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Sun Q, Guo H, Xia Q, Jiang L, Zhao P. Transcriptome analysis of the immune response of silkworm at the early stage of Bombyx mori bidensovirus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103601. [PMID: 31899306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) infects silkworm midgut and causes chronic flacherie disease; however, the interaction between BmBDV and silkworm is unclear. Twenty-four hours after BmBDV infection, the midgut was extracted for RNA-seq to analyze the factors associated with BmBDV-invasion and the early antiviral immune response in silkworms. The total reads from each sample were more than 16100000 and the number of expressed genes exceeded 8200. There were 334 upregulated and 272 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology analysis of DEGs showed that structural constituents of cuticle, antioxidant, and immune system processes were upregulated. Further analysis revealed BmBDV-mediated induction of BmorCPR23 and BmorCPR44, suggesting possible involvement in viral invasion. Antioxidant genes that protect host cells from virus-induced oxidative stress, were significantly upregulated after BmBDV infection. Several genes related to peroxisomes, apoptosis, and autophagy-which may be involved in antiviral immunity-were induced by BmBDV. These results provide insights into the mechanism of BmBDV infection and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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2
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Chen TT, Tan LR, Hu N, Dong ZQ, Hu ZG, Qin Q, Long JQ, Chen P, Xu AY, Pan MH, Lu C. Specific genes related to nucleopolyhedrovirus in Bombyx mori susceptible and near-isogenic resistant strains through comparative transcriptome analysis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:473-484. [PMID: 30632225 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the primary pathogens that causes severe economic losses to sericulture. Comparative transcriptomics analysis has been widely applied to explore the antiviral mechanism in resistant strains. Here, to identify genes involved in BmNPV infection, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) between two Bombyx mori strains: strain 871 (susceptible to BmNPV infection) and the near-isogenic strain 871C (resistant to BmNPV). Our results showed that 400 genes were associated with resistance in strain 871C, and 76 genes were related to susceptibility in strain 871. In addition, the correlation analysis of DEGs and WGCNA showed that 40 genes related to resistance were highly expressed in the resistant strain. Among them, gene BGIBMGA004291 was the most noticeable. We further identified the effect of gene BGIBMGA004291, which encoded a multiprotein bridge factor 2 (MBF2) family member (MBF2-10), on viral infection in cells. Our data suggested that MBF2-10 inhibited viral infection. Taken together, this study showed specific module trait correlations related to viral infection in strains 871 and 871C, and we identified a resistance-related gene. These findings suggested promising candidate genes with antiviral activity, aiding in the analysis of the antiviral molecular mechanisms in resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-T Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - L-R Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - N Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z-Q Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z-G Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-Q Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - P Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - A-Y Xu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu, China
| | - M-H Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Sun Q, Jiang L, Guo H, Xia F, Wang B, Wang Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Increased antiviral capacity of transgenic silkworm via knockdown of multiple genes on Bombyx mori bidensovirus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:188-192. [PMID: 29944898 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) causes fatal flacherie disease leading to severe economic losses in sericultures. The BmDNV-Z genome contains two single-stranded DNA molecules, VD1 and VD2. For generating silkworm lines with antiviral properties, two transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) vectors were constructed. Open reading frames (ORFs) 1-4 of VD1 were knockdown by vector pb-BDV1 while ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF3 of VD2 were knockdown by vector pb-BDV2. Transgenic silkworm lines BDV1-I and BDV2-I were generated via RNAi microinjection. Mortality rates of BDV1-I and BDV2-I were reduced by 45% and 39%, respectively, and quantitative PCR showed that VD1 and VD2 contents in BDV1-I and BDV2-I were significantly lower than in the non-transgenic line. However, economic traits showed no obvious differences. Thus, knockdown of multiple BmDNV-Z genes provides strong resistance to BDV1-I and BDV2-I lines, and these can be used in sericulture without hampering silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Huizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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4
