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Qin J, Yuchi Z. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Cimex lectularius Acetylcholinesterase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12498-12507. [PMID: 38771663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) stands as a primary target of commercial insecticides, notably organophosphates and carbamates. Despite their widespread use in agricultural and indoor pest control, concerns over their high toxicity and the emergence of resistance have restricted their efficacy. In this study, we conducted high-throughput virtual screening against both wild-type (WT) and resistant Cimex lectularius AChE utilizing a library encompassing 1 270 000 compounds. From this screening, we identified 100 candidate compounds and subsequently assessed their inhibitory effects on purified AChE enzymes. Among these candidates, AE027 emerged as a potent inhibitor against both WT and resistant AChE, exhibiting IC50 values of 10 and 43 μM, respectively. Moreover, the binding of AE027 significantly stabilized AChE, elevating its melting temperature by approximately 7 °C. Through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, we delineated the binding mode of AE027, revealing its interaction with a site adjacent to the catalytic center, which is distinct from known inhibitors, with differing poses observed between WT and resistant AChE. Notably, the resistance mutation F348Y, positioned at a site directly interfacing with AE027, impedes ligand binding through steric hindrance. Furthermore, we evaluated the toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of AE027 utilizing bioinformatics tools. These findings lay a crucial foundation for the development of a novel generation of insecticides that can combat both WT and resistant pest populations effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Yuchi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, People's Republic of China
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Hernandes N, Qi XM, Bhide S, Brown C, Camm BJ, Baxter SW, Robin C. Acetylcholine esterase of Drosophila melanogaster: a laboratory model to explore insecticide susceptibility gene drives. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2950-2964. [PMID: 38344908 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the proposed applications of gene drives has been to revert pesticide resistant mutations back to the ancestral susceptible state. Insecticides that have become ineffective because of the rise of resistance could have reinvigorated utility and be used to suppress pest populations again, perhaps at lower application doses. RESULTS We have created a laboratory model for susceptibility gene drives that replaces field-selected resistant variants of the acetylcholine esterase (Ace) locus of Drosophila melanogaster with ancestral susceptible variants. We constructed a CRISPR/Cas9 homing drive and found that homing occurred in many genetic backgrounds with varying efficiencies. While the drive itself could not be homozygous, it converted resistant alleles into susceptible ones and produced recessive lethal alleles that could suppress populations. Our studies provided evidence for two distinct classes of gene drive resistance (GDR): rather than being mediated by the conventional non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, one seemed to involve short homologous repair and the other was defined by genetic background. Additionally, we used simulations to explore a distinct application of susceptibility drives; the use of chemicals to prevent the spread of synthetic gene drives into protected areas. CONCLUSIONS Insecticide susceptibility gene drives could be useful tools to control pest insects however problems with particularities of target loci and GDR will need to be overcome for them to be effective. Furthermore, realistic patterns of pest dispersal and high insecticide exposure rates would be required if susceptibility were to be useful as a 'safety-switch' to prevent the unwanted spread of gene drives. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hernandes
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Mollyann Qi
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soumitra Bhide
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtney Brown
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Camm
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon W Baxter
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Robin
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ali HM, Abdel-Aty B, El-Sayed W, Mariy FM, Hegazy GM, Mohamed RA, Zoghly HM. Imidacloprid effects on acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Apis mellifera. Experimental and molecular modeling approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141899. [PMID: 38579952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Although the neonicotinoid insecticides have good selectivity towards insects rather than vertebrates, they have severe effects on honeybee production and pollination activities. Therefore, the effects of imidacloprid (IMI), the most used neonicotinoid, on the two main bioreceptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit (nAChRα1) of honeybees were examined to identify their roles in honeybee toxicity and possible binding sites which assist in selecting and designing neonicotinoids. In vivo, IMI showed a high inhibitory effect on AChE (IC50 5.63 mg/L); however, the effect was much lower in vitro experiment (IC50 719 mg/L). This result induced us to examine the IMI effect on AChE gene expression which revealed that the AChE-2 gene expression was severely affected by IMI explaining the observed high enzyme inhibition. In addition, although toxicity increased by increasing exposure to IMI (LC50 2.9 mg/L after 4h and 0.75 mg/L after 48h), AChE was not elevated (IC50 5.63 and 5.52 mg/L respectively). Besides, Despite resuming most enzyme activity (77% during 2 h and 84.14% after 4 h), a high mortality level was observed with LC50 2.9 mg/L. These results reinforced that the observed high toxicity is a multifactor process. Accordingly, Molecular modeling and docking of IMI into honeybee AChE and nAChRα1were also performed to examine their possible interactions and identify the important binding sites. Results models indicated that the first two binding sites in AChE were found in the esteratic subunit in the active site explaining the observed in vitro inhibition. In nAChRα1, four of the highest five free energy binding sites are located in the large TM3-TM4 loop and one in the extracellular loops. Consequently, the present work revealed that IMI toxicity is attributed to various factors including direct interaction with both AChE and nAChRα1 as well as downregulating AChE-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M Ali
- Agricultural Biochemistry Dept, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Basma Abdel-Aty
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa El-Sayed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faiza M Mariy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal M Hegazy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Mohamed
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M Zoghly
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
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Lee JH, Jeong IH, Lee DW, Lee SH, Yoon KA. Molecular, biochemical, and toxicological characterization of two acetylcholinesterases from the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105629. [PMID: 37945233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular and biochemical properties of two acetylcholinesterases (FoAChE1 and FoAChE2) from the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting confirmed the membrane-anchored nature of both FoAChE1 and FoAChE2, which was further supported by hydrophobicity and glycophosphatidylinositol anchor predictions. High expression levels of both enzymes were observed in the head, indicating their predominant distribution in neuronal tissues. FoAChE1 exhibited significantly higher expression levels in all examined tissues compared to FoAChE2, suggesting its major role as a synaptic enzyme. Nonetheless, both recombinant enzymes displayed robust catalytic activity toward acetylthiocholine iodide, and FoAChE1 demonstrated nearly identical catalytic efficiency compared to FoAChE2. FoAChE1 exhibited slightly lower sensitivities to the cholinesterase inhibitors tested, including organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates (CBs), compared to FoAChE2. Field populations of F. occidentalis exhibited polymorphism of alanine vs. serine at position 197 of FoAChE1 within the conserved oxyanion hole. Contrary to common belief, however, functional analysis using recombinant enzymes revealed that neither A197 nor S197 residue was associated with FoAChE1 insensitivity to OPs and CBs. FoAChE2 did not exhibit any polymorphic amino acid substitutions at the positions known to be associated with resistance. Due to the absence of apparent resistance-associated mutations in field populations of F. occidentalis, the judicious use of some OPs or CBs can be suggested for controlling the highly resistant populations to other insecticides. Overall, our findings highlight the significance of both FoAChE1 and FoAChE2 as targets for toxicity assessment, while the specific contribution of each enzyme to toxicity remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyeok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Will I, Attardo GM, de Bekker C. Multiomic interpretation of fungus-infected ant metabolomes during manipulated summit disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14363. [PMID: 37658067 PMCID: PMC10474057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Camponotus floridanus ants show altered behaviors followed by a fatal summiting phenotype when infected with manipulating Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani fungi. Host summiting as a strategy to increase transmission is also observed with parasite taxa beyond fungi, including aquatic and terrestrial helminths and baculoviruses. The drastic phenotypic changes can sometimes reflect significant molecular changes in gene expression and metabolite concentrations measured in manipulated hosts. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms still need to be fully characterized. To investigate the small molecules producing summiting behavior, we infected C. floridanus ants with O. camponoti-floridani and sampled their heads for LC-MS/MS when we observed the characteristic summiting phenotype. We link this metabolomic data with our previous genomic and transcriptomic data to propose mechanisms that underlie manipulated summiting behavior in "zombie ants." This "multiomic" evidence points toward the dysregulation of neurotransmitter levels and neuronal signaling. We propose that these processes are altered during infection and manipulation based on (1) differential expression of neurotransmitter synthesis and receptor genes, (2) altered abundance of metabolites and neurotransmitters (or their precursors) with known behavioral effects in ants and other insects, and (3) possible suppression of a connected immunity pathway. We additionally report signals for metabolic activity during manipulation related to primary metabolism, detoxification, and anti-stress protectants. Taken together, these findings suggest that host manipulation is likely a multi-faceted phenomenon, with key processes changing at multiple levels of molecular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Will
- Biology Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA.
| | - G M Attardo
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of California-Davis, Davis, USA
| | - C de Bekker
- Biology Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA.
- Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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6
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Kim S, Seong KM, Lee SH. Acetylcholine titre regulation by non-neuronal acetylcholinesterase 1 and its putative roles in honey bee physiology. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37130064 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Similar to other insects, honey bees have two acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), AmAChE1 and AmAChE2. The primary catalytic enzyme for acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis in synapses is AmAChE2, which is predominantly expressed in neuronal tissues, whereas AmAChE1 is expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, with limited catalytic activity. Unlike constitutively expressed AmAChE2, AmAChE1 expression is induced under stressful conditions such as heat shock and brood rearing suppression, but its role in regulating ACh titre remains unclear. In this paper, to elucidate the role of AmAChE1, the expression of AmAChE1 was suppressed via RNA interference (RNAi) in AmAChE1-induced worker bees. The ACh titre measurement following RNAi revealed that the expression of AmAChE1 downregulated the overall ACh titre in all tissues examined without altering AmAChE2 expression. Transcriptome analysis showed that AmAChE1 knockdown upregulated protein biosynthesis, cell respiration, and thermogenesis in the head. These findings suggest that AmAChE1 is involved in decreasing neuronal activity, enhancing energy conservation, and potentially extending longevity under stressful conditions via ACh titre regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keon Mook Seong
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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7
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Vidal-Albalat A, Kindahl T, Rajeshwari R, Lindgren C, Forsgren N, Kitur S, Tengo LS, Ekström F, Kamau L, Linusson A. Structure-Activity Relationships Reveal Beneficial Selectivity Profiles of Inhibitors Targeting Acetylcholinesterase of Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6333-6353. [PMID: 37094110 PMCID: PMC10184127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance jeopardizes the prevention of infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever by vector control of disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Effective new insecticidal compounds with minimal adverse effects on humans and the environment are therefore urgently needed. Here, we explore noncovalent inhibitors of the well-validated insecticidal target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based on a 4-thiazolidinone scaffold. The 4-thiazolidinones inhibit AChE1 from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti at low micromolar concentrations. Their selectivity depends primarily on the substitution pattern of the phenyl ring; halogen substituents have complex effects. The compounds also feature a pendant aliphatic amine that was important for activity; little variation of this group is tolerated. Molecular docking studies suggested that the tight selectivity profiles of these compounds are due to competition between two binding sites. Three 4-thiazolidinones tested for in vivo insecticidal activity had similar effects on disease-transmitting mosquitoes despite a 10-fold difference in their in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Kindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stanley Kitur
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura Sela Tengo
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90621 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Vignaux PA, Lane TR, Urbina F, Gerlach J, Puhl AC, Snyder SH, Ekins S. Validation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Machine Learning Models for Multiple Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:188-201. [PMID: 36737043 PMCID: PMC9945174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important enzyme and target for human therapeutics, environmental safety, and global food supply. Inhibitors of this enzyme are also used for pest elimination and can be misused for suicide or chemical warfare. Adverse effects of AChE pesticides on nontarget organisms, such as fish, amphibians, and humans, have also occurred as a result of biomagnifications of these toxic compounds. We have exhaustively curated the public data for AChE inhibition data and developed machine learning classification models for seven different species. Each set of models were built using up to nine different algorithms for each species and Morgan fingerprints (ECFP6) with an activity cutoff of 1 μM. The human (4075 compounds) and eel (5459 compounds) consensus models predicted AChE inhibition activity using external test sets from literature data with 81% and 82% accuracy, respectively, while the reciprocal cross (76% and 82% percent accuracy) was not species-specific. In addition, we also created machine learning regression models for human and eel AChE inhibition to return a predicted IC50 value for a queried molecule. We did observe an improved species specificity in the regression models, where a human support vector regression model of human AChE inhibition (3652 compounds) predicted the IC50s of the human test set to a better extent than the eel regression model (4930 compounds) on the same test set, based on mean absolute percentage error (MAPE = 9.73% vs 13.4%). The predictive power of these models certainly benefits from increasing the chemical diversity of the training set, as evidenced by expanding our human classification model by incorporating data from the Tox21 library of compounds. Of the 10 compounds we tested that were predicted active by this expanded model, two showed >80% inhibition at 100 μM. This machine learning approach therefore offers the ability to rapidly score massive libraries of molecules against the models for AChE inhibition that can then be selected for future in vitro testing to identify potential toxins. It also enabled us to create a public website, MegaAChE, for single-molecule predictions of AChE inhibition using these models at megaache.collaborationspharma.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Vignaux
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Jacob Gerlach
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Ana C Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Scott H Snyder
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Lin X, Zhang Y, Yang B, Zhang L, Chen Y, Liu Z. Multiple acetylcholinesterases in Pardosa pseudoannulata brain worked collaboratively to provide protection from organophosphorus insecticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114301. [PMID: 36410143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an essential neurotransmitter hydrolase in nervous systems of animals and its number varies among species. So far, five AChEs have been identified in the natural enemy Pardosa pseudoannulata. Here we found that Ppace1, Ppace2 and Ppace5 were highly expressed in the spider brain, among which the mRNA level of Ppace5, but not Ppace1 and Ppace2, could be up-regulated by organophosphorus insecticides at their sublethal concentrations. In spider brain, the treatment by organophosphorus insecticides at the sublethal concentrations could increase total AChE activity, although high concentrations inhibited the activity. The activity that increased from the sublethal concentration pretreatment could compensate for the activity inhibition due to subsequent application of organophosphorus insecticides at lethal concentrations, and consequently reduce the mortality of spiders. PpAChE1 and PpAChE2 were highly sensitive to organophosphorus insecticides, and their activities would be strongly inhibited by the insecticides. In contrast, PpAChE5 displayed relative insensitivity towards organophosphorus insecticides, but with the highest catalytic efficiency for ACh. That meant the up-regulation of Ppace5 under insecticide exposure was important for maintaining AChE activity in spider brain, when PpAChE1 and PpAChE2 were inhibited by organophosphorus insecticides. The study demonstrated that multiple AChEs in the spider brain worked collaboratively, with part members for maintaining AChE activity and other members responding to organophosphorus inhibition, to provide protection from organophosphorus insecticides. In fields, high concentration insecticides are often applied when ineffective controls of insect pests occur due to relative-low concentration of insecticides in last round application. This application pattern of organophosphorus insecticides provides more chances for P. pseudoannulata to survive and controlling insect pests as a natural enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Baojun Yang
- Rice Technology Research and Development Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Stadium 359, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lingchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
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10
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Amer NR, Lawler SP, Zohdy NM, Younes A, ElSayed WM, Wos G, Abdelrazek S, Omer H, Connon RE. Copper Exposure Affects Anti-Predatory Behaviour and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1151. [PMID: 36555061 PMCID: PMC9782022 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential metal that occurs chronically in the environment and affects the development and physiology of aquatic insects. In excess amounts, it can impair their nervous system and behaviour. We tested the anti-predatory behaviour of Cx. pipiens larvae after seven days exposure with several concentrations of copper up to 500 mg L-1. We measured responses to non- consumptive (predation cues) and consumptive predation (dragonfly larvae) across two generations. We also tested the accumulated effect of copper on AChE enzyme activity. We exposed half of treated and control larvae to predation cues (water with predator odour and crushed conspecifics) and the other half to water without predation cues. We evaluated total distance moved and velocity. Copper reduced the distance moved and velocity, with stronger effects in the second generation. Copper had no significant effect on larvae eaten by dragonflies. Copper inhibited the AChE enzyme across both generations at 500 µg L-1. Copper can affect the nervous system directly by inhibiting AChE activity, and possibly also by impairing the olfaction sensors of the larvae, resulting in larval inability to detect predation cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen R. Amer
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sharon P. Lawler
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nawal M. Zohdy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Aly Younes
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Wael M. ElSayed
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Guillaume Wos
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Samah Abdelrazek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hind Omer
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard E. Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Validation of quantitative real-time PCR reference genes and spatial expression profiles of detoxication-related genes under pesticide induction in honey bee, Apis mellifera. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277455. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, pesticides have been suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the large-scale decline in honey bee populations, including colony collapse disorder. The identification of the genes that respond to pesticide exposure based on their expression is essential for understanding the xenobiotic detoxification metabolism in honey bees. For the accurate determination of target gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, the expression stability of reference genes should be validated in honey bees exposed to various pesticides. Therefore, in this study, to select the optimal reference genes, we analyzed the amplification efficiencies of five candidate reference genes (RPS5, RPS18, GAPDH, ARF1, and RAD1a) and their expression stability values using four programs (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder) across samples of five body parts (head, thorax, gut, fat body, and carcass) from honey bees exposed to seven pesticides (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, flupyradifurone, fenitrothion, carbaryl, amitraz, and bifenthrin). Among these five candidate genes, a combination of RAD1a and RPS18 was suggested for target gene normalization. Subsequently, expression levels of six genes (AChE1, CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3, CAT, and SOD1) were normalized with a combination of RAD1a and RPS18 in the different body parts from honey bees exposed to pesticides. Among the six genes in the five body parts, the expression of SOD1 in the head, fat body, and carcass was significantly induced by six pesticides. In addition, among seven pesticides, flupyradifurone statistically induced expression levels of five genes in the fat body.
