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Xiong X, Cao Y, Li Z, Huang R, Du X, Zheng Z. Ecdysone signal pathway participates in shell formation in pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106045. [PMID: 34915168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysone exists in arthropods, Mollusca and other invertebrates and plays vital roles in exoskeleton formation of Ecdysozoa. However, little is known about its functions in bivalve species. Herein, we identified ecdysone from the serum of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii and obtained the coding sequence of ecdysone receptor (PmEcR) and homologue of its heterodimer protein retinoid X receptor (PmRXR). The deduced amino acid sequences of PmEcR and PmRXR contained a DNA-binding and ligand-binding domain and were very similar to the orthologs of other species. Moreover, PmEcR and PmRXR were located in the nuclei and cytoplasm of HEK-293T cells. PmEcR and PmRXR were highly expressed in early embryos and biomineralized mantle tissue. Moreover, the serum concentration of ecdysone significantly increased at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-shell notching. The expression of PmEcR in the mantle tissue was significantly induced at the corresponding time points, while that of PmRXR was significantly induced at 6 h. Ecdysone stimulation remarkably induced the expression of growth factors (BMP2 and BMP7), transcription factors (PmRunt and AP-1), and shell matrix protein genes (chitinase, lysine-rich matrix protein (KRMP), TYR2, and PmCOLVI), which indicated that ecdysone signaling plays important roles in shell repair. However, yeast two-hybrid assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that PmEcR and PmRXR did not form dimers, suggesting the different molecular interactions of EcR in bivalves. These findings provide insights into the function of ecdysone and its regulation pathway in bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Xiong
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yanfei Cao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China.
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2
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Hu X, Hu S, Wang J, Dong Y, Zhang L, Dong Y. Steered molecular dynamics for studying ligand unbinding of ecdysone receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3819-3828. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1401002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazhe Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Durica DS, Das S, Najar F, Roe B, Phillips B, Kappalli S, Anilkumar G. Alternative splicing in the fiddler crab cognate ecdysteroid receptor: variation in receptor isoform expression and DNA binding properties in response to hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:80-95. [PMID: 25025945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RXR cDNA cloning from three Uca species led to the identification of 4 conserved isoforms, indicative of alternative splicing in the hinge and ligand binding domains (LBD). Sequencing of overlapping clones from a Ucapugilator genomic library identified EcR isoforms matching previously identified cDNA variants; in addition, a cryptic exon in the LBD was detected and evidence for expression of this new isoform was obtained from next-generation sequencing. RNA-seq analysis also identified a new amino terminal EcR variant. EcR and RXR transcript abundance increases throughout ovarian maturation in U. pugilator, while cognate receptor transcript abundance remains constant in a related Indo-Pacific species with a different reproductive strategy. To examine if crab RXR LBD isoforms have different physical properties in vitro, electromobility shift assays were performed with different EcR isoforms. The cognate crab and fruit fly receptors differ in their responses to hormone. Ecdysteroids did not increase DNA binding for the crab heterodimers, while ecdysteroids stimulate binding for Drosophilamelanogaster EcR/USP heterodimers. In swapping experiments, UpEcR/USP heterodimers did not show ligand-responsive differences in DNA binding; both crab RXR LBD isoforms, however, conferred ligand-responsive increases in DNA binding with DmEcRs. These data indicate that both UpRXR LBD isoforms can heterodimerize with the heterologous DmEcR receptors and promote ligand and DNA binding. Unresponsiveness of the cognate receptors to ecdysteroid, however, suggest additional factors may be required to mediate endogenous, perhaps isoform-specific, differences in EcR conformation, consistent with previously reported effects of UpRXR isoforms on UpEcR ligand-binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Durica
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Sunetra Das
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Fares Najar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Bruce Roe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Barret Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Biotechnology, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India
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4