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Feng C, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhai H, Wang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Tang T. Clip domain prophenoloxidase activating protease is required for Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée to defend against bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:204-215. [PMID: 30017863 PMCID: PMC6093219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activating system in insects plays an important role in defense against microbial invasion. In this paper, we identified a PPO activating protease (designated OfPAP) containing a 1203 bp open reading frame encoding a 400-residue protein composed of two clip domains and a C-terminal serine protease domain from Ostrinia furnacalis. SignalP analysis revealed a putative signal peptide of 18 residues. The mature OfPAP was predicted to be 382 residues long with a calculated Mr of 44.8 kDa and pI of 6.66. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that OfPAP was orthologous to the PAPs in the other lepidopterans. A large increase of the transcript levels was observed in hemocytes at 4 h post injection (hpi) of killed Bacillus subtilis, whereas its level in integument increased continuously from 4 to 12 hpi in the challenged larvae and began to decline at 24 hpi. After OfPAP expression had been silenced, the median lethal time (LT50) of Escherichia coli-infected larvae (1.0 day) became significantly lower than that of E. coli-infected wild-type (3.0 days, p < 0.01). A 3.5-fold increase in E. coli colony forming units occurred in larval hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae, as compared with that of the control larvae not injected with dsRNA. There were notable decreases in PO and IEARase activities in hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae. In summary, we have demonstrated that OfPAP is a component of the PPO activation system, likely by functioning as a PPO activating protease in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Huifeng Zhai
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Hu H, Bienefeld K, Wegener J, Zautke F, Hao Y, Feng M, Han B, Fang Y, Wubie AJ, Li J. Proteome Analysis of the Hemolymph, Mushroom Body, and Antenna Provides Novel Insight into Honeybee Resistance against Varroa Infestation. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2841-54. [PMID: 27384112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Varroa destructor has been identified as a major culprit responsible for the losses of millions of honeybee colonies. Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) is a suite of behaviors from adult bees to suppress mite reproduction by uncapping and/or removing mite infested pupae from a sealed brood. Despite the efforts to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of VSH, they remain largely unknown. We investigated the proteome of mushroom bodies (MBs) and antennae of adult bees with and without VSH from a stock selected for VSH based on their response to artificially Varroa-infected brood cells by near-infrared camera observation. The pupal hemolymph proteome was also compared between the VSH-line and the line that was not selected for VSH. The identified 8609 proteins in the hemolymph, MBs, and antennae represent the most depth coverage of the honeybee proteome (>55%) to date. In the hemolymph, the VSH-line adapts a unique strategy to boost the social immunity and drive pupal organogenesis by enhancing energy metabolism and protein biosynthesis. In MBs, the up-regulated proteins implicated in neuronal sensitivity suggest their roles to promote the execution of VSH by activation of synaptic vesicles and calcium channel activities. In antennae, the highly expressed proteins associated with sensitivity of olfactory senses and signal transmissions signify their roles by inputting a strong signal to the MBs for initiating VSH. These observations illustrate that the enhanced social immunities and olfactory and neuronal sensitivity play key roles in the combat against Varroa infestation. The identified candidate markers may be useful for accelerating marker-associated selection for VSH to aid in resistance to a parasite responsible for decline in honeybee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kaspar Bienefeld
- Institute for Bee ResearchHohen Neuendorf , F.-Engels-Strasse 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Jakob Wegener
- Institute for Bee ResearchHohen Neuendorf , F.-Engels-Strasse 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Fred Zautke
- Institute for Bee ResearchHohen Neuendorf , F.-Engels-Strasse 32, 16540 Hohen Neuendorf, Germany
| | - Yue Hao
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mao Feng
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Han
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Abebe Jenberie Wubie
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China
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6