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12
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Protection of insect neurons by erythropoietin/CRLF3-mediated regulation of pro-apoptotic acetylcholinesterase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18565. [PMID: 36329181 PMCID: PMC9633726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) is a conserved but largely uncharacterized orphan cytokine receptor of eumetazoan animals. CRLF3-mediated neuroprotection in insects can be stimulated with human erythropoietin. To identify mechanisms of CRLF3-mediated neuroprotection we studied the expression and proapoptotic function of acetylcholinesterase in insect neurons. We exposed primary brain neurons from Tribolium castaneum to apoptogenic stimuli and dsRNA to interfere with acetylcholinesterase gene expression and compared survival and acetylcholinesterase expression in the presence or absence of the CRLF3 ligand erythropoietin. Hypoxia increased apoptotic cell death and expression of both acetylcholinesterase-coding genes ace-1 and ace-2. Both ace genes give rise to single transcripts in normal and apoptogenic conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of acetylcholinesterases and RNAi-mediated knockdown of either ace-1 or ace-2 expression prevented hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Activation of CRLF3 with protective concentrations of erythropoietin prevented the increased expression of acetylcholinesterase with larger impact on ace-1 than on ace-2. In contrast, high concentrations of erythropoietin that cause neuronal death induced ace-1 expression and hence promoted apoptosis. Our study confirms the general proapoptotic function of AChE, assigns a role of both ace-1 and ace-2 in the regulation of apoptotic death and identifies the erythropoietin/CRLF3-mediated prevention of enhanced acetylcholinesterase expression under apoptogenic conditions as neuroprotective mechanism.
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13
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Kim S, Yoon KA, Cho S, Lee J, Lim Y, Lee SH. Molecular and kinetic properties of three acetylcholinesterases in the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105277. [PMID: 36464382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor, poses one of the most serious threats to honey bees worldwide. Although coumaphos, an anticholinesterase pesticide, is widely used for varroa mite control, little information is available on the properties of Varroa mite acetylcholinesterases (VdAChEs). In this study, three putative VdAChEs were annotated and named VdAChE1, VdAChE2, and VdAChE3. All VdAChEs possessed most of the functionally important signature domains, suggesting that they are catalytically active. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VdAChE1 was clustered into a clade containing most arthropod AChE1s, whereas VdAChE2 and VdAChE3 formed a unique clade with other arachnid AChEs. VdAChE1 was determined to be membrane-anchored, but both VdAChE2 and VdAChE3 are soluble, as judged by electrophoresis in conjunction with western blotting. Tissue-specific transcription profiling revealed that VdAChE1 was most predominantly expressed in the synganglion. In contrast, VdAChE2 was most predominantly expressed in the legs and cuticle. VdAChE3 showed negligible expression levels in all the tissues examined. In a kinetic analysis using recombinant VdAChEs, VdAChE1 exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, followed by VdAChE2 and VdAChE3. Inhibition experiments revealed that VdAChE1 was most sensitive to all tested inhibitors. Taken together, VdAChE1 appears to be the major synaptic enzyme with a more toxicological relevance, whereas VdAChE2 is involved in other noncatalytic functions, including chemical defense against xenobiotics. Current findings contribute to a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary and functional traits of VdAChEs and to the design of novel anticholinesterase varroacides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - SuSie Cho
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngcheon Lim
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Physiological and Molecular Response Modifications by Ultraviolet-C Radiation in Plutella xylostella and Its Compatibility with Cordyceps fumosorosea. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179800. [PMID: 36077199 PMCID: PMC9456147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation significantly impacts living organisms. UV-C radiation can also be used as a pest management tool. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of UV-C radiation on the physiology and gene expression level of Plutella xylostella, a destructive vegetable pest. Results showed that, after exposure to UV-C radiation for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) of P. xylostella increased, while the activity of PPO (polyphenol oxidase), POD (peroxidase), AChE (acetylcholinesterase), CarE (carboxylesterase), and ACP (acid phosphatase) decreased with increased exposure time. Correlation coefficient analyses indicated that the activity of CAT correlated positively, while PPO and CarE correlated negatively, with exposure time. Gene regulation analysis via qRT-PCR confirmed a significant increase in regulation in CAT, CarE, and PPO-related genes. We also investigated the effect of UV-C exposure on the virulence of Cordyceps fumosorosea against P. xylostella. Here, results indicated that when the fungal treatment was applied to larvae before UV-C radiation, the virulence of C. fumosorosea was significantly reduced. However, this decline in virulence of C. fumosorosea due to UV-C exposure remained only for one generation, and no effect was observed on secondary infection. On the other hand, when larvae were exposed to UV-C radiation before fungal application, the mortality rate significantly increased as the exposure time to UV-C radiation increased. From the current study, it could be concluded that UV-C exposure suppressed the immunity to P. xylostella, which later enhanced the virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. Moreover, the study also suggested that UV irradiation is an effective pest management tool that could be incorporated into pest management strategies, which could help reduce pesticide application, be economically beneficial for the farmer, and be environmentally safe.