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Huang MX, Du J, Su BJ, Zhao GD, Shen WD, Wei ZG. The expression profile and promoter analysis of ultraspiracle gene in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7955-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Tang B, Dong W, Liang P, Zhou X, Gao X. Cloning, ligand-binding, and temporal expression of ecdysteroid receptors in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:32. [PMID: 23078528 PMCID: PMC3568735 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a devastating pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, and has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including diacylhydrazine-based ecdysone agonists, a highly selective group of molt-accelerating biopesticides targeting the ecdysone receptors. Result In this study, we cloned and characterized the ecdysone receptors from P. xylostella, including the two isoforms of EcR and a USP. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed striking conservations among insect ecdysone receptors, especially between P. xylostella and other lepidopterans. The binding affinity of ecdysteroids to in vitro-translated receptor proteins indicated that PxEcRB isoform bound specifically to ponasterone A, and the binding affinity was enhanced by co-incubation with PxUSP (Kd =3.0±1.7 nM). In contrast, PxEcRA did not bind to ponasterone A, even in the presence of PxUSP. The expression of PxEcRB were consistently higher than that of PxEcRA across each and every developmental stage, while the pattern of PxUSP expression is more or less ubiquitous. Conclusions Target site insensitivity, in which the altered binding of insecticides (ecdysone agonists) to their targets (ecdysone receptors) leads to an adaptive response (resistance), is one of the underlying mechanisms of diacylhydrazine resistance. Given the distinct differences at expression level and the ligand-binding capacity, we hypothesis that PxEcRB is the ecdysone receptor that controls the remodeling events during metamorphosis. More importantly, PxEcRB is the potential target site which is modified in the ecdysone agonist-resistant P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Tang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Mosallanejad H, Badisco L, Swevers L, Soin T, Knapen D, Vanden Broeck J, Smagghe G. Ecdysone signaling and transcript signature in Drosophila cells resistant against methoxyfenozide. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1973-1985. [PMID: 20816975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) is a non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist with a dibenzoylhydrazine structure, representing a group used as novel biorational insecticides in the control of insect pests. Here we report on the selection of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for resistance to inhibition of cell proliferation by methoxyfenozide by ∼ 1000-fold over 4 months. Cells were exposed to gradually increasing concentrations of methoxyfenozide and selected out based on the ecdysteroid-sensitive response for cell proliferation. In the resistant cells, the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR/USP) complex was no longer active in the presence of methoxyfenozide. But when resistant cells were relaxed from pressure in methoxyfenozide-free medium, induction of the reporter construct was observed. In parallel, EcR/USP functionality was also restored when resistant cells were rescued by a Drosophila EcR plasmid. However, it was striking that in the resistant cells the ecdysteroid-sensitive response for cell proliferation was not restored upon methoxyfenozide withdrawal, indicating permanent changes in the physiology of the cells during selection. To investigate changes in gene expression caused by inactivation of the EcR/USP complex in resistant cells, Drosophila oligo 14kv1 microarrays were used and probed with cDNAs from resistant cells in the presence and absence of ecdysone agonist on one hand and from unselected sensitive cells on the other hand. A selection of 324 differentially expressed genes was assigned covering diverse functions as transport, enzyme activity, cytoskeleton organization, cell cycle machinery, transcription/translation and ecdysteroid signaling. Besides the identification of (primary and secondary) target genes of the EcR/USP signaling pathway, this analysis also allows to gain insights into the mechanism of resistance and on the crosstalk between ecdysteroid signaling and cell proliferation-linked processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mosallanejad
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Hwang DS, Lee JS, Lee KW, Rhee JS, Han J, Lee J, Park GS, Lee YM, Lee JS. Cloning and expression of ecdysone receptor (EcR) from the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:303-12. [PMID: 20025995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that play an important role in development, growth, molting of larva, and reproduction in the Arthropoda. The effect of ecdysteroids is mediated by its binding to ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). To investigate the role of EcR during development and the effect to environmental stressors on EcR expression in a copepod, we isolated and characterized cDNA and 5'-promoter region of the Tigriopus japonicus EcR (TJ-EcR), and studied mRNA expression pattern. The full-length TJ-EcR cDNA sequence was 1962bp in length and the open reading frame encoded 546 amino acids. The deduced TJ-EcR protein contained well-conserved DNA-binding domain and ligand-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TJ-EcR was clustered with the EcR of other crustaceans. TJ-EcR mRNA was expressed in a developmental stage-specific manner: high in early developmental stages and low in the adult stage. Significantly elevated expression of the TJ-EcR gene in adults was detected at hypersalinity (42ppt) and high temperature (35 degrees C) condition. The 5'-flanking region of TJ-EcR gene contains heat shock protein 70 response elements, implying that the environmental stressors may affect its expression via the stress-sensor. In addition, bisphenol A (100microg/L) repressed TJ-EcR expression. Our results suggest that TJ-EcR could be a biomarker for the monitoring of the impact of environmental stressors in copepods.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Benzhydryl Compounds