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Tang XD, Yue YJ, Wang W, Li N, Shen ZY. A comparison of virus genome sequences with their host silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2016; 576:60-3. [PMID: 26432002 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the recent availability of the genomes of many viruses and the silkworm, Bombyx mori, as well as a variety of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) programs, a new opportunity to gain insight into the interaction of viruses with the silkworm is possible. This study aims to determine the possible existence of sequence identities between the genomes of viruses and the silkworm and attempts to explain this phenomenon. BLAST searches of the genomes of viruses against the silkworm genome were performed using the resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. All studied viruses contained variable numbers of short regions with sequence identity to the genome of the silkworm. The short regions of sequence identity in the genome of the silkworm may be derived from the genomes of viruses in the long history of silkworm-virus interaction. This study is the first to compare these genomes, and may contribute to research on the interaction between viruses and the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ya-Jie Yue
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Li
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Silkworm and Mulberry of Agricultural Ministry, Zhenjiang 212003, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Selection of reference genes for analysis of stress-responsive genes after challenge with viruses and temperature changes in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Liu S, Yang B, Luo J, Tang J, Wu J. A Comparative Study on the Population Fitness of Three Strains of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Differ in Eye Color-Related Genes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1675-1682. [PMID: 26470308 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a destructive insect pest on rice throughout Asia. As a visible genetic marker, red eye mutant colony of brown planthopper is a valuable material. Here, we established the near-isogenic lines, NIL-BB and NIL-rr, through mating red eye females to brown eye brothers for eight successive generations. Biological experiments showed that NIL-BB had big fitness cost; however, NIL-rr had comparable survival and fertility parameters with BB, a normal laboratory brown planthopper strain. Significantly lower number eggs per female and egg hatchability were the key factors resulting in big fitness cost of NIL-BB. The population trend indexes of BB, NIL-rr, and NIL-BB were 52.18, 43.80, and 4.19, respectively. Real-time PCR study suggested that the poorer fertility of NIL-BB was not mediated by the differential expression of genes relating to oogenesis. The stronger fitness of NIL-rr compared with NIL-BB may be caused by the eye mutant gene or its closely linked genes having stronger compensation ability for reproduction. The comparable fitness of NIL-rr with BB indicated that NIL-rr may be used in field research. The NIL-BB strain with significantly declined fecundity and survival ability can be used as study model for the signal pathways relating to fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Baojun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ju Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jincai Wu
- School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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9
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Hu X, Zhu M, Wang S, Zhu L, Xue R, Cao G, Gong C. Proteomics analysis of digestive juice from silkworm during Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:2691-700. [PMID: 25914115 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have analyzed the midgut transcriptome and proteome after challenge with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), however little information is available on the digestive juice proteome after BmNPV challenge. This study investigated BmNPV infection-induced protein changes in the digestive juice of silkworms using shotgun proteomics and MS sequencing. From the digestive juice of normal third-day, fifth-instar silkworm larvae, 75 proteins were identified, 44 of which were unknown; from larvae 6 h after inoculation with BmNPV, 106 proteins were identified, of which 39 were unknown. After BmNPV challenge, more secreted proteins appeared that had antiviral and digestive features. GO annotation analysis clustered most proteins in the lumen into catalytic, binding, and metabolic processes. Numerous proteins were reported to have BmNPV interactions. Hsp70 protein cognate, lipase-1, and chlorophyllide A-binding protein precursor were upregulated significantly after BmNPV challenge. Levels of trypsin-like serine protease, beta-1,3-glucanase, catalase, and serine protease transcripts decreased or were not significantly change after BmNPV challenge. Taken together, these findings provided insights into the interaction between host and BmNPV and revealed potential functions of digestive juice after per os BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Simei Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Kolliopoulou A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Stravopodis DJ, Deforce D, Swevers L, Smagghe G. Transcriptome analysis of Bombyx mori larval midgut during persistent and pathogenic cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121447. [PMID: 25816294 PMCID: PMC4376736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects can be persistently infected with viruses but do not show any obvious adverse