 24 h of transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R G Mercadante
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - K M Waters
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - G H L Marquezini
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - D D Henry
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - F M Ciriaco
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - J D Arthington
- University of Florida, IFAS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865
| | - N DiLorenzo
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
| | - G C Lamb
- University of Florida, IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna 32446
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Waters KM, Ali SZ, Erozan YS, Olson MT. Smoldering medullary thyroid carcinoma liver metastasis 37 years after resection of an organ-confined tumor. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 43:45-8. [PMID: 24550155 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an uncommon thyroid tumor that usually behaves aggressively. After resection, serological surveillance for calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is used to prompt a radiographic search for metastatic disease. We report a case of a 65-year-old woman who presented with a large liver metastasis 37 years after she underwent thyroidectomy for organ-confined MTC. Her clinical course over that time showed a smoldering pattern in which she was symptom free until presentation even though her serum calcitonin and CEA concentrations were elevated for 17 years, and a small equivocal radiographic lesion in the liver was detected 10 years prior to presentation. Cytopathology from an ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of the hepatic lesion was diagnostic for metastatic MTC. This case highlights the ability for smoldering residual MTC to suddenly transform to aggressive biological behavior after a long period of clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Mercadante PM, Waters KM, Mercadante VRG, Lamb GC, Elzo MA, Johnson SE, Rae DO, Yelich JV, Ealy AD. Subspecies differences in early fetal development and plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations in cattle. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3693-701. [PMID: 23881679 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of Bos indicus genetics improves production traits of cattle maintained in hot climates. Limited information exists detailing pregnancy-specific events as influenced by variable amounts of Bos indicus genetics. Three experiments were completed to examine the effect of Bos taurus and Bos indicus genotypes on fetal size and plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) concentrations. In all experiments, cows were bred by AI after synchronization of ovulation. Fetal measurements were completed by transrectal ultrasonography and plasma PAG concentrations were quantified from plasma harvested the day of each fetal measurement. In Exp. 1, fetal size and plasma PAG concentrations were measured at d 53 of pregnancy in cows composed of various fractions of Angus and Brahman (n = 9 to 21 cows/group). Fetus size was greater in cows containing >80% Angus genetics compared with cows containing <80% Angus influence (3.40 ± 0.28 vs. 2.86 ± 0.28 cm crown-rump length; P < 0.01). Plasma PAG concentrations were reduced (P < 0.01) in cows containing >80% Angus genetics when compared with their contemporaries (6.0 ± 1.5 ng/mL vs. 9.4 ± 1.5 ng/mL). In Exp. 2, fetal measurements and plasma PAG concentrations were determined at d 35 and 62 of pregnancy in Angus and Brangus cows. Breed did not affect fetus size at d 35, but Angus cows contained larger fetuses than Brangus cows at d 62 [3.0 ± 0.03 vs. 2.8 ± 0.03 cm crown-nose length (CNL; P > 0.01)]. Plasma PAG concentrations were not different between breed at d 35 and 62 (P > 0.1). In Exp. 3, fetal measurements and plasma samples were collected at d 33/34, 40/41, 47/48, and 54/55 post-AI in Angus and Brangus cows. Fetus size was not different (P > 0.05) between genotypes on d 33/34, 40/41, and 47/48. Angus fetuses were larger than Brangus fetuses at d 54/55 (2.1 ± 0.03 vs. 1.9 ± 0.03 cm CNL; P = 0.001). Plasma PAG concentrations were less in Angus than Brangus cows at each time point (average 4.9 ± 0.9 vs. 8.2 ± 0.9 ng/mL; P = 0.005). In conclusion, these studies determined that the Bos taurus × Bos indicus genotype impacts fetal size and rate of fetal development by 7 wk of gestation. Plasma PAG concentrations were increased in cattle with Bos indicus genetics in 2 of 3 studies, suggesting that genotype is one of several determinants of PAG production and secretion in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Mercadante
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32618, USA
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29
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Haiman CA, Stram DO, Vickers AJ, Wilkens LR, Braun K, Valtonen-André C, Peltola M, Pettersson K, Waters KM, Marchand LL, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Lilja H. Levels of beta-microseminoprotein in blood and risk of prostate cancer in multiple populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 105:237-43. [PMID: 23213189 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common genetic variant (rs10993994) in the 5' region of the gene encoding β-microseminoprotein (MSP) is associated with circulating levels of MSP and prostate cancer risk. Whether MSP levels are predictive of prostate cancer risk has not been evaluated. METHODS We investigated the prospective relationship between circulating plasma levels of MSP and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study of 1503 case subjects and 1503 control subjects among black, Latino, Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and white men from the Multiethnic Cohort study. We also