- Cloning, Molecular
- Copepoda/drug effects
- Copepoda/genetics
- Copepoda/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Phenols/toxicity
- Phylogeny
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Salinity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Physiological
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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8
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Burendahl S, Danciulescu C, Nilsson L. Ligand unbinding from the estrogen receptor: a computational study of pathways and ligand specificity. Proteins 2010; 77:842-56. [PMID: 19626711 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, whose members regulate important cellular events like development and metabolism. The ER functions as a transcription regulator and can be activated on ligand binding. Consequently, ligand binding and unbinding constitute fundamental processes in the regulation of genes. Even though both biochemical and structural data of ER are available, the actual mechanism of the ligand binding/unbinding remains elusive. We have performed computational studies on the unbinding mechanism of ERalpha and ERbeta, in the presence of cofactors and with ligands ranging from agonist to a full antagonist. Our results show that agonists or selective ER modulators can dissociate from the receptor through multiple pathways with minor effect on the receptor structure, whereas an antagonist requires larger conformational changes. Furthermore, a specific receptor/ligand combination can exhibit a pathway preference depending on character and conformation of both parts. Hence, it is possible that the binding/unbinding mechanism can explain ligand subtype specificity and thus have an impact in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Burendahl
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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9
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Braun S, Azoitei A, Spindler-Barth M. DNA-binding properties of Drosophila ecdysone receptor isoforms and their modification by the heterodimerization partner ultraspiracle. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 72:172-191. [PMID: 19750549 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activity of ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms varies considerably and is modified further by the heterodimerization partner and hormone treatment. To investigate whether differences in DNA binding of receptor complexes are responsible for these variations in transcriptional activity, interaction of Drosophila EcR isoforms, and variants of Ultraspiracle (Usp), the orthologue of RXR, with the ecdysone response elements (EcRE) hsp 27, PAL-1, and DR-1, were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Receptor proteins were expressed in vertebrate cells (CHO-K1) in order to rule out an influence of endogenous receptor proteins. In the absence of a heterodimerization partner, weak DNA binding of EcR was detected even without hormone with EcR-A and -B1, but not EcR-B2. In the presence of hormone, all three isoforms show increased binding to the hsp 27 EcRE. The heterodimerization partner Usp increased DNA binding considerably. The hormone effect of heterodimers is more pronounced with both EcR-B isoforms compared to EcR-A. Two specific bands were obtained for EcR-A and B1 but only one band is visible with EcR-B2. Deletion of the C-domain of Usp still allows basal DNA binding of the heterodimer, but in contrast to full-length Usp, addition of hormone decreases the intensity of the retarded receptor band of all EcR isoforms and the EcREs hsp27 and DR-1 considerably, whereas interaction with the EcRE PAL-1 is only slightly affected. Synergistic effects on transcriptional activity are associated with the formation of different receptor DNA-complexes observed with 1xhsp27 and 3xhsp27. Comparison of DNA-binding properties of EcR isoforms and EcR/Usp heterodimers revealed that binding of receptor complexes to hsp 27 EcRE is dependent on the AB domain of EcR and the AB-, C-, and D-domains of the heterodimerization partner. Interaction with the hsp 27 EcRE correlates neither with ligand binding nor with transcriptional activity of the various receptor complexes. We, therefore, conclude that the different receptor functions are regulated separately, for example, by interaction with co-modulators or post-transcriptional modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Braun
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The molting process in arthropods is regulated by steroid hormones acting via nuclear receptor proteins. The most common molting hormone is the ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone. The receptors of 20-hydroxyecdysone have also been identified in many arthropod species, and the amino acid sequences determined. The functional molting hormone receptors consist of two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, namely the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle, although the ecdysone receptor may be functional, in some instances, without the ultraspiracle. Generally, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle heterodimer binds to a number of ecdysone response elements, sequence motifs that reside in the promoter of various ecdysteroid-responsive genes. In the ensuing transcriptional induction, the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex binds to 20-hydroxyecdysone or to a cognate ligand that, in turn, leads to the release of a corepressor and the recruitment of coactivators. 