effects with respect to physiology, development or reproduction. Here, Bombyx mori strain Daizo, persistently infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV), was used to study the host's transcriptional response after pathogenic infection with the same virus in midgut tissue of larvae persistently and pathogenically infected as 2nd and 4th instars. Next generation sequencing revealed that from 13,769 expressed genes, 167 were upregulated and 141 downregulated in both larval instars following pathogenic infection. Several genes that could possibly be involved in B. mori immune response against BmCPV or that may be induced by the virus in order to increase infectivity were identified, whereas classification of differentially expressed transcripts (confirmed by qRT-PCR) resulted in gene categories related to physical barriers, immune responses, proteolytic/metabolic enzymes, heat-shock proteins, hormonal signaling and uncharacterized proteins. Comparison of our data with the available literature (pathogenic infection of persistently vs. non-persistently infected larvae) unveiled various similarities of response in both cases, which suggests that pre-existing persistent infection does not affect in a major way the transcriptome response against pathogenic infection. To investigate the possible host's RNAi response against BmCPV challenge, the differential expression of RNAi-related genes and the accumulation of viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) were studied. During pathogenic infection, siRNA-like traces like the 2-fold up-regulation of the core RNAi genes Ago-2 and Dcr-2 as well as a peak of 20 nt small RNAs were observed. Interestingly, vsRNAs of the same size were detected at lower rates in persistently infected larvae. Collectively, our data provide an initial assessment of the relative significance of persistent infection of silkworm larvae on the host response following pathogenic infection with CPV, while they also highlight the relative importance of RNAi as an antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios J. Stravopodis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Wang W, Liu SL, Liu YY, Qiao CL, Chen SL, Cui F. Over-transcription of genes in a parathion-resistant strain of mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:150-156. [PMID: 24431295 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an evolutionary adaptation that develops quite quickly in mosquitoes because of the high selection pressure of chemical insecticides, rapid generation time and large population size. Identification of genes associated with insecticide resistance is fundamental to understand the complex processes responsible for resistance. We compared the gene transcriptional profiles of parathion-resistant and -susceptible Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus using a combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray techniques. A total of 278 colonies were selected from the resistant-susceptible mosquito subtractive library, 38 of which showed more than two fold stronger immunoblotting signals in the resistant strain than in the susceptible strain using cDNA microarray selection. The sequencing results showed that the 38 colonies can be matched to 12 genes of C. p. quinquefasciatus. Eight genes were confirmed to be overexpressed by more than two fold in the resistant strain. These genes encode chymotrypsin-1, theta glutathione S-transferase, lipase 3, larval serum protein 1 β chain, cytochrome b, mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit, 28S rRNA, and a protein with unknown function. This study serves as a preliminary attempt to identify new genes associated with organophosphate resistance in this mosquito species and provides insights into the complicated physiological phenomenon of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Determination of the proteins encoded by BmBDV VD1-ORF4 and their interacting proteins in BmBDV-infected midguts. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:623-9. [PMID: 25561406 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) VD1-ORF4 consists of 3,318 nucleotides, which codes for a predicted protein with molecular weight of about 127 kDa. However, the authentic proteins encoded by VD1-ORF4 in silkworm midguts infected with BmBDV and their interacting proteins are still unclear. In this study, Western blot analysis revealed that a 127-kDa protein was confirmed to be translated from the VD1-ORF4 transcript using polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies against VD1-ORF4 deduced amino acid. Moreover, four smaller proteins with molecular weight of about 70, 60, 53, and 42 kDa were also examined in the infected midguts. Transient expression assay indicated that the expression amount of VD1-ORF4 fused with egfp was at least 30-fold lower than that of egfp gene, and immunofluorescence staining result indicated that these proteins encoded by VD1-ORF4 were located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Co-immunoprecipitation result showed that Aminopeptidase and Heat shock protein 90 can be captured by these proteins encoded by VD1-ORF4. In conclusion, multiple proteins were produced from the transcripts of VD1-ORF4 gene by an uncertain expression strategy, which may play important roles in viral replication and assembly.