examined the ability of MSP to serve as a biomarker for discriminating prostate cancer case subjects from control subjects. All statistical tests are two-sided. RESULTS In all racial and ethnic groups, men with lower MSP levels were at greater risk of developing prostate cancer (odds ratio = 1.02 per one unit decrease in MSP, P < .001 in the prostate-specific antigen [PSA]-adjusted analysis). Compared with men in the highest decile of MSP, the multivariable PSA-adjusted odds ratio was 3.64 (95% confidence interval = 2.41 to 5.49) for men in the lowest decile. The positive association with lower MSP levels was observed consistently across racial and ethnic populations, by disease stage and Gleason score, for men with both high and low levels of PSA and across all genotype classes of rs10993994. However, we did not detect strong evidence of MSP levels in improving prostate cancer prediction beyond that of PSA. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of race and ethnicity or rs10993994 genotype, men with low blood levels of MSP have increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Haiman
- Harlyne Norris Research Tower, 1450 Biggy St, Rm 1504, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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30
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Waters KM, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR, Stram DO, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA. No association of type 2 diabetes risk variants and prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort and PAGE. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1979-81. [PMID: 21750171 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have found evidence of an inverse association between diabetes status and prostate cancer risk. We explored the hypothesis that common genetic variation may explain, in part, the inverse association between diabetes and prostate cancer. METHODS We tested 17 diabetes risk variants for association with prostate cancer risk in a prostate cancer case-control study of 2,746 cases and 3,317 controls from five racial/ethnic groups in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple testing, none of the alleles were statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Aggregate scores that sum the risk alleles were also not significantly associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence of association of this set of diabetes risk alleles with prostate cancer. IMPACT Resequencing and fine-mapping of the loci for diabetes and prostate cancer that were identified by genome-wide association studies are necessary to understand any genetic contribution for the inverse association between these common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Harlyne Norris Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1504, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Haiman CA, Chen GK, Blot WJ, Strom SS, Berndt SI, Kittles RA, Rybicki BA, Isaacs WB, Ingles SA, Stanford JL, Diver WR, Witte JS, Chanock SJ, Kolb S, Signorello LB, Yamamura Y, Neslund-Dudas C, Thun MJ, Murphy A, Casey G, Sheng X, Wan P, Pooler LC, Monroe KR, Waters KM, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Stram DO, Henderson BE. Characterizing genetic risk at known prostate cancer susceptibility loci in African Americans. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001387. [PMID: 21637779 PMCID: PMC3102736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GWAS of prostate cancer have been remarkably successful in revealing common genetic variants and novel biological pathways that are linked with its etiology. A more complete understanding of inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer in the general population will come from continuing such discovery efforts and from testing known risk alleles in diverse racial and ethnic groups. In this large study of prostate cancer in African American men (3,425 prostate cancer cases and 3,290 controls), we tested 49 risk variants located in 28 genomic regions identified through GWAS in men of European and Asian descent, and we replicated associations (at p≤0.05) with roughly half of these markers. Through fine-mapping, we identified nearby markers in many regions that better define associations in African Americans. At 8q24, we found 9 variants (p≤6×10(-4)) that best capture risk of prostate cancer in African Americans, many of which are more common in men of African than European descent. The markers found to be associated with risk at each locus improved risk modeling in African Americans (per allele OR = 1.17) over the alleles reported in the original GWAS (OR = 1.08). In summary, in this detailed analysis of the prostate cancer risk loci reported from GWAS, we have validated and improved upon markers of risk in some regions that better define the association with prostate cancer in African Americans. Our findings with variants at 8q24 also reinforce the importance of this region as a major risk locus for prostate cancer in men of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Lettre G, Palmer CD, Young T, Ejebe KG, Allayee H, Benjamin EJ, Bennett F, Bowden DW, Chakravarti A, Dreisbach A, Farlow DN, Folsom AR, Fornage M, Forrester T, Fox E, Haiman CA, Hartiala J, Harris TB, Hazen SL, Heckbert SR, Henderson BE, Hirschhorn JN, Keating BJ, Kritchevsky SB, Larkin E, Li M, Rudock ME, McKenzie CA, Meigs JB, Meng YA, Mosley TH, Newman AB, Newton-Cheh CH, Paltoo DN, Papanicolaou GJ, Patterson N, Post WS, Psaty BM, Qasim AN, Qu L, Rader DJ, Redline S, Reilly MP, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Liu Y, Shrader P, Siscovick DS, Tang WHW, Taylor HA, Tracy RP, Vasan RS, Waters KM, Wilks R, Wilson JG, Fabsitz RR, Gabriel SB, Kathiresan S, Boerwinkle E. Genome-wide association study of coronary heart disease and its risk factors in 8,090 African Americans: the NHLBI CARe Project. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001300. [PMID: 21347282 PMCID: PMC3037413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in African Americans. To identify common genetic polymorphisms associated with CHD and its risk factors (LDL- and HDL-cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C), hypertension, smoking, and type-2 diabetes) in individuals of African ancestry, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 8,090 African Americans from five population-based cohorts. We replicated 17 loci previously associated with CHD or its risk factors in Caucasians. For five of these regions (CHD: CDKN2A/CDKN2B; HDL-C: FADS1-3, PLTP, LPL, and ABCA1), we could leverage the distinct linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in African Americans to identify DNA polymorphisms more strongly associated with the phenotypes than the previously reported index SNPs found in Caucasian populations. We also developed a new approach for association testing in admixed populations that uses allelic and local ancestry variation. Using this method, we discovered several loci that would have been missed using the basic allelic and global ancestry information only. Our conclusions suggest that no major loci uniquely explain the high prevalence of CHD in African Americans. Our project has developed resources and methods that address both admixture- and SNP-association to maximize power for genetic discovery in even larger African-American consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor Young
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenechi G. Ejebe
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Franklyn Bennett
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Donald W. Bowden
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Al Dreisbach
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Deborah N. Farlow
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ervin Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jaana Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Cardiovascular Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emma Larkin
- Case Western Reserve University, Center for Clinical Investigation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mingyao Li
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Rudock
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - James B. Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang A. Meng
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tom H. Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Newton-Cheh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dina N. Paltoo
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George J. Papanicolaou
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nick Patterson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Division of Cardiology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Atif N. Qasim
- The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liming Qu
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan Redline
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- The Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Shrader
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David S. Siscovick
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Cardiovascular Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Colchester, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rainford Wilks
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississipi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Fabsitz
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stacey B. Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Waters KM, Stram DO, Hassanein MT, Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Maskarinec G, Monroe KR, Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE, Haiman CA. Consistent association of type 2 diabetes risk variants found in europeans in diverse racial and ethnic groups. PLoS Genet 2010; 6. [PMID: 20865176 PMCID: PMC2928808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently hypothesized that many of the signals detected in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to T2D and other diseases, despite being observed to common variants, might in fact result from causal mutations that are rare. One prediction of this hypothesis is that the allelic associations should be population-specific, as the causal mutations arose after the migrations that established different populations around the world. We selected 19 common variants found to be reproducibly associated to T2D risk in European populations and studied them in a large multiethnic case-control study (6,142 cases and 7,403 controls) among men and women from 5 racial/ethnic groups (European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians). In analysis pooled across ethnic groups, the allelic associations were in the same direction as the original report for all 19 variants, and 14 of the 19 were significantly associated with risk. In summing the number of risk alleles for each individual, the per-allele associations were highly statistically significant (P<10−4) and similar in all populations (odds ratios 1.09–1.12) except in Japanese Americans the estimated effect per allele was larger than in the other populations (1.20; Phet = 3.8×10−4). We did not observe ethnic differences in the distribution of risk that would explain the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these groups as compared to European Americans. The consistency of allelic associations in diverse racial/ethnic groups is not predicted under the hypothesis of Goldstein regarding “synthetic associations” of rare mutations in T2D. Single rare causal alleles and/or collections of multiple rare alleles have been suggested to create “synthetic associations” with common variants in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This model predicts that