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15
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Yoon KA, Kim JH, Nauen R, Alyokhin A, Clark JM, Lee SH. Characterization of molecular and kinetic properties of two acetylcholinesterases from the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 185:105137. [PMID: 35772844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and biochemical properties of two acetylcholinesterases (LdAChE1 and LdAChE2) from the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, were investigated in this study. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with western blotting with LdAChE1- or LdAChE2-specific antibodies suggested that LdAChE1 exists in a soluble form, whereas LdAChE2 exists in both soluble and amphiphilic forms with a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. Both LdAChEs exist as homodimers with each monomer connected with a disulfide bond. LdAChE1 was the most highly expressed in the thorax followed by the head, leg, and abdomen, whereas LdAChE2 was the most highly expressed in the head, followed by the thorax, leg, and abdomen. The overall expression levels of LdAChE1, however, were higher than those of LdAChE2 in all examined tissues. Kinetic analysis using recombinant LdAChE1 and LdAChE2 showed that LdAChE2 has a 4.8-fold higher catalytic efficiency toward acetylthiocholine iodide compared to LdAChE1. LdAChE2 was more sensitive to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides than LdAChE1. The addition of irreversibly phosphorylated LdAChE1 via paraoxon titration significantly reduced LdAChE2 inhibition by insecticides and glycoalkaloids, suggesting a sequestration role of soluble LdAChE1 in the chemical defense against xenobiotics. Taken together, LdAChE2 may be the main enzyme for synaptic transmission, thus serving as a toxicologically more relevant target, whereas the soluble LdAChE1 may function as a bioscavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D Pest Control, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Teng H, Zuo Y, Jin Z, Wu Y, Yang Y. Associations between acetylcholinesterase-1 mutations and chlorpyrifos resistance in beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105105. [PMID: 35715044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua depends heavily on chemical insecticides. Chlorpyrifos, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been used in beet armyworm control for many years in China. Here we describe high level resistance to chlorpyrifos in a S. exigua strain, FX19-R, which was developed from a field-collected Chinese strain (FX) by selection with chlorpyrifos in the laboratory. FX19-R showed 1001-fold resistance to chlorpyrifos compared with the laboratory reference strain WH-S. The esterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate (TPP) provided significant but small synergism (only 3.5-fold) for chlorpyrifos and neither of the glutathione s-transferase depletor diethyl maleate and the cytochrome P450s inhibitor piperonyl butoxide provided any detectable synergism, indicating that AChE insensitivity may play the major role in the resistance in FX19-R. Consistent with this, an amino acid substitution, F443Y (F331Y in standard Torpedo californica numbering) in AChE1 was identified in the FX19-R strain and shown to be tightly linked to chlorpyrifos resistance. Precisely homologous substitutions have been associated with organophosphate resistance in other pest species. A novel amino acid substitution, G311S (or G198S in standard numbering), was also identified in the reference strain WH-S. Recombinantly expressed AChE1 proteins carrying the G311S and F443Y substitutions were about 4.2-fold and 210-fold less sensitive to inhibition by chlorpyrifos oxon than wild-type AChE1, respectively. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of chlorpyrifos resistance and provide a basis for resistance management based on monitoring the F443Y and G311S substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Teng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yayun Zuo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeng Jin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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17
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Men TT, Phien HH, Tu Ai TT, Van Ay N, Kim Hue NT, Khang DT, Binh TD. The insecticidal capacity of ethanol extract from Cascabela peruviana (L.) Lippold against fruit fly. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09313. [PMID: 35497027 PMCID: PMC9039844 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascabela peruviana (L.) Lippold (C. peruviana) has been extensively used for its antifungal and antibacterial properties. However, its role in anti-insect is still under investigation. To investigate the ability of the ethanol extract of C. peruviana against insects, we used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) as a model to gain more insight into the toxic effects of this extract. We found that the ethanol extract from the stem and leaves of C. peruviana was effective against insects and contained polyphenol and flavonoid compounds. C. peruviana could induce mortality of 2nd-instar larvae and reduce growth and reproduction of fruit flies. Interestingly, the toxicity of C. peruviana extract has been remained to affect the development of the next generation of fruit flies. The locomotor activity and feeding ability of the F1 generation of this insect were significantly reduced by C. peruviana. In addition, flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as saponins and tannins were detected in the ethanol extract of C. peruviana. We assume that the ability of the extract of C. peruviana to control insects may be related to the presence of high levels of these compounds. The findings highlighted that the extract from the leaves of Cascabela peruviana has the potential to be used as an insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thanh Men
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Hong Phien
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Tu Ai
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Ay
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Cantho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Hue
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Do Tan Khang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Cantho City, 94000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Duy Binh
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Kim S, Yoon KA, Cho S, Lee SH. Molecular and kinetic characterization of two acetylcholinesterases with particular focus on the roles of two amino acid substitutions (Y390N and F392W) in Bemisia tabaci. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 182:105039. [PMID: 35249657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) are present in Bemisia tabaci (BtAChE1 and BtAChE2). A conserved AChE mutation conferring organophosphate (OP) resistance (F392W in BtAChE1) is saturated in field populations despite its potential fitness cost, and a highly conserved amino acid residue forming the backdoor of AChE is substituted with a unique amino acid (Y390N in BtAChE1) in B. tabaci. Thus, the roles and relationships of the two amino acid substitutions in the evolutionary adaptation of B. tabaci remain to be elucidated, and little information is available on the catalytic and molecular properties of BtAChE1 and BtAChE2. To determine which AChE is a more relevant target of OPs and carbamates, the molecular and kinetic properties of BtAChE1 and BtAChE2 were investigated. Both BtAChE1 and BtAChE2 were exclusively expressed in head and thorax but not in abdomen, bound to the membrane via GPI anchoring, and present as dimeric forms. Soluble monomeric form was detected only in BtAChE2. The catalytic activity of baculovirus-expressed BtAChE1 was 19.5-fold higher than that of BtAChE2. The inhibition assay revealed that the F392W mutation in BtAChE1 enhanced resistance to OPs. The artificial substitution of N390 (wild form) to Y (putative ancient form) led to reduced catalytic efficiency and increased inhibition by glycoalkaloids, suggesting that the Y390N substitution in BtAChE1 may have been required for Solanaceae host adaptation. BtAChE1 was proven to function as a main catalytic enzyme for ACh hydrolysis, thus being the main target of OPs and carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - SuSie Cho
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Entomology Program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Tang B, Xu K, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Karthi S, Yang H, Li C. A review of physiological resistance to insecticide stress in Nilaparvata lugens. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35251886 PMCID: PMC8882538 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used in agriculture as effective means to control pests. However, pests have not been completely mitigated with the increased use of insecticides. Instead, many side effects have arisen, especially the '3Rs' (resistance, resurgence, and residue). The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is one of the most threatening rice pests. The main insecticides for controlling N. lugens belong to organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid groups. However, metabolic enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, esterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters, effectively promote the detoxification of insecticides. Besides, mutations of neurological target sites, such as acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, and ryanodine receptor, result in insensitivity to insecticides. Here, we review the physiological metabolic resistance in N. lugens under insecticide stress to provide a theoretical basis for identifying and developing more effective and harmless insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Xu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China ,Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412 India
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, 550005 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Margus A, Piiroinen S, Lehmann P, Grapputo A, Gilbert L, Chen YH, Lindström L. Sequence variation and regulatory variation in acetylcholinesterase genes contribute to insecticide resistance in different populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15995-16005. [PMID: 34824806 PMCID: PMC8601895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although insect herbivores are known to evolve resistance to insecticides through multiple genetic mechanisms, resistance in individual species has been assumed to follow the same mechanism. While both mutations in the target site insensitivity and increased amplification are known to contribute to insecticide resistance, little is known about the degree to which geographic populations of the same species differ at the target site in a response to insecticides. We tested structural (e.g., mutation profiles) and regulatory (e.g., the gene expression of Ldace1 and Ldace2, AChE activity) differences between two populations (Vermont, USA and Belchow, Poland) of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata in their resistance to two commonly used groups of insecticides, organophosphates, and carbamates. We established that Vermont beetles were more resistant to azinphos-methyl and carbaryl insecticides than Belchow beetles, despite a similar frequency of resistance-associated alleles (i.e., S291G) in the Ldace2 gene. However, the Vermont population had two additional amino acid replacements (G192S and F402Y) in the Ldace1 gene, which were absent in the Belchow population. Moreover, the Vermont population showed higher expression of Ldace1 and was less sensitive to AChE inhibition by azinphos-methyl oxon than the Belchow population. Therefore, the two populations have evolved different genetic mechanisms to adapt to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigi Margus
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Saija Piiroinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Zoological Institute and MuseumGreifswald UniversityGreifswaldGermany
| | | | | | - Yolanda H. Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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21
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Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in development, tissue renewal and the progression of degenerative diseases. Studies on various types of mammalian cells reported a pro-apoptotic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), particularly in the formation of the apoptosome and the degradation of nuclear DNA. While three AChE splice variants are present in mammals, invertebrates typically express two ache genes that code for a synaptically located protein and a protein with non-synaptic functions respectively. In order to investigate a potential contribution of AChE to apoptosis in insects, we selected the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. We established primary neuronal cultures of locust brains and characterized apoptosis progression in vitro. Dying neurons displayed typical characteristics of apoptosis, including caspase-activation, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation visualized by TUNEL staining. Addition of the AChE inhibitors neostigmine and territrem B reduced apoptotic cell death under normal culture conditions. Moreover, both inhibitors completely suppressed hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death. Exposure of live animals to severe hypoxia moderately increased the expression of ace-1 in locust brains in vivo. Our results indicate a previously unreported role of AChE in insect apoptosis that parallels the pro-apoptotic role in mammalian cells. This similarity adds to the list of apoptotic mechanisms shared by mammals and insects, supporting the hypothesized existence of an ancient, complex apoptosis regulatory network present in common ancestors of vertebrates and insects.