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Ren X, Hughes GL, Niu G, Suzuki Y, Rasgon JL. Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV) has negligible effects on adult survival and transcriptome of its mosquito host. PeerJ 2014; 2:e584. [PMID: 25279264 PMCID: PMC4179393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito densoviruses (DNVs) are candidate agents for paratransgenic control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Unlike other mosquito DNVs, the Anopheles gambiae DNV (AgDNV) is non-pathogenic to larval mosquitoes. However, the cost of infection upon adults and the molecular mechanisms underpinning infection in the mosquito host are unknown. Using life table analysis, we show that AgDNV infection has minimal effects on An. gambiae survival (no significant effect in 2 replicates and a slight 2 day survival decrease in the third replicate). Using microarrays, we show that AgDNV has very minimal effect on the adult mosquito transcriptome, with only 4-15 genes differentially regulated depending on the statistical criteria imposed. The minimal impact upon global transcription provides some mechanistic understanding of lack of virus pathogenicity, suggesting a long co-evolutionary history that has shifted towards avirulence. From an applied standpoint, lack of strong induced fitness costs makes AgDNV an attractive agent for paratransgenic malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Ren
- Pharmaceutics International Inc., Hunt Valley, MD, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Guodong Niu
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Lu A, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Yang B, Wu K, Xie W, Luan YX, Ling E. Insect prophenoloxidase: the view beyond immunity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:252. [PMID: 25071597 PMCID: PMC4092376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect prophenoloxidase (PPO) is an important innate immunity protein due to its involvement in cellular and humoral defense. It belongs to a group of type-3 copper-containing proteins that occurs in almost all organisms. Insect PPO has been studied for over a century, and the PPO activation cascade is becoming clearer. The insect PPO activation pathway incorporates several important proteins, including pattern-recognition receptors (PGRP, β GRP, and C-type lectins), serine proteases, and serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Due to their complexity, PPO activation mechanisms vary among insect species. Activated phenoloxidase (PO) oxidizes phenolic molecules to produce melanin around invading pathogens and wounds. The crystal structure of Manduca sexta PPO shows that a conserved amino acid, phenylalanine (F), can block the active site pocket. During activation, this blocker must be dislodged or even cleaved at the N-terminal sequence to expose the active site pockets and allow substrates to enter. Thanks to the crystal structure of M. sexta PPO, some domains and specific amino acids that affect PPO activities have been identified. Further studies of the relationship between PPO structure and enzyme activities will provide an opportunity to examine other type-3 copper proteins, and trace when and why their various physiological functions evolved. Recent researches show that insect PPO has a relationship with neuron activity, longevity, feces melanization (phytophagous insects) and development, which suggests that it is time for us to look back on insect PPO beyond the view of immunity in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anrui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
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15
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Nguyen Q, Chan LCL, Nielsen LK, Reid S. Genome scale analysis of differential mRNA expression of Helicoverpa zea insect cells infected with a H. armigera baculovirus. Virology 2013; 444:158-70. [PMID: 23827436 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of baculovirus-insect host interactions at a genome-scale level is important for developing a number of baculovirus-based applications, but the gathering of such knowledge is hindered by the lack of genomic sequences in most insect hosts. In this study, expression kinetics of 24,206 Helicoverpa zea insect transcripts and 134 Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) genes at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h post-infection (hpi) were simultaneously analyzed using microarrays, which were developed from sequences obtained by deep transcriptome sequencing. Host genes in pathways important for infection such as those for energy generation, anti-viral peptides, apoptosis, detoxification, DNA polymerase activities, RNA polymerase activities, translation initiation, protein processing and cell cycle arrest were identified. Differential expression was linked to changes in the number of intracellular and extracellular viral genomes and occlusion bodies. The first comprehensive elucidation of HearNPV-H. zea expression kinetics was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Nguyen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Building 75, Corner College/Cooper Road, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Lü P, Xia H, Gao L, Pan Y, Wang Y, Cheng X, Lü H, Lin F, Chen L, Yao Q, Liu X, Tang Q, Chen K. V-ATPase Is Involved in Silkworm Defense Response against Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64962. [PMID: 23823190 PMCID: PMC3688796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworms are usually susceptible to the infection of Bombyx mori (B. mori) nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), which can cause significant economic loss. However, some silkworm strains are identified to be highly resistant to BmNPV. To explore the silkworm genes involved in this resistance in the present study, we performed comparative real-time PCR, ATPase assay, over-expression and sub-cellular localization experiments. We found that when inoculated with