associations with common variants will not be consistent across populations. In this study, we examined 19 T2D variants for association with T2D risk in 6,142 cases and 7,403 controls from five racial/ethnic populations in the Multiethnic Cohort (European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians). In racial/ethnic pooled analysis, all 19 variants were associated with T2D risk in the same direction as previous reports in Europeans, and the sum total of risk variants was significantly associated with T2D risk in each racial/ethnic group. The consistent associations across populations do not support the Goldstein hypothesis that rare causal alleles underlie GWAS signals. We also did not find evidence that these markers underlie racial/ethnic disparities in T2D prevalence. Large-scale GWAS and sequencing studies in these populations are necessary in order to both improve the current set of markers at these risk loci and identify new risk variants for T2D that may be difficult, or impossible, to detect in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMW); (CAH)
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed T. Hassanein
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Gertraud Maskarinec
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kristine R. Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Laurence N. Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KMW); (CAH)
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Waters KM, Stram DO, Le Marchand L, Klein RJ, Valtonen-André C, Peltola MT, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Lilja H, Haiman CA. A common prostate cancer risk variant 5' of microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) is a strong predictor of circulating beta-microseminoprotein (MSP) levels in multiple populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2639-46. [PMID: 20736317 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Microseminoprotein (MSP) is one of the three most abundantly secreted proteins of the prostate and has been suggested as a biomarker for prostate cancer risk. A common variant, rs10993994, in the 5' region of the gene that encodes MSP (MSMB) has recently been identified as a risk factor for prostate cancer. METHODS We examined the association between rs10993994 genotype and MSP levels in a sample of 500 prostate cancer-free men from four racial/ethnic populations in the Multiethnic Cohort (European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, and Japanese Americans). Generalized linear models were used to estimate the association between rs10993994 genotype and MSP levels. RESULTS We observed robust associations between rs10994994 genotype and MSP levels in each racial/ethnic population (all P < 10(-8)), with carriers of the C allele having lower geometric mean MSP levels (ng/mL; CC/CT/TT genotypes: European Americans, 28.8/20.9/10.0; African Americans, 29.0/21.9/10.9; Latinos, 29.2/17.1/8.3; and Japanese Americans, 25.8/16.4/6.7). We estimated the variant accounts for 30% to 50% of the variation in MSP levels in each population. We also observed significant differences in MSP levels between populations (P = 3.5 × 10(-6)), with MSP levels observed to be highest in African Americans and lowest in Japanese Americans. CONCLUSIONS Rs10993994 genotype is strongly associated with plasma MSP levels in multiple racial/ethnic populations. IMPACT This supports the hypothesis that rs10993994 may be the biologically functional allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Waters KM, Stram DO, Cheng I, Schumacher FR, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Marchand LL, Haiman CA. Abstract 4735: Examining known diabetes risk variants for association with prostate cancer in a multiethnic population. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have found evidence of an inverse association between diabetes status and prostate cancer risk. Recently genome-wide association studies of these two diseases have identified a single risk allele at the HNF1B locus that is associated with both diseases along with two risk loci (JAZF1 and THADA) that have been associated with both diseases through distinct unlinked variants. We, as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study, explored the hypothesis that common genetic variation may explain, in part, the inverse association between type II diabetes and prostate cancer, by examining known diabetes risk variants for their association with prostate cancer. Our study consists of men from a prostate cancer case-control set of 2,707 cases and 2,438 controls from five racial-ethnic groups (African American, European American, Latino, Japanese American, and Native Hawaiian) of the Multiethnic Cohort. The allelic discrimination assay was used to genotype 21 diabetes risk variants from 18 loci identified by genome-wide association studies. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine these alleles for association with prostate cancer risk. In ethnic-pooled analysis, we did not find evidence of an association with prostate cancer for the diabetes risk alleles in either of the two loci previously associated with prostate cancer (JAZF1, rs864745, OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.92-1.10; THADA, rs7578597, OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.97-1.27). An allele (rs7961581) in the TSPAN8 locus, which has been shown to be positively associated with diabetes risk had a protective association with prostate cancer at a nominally statistically significant level (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.97, p=7.8×10-3). Except for the risk allele at HNF1B (allele G of rs4430796), which we previously reported to be associated inversely with prostate cancer, we found no evidence of an association with prostate cancer for the diabetes risk loci at JAZF1 and THADA despite other independent alleles at these loci being associated with prostate cancer. In summary, we found an association between the TSPAN8 allele and prostate cancer risk that needs to be replicated in larger populations. Resequencing and fine-mapping studies to identify causal alleles in large association studies will be important in exploring the role of common risk variants in the inverse association between diabetes and prostate cancer.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4735.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Waters