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22
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Ding Q, Xu X, Wang X, Ullah F, Gao X, Song D. Characterization and functional analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 174:104807. [PMID: 33838708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two acetylcholinesterase genes (Boace1 and Boace2) were cloned from Bradysia odoriphaga, a devastating soil pest that mainly damages Chinese chives. The Boace1 encodes BoAChE1 protein consisting of 696 amino acid residues, while Boace2 encodes BoAChE2 containing 638 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Boace1 and Boace2 are appeared to be distinct clusters. The gene expression patterns at different development stages and various body parts tissues were examined, and their biological functions were characterized by RNA interference and analog docking prediction. The results showed that both Boace genes were expressed in all developmental stages and examined tissues. The transcript level of Boace2 was significantly higher than Boace1 in all tested samples, and Boace1 was found most abundant in the head while Boace2 was highly expressed in the fat body of B. odoriphaga. The silencing of Boace1 and Boace2 significantly decreased the AChE activity of 36.6% and 14.8% separately, and increased the susceptibility of B. odoriphaga to phoxim, with 60.8% and 44.7% mortality. Besides, overexpression and gene duplication of Boace1 were found in two field resistant populations, and two major mutations, A319S and G400V, were detected in Boace1. Moreover, the docking results revealed that BoAChE1 had a higher affinity towards organophosphorus than BoAChE2. It is concluded that Boace2 is the most abundant ace type in B. odoriphaga, while both Boace play vital roles. Boace1 might play a major neurological function and more likely be the prime target for insecticides, while Boace2 might play some important unidentified roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ding
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dunlun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Chagas TQ, Araújo APDC, Malafaia G. Biomicroplastics versus conventional microplastics: An insight on the toxicity of these polymers in dragonfly larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143231. [PMID: 33138995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological safety of products developed as alternative for conventional plastics (i.e., petroleum derivatives) inevitably demands conducting (eco)toxicological studies. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the biochemical toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs) (representative of conventional MPs) and polylactic acid biomicroplastics (PLA BioMPs) in Aphylla williamsoni larvae used as experimental models. Animals subjected to short exposure to both pollutants (48 h), at environmentally relevant concentration (6 mg/L). At the end of the experiment, different toxicity biomarkers were evaluated. To assess the possible impact of pollutants on the nutritional status of the animals, the total protein, total soluble carbohydrate and triglyceride levels were determined. However, we did not observe differences between the groups, which suggests that PE MPs and PLA BioMPs did not affect the animals' energy metabolism, inducing them to a nutritional deficit. However, larvae exposed to PLA BioMPs have shown increased nitrite and lipid peroxidation levels, which supports the hypothesis that these pollutants increase oxidative stress processes in the animals evaluated, which can affect the animals' physiological homeostasis from different changes. In addition, the decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and of total thiols levels, in these same animals, is suggestive of the impact of PLA BioMPs on the antioxidant defenses, causing a REDOX imbalance, never before reported. On the other hand, decreased AChE activity was only observed in larvae exposed to PLA BioMPs, which demonstrates the anticholinergic activity of the tested polymers; the consequences of which include changes in different neurophysiological functions. Thus, the current study has helped improving the scientific knowledge about impacts caused by PLA BioMPs on freshwater ecosystems, as well as corroborated assertions about the risks posed by such biopolymers on these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Quintão Chagas
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institute and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil.
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24
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Fernandes EJ, Poetini MR, Barrientos MS, Bortolotto VC, Araujo SM, Santos Musachio EA, De Carvalho AS, Leimann FV, Gonçalves OH, Ramborger BP, Roehrs R, Prigol M, Guerra GP. Exposure to lutein-loaded nanoparticles attenuates Parkinson's model-induced damage in Drosophila melanogaster: Restoration of dopaminergic and cholinergic system and oxidative stress indicators. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 340:109431. [PMID: 33716020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, cholinergic alterations and oxidative damages. Lutein is widely known by its antioxidants properties. In the present study, we investigated whether lutein-loaded nanoparticles protects against locomotor damage and neurotoxicity induced by Parkinson's disease model in Drosophila melanogaster, as well as possible mechanisms of action. First, the nanoparticles were characterized by physicochemical methods, demonstrating that water affinity was improved by the encapsulation of lutein into the polymeric encapsulant matrix. The fruit flies of 1-4 days old were divided into four groups and exposed to a standard diet (control), a diet containing either rotenone (500 μM), lutein-loaded nanoparticles (6 μM) or rotenone (500 μM) and lutein-loaded nanoparticles (6 μM) for 7 days. The survival percentage was assessed, the flies were submitted to negative geotaxis, open field tasks and the determination of dopamine levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and acetylcholinesterase activities and oxidative stress indicators (superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione S-transferase) were carried out. The exposure to lutein-loaded nanoparticles protected against locomotor damage and the decrease survival rate induced by rotenone, besides, it restored the dopamine levels, TH and acetylcholinesterase activities and oxidative stress indicators. These results provide evidence that lutein-loaded nanoparticles are an alternative treatment for rotenone-induced damage, and suggest the involvement of dopaminergic and cholinergic system and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Jardim Fernandes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Rósula Poetini
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Magna Sotelo Barrientos
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Stífani Machado Araujo
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Elize Aparecida Santos Musachio
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Amarilis Santos De Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Campo Mourão, 87301-006, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vitória Leimann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Campo Mourão, 87301-006, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Odinei Hess Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Campo Mourão, 87301-006, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Piaia Ramborger
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Prática de Ensino (GIPPE), Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Prática de Ensino (GIPPE), Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas - LaftamBio, Universidade Federal Do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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25
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Montalvão MF, Guimarães ATB, Rodrigues ASDL, Malafaia G. Carbon nanofibers are bioaccumulated in Aphylla williamsoni (Odonata) larvae and cause REDOX imbalance and changes of acetylcholinesterase activity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143991. [PMID: 33302068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based materials have been considered very promising for the technological industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties, namely: ability to reduce production costs and to improve the efficiency of several products. However, there is little information on what is the level of exposure that leads to adverse effects and what kind of effects is expected in aquatic biota. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in dragonfly larvae (Aphylla williamsoni) based on predictive oxidative-stress biomarkers, antioxidant activity reduction and neurotoxicity. After ephemeral models' exposure to CNFs (48 h; at 500 μg/L), data have shown that these pollutants did not change larvae's nutritional status given the concentration of total soluble carbohydrates, total proteins and triglycerides in them. However, the levels of both nitric oxide and substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (lipid peroxidation indicators) have increased and the antioxidant activity based on total thiol levels and on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (%) has reduced, and it suggests REDOX imbalance induction by CNFs. In addition, larvae exposed to these pollutants showed significant acetylcholinesterase activity reduction in comparison to the control group. Thus, the present study has brought further knowledge about how carbon-based materials can affect benthic macroinvertebrates and emphasized their ecotoxicological potential in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Flores Montalvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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26
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Guimarães ATB, de Lima Rodrigues AS, Pereira PS, Silva FG, Malafaia G. Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in dragonfly larvae: An insight on how these pollutants can affect bentonic macroinvertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141936. [PMID: 32889289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although nanoplastics (NPs) are known to be toxic to several groups of animals, the effects of such a toxicity on freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate communities remain unknown. Thus, the aim of the current study is to test the hypothesis that polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) (34 μg/L - 48 h of exposure) lead to biochemical damage in Aphylla williamsoni larvae. Data have evidenced high bioaccumulation factor in the analyzed individuals; this finding indicates that, similar to sediments, water is also part of aquatic systems and favors PS NPs retention in dragonfly larvae. Despite the lack of evidence about the interference of these pollutants in the nutritional status of the analyzed animals, their bioaccumulation was associated with REDOX imbalance featured by concomitant increase in the number of evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical and the superoxide dismutase enzyme). On the other hand, the reduced acetylcholinesterase activity observed in larvae exposed to PS NPs has suggested the neurotoxic effect of these pollutants, with potential impact on their nerve and neuromuscular functions. Therefore, the current study is pioneer in showing that PS NPs can affect the health of the investigated larvae, even at small concentrations, for short exposure-time; this outcome reinforces the ecotoxicological risk of these pollutants for freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Pereira
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil.