BmNPV both the expression and activity of V-ATPase were significantly up-regulated in the midgut column cells (not the goblet cells) of BmNPV-resistant strains (NB and BC8), the main sites for the first step of BmNPV invasion, but not in those of a BmNPV-susceptible strain 306. Furthermore, this up-regulation mainly took place during the first 24 hours post inoculation (hpi), the essential period required for establishment of virus infection, and then was down-regulated to normal levels. Amazingly, transient over-expression of V-ATPase c subunit in BmNPV-infected silkworm cells could significantly inhibit BmNPV proliferation. To our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating clearly that V-ATPase is indeed involved in the defense response against BmNPV. Our data further suggests that prompt and potent regulation of V-ATPase may be essential for execution of this response, which may enable fast acidification of endosomes and/or lysosomes to render them competent for degradation of invading viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lü
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ye Pan
- The Laboratory Animal Research Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xin Cheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Applied Fermentation Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Honggang Lü
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qi Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Bao YY, Chen LB, Wu WJ, Zhao D, Wang Y, Qin X, Zhang CX. Direct interactions between bidensovirus BmDNV-Z proteins and midgut proteins from the virus target Bombyx mori. FEBS J 2013; 280:939-49. [PMID: 23216561 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we aimed to identify the protein-protein interactions between Bombyx mori midgut and the bidensovirus BmDNV-Z via a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system. To achieve this we constructed a Gal4 activation domain fusion library that expresses the host genes and Gal4 DNA binding domain fusion bait vectors that express BmDNV-Z genes. Y2H assay revealed 15 potential interactions between host and viral proteins. To verify the interactions, we modified and reconstructed a pair of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) vectors and achieved the co-expressions of the candidate host genes and viral genes in insect culture cells. The BiFC assay confirmed the specificity of the interactions including B. mori 35 kDa protease and two BmDNV-Z proteins encoded by VD1-ORF2 and VD2-ORF1; B. mori transgelin and BmDNV-Z protein encoded by VD2-ORF3; and B. mori serine protease precursor and BmDNV-Z encoded by VD2-ORF3 in vitro. Our findings revealed that the specific host midgut proteins are involved in the interactions between B. mori and BmDNV-Z, which will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of BmDNV-Z infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuan Bao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ponnuvel KM, Nithya K, Sirigineedi S, Awasthi AK, Yamakawa M. In vitro antiviral activity of an alkaline trypsin from the digestive juice of Bombyx mori larvae against nucleopolyhedrovirus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 81:90-104. [PMID: 22898997 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline trypsin protein of molecular mass 25,436 Da purified from the digestive juice of Bombyx mori larvae indicated strong antiviral activity against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) under in vitro conditions. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was determined and the cDNA was cloned based on the amino acid sequence. A homology search of the deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed 55% identity with Helicoverpa armigera trypsin and the active site of this protein was completely conserved. Hence, the protein was designated B. mori trypsin (Bmtryp). The results suggest that Bmtryp, an insect digestive enzyme, can be a potential antiviral factor against BmNPV at the initial site of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangayam M Ponnuvel
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Carmelaram-Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, India.
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Popham HJR, Sun R, Shelby KS, Robertson JD. Iron levels change in larval Heliothis virescens tissues following baculovirus infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:356-62. [PMID: 22407466 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and (59)Fe radiotracers were used to investigate changes in levels of Fe in the tissues of 4th instar Heliothis virescens larvae following infection with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV) or with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Baculovirus infection led to significant changes in hemolymph Fe levels late in infection. (24)Na radiotracer ingested by 4th instar larvae was rapidly cleared to nearly undetectable levels 6 h post-ingestion. In contrast, (59)Fe radiotracer fed to 4th instar larvae declined within the first few hours of ingestion and then remained constant at approximately 60% of the initial tracer activity. While Fe radiotracer levels among larval tissues changed, whole insect tracer levels did not decline from 6 to 60 h post-ingestion. Tissues from HzSNPV larvae had higher radiotracer levels in the hemolymph and midgut 36 and 60 h post-infection. The protein-bound/free ratio of (59)Fe was significantly higher in baculovirus infected hemolymph than in uninfected hemolymph at 60 h post-infection, indicating that Fe released from damaged cells is protein-bound. In both studies, hemolymph Fe levels were higher in HzSNPV infected larvae. This first study of tissue Fe levels during viral infection of an insect clearly demonstrates that Fe homeostasis is substantially disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J R Popham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Rd., Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