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Iona Cheng
- 2Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Frederick R. Schumacher
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- 2Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Kristine R. Monroe
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laurence N. Kolonel
- 2Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- 2Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- 1Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Waters KM, Henderson BE, Stram DO, Wan P, Kolonel LN, Haiman CA. Association of diabetes with prostate cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:937-45. [PMID: 19240222 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among men of European ancestry, diabetics have a lower risk of prostate cancer than do nondiabetics. The biologic basis of this association is unknown. The authors have examined whether the association is robust across populations in a population-based prospective study. The analysis included 5,941 prostate cancer cases identified over a 12-year period (1993-2005) among 86,303 European-American, African-American, Latino, Japanese-American, and Native Hawaiian men from the Multiethnic Cohort. The association between diabetes and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (n = 2,874) and PSA screening frequencies (n = 46,970) was also examined. Diabetics had significantly lower risk of prostate cancer than did nondiabetics (relative risk = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74, 0.87; P < 0.001), with relative risks ranging from 0.65 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.84; P = 0.001) among European Americans to 0.89 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.03; P = 0.13) among African Americans. Mean PSA levels were significantly lower in diabetics than in nondiabetics (mean PSA levels, 1.07 and 1.28, respectively; P = 0.003) as were PSA screening frequencies (44.7% vs. 48.6%; P < 0.001); however, this difference could explain only a small portion ( approximately 20%) of the inverse association between these diseases. Diabetes is a protective factor for prostate cancer across populations, suggesting shared risk factors that influence a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA
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Waters KM, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Monroe KR, Stram DO, Henderson BE, Haiman CA. Generalizability of associations from prostate cancer genome-wide association studies in multiple populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1285-9. [PMID: 19318432 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple common alleles associated with prostate cancer risk in populations of European ancestry. Testing these variants in other populations is needed to assess the generalizability of the associations and may guide fine-mapping efforts. We examined 13 of these risk variants in a multiethnic sample of 2,768 incident prostate cancer cases and 2,359 controls from the Multiethnic Cohort (African Americans, European Americans, Latinos, Japanese Americans, and Native Hawaiians). We estimated ethnic-specific and pooled odds ratios and tested for ethnic heterogeneity of effects using logistic regression. In ethnic-pooled analyses, 12 of the 13 variants were positively associated with risk, with statistically significant associations (P < 0.05) noted with six variants: JAZF1, rs10486567 [odds ratio (OR), 1.23; 95% confidence interval (95% CI, 1.12-1.35); Xp11.2, rs5945572 (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.13-1.51); HNF1B, rs4430796 (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25); MSMB, rs10993994 (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23); 11q13.2, rs7931342 (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23); 3p12.1, rs2660753 (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21); SLC22A3, rs9364554 (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21); CTBP2, rs12769019 (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.99-1.25); HNF1B, rs11649743 (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.99-1.22); EHBP1, rs721048 (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.25); KLK2/3, rs2735839 (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97-1.16); 17q24.3, rs1859962 (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.13); and LMTK2, rs6465657 (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.09). Significant ethnic heterogeneity of effects was noted for four variants (EHBP1, P(het) = 3.9 x 10(-3); 11q13, P(het) = 0.023; HNF1B (rs4430796), P(het) = 0.026; and KLK2/3, P(het) = 2.0 x 10(-3)). Although power was limited in some ethnic/racial groups due to variation in sample size and allele frequencies, these findings suggest that a large fraction of prostate cancer variants identified in populations of European ancestry are global markers of risk. For many of these regions, fine-mapping in non-European samples may help localize causal alleles and better determine their contribution to prostate cancer risk in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Waters
