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Zhang Y, Zhou F, Zhang MY, Feng LN, Guan JL, Dong RN, Huang YJ, Xia SH, Liao JZ, Zhao K. N6-methyladenosine methylation regulates the tumor microenvironment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2543-2558. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification exists in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primary infection, latency, and lytic reactivation. It also modifies EBV latent genes and lytic genes. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinctive molecular subtype of GC. We hypothesized EBV and m6A methylation regulators interact with each other in EBVaGC to differentiate it from other types of GC.
AIM To investigate the mechanisms of m6A methylation regulators in EBVaGC to determine the differentiating factors from other types of GC.
METHODS First, The Cancer Gene Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to analyze the expression pattern of m6A methylation regulators between EBVaGC and EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC). Second, we identified Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment of m6A-related differentially expressed genes. We quantified the relative abundance of immune cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Finally, cell counting kit-8 cell proliferation test, transwell test, and flow cytometry were used to verify the effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in EBVaGC cell lines.
RESULTS m6A methylation regulators were involved in the occurrence and development of EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the expression levels of m6A methylation regulators Wilms tumor 1-associated protein, RNA binding motif protein 15B, CBL proto-oncogene like 1, leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1, IGFBP1, and insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 1 were significantly downregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.05). The overall survival rate of EBVaGC patients with a lower expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly higher (P = 0.046). GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses showed that the immunity pathways were significantly activated and rich in immune cell infiltration in EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the infiltration of activated CD4+ T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, monocytes, activated dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly upregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.001). In EBVaGC, the expression level of proinflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and interferon-γ and immunosuppressive factor IL-10 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly lower in an EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) than in an EBVnGC cell line (AGS) (P < 0.05). IGFBP1 overexpression significantly attenuated proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis levels in SNU719. Interfering IGFBP1 significantly promoted proliferation and migration and attenuated the apoptosis levels in AGS.
CONCLUSION m6A regulators could remodel the TME of EBVaGC, which is classified as an immune-inflamed phenotype and referred to as a “hot” tumor. Among these regulators, we demonstrated that IGFBP1 affected proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Na Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Lun Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Su-Hong Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Zhang Y, Zhou F, Zhang MY, Feng LN, Guan JL, Dong RN, Huang YJ, Xia SH, Liao JZ, Zhao K. N6-methyladenosine methylation regulates the tumor microenvironment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2555-2570. [PMID: 38994134 PMCID: PMC11236235 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification exists in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primary infection, latency, and lytic reactivation. It also modifies EBV latent genes and lytic genes. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinctive molecular subtype of GC. We hypothesized EBV and m6A methylation regulators interact with each other in EBVaGC to differentiate it from other types of GC. AIM To investigate the mechanisms of m6A methylation regulators in EBVaGC to determine the differentiating factors from other types of GC. METHODS First, The Cancer Gene Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to analyze the expression pattern of m6A methylation regulators between EBVaGC and EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC). Second, we identified Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment of m6A-related differentially expressed genes. We quantified the relative abundance of immune cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Finally, cell counting kit-8 cell proliferation test, transwell test, and flow cytometry were used to verify the effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in EBVaGC cell lines. RESULTS m6A methylation regulators were involved in the occurrence and development of EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the expression levels of m6A methylation regulators Wilms tumor 1-associated protein, RNA binding motif protein 15B, CBL proto-oncogene like 1, leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1, IGFBP1, and insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 1 were significantly downregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.05). The overall survival rate of EBVaGC patients with a lower expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly higher (P = 0.046). GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses showed that the immunity pathways were significantly activated and rich in immune cell infiltration in EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the infiltration of activated CD4+ T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, monocytes, activated dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly upregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.001). In EBVaGC, the expression level of proinflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and interferon-γ and immunosuppressive factor IL-10 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly lower in an EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) than in an EBVnGC cell line (AGS) (P < 0.05). IGFBP1 overexpression significantly attenuated proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis levels in SNU719. Interfering IGFBP1 significantly promoted proliferation and migration and attenuated the apoptosis levels in AGS. CONCLUSION m6A regulators could remodel the TME of EBVaGC, which is classified as an immune-inflamed phenotype and referred to as a "hot" tumor. Among these regulators, we demonstrated that IGFBP1 affected proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ming-Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Na Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Lun Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Su-Hong Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
- Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Bos J, Groen-van Schooten TS, Brugman CP, Jamaludin FS, van Laarhoven HWM, Derks S. The tumor immune composition of mismatch repair deficient and Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 127:102737. [PMID: 38669788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC), known for its unfavorable prognosis, has been classified in four distinct molecular subtypes. These subtypes not only exhibit differences in their genome and transcriptome but also in the composition of their tumor immune microenvironment. The microsatellite instable (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive GC subtypes show clear clinical benefits from immune checkpoint blockade, likely due to a neoantigen-driven and virus-driven antitumor immune response and high expression of immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. However, even within these subtypes response to checkpoint inhibition is variable, which is potentially related to heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and expression of co-inhibitory molecules. We conducted a systematic review to outline the current knowledge about the immunological features on the TIME of MSI and EBV + GCs. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. All articles from the year 1990 and onwards addressing immune features of gastric adenocarcinoma were reviewed and included based on predefined in- and exclusion criteria. RESULTS In total 5962 records were screened, of which 139 were included that reported immunological data on molecular GC subtypes. MSI and EBV + GCs were reported to have a more inflamed TIME compared to non-MSI and EBV- GC subtypes. Compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors, MSI tumors were characterized by higher numbers of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells, and tumor infiltrating pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages. HLA-deficiency was most common in MSI tumors compared to other molecular GC subtypes and associated with lower T and B cell infiltrates compared to HLA-proficient tumors. EBV + was associated with a high number of CD8 + T cells, Tregs, NK cells and macrophages. Expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4, Granzyme A and B, Perforin and interferon-gamma was enriched in EBV + tumors. Overall, MSI tumors harbored a more heterogeneous TIME in terms of immune cell composition and immune checkpoints compared to the EBV + tumors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION MSI and EBV + GCs are highly Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment Using OHAT Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration.; 2019pro-inflammatory immune cell populations. Although studies on the direct comparison of EBV + and MSI tumors are limited, EBV + tumors show less intra-subgroup heterogeneity compared to MSI tumors. More studies are needed to identify how Intra-subgroup heterogeneity impacts response to immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bos
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T S Groen-van Schooten
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C P Brugman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F S Jamaludin
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Medical Library AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H W M van Laarhoven
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Derks
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Salnikov MY, MacNeil KM, Mymryk JS. The viral etiology of EBV-associated gastric cancers contributes to their unique pathology, clinical outcomes, treatment responses and immune landscape. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358511. [PMID: 38596668 PMCID: PMC11002251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen known to cause a number of malignancies, often taking years for them to develop after primary infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is one such malignancy, and is an immunologically, molecularly and pathologically distinct entity from EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). In comparison with EBVnGCs, EBVaGCs overexpress a number of immune regulatory genes to help form an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), have improved prognosis, and overall have an "immune-hot" phenotype. This review provides an overview of the histopathology, clinical features and clinical outcomes of EBVaGCs. We also summarize the differences between the TMEs of EBVaGCs and EBVnGCs, which includes significant differences in cell composition and immune infiltration. A list of available EBVaGC and EBVnGC gene expression datasets and computational tools are also provided within this review. Finally, an overview is provided of the various chemo- and immuno-therapeutics available in treating gastric cancers (GCs), with a focus on EBVaGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Salnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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5
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Salnikov M, Prusinkiewicz MA, Lin S, Ghasemi F, Cecchini MJ, Mymryk JS. Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells in EBV-Associated Gastric Carcinomas Exhibit High Levels of Multiple Markers of Activation, Effector Gene Expression, and Exhaustion. Viruses 2023; 15:176. [PMID: 36680216 PMCID: PMC9860965 DOI: 10.3390/v15010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus associated with 10% of all gastric cancers (GCs) and 1.5% of all human cancers. EBV-associated GCs (EBVaGCs) are pathologically and clinically distinct entities from EBV-negative GCs (EBVnGCs), with EBVaGCs exhibiting differential molecular pathology, treatment response, and patient prognosis. However, the tumor immune landscape of EBVaGC has not been well explored. In this study, a systemic and comprehensive analysis of gene expression and immune landscape features was performed for both EBVaGC and EBVnGC. EBVaGCs exhibited many aspects of a T cell-inflamed phenotype, with greater T and NK cell infiltration, increased expression of immune checkpoint markers (BTLA, CD96, CTLA4, LAG3, PD1, TIGIT, and TIM3), and multiple T cell effector molecules in comparison with EBVnGCs. EBVaGCs also displayed a higher expression of anti-tumor immunity factors (PDL1, CD155, CEACAM1, galectin-9, and IDO1). Six EBV-encoded miRNAs (miR-BARTs 8-3p, 9-5p, 10-3p, 22, 5-5p, and 14-3p) were strongly negatively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint receptors and multiple markers of anti-tumor immunity. These profound differences in the tumor immune landscape between EBVaGCs and EBVnGCs may help explain some of the observed differences in pathological and clinical outcomes, with an EBV-positive status possibly being a potential biomarker for the application of immunotherapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Salnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Sherman Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