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20
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Popham HJR, Sun R, Shelby KS, Robertson JD. Changes in trace metals in hemolymph of baculovirus-infected noctuid larvae. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:325-34. [PMID: 22083423 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied how biologically relevant trace metals (i.e., micronutrients) in the hemolymph of larval Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) changed in response to per os baculovirus infection, larval development, and injection of heat-killed bacteria. Concentrations of hemolymph Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Zn were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. H. virescens larvae exhibited greater fluctuations in hemolymph trace metal levels in response to baculovirus infection and development than did H. zea larvae. H. zea single nucleopolyhedrosis virus infection significantly altered the levels of Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn in fourth instar H. virescens larvae. Conversely, in fifth instar H. virescens and both H. zea instar infections, no metal levels were significantly different between infected and uninfected larvae. In fourth instar H. virescens hemolymph, Cu, Fe, Mo, and Zn increased during development. Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn levels changed significantly during development in fifth instar H. virescens as well as both H. zea instars. Based on this analysis, metals were identified whose levels changed during development in both species and during the immune response of H. virescens larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J R Popham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, 1503 S. Providence Rd., Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
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Chen HQ, Yao Q, Bao F, Chen KP, Liu XY, Li J, Wang L. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Silkworm in Its Susceptibility and Resistance Responses to Bombyx mori Densonucleosis Virus. Intervirology 2012; 55:21-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000322381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Li ZW, Li X, Yu QY, Xiang ZH, Kishino H, Zhang Z. The small heat shock protein (sHSP) genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and comparative analysis with other insect sHSP genes. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:215. [PMID: 19715580 PMCID: PMC2745388 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are products of heat shock response and of other stress responses, and ubiquitous in all three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. They mainly function as molecular chaperones to protect proteins from being denatured in extreme conditions. Study on insect sHSPs could provide some insights into evolution of insects that have adapted to diverse niches in the world. Results Taking advantage of the newly assembled genome sequence, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the candidate sHSP genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Based on known silkworm sHSP sequences, we identified 16 silkworm sHSP genes. Most of them are distributed on two silkworm chromosomes 5 and 27, respectively. 15 of 16 silkworm sHSPs have expression evidence. The comparative analysis of insect sHSPs from B. mori, Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, Tribolium castaneum, and Anopheles gambiae revealed that there is only one orthologous cluster whereas remaining clusters are species-specific on the phylogenetic tree. This suggested that most of sHSPs might have diverged in function across insects investigated. In addition, the data presented in this study also revealed that sHSPs in the insect orthologous cluster are highly conserved in both sequence and expression pattern. In sum, insect sHSPs show a completely different evolutionary pattern from that found in vertebrate sHSPs. Conclusion B. mori has the largest number of insect sHSP genes characterized to date, including 16 genes. The inference that most species-specific sHSPs might have diverged in function across insects investigated will help us understand the adaptability of these insects to diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wen Li
- The Key Sericultural Laboratory of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Shelby KS, Popham HJ. Analysis of ESTs generated from immune-stimulated hemocytes of larval Heliothis virescens. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 101:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bao YY, Tang XD, Lv ZY, Wang XY, Tian CH, Xu YP, Zhang CX. Gene expression profiling of resistant and susceptible Bombyx mori strains reveals nucleopolyhedrovirus-associated variations in host gene transcript levels. Genomics 2009; 94:138-45. [PMID: 19389468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated variations in the gene expression of Bombyx mori following infection with a nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Two B. mori strains, KN and 306, which are highly resistant and susceptible to BmNPV infection, respectively, were used in this study. The infection profiles of BmNPV in the B. mori KN and 306 larvae revealed that the virus invaded the midguts of both these strains. However, its proliferation was notably inhibited in the midgut of the resistant strain. By using the suppression subtractive hybridization method, two cDNA libraries were constructed in order to compare the BmNPV responsive gene expressions between the two silkworm lines. In total, 62 differentially expressed genes were obtained. Real-time qPCR analysis confirmed that eight genes were significantly up-regulated in the midgut of the KN strain following BmNPV infection. Our results imply that these up-regulated genes may be involved in the B. mori immune response against BmNPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
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