3D structures of the ligand-binding domains of the ecdysone receptor and the ultraspiracle have been solved for a few insect species. Ecdysone agonists bind to ecdysone receptors specifically, and ligand-ecdysone receptor binding is enhanced in the presence of the ultraspiracle in insects. The basic mode of ecdysteroid receptor action is highly conserved, but substantial functional differences exist among the receptors of individual species. Even though the transcriptional effects are apparently similar for ecdysteroids and nonsteroidal compounds such as diacylhydrazines, the binding shapes are different between them. The compounds having the strongest binding affinity to receptors ordinarily have strong molting hormone activity. The ability of the ecdysone receptor/ultraspiracle complex to manifest the effects of small lipophilic agonists has led to their use as gene switches for medical and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nakagawa
- Division of Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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11
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Azoitei A, Spindler-Barth M. DNA affects ligand binding of the ecdysone receptor of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 303:91-9. [PMID: 19428996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimers of all three ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms with Ultraspiracle (Usp), the invertebrate orthologue of RXR, bind Ponasterone A with the same affinity in the absence of DNA. Ligand binding is stimulated by ecdysone response elements (EcREs) to different degrees depending on the receptor isoform, the heterodimerization partner, and the type of EcRE. Ligand binding to heterodimers with wtUsp is enhanced 5-fold with hsp27, Pal-1 and DR-1. In the presence of DNA substantial differences in ligand binding were observed, when the AB-domain of wtUsp is replaced by the N-terminus of VP16, which is routinely used for the determination of transcriptional activity to overcome the inhibitory action of the AB-domain of Usp. Enhanced dimerization in the presence of hormone response elements increases mainly the number of binding sites resulting in improved ligand binding, which is observed even if the C-domain of Usp is deleted. RXR, which can partially replace Usp function, confers high affinity ligand binding only in the presence of an EcRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Azoitei
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Cranna N, Quinn L. Impact of steroid hormone signals on Drosophila cell cycle during development. Cell Div 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19154610 PMCID: PMC2647916 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis of Drosophila involves proliferation, differentiation and death of larval tissues in order to form the adult fly. The major steroid hormone implicated in the larval-pupal transition and adult tissue modelling is ecdysone. Previous reviews have draw together studies connecting ecdysone signaling to the processes of apoptosis and differentiation. Here we discuss those reports connecting the ecdysone pulse to developmentally regulated cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cranna
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
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13
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Dutko-Gwóźdź J, Gwóźdź T, Orłowski M, Greb-Markiewicz B, Duś D, Dobrucki J, Ozyhar A. The variety of complexes formed by EcR and Usp nuclear receptors in the nuclei of living cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 294:45-51. [PMID: 18771703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimer of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (Usp), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is considered to be functional receptor for the ecdysteroids that coordinate essential biological processes in insects. In this work we have applied a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) method to directly analyze the formation of the EcR/Usp complex. The BiFC experiments were carried out in mammalian cells which are routinely used for heterologous studies of the EcR/Usp complex, including experiments on EcR-based artificial molecular gene switches. BiFC analysis, supported by flow cytometry, revealed that EcR-Usp interaction is nuclei-restricted. If expressed separately, Usp and EcR are able to form nuclear complexes in the absence of the cognate dimerization partner. We have observed that Muristerone A that is widely used for the induction of ecdysteroid-dependent transcription in mammalian cells, does not significantly change the number of EcR/Usp and EcR/EcR complexes, and it does not influence their subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dutko-Gwóźdź
- Department of Biochemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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14