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7
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Deng SZ, Wang XX, Zhao XY, Bai YM, Zhang HM. Exploration of the Tumor Immune Landscape and Identification of Two Novel Immunotherapy-Related Genes for Epstein-Barr virus-associated Gastric Carcinoma via Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:898733. [PMID: 36090326 PMCID: PMC9450882 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.898733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is a specific molecular subtype of gastric carcinoma with a high proportion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. It is a highly immunogenic tumor that may benefit from immunotherapy. Hence, it is imperative to analyze the immune landscape and identify immunotherapy biomarkers for EBVaGC. In our study, we investigated the immune landscape and identified 10 hub genes for EBVaGC via integrated bioinformatics analysis. We found that EBVaGC expressed more immune-related genes, including common immune checkpoints and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes than EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC). The immune score in EBVaGC was higher, which means EBVaGC has greater immune cell infiltration. Ten hub genes (CD4, STAT1, FCGR3A, IL10, C1QA, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCR6, PD-L1, and CCL18) were detected as candidate biomarkers for EBVaGC. Two hub genes, CXCL9 and CXCR6, were identified as novel immunotherapy-related genes. Taken together, the results of our comprehensive analysis of the immune microenvironment of EBVaGC revealed its unique immune landscape, demonstrating that it is a highly immunogenic tumor. Moreover, we identified hub genes that may serve as potential immunotherapy biomarkers for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhou Deng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiang-Xu Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yin-Miao Bai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Correspondence: Hong-Mei Zhang
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8
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051017. [PMID: 35632758 PMCID: PMC9146158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.
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9
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LI J, HAN G, LIN X, WU L, QIAN C, XU J. Application of magnetic immunofluorescence assay based on microfluidic technology to detection of Epstein-Barr virus. Se Pu 2022; 40:372-383. [PMID: 35362685 PMCID: PMC9404092 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.09005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus, EBV)的早期诊断能够降低患者发生重大疾病的风险。临床上常用的EBV抗体的检测方法存在耗时长、试剂消耗大和效率低等缺点。相比于传统的检测方法,微流控(microfluidics)技术具有高通量、试剂消耗少,污染少和自动化程度高等优点,磁免疫荧光技术具有检测效率高、信号强等优点,将两者的优势结合,能够弥补传统方法的不足。鉴于此,采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)作为芯片原材料,经过激光切割及真空热压加工工艺能够快速获得芯片。将包被抗原的磁珠及包被抗人抗体的荧光微球经过冷冻干燥工艺快速冻干成小球并嵌入芯片内,经过孵育和清洗后,进行检测。通过图像分析快速得到检测结果。通过精密度、特异性、剂量-反应曲线及检出限测试,进行性能验证。通过与化学发光免疫分析法(CLIA)检测的临床样本比对,进行方法学与临床应用评价。结果显示相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。与多种常见的病原体抗体均无交叉反应。EB病毒衣壳抗原(Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen, EB VCA)IgG项目的检出限为1.92 U/mL,线性范围为1.92~200 U/mL,阳性符合率为95.77%(68/71),阴性符合率为86%(43/50); EB VCA IgA项目的检出限为2.79 U/mL,线性范围为2.79~200 U/mL,阳性符合率为92%(46/50),阴性符合率为92.96%(66/71); EB病毒核心抗原1(Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1, EB NA1)IgG项目的检出限为3.13 U/mL,线性范围为3.13~200 U/mL,阳性符合率为92.96%(66/71),阴性符合率为92%(46/50); EB NA1 IgA项目的检出限为1.53 U/mL,线性范围为1.53~200 U/mL,阳性符合率为90%(45/50),阴性符合率为91.55%(65/71)。4个项目能在20 min内快速完成检测,且与临床上使用CLIA方法测试的结果具有良好的相关性,可以为临床提供一种快速、灵敏、简便、自动化程度高和易于基层推广的检测方法。
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Zhang B, Yao K, Xu M, Wu J, Cheng C. Deep Learning Predicts EBV Status in Gastric Cancer Based on Spatial Patterns of Lymphocyte Infiltration. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6002. [PMID: 34885112 PMCID: PMC8656870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV infection occurs in around 10% of gastric cancer cases and represents a distinct subtype, characterized by a unique mutation profile, hypermethylation, and overexpression of PD-L1. Moreover, EBV positive gastric cancer tends to have higher immune infiltration and a better prognosis. EBV infection status in gastric cancer is most commonly determined using PCR and in situ hybridization, but such a method requires good nucleic acid preservation. Detection of EBV status with histopathology images may complement PCR and in situ hybridization as a first step of EBV infection assessment. Here, we developed a deep learning-based algorithm to directly predict EBV infection in gastric cancer from H&E stained histopathology slides. Our model can not only predict EBV infection in gastric cancers from tumor regions but also from normal regions with potential changes induced by adjacent EBV+ regions within each H&E slide. Furthermore, in cohorts with zero EBV abundances, a significant difference of immune infiltration between high and low EBV score samples was observed, consistent with the immune infiltration difference observed between EBV positive and negative samples. Therefore, we hypothesized that our model's prediction of EBV infection is partially driven by the spatial information of immune cell composition, which was supported by mostly positive local correlations between the EBV score and immune infiltration in both tumor and normal regions across all H&E slides. Finally, EBV scores calculated from our model were found to be significantly associated with prognosis. This framework can be readily applied to develop interpretable models for prediction of virus infection across cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kevin Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Min Xu