- Harlyne Norris Research Tower, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Waters KM, Safe S, Gaido KW. Differential gene expression in response to methoxychlor and estradiol through ERalpha, ERbeta, and AR in reproductive tissues of female mice. Toxicol Sci 2001; 63:47-56. [PMID: 11509743 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/63.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive and developmental effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and methoxychlor (MXC) observed in treated rodents appear to be linked to some unique but also overlapping patterns of gene expression. The MXC metabolite 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE) was previously shown to have selective agonist activity through estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and antagonist activity through ERbeta and androgen receptor (AR). To discover gene families regulated by HPTE and E2, and to characterize similarities and differences in patterns of gene expression induced by these selective ER ligands, we analyzed tissues from mice treated for 3 days with a combined treatment of E2 and HPTE (E2 + HPTE), or the antiandrogen flutamide (FLU). RNA from uteri and ovaries was analyzed with cDNA microarrays and real-time RT-PCR. Results indicate that HPTE and E2 acted similarly to regulate most gene families in the uterus, which expresses predominantly ERalpha. However, in both the uterus and the ovary, there were a few genes that displayed differential patterns of gene regulation by E2 or HPTE treatment, presumably through ERbeta, AR, or other unidentified pathways. In the uterus, progesterone receptor, ERalpha, AR, insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, and clusterin mRNAs were significantly reduced with both E2 or HPTE treatments, whereas cathepsin B was induced. Conversely, in the ovary, induction of cathepsin B by E2 was reversed after cotreatment with HPTE, and ERbeta expression was induced similarly by HPTE and FLU but not by E2. In addition, E2 uniquely regulated glutathione peroxidase 3, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase, with no effect of HPTE or FLU treatments. This analysis demonstrated several gene families that appear to be regulated in a ligand-specific pattern, which may explain the unique but overlapping reproductive tissue pathologies following exposure to E2 and MXC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Endocrine, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, CIIT Centers for Health Research, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Waters KM, Rickard DJ, Riggs BL, Khosla S, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Moore J, Spelsberg TC. Estrogen regulation of human osteoblast function is determined by the stage of differentiation and the estrogen receptor isoform. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:448-62. [PMID: 11596113 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although osteoblasts have been shown to respond to estrogens and express both isoforms of the estrogen receptor (ER alpha and ER beta), the role each isoform plays in osteoblast cell function and differentiation is unknown. The two ER isoforms are known to differentially regulate estrogen-inducible promoter-reporter gene constructs, but their individual effects on endogenous gene expression in osteoblasts have not been reported. We compared the effects of 17 beta-estradiol (E) and tamoxifen (TAM) on gene expression and matrix formation during the differentiation of human osteoblast cell lines stably expressing either ER alpha (hFOB/ER alpha 9) or ER beta (hFOB/ER beta 6). Expression of the appropriate ER isoform in these cells was confirmed by northern and western blotting and the responses to E in the hFOB/ER beta 6 line were abolished by an ER beta-specific inhibitor. The data demonstrate that (1) in both the hFOB/ER cell lines, certain responses to E or TAM (including alkaline phosphatase, IL-6 and IL-11 production) are more pronounced at the late mineralization stage of differentiation compared to earlier stages, (2) E exerted a greater regulation of bone nodule formation and matrix protein/cytokine production in the ER alpha cells than in ER beta cells, and (3) the regulated expression of select genes differed between the ER alpha and ER beta cells. TAM had no effect on nodule formation in either cell line and was a less potent regulator of gene/protein expression than E. Thus, both the ER isoform and the stage of differentiation appear to influence the response of osteoblast cells to E and TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Hefferan TE, Reinholz GG, Rickard DJ, Johnsen SA, Waters KM, Subramaniam M, Spelsberg TC. Overexpression of a nuclear protein, TIEG, mimics transforming growth factor-beta action in human osteoblast cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20255-9. [PMID: 10816551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c000135200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a growth factor with many known regulatory activities in many different cell types, its intracellular signaling pathway is still not fully understood. A TGF-beta-inducible early gene (TIEG) was discovered and shown by this laboratory to be a 3-zinc finger transcription factor family member; its expression is rapidly induced in cells treated with TGF-beta. To ascertain whether TIEG plays a major role in the TGF-beta pathway, human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells were stably transfected either with an expression vector containing a TIEG cDNA or with the vector alone. Clones that contain only the vector express normal levels of TIEG mRNA and protein and display the same patterns of gene expression and levels of cell proliferation as the nontransfected, non-TGF-beta-treated parental cells. However, transfected cells that overexpress TIEG mRNA and protein (TIEG-6 and TIEG-7) display changes that mimic those of MG-63 cells treated with TGF-beta, i.e. increased alkaline phosphatase activity, decreased levels of osteocalcin mRNA and protein, and decreased cell proliferation. The degree of these changes correlated with the level of TIEG expressed in the cell lines. TGF-beta treatment of the overexpressed cells showed no added effects. These findings and other published reports support a primary role of TIEG as a transcription factor in the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Hefferan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