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Nieva C, Spindler-Barth M, Azoitei A, Spindler KD. Influence of hormone on intracellular localization of the Drosophila melanogaster ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). Cell Signal 2007; 19:2582-7. [PMID: 17884338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of hormone the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) is distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Addition of the hormone muristerone A increases nuclear localization of wild type EcR within 5-10 min. Mutation of M504 to alanine, an amino acid, which is essential for ligand binding and which is situated in helix 5 of the ligand binding domain, abolishes hormone binding but still allows nuclear localization at only slightly reduced levels in the absence of hormone, whereas nuclear localization of EcR(M504R) is nearly abolished. Cotransfection with ultraspiracle (USP), the invertebrate ortholog of RXR, leads to exclusively nuclear localization of wild type EcR and EcR(M504A) indicating that basal heterodimerization in the absence of hormone is still possible. In the presence of Usp, EcR(M504R) is only partially localized in the nucleus. EMSA experiments show that the ligand muristerone A enhances binding of wild type EcR, but only slightly of mutated EcRs, to the canonical hsp 27 ecdysone response element. This is confirmed by transactivation studies. The results indicate that the architecture of the E-domain of EcR is important for nuclear localization even in the absence of a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nieva
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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15
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Cronauer MV, Braun S, Tremmel C, Kröncke KD, Spindler-Barth M. Nuclear localization and DNA binding of ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 65:125-33. [PMID: 17570142 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Ecdysone receptor (EcR) is distributed between cytoplasm and nucleus in CHO cells. Nuclear localization is increased by the ligand Muristerone A. The most important heterodimerization partner Ultraspiracle (Usp) is localized predominantly in the nucleus. We used the diethylentriamine nitric oxide adduct DETA/NO, which releases NO and destroys the zinc-finger structure of nuclear receptors, to investigate whether nuclear EcR and Usp interact with DNA. If expressed separately, Usp and EcR in the absence of hormone do not interact with DNA. The hormone-induced increase in nuclear EcR is due to enhanced DNA binding. In the presence of Usp, EcR is shifted nearly quantitatively into the nucleus. Only a fraction (approximately 30%) of the heterodimer is sensitive to DETA/NO. Interaction of the heterodimer with DNA is mediated mainly by the C-domain of EcR. Deletion of the DNA-binding domain of Usp only slightly reduces nuclear localization of EcR/Usp, although the nuclear localization signal of Usp is not present anymore. The results indicate that EcR and Usp can enter the nucleus independently, but cotransport of both receptors mediated by dimerization via the ligand binding domains is possible even in the absence of hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Cronauer
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Jakób M, Kołodziejczyk R, Orłowski M, Krzywda S, Kowalska A, Dutko-Gwóźdź J, Gwóźdź T, Kochman M, Jaskólski M, Ożyhar A. Novel DNA-binding element within the C-terminal extension of the nuclear receptor DNA-binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:2705-18. [PMID: 17426125 PMCID: PMC1885670 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimer of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (Usp), members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, is considered as the functional receptor for ecdysteroids initiating molting and metamorphosis in insects. Here we report the 1.95 A structure of the complex formed by the DNA-binding domains (DBDs) the EcR and the Usp, bound to the natural pseudopalindromic response element. Comparison of the structure with that obtained previously, using an idealized response element, shows how the EcRDBD, which has been previously reported to possess extraordinary flexibility, accommodates DNA-induced structural changes. Part of the C-terminal extension (CTE) of the EcRDBD folds into an alpha-helix whose location in the minor groove does not match any of the locations previously observed for nuclear receptors. Mutational analyses suggest that the alpha-helix is a component of EcR-box, a novel element indispensable for DNA-binding and located within the nuclear receptor CTE. This element seems to be a general feature of all known EcRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Jakób
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Orłowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Krzywda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowalska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Dutko-Gwóźdź
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gwóźdź
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marian Kochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskólski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Gwóźdź T, Dutko-Gwóźdź J, Nieva C, Betańska K, Orłowski M, Kowalska A, Dobrucki J, Spindler-Barth M, Spindler KD, Ozyhar A. EcR and Usp, components of the ecdysteroid nuclear receptor complex, exhibit differential distribution of molecular determinants directing subcellular trafficking. Cell Signal 2006; 19:490-503. [PMID: 17011166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids coordinate development, reproduction and other essential biological processes in insects and other arthropods through the receptor which is a heterodimer of two members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and the Ultraspiracle (Usp). Although the transcriptionally active EcR/Usp heterocomplex is believed to be the only functional form of the receptor, there are data indicating that EcR may be involved in the mediation of the non-genomic