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27
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Kablau A, Eckert JH, Pistorius J, Sharbati S, Einspanier R. Effects of selected insecticidal substances on mRNA transcriptome in larvae of Apis mellifera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104703. [PMID: 32980071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the last decade, scientists have reported a loss of honeybee colonies. Multiple factors like parasites, pathogens and pesticides are dealt as possible drivers of honeybee losses. In particular, insecticides are considered as a major factor of pollinator poisoning. We applied sublethal concentrations of four insecticidal substances to honeybee larval food and analyzed the effects on transcriptome. The aim was to identify candidate genes indicating early negative impacts after application of insecticidal substances. Honeybee larvae were kept in-vitro under hive conditions (34-35 °C) and fed with dimethoate, fenoxycarb, chlorantraniliprole and flupyradifurone in sublethal concentrations between day 3-6 after grafting. Larvae at day 4, 6 and 8 were sampled and their transcriptome analyzed. By use of a RT-qPCR array differences in gene expression of selected gene families (immune system, development detoxification) were measured. Targets mainly involved in development, energy metabolism and the immune system were significantly affected by the insecticidal substances tested, selectively inducing genes of the detoxification system, immune response and nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kablau
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob H Eckert
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Bee Protection, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Pistorius
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Bee Protection, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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The Effect of Longwave Ultraviolet Light Radiation on Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Antioxidant and Detoxifying Enzymes. INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010001. [PMID: 31861292 PMCID: PMC7022865 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Longwave ultraviolet (UVA) light, in the range of 315-400 nm, has been widely used as a light source in the light trapping of insect pests. Previous studies have demonstrated the oxidative stress and lethal effect of UV radiation on insects. In this study, we evaluated the influence of UVA radiation on the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes of Dendrolimus tabulaeformis. We tested the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyl radical (·OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSH) following different exposure time periods of UVA light irradiation on D. tabulaeformis adults. In addition, we investigated how the activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes responded to UVA radiation by determining the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP). Adults were exposed to UVA light for different time periods (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min). We found that exposure to UVA light for 5 min resulted in rapid variation in the activities of the antioxidant and detoxification enzyme systems. However, the antioxidant capacity of females was incongruous with that of males following UVA irradiation. Our results confirmed that UVA light irradiation increased the level of oxidative stress and disturbed physiological detoxification in D. tabulaeformis adults. Based on the above results, we anticipated that further research of the mechanism of UVA irradiation on the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes of D. tabulaeformis would gain more importance, allowing to develop and use new, less toxic and environmentally friendly pesticides.
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Margus A, Rainio M, Lindström L. Can Indirect Herbicide Exposure Modify the Response of the Colorado Potato Beetle to an Organophosphate Insecticide? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:2316-2323. [PMID: 31081887 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organisms live in complex multivariate environments. In agroecosystems, this complexity is often human-induced as pest individuals can be exposed to many xenobiotics simultaneously. Predicting the effects of multiple stressors can be problematic, as two or more stressors can have interactive effects. Our objective was to investigate whether indirect glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure of the host plant has interactive effects in combination with an insecticide (azinphos-methyl) on an invasive pest Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). We tested the effects of GBH and insecticide on the survival, insecticide target genes expression (acetylcholinesterase genes) and oxidative status biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase [GST], glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH], glutathione reductase homolog [GR], glutathione peroxidase homolog [GPx], total glutathione [totGSH], glutathione reduced-oxidized [GSH: GSSG], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid hydroperoxides). We found that exposure to indirect GBH has no single or interactive effects in combination with the insecticide on larval survival. However, prior exposure to GBH inhibits Ldace1 gene expression by 0.55-fold, which is the target site for the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. This difference disappears when individuals are exposed to both GBH and insecticide, suggesting an antagonistic effect. On the other hand, oxidative status biomarker scores (PCAs of GPx, GR, and CAT) were decreased when exposed to both stressors, indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, we found that indirect GBH exposure can have both antagonistic and synergistic effects in combination with an insecticide, which should be considered when aiming for an ecologically relevant risk assessment of multiple human-induced stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigi Margus
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI, Finland
| | - Miia Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI, Finland
| | - Leena Lindström
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI, Finland
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Zhao J, Hao D, Xiao L, Tan Y, Jiang Y, Bai L, Wang K. Molecular and functional properties of two Spodoptera exigua acetylcholinesterase genes. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21554. [PMID: 31033012 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine. Here, full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of two acetylcholinesterase genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2) were obtained from Spodoptera exigua, a widespread phytophagous pest in agriculture. The complete SeAce1 cDNA comprised 5447 nucleotides including an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 694 amino acids, while SeAce2 cDNA encompassed a 1917-bp ORF which would likely yield 638 amino acids. Both SeAce1 and SeAce2 contained specific characteristics of functional AChE. A phylogenetic tree of all lepidopteran insect Aces showed S. exigua clustered with S. litura, Helicoverpa assulta, and H. armigera, all of which are Noctuidae. In S. exigua, SeAce1 gene expression levels (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] and quantitative RT-PCR) were markedly increased compared with SeAce2 in all developmental phases and tissue types. Both genes were down regulated by inserting the corresponding dsRNAs in 5th instar larvae, which resulted in 56.7% (SeAce1) and 24.6% (SeAce2) death. Downregulation of both SeAce1 and SeAce2 significantly reduced fecundity and vitellogenin gene expression in S. exigua. These results revealed the biological functions of the two Ace genes (SeAce1 and SeAce2), providing novel insights into the development of strategies for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liubin Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongan Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Bai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Jingling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
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31
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de Freitas Couto S, Araujo SM, Bortolotto VC, Poetini MR, Pinheiro FC, Santos Musachio EA, Meichtry LB, do Sacramento M, Alves D, La Rosa Novo D, Mesko MF, Prigol M. 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline prevents dopamine depletion in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's-like disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 54:232-243. [PMID: 30366679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease appears to be caused by multiple factors, including oxidative damage and an increase in acetylcholinesterase expression that can culminate in loss of dopaminergic neurons. A selenium-containing quinoline derivative, 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl) quinoline (4-PSQ), shows important pharmacological actions mainly attributed to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties. Thus, this study investigated the neuroprotective effect of 4-PSQ in a model of Parkinson's-like disease induced by rotenone (ROT) in Drosophila melanogaster and verified whether these effects are related to selenium levels. Adult flies were divided into: [1] control, [2] 4-PSQ (25 μM), [3] ROT (500 μM), and [4] 4-PSQ (25 μM) + ROT (500 μM) groups and exposed to a diet containing ROT and/or 4-PSQ for 7 days, according to their respective groups. Survival, behavioral, and ex vivo analyses were performed. Dopamine levels, reactive species levels (RS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and proteic thiol (PSH) and non-proteic thiol (NPSH) content in the head region were analyzed, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and selenium levels in the head and body regions were analyzed. 4-PSQ was able to reverse the ROT-induced deficits in flies, reestablish dopamine and selenium levels, reverse cholinergic deficits, improve motor function, and ameliorate mortality. Furthermore, 4-PSQ also reduced RS levels and LPO, and restored the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT. Interestingly, a positive relationship between dopamine and selenium levels could be seen. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of 4-PSQ, and we suggest that the compound may act via different mechanisms, such as improving antioxidant defenses and consequently reducing oxidative damages, as well as having an anticholinesterase action, which together can prevent dopamine depletion, as these actions were correlated with the presence of selenium in the 4-PSQ molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanda de Freitas Couto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Stífani Machado Araujo
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Vandreza Cardoso Bortolotto
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Rósula Poetini
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Franciane Cabral Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Elize Aparecida Santos Musachio
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Luana Barreto Meichtry
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Manoela do Sacramento
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa, LASOL, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, S/N - Prédio/Bloco: 30 e 32, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa, LASOL, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, S/N - Prédio/Bloco: 30 e 32, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Diogo La Rosa Novo
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, S/N - Prédio/Bloco: 30 e 32, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Foster Mesko
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, S/N - Prédio/Bloco: 30 e 32, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas, LaftamBio Pampa, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rua Luiz Joaquim de Sá Britto, s/n - Bairro: Promorar, Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brazil.