This article describes experiments that were performed to examine the direct action of estrogen metabolites on cultured human osteoblast cells. The human fetal osteoblastic cell line, hFOB/ER9, which expresses high levels of the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, was used to examine the direct effects of 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1) and 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) on osteoblast differentiation. The 16alpha-OHE1 caused a decrease in osteocalcin (OC) secretion to a maximum of 40% of control values (vehicle-treated cells) at 10(-7) M. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was significantly induced at 10(-7) M 16alpha-OHE1 with greater than 500% of control at 10(-6) M 16alpha-OHE1. Finally, AP steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased within 24 h of 16alpha-OHE1 treatment. In contrast to 16alpha-OHE1, 2-OHE1 had no effects on the secretion of OC, AP activity, or AP gene expression. The 2-OHE1 also did not display any antiestrogen activity because treatment in combination with 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 16alpha-OHE1 had no significant effect on the reduction in OC secretion or induction of AP activity. Similar to E2, 16alpha-OHE1 stimulated the expression of an early response gene, a TGF-beta inducible early gene, designated TIEG, as early as 60 minutes after treatment, whereas treatment with 2-OHE1 displayed no effect. Support that the 16alpha-OHE1 regulation of these osteoblasts (OB) markers was mediated through the ER is shown by the fact that the estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 abrogated these effects. These data suggest that is a potent estrogen agonist on human osteoblastic hOB/ER9 cells. In contrast, 2-OHE1 displayed no estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity in this human osteoblast cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Waters KM, Postic M, Durocher S, Donker H, Brenner B. Feedback: men in nursing. J Adv Nurs 1999; 29:523. [PMID: 10197955 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tau KR, Hefferan TE, Waters KM, Robinson JA, Subramaniam M, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC. Estrogen regulation of a transforming growth factor-beta inducible early gene that inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in human osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1998; 139:1346-53. [PMID: 9492071 DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.3.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This laboratory reported the identification and characterization of a unique three zinc finger, transcription factor-like, transforming growth factor-beta inducible early gene (TIEG) (see Ref. 35). TIEG expression has been shown to be tissue- and cell type specific, enhanced by specific growth factors, and to decrease with advancing stages of breast cancer. Recent studies involving TIEG overexpression in pancreatic carcinoma cells indicate that TIEG expression inhibits DNA synthesis, similar to a tumor suppressor-like gene, and plays a role in apoptosis (see Ref. 37). This paper describes the rapid, but transient, induction of TIEG steady-state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels by 17beta-estradiol (E2) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human fetal osteoblastic (hFOB/ER) cells. This rapid induction is shown to be ER- and steroid dose-dependent but protein synthesis independent. An antagonism between E2 and PTH, which occurs in skeletal metabolism, is shown to concur rapidly with TIEG mRNA expression. Scanning confocal microscopy (using polarized, laser-based immunofluorescence) shows that TIEG protein is localized in the nucleus of hFOB/ER cells, with the levels rapidly increasing after E2 treatment. The rapid E2-induced increase in TIEG expression is followed by an E2-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in the hFOB/ER cells. Antiestrogens block not only the induction of TIEG mRNA levels but also the inhibition of cell proliferation. Lastly, hFOB cells, stably transfected with a TIEG expression vector, display markedly reduced DNA synthesis/cell proliferation, compared with nontransfected cells. These results support the finding that TIEG is an early responding regulatory gene for E2 in human osteoblast cells that inhibits DNA synthesis. It is speculated that TIEG may play a role in the signaling pathway for E2 in inhibiting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Tau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) repress stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 (SCD1) expression in liver and adipose tissues. We used HepG2 cells to localize genetic regulatory elements for PUFA in the SCD1 5'-flanking region. A chimeric reporter gene construct containing the 4.3 kb SCD1 putative promoter was transiently transfected into HepG2 cells, which were then treated with various fatty acids. We observed greater than 60% repression of transcription with 18:3n - 3 and 75% repression with 20:4n - 6 and 20:5n - 3. No significant change was seen with 18:0. Using smaller SCD1 chimeric constructs, we localized the genetic regulatory region to a 237 bp sequence within the SCD1 proximal promoter. DNA mobility shift analysis with HepG2 and mouse liver nuclear extracts demonstrated specific binding of nuclear proteins to this region. Mobility shift analysis with nuclear extract from 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a similar pattern of protein binding. Competitive DNA mobility shift