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Computer Vision Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Bauer M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Mandelboim O, Wickenhauser C, Seliger B. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies and Immune Escape: The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Evasion Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205189. [PMID: 34680337 PMCID: PMC8533749 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus, also termed human herpes virus 4, is a human pathogenic double-stranded DNA virus. It is highly prevalent and has been linked to the development of 1–2% of cancers worldwide. EBV-associated malignancies encompass various structural and epigenetic alterations. In addition, EBV-encoded gene products and microRNAs interfere with innate and adaptive immunity and modulate the tumor microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the characteristic features of EBV with a focus on the intrinsic and extrinsic immune evasion strategies, which contribute to EBV-associated malignancies. Abstract The detailed mechanisms of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in the initiation and progression of EBV-associated malignancies are not yet completely understood. During the last years, new insights into the mechanisms of malignant transformation of EBV-infected cells including somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications, their impact on the microenvironment and resulting unique immune signatures related to immune system functional status and immune escape strategies have been reported. In this context, there exists increasing evidence that EBV-infected tumor cells can influence the tumor microenvironment to their own benefit by establishing an immune-suppressive surrounding. The identified mechanisms include EBV gene integration and latent expression of EBV-infection-triggered cytokines by tumor and/or bystander cells, e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts with effects on the composition and spatial distribution of the immune cell subpopulations next to the infected cells, stroma constituents and extracellular vesicles. This review summarizes (i) the typical stages of the viral life cycle and EBV-associated transformation, (ii) strategies to detect EBV genome and activity and to differentiate various latency types, (iii) the role of the tumor microenvironment in EBV-associated malignancies, (iv) the different immune escape mechanisms and (v) their clinical relevance. This gained information will enhance the development of therapies against EBV-mediated diseases to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bauer
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, En Kerem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Department of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 14, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Department of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(345)-557-1357
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12
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Cheng N, Li P, Cheng H, Zhao X, Dong M, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Chen J, Shao C. Prognostic Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated and -Negative Gastric Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692859. [PMID: 34276684 PMCID: PMC8281029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered a manifestation of the host immune response against cancer and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) may contribute to lymphocytes recruitment. Both of them have been reported as potential prognostic parameters in some human malignancies. However, the roles of TILs, TLS, and their correlation in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) are largely unknown. Methods To observe the correlation among TILs, TLS, and clinicopathological characteristics and their prognostic significance in EBVaGC and EBVnGC, respectively. TILs and TLS were assessed by morphology and/or immunohistochemistry, and accompanied by clinicopathological analysis from 846 gastric cancer patients in multiple institutions. Results Forty-two (5.0%) cases of EBVaGC and 804 cases of EBVnGC were identified by in situ hybridization, respectively. For EBVnGC, higher TILs grade was correlated with TLS-present. EBVnGC patients with high TILs grade and TLS-present exhibited survival benefits. TILs (P = 0.001) and TLS (P = 0.003), especially TILs & TLS (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors in EBVnGC. A nomogram was constructed and validated for predicting the probability of overall survival and performed well with a good calibration. No significant prognostic value was detected in EBVaGC. Conclusion TILs and TLS, especially TILs & TLS were promising prognostic indicators for overall survival in EBVnGC. TILs and TLS were highly overlapping in their extent and prognostic abilities, and may be considered as a coindicator of prognosis of gastric cancer. The evaluations of TILs and TLS are simple and can be assessed routinely in pathological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology of Basic Medical Department, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peizhen Zhao
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunkui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Hori T, Yamamoto H, Harada H, Yamamoto M, Yamada M, Yazawa T, Sasaki B, Tani M, Sato A, Katsura H, Kamada Y, Tani R, Aoyama R, Sasaki Y, Shintaku M, Iwasa Y, Zaima M. Multiple Gastric Carcinomas Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus and Helicobacter pylori: A Thought-Provoking Case. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e931668. [PMID: 34158469 PMCID: PMC8237700 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.931668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infections are associated with gastric carcinoma (GC). We present a thought-provoking case of multiple GCs associated with EBV and HP infections. CASE REPORT HP infection was incidentally detected in an asymptomatic 60-year-old man. Upper endoscopy revealed gastric "kissing" ulcers. The lesions were located in the body of the stomach and measured 25 and 27 mm, respectively. They were diagnosed on pathology as moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Imaging revealed no enlarged lymph nodes or distant metastatic lesions. Distal gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed and surgical cure was obtained. The multiple GCs were categorized on pathology as infß ly0 v0 pT1b(SM)UL1N0M0H0P0CY0 pStage IA according to the Japanese classification and as T1bN0M0 Stage IA according to the tumor, node, metastasis classification. Pathological examination revealed remarkable lymphocytic infiltration into the stroma, as shown by in situ hybridization of EBV. These lymphocytic infiltrations were observed only at the sites of GC. In the immunohistochemical examination, in situ hybridization of EBV was positive for EBV-encoded small ribonucleic acid. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Hence, an unexpected relationship between EBV infection and multiple GCs was suggested by pathology. Quantitative determination of EBV DNA in peripheral blood was normal postoperatively. Adjuvant chemotherapy was not recommended. HP eradication therapy was successful. The patient remained asymptomatic and developed no recurrence or metastasis for 3 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS This thought-provoking case suggests that coinfection with EBV and HP increases GC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Hori
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideki Harada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takefumi Yazawa
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ben Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaki Tani
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Asahi Sato
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hikotaro Katsura
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kamada
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tani
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yudai Sasaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shintaku
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoko Iwasa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masazumi Zaima
- Department of Surgery, Shiga General Hospital, Moriyama, Shiga, Japan
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14
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Wang H, Zhou L, Yang Y, Luo B. Screening and identification of key genes in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma based on bioinformatics analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 222:153439. [PMID: 34020134 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely related to gastric carcinoma (GC). In this study, we identified a set of DEGs (different expression genes) between EBVaGC (EBV-associated gastric carcinoma) and EBVnGC (EBV-negative gastric carcinoma) through multiple bioinformatics analysis using the data from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) dataset GSE51575, and identified ten hub genes (CXCL10, C3, CXCL9, CXCL11, SST, ICAM1, CHRM2, NPY, GBP5 and GBP1). Therefore, we performed relevant survival analysis and immune infiltration analysis, then verified the mRNA expression in GC cell lines and TCGA database. CXCL11 was finally selected to be a potential biomarker for a better prognosis and tumor infiltrating. This may provide a new view about immune therapy for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong, 308 NingXia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Shandong, 266021, China; 5 Donghaizhong Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong, 308 NingXia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong, 308 NingXia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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15
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Alburquerque-González B, Bernabé-García Á, Bernabé-García M, Ruiz-Sanz J, López-Calderón FF, Gonnelli L, Banci L, Peña-García J, Luque I, Nicolás FJ, Cayuela-Fuentes ML, Luchinat E, Pérez-Sánchez H, Montoro-García S, Conesa-Zamora P. The FDA-Approved Antiviral Raltegravir Inhibits Fascin1-Dependent Invasion of Colorectal Tumor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040861. [PMID: 33670655 PMCID: PMC7921938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) has been recently recognized by the WHO as a histological CRC with bad prognosis. Consistent with previous evidence, our group identified Fascin1 as a protein directly related to the invasiveness of tumor cells, overexpressed and positively correlated with worse survival in various carcinomas, including SAC. Therefore, Fascin1 has emerged as an ideal target for cancer treatment. In the present study, virtual screening has been carried out from a library of 9591 compounds, thus identifying the FDA-approved anti-retroviral raltegravir (RAL) as a potential Fascin1 blocker. In vitro and in vivo results show that RAL exhibits Fascin1-binding activity and Fascin1-dependent anti-invasive and anti-metastatic properties against CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Abstract Background: Fascin1 is the key actin-bundling protein involved in cancer invasion and metastasis whose expression is associated with bad prognosis in tumor from different origins. Methods: In the present study, virtual screening (VS) was performed for the search of Fascin1 inhibitors and RAL, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase, was identified as a potential Fascin1 inhibitor. Biophysical techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) were carried out in order to confirm RAL as a Fascin1 blocker. The effect of RAL on actin-bundling activity Fascin1 was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence, migration, and invasion assays on two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines: HCT-116 and DLD-1. In addition, the anti-metastatic potential of RAL was in vivo evaluated by using the zebrafish animal model. Results: NMR and DSF confirmed in silico predictions and TEM demonstrated the RAL-induced disorganization of the actin structure compared to control conditions. The protrusion of lamellipodia in cancer cell line overexpressing Fascin1 (HCT-116) was abolished in the presence of this drug. By following the addition of RAL, migration of HCT-116 and DLD-1 cell lines was significantly inhibited. Finally, using endogenous and exogenous models of Fascin1 expression, the invasive capacity of colorectal tumor cells was notably impaired in the presence of RAL in vivo assays; without undesirable cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: The current data show the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the antiretroviral drug RAL in inhibiting human colorectal cancer cells invasion and metastasis in a Fascin1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Alburquerque-González
- Department of Pathology and Histology, Campus de los Jerónimos, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, s/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (B.A.-G.); (F.F.L.-C.)