effects outside of the nucleus. Since the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling could be a key element determining participation of the single nuclear receptor molecule both in the genomic and non-genomic functions we have analyzed nuclear import and export properties of the EcR and Usp from Drosophila melanogaster. We show for the first time that both receptors exhibit differential distribution of the nuclear localization and nuclear export signals (NLSs and NESs). In particular, the Usp which exhibits exclusively nuclear localization in all cell types analyzed, contains apparently only NLS activity within the DNA-binding domain. In contrast, the three known EcR isoforms (A, B1 and B2) are mosaics of elements which can potentially mediate their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. We have found two active NESs in ligand binding domain and NLS activity within the DNA-binding domain of all isoforms. Simultaneously we demonstrate that B1 and A isoforms possess an additional NLS activity localized in AB regions. We speculate that this characteristic, along with the previously reported structural pliability of the EcR molecule, allows the single receptor to evoke many different genomic as well as non-genomic ecdysteroid-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gwóźdź
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Kim HW, Lee SG, Mykles DL. Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 242:80-95. [PMID: 16150535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the potential role of the steroid molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in regulating molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, full-length cDNAs encoding retinoid-X receptor (Gl-RXR) and E75 early ecdysone inducible gene (Gl-E75) were obtained from land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) skeletal muscle mRNA using RT-PCR and 3' and 5' RACE. Gl-E75A (3528bp), which encoded a protein of 828 amino acids, had highest sequence identity to Me-E75A from a shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). It was expressed in skeletal muscle and gonads. The deduced amino acid sequence of Gl-RXR was highly similar to that of the fiddler crab RXR (Up-RXR) and insect ultraspiracle (USP). Nine variant sequences occurred in Gl-RXR mRNAs at three alternative splicing sites, one in the "T box" in the linker D domain and two in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The three T-box variants, termed T(+8), T(+7), and T(+12), contained insertions of 8, 7, or 12 amino acids, respectively. Four variants were generated at the first site in the LBD. Two of the LBD site 1 variants differed in the presence (+33) or absence (-33) of a 33-amino acid sequence; the other two were LBD truncations with or without the 33 amino acid sequence (+33DeltaE/F and -33DeltaE/F, respectively). Two variants differing in the presence (+35) or absence (-35) of a 35-amino acid sequence were generated at the second site in the LBD. The Gl-RXRa isoform (1516 bp) with the longest open reading frame (+12/+33/+35) encoded a protein of 436 amino acids. Thoracic muscle expressed only isoforms with the T(+12) sequence. In contrast, claw muscle expressed isoforms with T(+7) or T(+12) and fewer isoforms with T(+8). Ovary and testis expressed a greater number of RXR isoforms than skeletal muscle. All tissues expressed full-length and truncated RXR isoforms. These data suggest that differences in response of claw and thoracic muscles to elevated ecdysteroid are due in part to differences in the expression of RXR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Greb-Markiewicz B, Fauth T, Spindler-Barth M. Ligand binding is without effect on complex formation of the ligand binding domain of the ecdysone receptor (EcR). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 59:1-11. [PMID: 15822096 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-binding domain (LBD) encompassing the C-terminal parts of the D- and the complete E-domains of the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) fused to Gal4(AD) is present in two high molecular weight complexes (600 and 150 kDa) in yeast extracts according to size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 200 HR 10/30). Hormone binding is mainly associated with 150-kDa complexes. Complex formation is not influenced by hormone, but the ligand stabilizes the complexes at elevated salt concentrations. Mutational analysis of Gal4(AD)-EcR(LBD) revealed that formation of 600-kDa, but not 150-kDa, complexes depends on dimerization mediated by the EcR(LBD). Deletion of helix 12 is without effect. Mutation of K497 in helix 4, known to be essential for comodulator binding, abolishes 600-KDa complexes, but does not interfere with the formation of 150-kDa complexes. In contrast, the DE-domains of USP fused to Gal4(DBD) elute as monomer after elimination of the dimerization capacity of the ligand-binding domains by mutation of P463 in helix 10. The data presented here reveal that the complex formation of ligand-binding domains EcR and USP ligand is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Greb-Markiewicz
- Department of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Palli SR, Hormann RE, Schlattner U, Lezzi M. Ecdysteroid Receptors and their Applications in Agriculture and Medicine. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2005; 73:59-100. [PMID: 16399408 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(05)73003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subba R Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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