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Acetylcholinesterases from Leaf-Cutting ant Atta sexdens: Purification, Characterization, and Capillary Reactors for On-Flow Assays. Enzyme Res 2019; 2019:6139863. [PMID: 31354985 PMCID: PMC6633970 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6139863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) leading to acetate and choline (Ch) release. The inhibition of AChE produces a generalized synaptic collapse that can lead to insect death. Herein we report for the first time the isolation of two AChEs from Atta sexdens which were purified by sulphate ammonium precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B enzymes have optimum pH of 9.5 and 9.0 and higher activities in 30/50°C and 20°C, respectively, using acetylthiocholine (ATCh) as substrate. Immobilized capillary enzyme reactors (ICERs) were obtained for both enzymes (AsAChE-A-ICER and AsAChE-B-ICER) and their activities were measured by LC-MS/MS through hydrolysis product quantification of the natural substrate ACh. The comparison of activities by LC-MS/MS of both AChEs using ACh as substrate showed that AsAChE-B (free or immobilized) had the highest affinity. The inverse result was observed when the colorimetric assay (Elman method) was used for ATCh as substrate. Moreover, by mass spectrometry and phylogenetic studies, AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B were classified as belonging to AChE-2 and AChE-1 classes, respectively.
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Sepčić K, Sabotič J, A. Ohm R, Drobne D, Jemec Kokalj A. First evidence of cholinesterase-like activity in Basidiomycota. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216077. [PMID: 31039204 PMCID: PMC6490906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases (ChE), the enzymes whose primary function is the hydrolysis of choline esters, are widely expressed throughout the nature. Although they have already been found in plants and microorganisms, including ascomycete fungi, this study is the first report of ChE-like activity in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. This activity was detected in almost a quarter of the 45 tested aqueous fungal extracts. The ability of these extracts to hydrolyse acetylthiocholine was about ten times stronger than the hydrolytic activity towards butyrylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine. In-gel detection of ChE-like activity with acetylthiocholine indicated a great variability in the characteristics of these enzymes which are not characterized as vertebrate-like based on (i) differences in inhibition by excess substrate, (ii) susceptibility to different vertebrate acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, and (iii) a lack of orthologs using phylogenetic analysis. Limited inhibition by single inhibitors and multiple activity bands using in-gel detection indicate the presence of several ChE-like enzymes in these aqueous extracts. We also observed inhibitory activity of the same aqueous mushroom extracts against insect acetylcholinesterase in 10 of the 45 samples tested; activity was independent of the presence of ChE-like activity in extracts. Both ChE-like activities with different substrates and the ability of extracts to inhibit insect acetylcholinesterase were not restricted to any fungal family but were rather present across all included Basidiomycota families. This study can serve as a platform for further research regarding ChE activity in mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robin A. Ohm
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Knockdown of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene in rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) through RNA interference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aggene.2019.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Vector control has significantly reduced malaria morbidity in many regions of the world where the disease was endemic and is now moving toward malaria elimination. Among the tools available for vector control, the use of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) has proved most effective. However, Anopheles mosquitoes are becoming increasingly resistant to insecticides. In this chapter, we describe the main aspects of vector control-with a particular focus on insecticidal products commonly used in vector control as well as on mechanisms of insecticide resistance. We also discuss the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission.
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Christen V, Joho Y, Vogel M, Fent K. Transcriptional and physiological effects of the pyrethroid deltamethrin and the organophosphate dimethoate in the brain of honey bees (Apis mellifera). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:247-256. [PMID: 30340169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrethroid deltamethrin and the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate are widely used in agriculture and in urban areas. Both plant protection products (PPPs) unintendedly result in adverse effects in pollinators. Currently, the sublethal effects of both compounds are poorly known, particularly on the molecular and biochemical level. Here we analysed effects of deltamethrin and dimethoate at environmental and sublethal concentrations in honey bee workers by focusing on transcriptional changes of target genes in the brain. In addition, expression of vitellogenin protein and activity of acetylcholinesterase were assessed upon dimethoate exposure to assess physiological effects. Deltamethrin resulted in induction of the cyp9q2 transcript at 0.53 ng/bee, while dimethoate led to induction of vitellogenin on the mRNA and protein level at 2 ng/bee. Transcripts of additional cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (cyps) and genes related to immune system regulation were not differentially expressed upon PPP exposure. Dimethoate but not deltamethrin led to a strong and concentration-related inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase at 2 and 20 ng/bee. Our data demonstrate that deltamethrin and dimethoate exhibit transcriptional effects at environmental concentrations in the brain of honey bees. Dimethoate also strongly affected physiological traits, which may translate to adverse effects in forager bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Joho
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maren Vogel
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Langackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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37
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Jiang XC, Jiang XY, Liu S. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Two Acetylcholinesterase Genes From the Small White Butterfly Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5090326. [PMID: 30184214 PMCID: PMC6121511 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) are essential for the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and play crucial roles in the termination of neurotransmission. AChEs are encoded by the ace genes. However, the ace genes from the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), remained uncharacterized. In this study, two aces (Prace1 and Prace2) were identified from P. rapae. Prace1 encoded a PrAChE1 protein consisting of 694 amino acid residues, and Prace2 encoded the 638-amino-acid PrAChE2. The two identified PrAChEs both had features typical of AChEs, including the catalytic triad, choline-binding sites, an oxyanion hole, an acyl pocket, a peripheral anionic subsite, an FGESAG motif and 14 conserved aromatic amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Prace1 and Prace2 were clustered into two distinct groups: ace1 and ace2, respectively. The two Praces were distributed on different genomic scaffolds: Prace1 on scaffold 156 and Prace2 on scaffold 430. Additionally, Prace1 consisted of three exons and two introns, whereas Prace2 consisted of six exons and five introns. One amino acid mutation (Gly324Ala) in PrAChE1 and two (Ser291Gly and Ser431Phe) in PrAChE2 were consistent with mutations in other insect AChEs that are associated with insecticide insensitivity. Both Prace1 and Prace2 were highly expressed at the fifth-instar larval stage and in the larval head, and the transcriptional levels of Prace1 were significantly higher than those of Prace2 in all of the tested life stages and tissues. This is the first report characterizing two ace genes in P. rapae. The results pave the way for functional study of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chuan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Su Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wang MM, Xing LY, Ni ZW, Wu G. Identification and characterization of ace1-type acetylcholinesterase in insecticide-resistant and -susceptible Propylaea japonica (Thunberg). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:253-262. [PMID: 28747242 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization and gene cloning of acetylecholinesterase (AChE) in the insecticide-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) insects have been reported in the past. However, the studies focused mostly on herbivorous pests, rather than predacious species, such as ladybird beetles. Using R and S Propylaea japonica (thunberg), a full-length cDNA sequence (2928 bp) of the ace1-type AChE gene was determined for the first time. The ace1 encoding a protein of 645 amino acids contained typical conserved motifs, such as FGESAG domains, catalytic triad, acyl pocket, oxyanino hole, choline binding site, peripheral anionic site, omega loop and conserved aromatic residues. R P. japonica displayed 50-times greater resistance to chlorpyrifos or mathamidophos with a significantly lower AChE sensitivity to paraoxon, malaoxon, chlorpyrifos or methamidophos than its S counterpart. Five amino acids in the ace1 of R P. japonica differed from those found in S P. japonica. One of them, F358S, located in the acyl-binding pocket, might play a crucial role in the resistance of the insect to organophosphates (OPs). Whereas, K493E and I538V, which were close to some of the conserved aromatic amino acids (i.e., H509, Y511, and W499) in the gorge, and G571R and T576A near C593 that formed the disulfide bonds with C471, might also involve in the change of insecticide resistance in P. japonica. AChE insensitivity and amino acid replacements, particularly F358S, might be the determining factors in the alteration of OPs-resistance in P. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,China