analysis identified a 60 bp region containing sites that specifically bind and compete for nuclear proteins. This region conferred responsiveness to PUFA when placed in a heterologous promoter. A homologous region in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 2 (SCD2) promoter also mediated PUFA-specific repression in transfection experiments. These data suggest that a common transcriptional mechanism may exist in liver and adipose tissues for inhibition of lipogenesis by PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Waters KM, Miller CW, Ntambi JM. Localization of a negative thyroid hormone-response region in hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:838-43. [PMID: 9168944 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thyroid hormone on stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 (SCD1) expression was investigated in mouse liver. Daily injections of 15 micrograms triiodothyronine (T3)/100 g body weight to hypothyroid mice resulted in repression of SCD1 mRNA levels by more than 50% in 48 hours and up to 65% in 6 days. Transient co-transfections were performed with an expression vector for T3 receptor alpha (T3R alpha) in HepG2 cells using chimeric reporter gene constructs of the SCD1 5'-flanking region. Transcriptional repression of the SCD1 putative promoter was observed upon treatment with 100 nM T3 when cotransfected with T3R alpha, but not without cotransfection of receptor. Transient gene expression studies localized a T3 response region to a 70-bp sequence in the SCD1 putative promoter. Eliminating the TATA box and an AP-2 binding site, DNA mobility shift analysis demonstrated specific binding of in vivo nuclear protein from mouse liver nuclear extract to a 43-bp sequence. DNA mobility shift with purified T3R alpha confirmed the presence of a T3 receptor binding site in this thyroid hormone-responsive region. These data indicate that SCD1 contains a negative T3 response region in its proximal promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
The effect of vitamin A supplementation on stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 expression in mouse liver was characterized. Normal BALB/c mice were fed 0.01% and 0.1% retinol palmitate as components of nonpurified diets. This treatment resulted in a 3-fold and a 7-fold induction of SCD1 mRNA levels, respectively, as determined by RNase protection analysis. Vitamin A-deficient animals were also fed diets containing 0.01% and 0.1% retinol palmitate, resulting in a similar pattern of SCD1 mRNA induction. Fatty acid synthase and beta-actin mRNA levels did not respond consistently or significantly to retinoic acid treatment. Dietary and hormonal studies were carried out to investigate the role of the retinoid X receptor in the regulation of SCD1 by type II steroid hormones. A receptor-saturating dose of thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine, repressed vitamin A-elevated SCD1 mRNA levels in vivo. Peroxisome proliferator-elevated SCD1 mRNA levels were unaffected by administration of thyroid hormone. This suggests that the retinoic acid receptor transcriptionally regulates SCD1 through a traditional mechanism of heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
Insulin and dietary fructose independently induce stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression in diabetic mouse liver. In the present study, we again used diabetic mice and supplemented a high fructose diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to determine the selective repression of SCD1 gene expression by dietary PUFA, as previously shown in normal mice. We saw dramatic repression of SCD1 mRNA expression, with trilinolenin at 3% and triarachidonin at 1% supplementation. We also observed significant repression of insulin-induced SCD1 mRNA upon supplementation of the noninducing starch diet with PUFA. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PUFA negatively regulate hepatic gene expression through an insulin-independent mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Fructose/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Insulin/deficiency
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase/genetics
- Triglycerides
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Waters KM, Ntambi JM. Insulin and dietary fructose induce stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene expression of diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:27773-7. [PMID: 7961698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription and mRNA levels of murine liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) are induced 11- and 45-fold, respectively, by feeding fasted normal mice with a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet (Ntambi, J. M. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10925-10930). In this study, we used streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice to study the regulatory role of carbohydrate and insulin on expression of the SCD1 gene in liver. Fructose administration to fasted diabetic mice induced a 2-fold increase in SCD1 mRNA within 6 h and a 23-fold increase within 24 h. Similarly, insulin administration to diabetic mice induced SCD1 mRNA from 4-fold within 4 h to 22-fold within 24 h. Insulin plus fructose, however, achieved full induction, with a 45-fold increase of SCD1 mRNA and a 10-fold increase in SCD1 transcription within 24 h. Additionally, the effect of insulin on SCD1 mRNA was inhibited 75% with dibutyryl-cAMP and theophylline administration and 70% by cycloheximide administration. Synthesis of liver albumin mRNA showed little change upon dietary manipulation or insulin treatment. Our data demonstrate that insulin and dietary fructose or a metabolite of fructose positively regulate the expression of the SCD1 gene in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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