| | - Ángel Bernabé-García
- Laboratorio de Regeneración, Oncología Molecular y TGF-ß, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Carretera Madrid-Cartagena, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (Á.B.-G.); (F.J.N.)
| | - Manuel Bernabé-García
- Telomerase, Cancer and Aging Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.-G.); (M.L.C.-F.)
| | - Javier Ruiz-Sanz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology and Excellence Research Unit of “Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Spain Campus Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (I.L.)
| | - Fernando Feliciano López-Calderón
- Department of Pathology and Histology, Campus de los Jerónimos, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, s/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (B.A.-G.); (F.F.L.-C.)
| | - Leonardo Gonnelli
- CERM—Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.G.); (L.B.); (E.L.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Banci
- CERM—Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.G.); (L.B.); (E.L.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing (BIO-HPC) Research Group, Campus de los Jerónimos, s/n, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (H.P.-S.)
| | - Irene Luque
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology and Excellence Research Unit of “Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Spain Campus Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.R.-S.); (I.L.)
| | - Francisco José Nicolás
- Laboratorio de Regeneración, Oncología Molecular y TGF-ß, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Carretera Madrid-Cartagena, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (Á.B.-G.); (F.J.N.)
| | - María Luisa Cayuela-Fuentes
- Telomerase, Cancer and Aging Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.-G.); (M.L.C.-F.)
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- CERM—Magnetic Resonance Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (L.G.); (L.B.); (E.L.)
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase—CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing (BIO-HPC) Research Group, Campus de los Jerónimos, s/n, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (H.P.-S.)
| | - Silvia Montoro-García
- Cell Culture Lab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de los Jerónimos, s/n, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.-G.); (P.C.-Z.); Tel.: +34-9681-286-02 (Ext. 951615) (P.C.-Z.)
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, c/Mezquita sn, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.-G.); (P.C.-Z.); Tel.: +34-9681-286-02 (Ext. 951615) (P.C.-Z.)
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Zeng Z, Yang B, Liao Z. Progress and prospects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastric cancer. Future Oncol 2021; 17:1553-1569. [PMID: 33397136 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, a digestive malignancy, is the sixth most frequent cancer and the second leading cause of tumor-related deaths worldwide. The emergence and advancement of immunotherapeutic agents has brought significant survival benefits for patients with gastric cancer and increasingly challenged the conventional therapy pattern involving chemotherapy and target drugs. Furthermore, these breakthroughs have paved the way for immunotherapy, especially with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which act by blocking specific signaling pathways, in particular the CTLA4 pathway and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. In this review, we summarize the current trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors in GC and their predictive biomarkers, and discuss their present limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zeng
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengyin Liao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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17
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Fan Y, Ying H, Wu X, Chen H, Hu Y, Zhang H, Wu L, Yang Y, Mao B, Zheng L. The mutational pattern of homologous recombination (HR)-associated genes and its relevance to the immunotherapeutic response in gastric cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:1002-1013. [PMID: 33299649 PMCID: PMC7721103 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Currently, there is an urgent need to identify immunotherapeutic biomarkers to increase the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for patients with gastric cancer (GC). Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) can modify the tumor immune microenvironment by increasing the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and therefore might serve as a biomarker of immunotherapeutic response. We aimed to analyze the mutational pattern of HR-associated genes in Chinese patients with GC and its relevance to the tumor immune profile and clinical immunotherapeutic response. Methods: A panel of 543 cancer-associated genes was used to analyze genomic profiles in a cohort comprising 484 Chinese patients with GC. Correlations between HR gene mutations and tumor immunity or clinical outcomes were identified via bioinformatic analysis using 2 GC genomic datasets (TCGA and MSK-IMPACT). Results: Fifty-one of the 484 (10.54%) patients carried at least one somatic mutation in an HR gene; ATM (16/484, 3.31%) was among the most frequently mutated HR genes in the Chinese cohort. Mutations in HR genes were associated with elevated tumor mutational burden, enhanced immune activity, and microsatellite instability status. In the MSK-IMPACT cohort comprising 49 patients with stomach adenocarcinoma or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma treated with ICIs, patients with HR-mut GC (n = 12) had significantly better overall survival than those with HR-wt GC (n = 37) (log-rank test, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that detection of somatic mutations in HR genes might aid in identifying patients who might benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fan
- Department of integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haifeng Ying
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xueying Wu
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lijia Wu
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Beibei Mao
- Genecast Precision Medicine Technology Institute, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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18
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Exosomes of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinoma Suppress Dendritic Cell Maturation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111776. [PMID: 33198173 PMCID: PMC7697542 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and a unique tumor microenvironment. Exosomes from cancer cells are essential for intercellular communication. The aims of this study were to investigate the secretion of EBVaGC exosomes and their physiological effect on dendritic cell maturation in vitro and to characterize dendritic cells (DCs) in EBVaGC in vivo. Western blotting analysis of CD63 and CD81 of exosomes from EBV-infected gastric cancer cell lines indicated an increase in exosome secretion. The fraction of monocyte-derived DCs positive for the maturation marker CD86 was significantly suppressed when incubated with exosomes from EBV-infected gastric cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of GC tissues expressing DC markers (S100, Langerin, CD1a, CD83, CD86, and BDCA-2) indicated that the density of DCs was generally higher in EBVaGC than in EBV-negative GC, although the numbers of CD83- and CD86-positive DCs were decreased in the group with high numbers of CD1a-positive DCs. A low number of CD83-positive DCs was marginally correlated with worse prognosis of EBVaGC in patients. EBVaGC is a tumor with abundant DCs, including immature and mature DCs. Moreover, the maturation of DCs is suppressed by exosomes from EBV-infected epithelial cells.
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19
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Gong LP, Chen JN, Dong M, Xiao ZD, Feng ZY, Pan YH, Zhang Y, Du Y, Zhang JY, Bi YH, Huang JT, Liang J, Shao CK. Epstein-Barr virus-derived circular RNA LMP2A induces stemness in EBV-associated gastric cancer. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49689. [PMID: 32790025 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer-initiating cells that are not only a source of tumorigenesis but also the cause of tumour progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with unique clinicopathological and molecular features. However, whether CSCs exist in EBVaGC, and the tumorigenic mechanism of EBV, remains unclear. Here, NOD/SCID mice were injected subcutaneously with the EBVaGC cell line SNU719 and treated with 5-fluorouracil weekly. Successive generations of xenografts yielded a highly malignant EBVaGC cell line, SNU-4th, which displays properties of CSCs and mainly consists of CD44+ CD24- cells. In SNU-4th cells, an EBV-encoded circRNA, ebv-circLMP2A, expression increased and plays crucial roles in inducing and maintaining stemness phenotypes through targeting miR-3908/TRIM59/p53 axis. Additionally, high expression of ebv-circLMP2A is significantly associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with EBVaGC. These findings not only provide evidence for the existence of CSCs in EBVaGC and elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of ebv-circLMP2A in EBVaGC, but also provide a promising therapeutic target for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Xiao
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Hua Bi
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Tumor cell-expressed IL-15Rα drives antagonistic effects on the progression and immune control of gastric cancer and is epigenetically regulated in EBV-positive gastric cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:1085-1097. [PMID: 32767257 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) often exhibits a favorable prognosis that correlates with highly methylated viral and host genes and significant immune cell infiltration compared to EBV-negative gastric cancers (GCs). Previously, it has been reported that expression of the IL-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) is down-regulated in EBVaGC via promoter hypermethylation. In the present study, we offer a novel explanation for this puzzle by associating IL-15Rα expression with infiltration of lymphocytes in GC lesions. METHODS We investigated the expression of IL-15Rα by RT-PCR, Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry in GC cell lines and primary tissues, respectively. IL-15Rα promoter methylation was analyzed using genomic methylation sequencing. The growth behavior of GC cells was analyzed using MTT, flow cytometry, colony formation, transwell invasion and scratch wound healing assays. Demethylation of IL-15Rα was carried out using 5-Aza-CdR, and rIL-15 was added to evaluate growth promoting effects of the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with GC cells with/without the addition of rIL-15, after which the phosphorylation of STAT5 in PBMCs was evaluated using flow cytometry to estimate the activation of these immune cells through IL-15 binding to IL-2Rβ/γ receptors by in trans presentation. RESULTS We found that EBV-positive GC cells (AE) expressed IL-15Rα at a significantly lower level than EBV-negative GC cells (AGS) due to promoter hypermethylation. In the absence of immune cells, IL-15Rα on the cancer cell surface induced a malignant phenotype, including augmented cell growth, migration and invasion, and decreased apoptosis. 5-Aza-CdR reverted AE cells to a more malignant phenotype similar to AGS cells, which may be attributed to activation of the STAT1, STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways. However, when PBMCs were added to the GC cell cultures, these immune cells were activated as detected by increased pSTAT5 levels. Also, more GC cells underwent apoptosis. These effects were enhanced by the addition of rIL-15 and, subsequently, confirmed in EBVaGC patient samples exhibiting increased expression of T cell surface markers and activation of immune co-stimulating pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a mechanistic explanation for the clinical association of EBVaGC with a lower IL-15Rα expression, a better prognosis and an increased lymphocyte infiltration. We propose that in highly infiltrated GCs the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex on the GC cell surface may present IL-15 in trans to IL-2Rβ/γ-expressing immune cells to activate these cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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21
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Ghasemi F, Gameiro SF, Tessier TM, Maciver AH, Mymryk JS. High Levels of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex mRNA Are Present in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Adenocarcinomas. Cells 2020; 9:E499. [PMID: 32098275 PMCID: PMC7072773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for approximately 9% of stomach adenocarcinomas. EBV-encoded microRNAs have been reported as reducing the function of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) antigen presentation apparatus, which could allow infected cells to evade adaptive immune responses. Using data from nearly 400 human gastric carcinomas (GCs), we assessed the impact of EBV on MHC-I heavy and light chain mRNA levels, as well as multiple other components essential for antigen processing and presentation. Unexpectedly, mRNA levels of these genes were as high, or higher, in EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) compared to normal control tissues or other GC subtypes. This coordinated upregulation could have been a consequence of the higher intratumoral levels of interferon γ in EBVaGCs, which correlated with signatures of increased infiltration by T and natural killer (NK) cells. These results indicate that EBV-encoded products do not effectively reduce mRNA levels of the MHC-I antigen presentation apparatus in human GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Steven F. Gameiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.F.G.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Tanner M. Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (S.F.G.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Allison H. Maciver
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Oncology and Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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22
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Qiu MZ, He CY, Lu SX, Guan WL, Wang F, Wang XJ, Jin Y, Wang FH, Li YH, Shao JY, Zhou ZW, Yun JP, Xu RH. Prospective observation: Clinical utility of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma patients. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:272-280. [PMID: 31162842 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) may account for 8-9% of all gastric cancer (GC) patients. All previous reports on EBVaGC were retrospective. Prospective study is warranted to evaluate the exact role of EBV status in predicting the prognosis of GC. It is of special interest to figure out whether dynamic detection of plasma EBV-DNA load could be a feasible biomarker for the monitor of EBVaGC. From October 2014 to September 2017, we consecutively collected GC patients (n = 2,760) from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center for EBER examination. We detected EBV-DNA load in plasma and tissue samples of EBVaGC patients at baseline. Subsequently, plasma EBV-DNA load was dynamically monitored in EBVaGC patients. The overall prevalence of EBVaGC is 5.1% (140/2,760). The incidence rate of EBVaGC decreased with advanced AJCC 7th TNM stage (p < 0.001), with the corresponding percentages of 9.3, 9.9, 6.7 and 1.4% for Stage I, II, III and IV patients. EBVaGC patients were predominately young males with better histologic differentiation and earlier TNM stage than EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC) patients. EBVaGC patients were confirmed to had a favorable 3-year survival rate (EBVaGC vs. EBVnGC: 76.8% vs. 58.2%, p = 0.0001). Though only 52.1% (73/140) EBVaGC patients gained detectable EBV-DNA and 43.6% (61/140) reached a positive cutoff of 100 copies/ml, we found the plasma EBV-DNA load in EBVaGC decreased when patients got response, while it increased when disease progressed. Our results suggested that plasma EBV-DNA is a good marker in predicting recurrence and chemotherapy response for EBVaGC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhen Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Yun He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Xun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Long Guan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Ganzhou Cancer Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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