| | - L Y Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,China
| | - Z W Ni
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,China
| | - G Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, Fujian 350002,China
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Glavan G, Kos M, Božič J, Drobne D, Sabotič J, Kokalj AJ. Different response of acetylcholinesterases in salt- and detergent-soluble fractions of honeybee haemolymph, head and thorax after exposure to diazinon. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:8-14. [PMID: 29258877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticide diazinon is a specific inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is a common neurotoxicity biomarker in environmental studies. In honeybees, AChE exists in two forms having different physiological roles, one existing as a soluble form and the other as membrane-bound. In most studies AChE activity has been analysed without paying considerable attention to different forms of AChE. In this study, we exposed honeybees Apis mellifera carnica for 10days to diazinon via oral exposure and analysed the total AChE activities in salt soluble (SS) and detergent soluble (DS) fractions. We assumed that SS fraction would preferentially contain the soluble AChE, but the DS fraction would contain only membrane AChE. On the contrary, our results showed that SS and DS fractions both contain soluble and membrane AChE and the latter has considerably higher activity. Despite this we obtained a differential response of AChE activity in SS and DS fractions when exposed to diazinon. The head/thorax AChE activity in DS fraction decreased, while the head/thorax AChE activity in SS fraction increased at sublethal concentrations. The AChE activity in honeybee hemolymph shown here for the first time is a salt soluble enzyme. Its activity remained unaltered after diazinon treatment. In conclusion, we provide evidence that varying results regarding AChE activity alterations upon stressor exposure are obtained when extracted through different procedures. In further environmental studies with honeybees this differential response of AChE activity should be given considerable attention because this affects the outcome of ecotoxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Kos
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Božič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Li N, Li Y, Zhang S, Fan Y, Liu T. Effect of elevated CO 2 concentration and temperature on antioxidant capabilities of multiple generations of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 103:91-97. [PMID: 29056516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and a warming climate are two of the most conspicuous characteristics of global climate change in this century. However, studies addressing the combined impact of rising [CO2] and temperature on herbivore insect physiology are still limited. In this study we investigated the combined effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on major antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD) and detoxification enzymes of glutathione-S-transferases (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in three consecutive generations of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, commonly known as B biotype) adults. The results indicated that the antioxidant capabilities of B. tabaci differed significantly during different treatments across different generations. Elevated [CO2] markedly increased POD, GST and AChE activities in the first generation, and SOD, CAT and GST activities in the second generation, but reduced POD activity in the third generation at ambient temperature. Under elevated temperature, elevated [CO2] significantly increased GST and AChE activities in the first generation and CAT activity in the third generation, reduced SOD activity in the third generation and reduced AChE activity in the second generation. [CO2], temperature and insect generation interacted to affect the antioxidant capabilities of B. tabaci. These results suggest both that changes in antioxidant capabilities vary in response to either [CO2] or temperature, or a combination of both, leading to oxidative stress and also that antioxidant enzymes play important roles in reducing oxidative damage in B. tabaci. Changes in the exposure of antioxidant compounds over the course of three generations suggest that acclimation and/or adaptation to elevated [CO2] and temperature may have occurred. This study represents the first comprehensive report on the antioxidant defense mechanism in successive multiple generations of an insect species under combined elevated [CO2] and temperature levels. These results offer further insights into the effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on different generations of insect herbivores and provide more detailed information for population predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateaus of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateaus of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shize Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateaus of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yongliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateaus of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateaus of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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41
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Zhang Y, Yang B, Li J, Liu M, Liu Z. Point mutations in acetylcholinesterase 1 associated with chlorpyrifos resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:453-460. [PMID: 28407384 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance frequently results from target-site insensitivity, such as point mutations in acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. From a field-originated population of Nilaparvata lugens, a major rice pest, a resistant population (R9) was obtained by nine-generation continuous selection with chlorpyrifos. From the same field population, a relatively susceptible population (S9) was also constructed through rearing without any insecticides. Compared to the susceptible strain, Sus [medium lethal dose (LC50 ) = 0.012 mg/l], R9 had a resistance ratio (RR) of 253.08-fold, whereas the RR of S9 was only 2.25-fold. Piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate synergized chlorpyrifos in R9 less than three-fold, indicating other important mechanisms for high resistance. The target-site insensitivity was supported by the key property differences of crude AChEs between R9 and S9. Compared to S9, three mutations (G119S, F331C and I332L) were detected in NlAChE1 from individuals of the R9 and field populations, but no mutation was detected in NlAChE2. G119S and F331C could decreased insecticide sensitivities in recombinant NlAChE1, whereas I332L took effect through increasing the influence of F331C on target insensitivity. F331C might be deleterious because of its influence on the catalytic efficiency of NlAChE1, whereas I332L would decrease these adverse effects and maintain the normal functions of AChEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - B Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Rice Technology Research and Development Center, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Meng X, Xu X, Bao H, Wang J, Liu Z. Characterization of the Fifth Putative Acetylcholinesterase in the Wolf Spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. Molecules 2017; 22:E1118. [PMID: 28696352 PMCID: PMC6152279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important neurotransmitter hydrolase in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. The number of AChEs is various among invertebrate species, with different functions including the 'classical' role in terminating synaptic transmission and other 'non-classical' roles. Methods: Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, a new putative AChE-encoding gene was cloned from Pardosa pseudoannulata, an important predatory natural enemy. Sequence analysis and in vitro expression were employed to determine the structural features and biochemical properties of this putative AChE. Results: The cloned AChE contained the most conserved motifs of AChEs family and was clearly clustered with Arachnida AChEs. Determination of biochemical properties revealed that the recombinant enzyme had the obvious preference for the substrate ATC (acetylthiocholine iodide) versus BTC (butyrylthiocholine iodide). The AChE was highly sensitive to AChE-specific inhibitor BW284C51, but not butyrylcholinesterase-specific inhibitor tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (ISO-OMPA). Based on these results, we concluded that a new AChE was identified from P. pseudoannulata and denoted as PpAChE5. Conclusion: Here we report the identification of a new AChE from P. pseudoannulata and increased the AChE number to five in this species. Although PpAChE5 had the biggest Vmax value among five identified AChEs, it showed relatively low affinity with ATC. Similar sensitivity to test insecticides indicated that this AChE might serve as the target for both organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haibo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ye X, Yang L, Stanley D, Li F, Fang Q. Two Bombyx mori acetylcholinesterase genes influence motor control and development in different ways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4985. [PMID: 28694460 PMCID: PMC5504014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among its other biological roles, acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), encoded by two ace in most insects, catalyses the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby terminating synaptic transmission. ace1 encodes the synaptic enzyme and ace2 has other essential actions in many insect species, such as Chilo suppressalis and Plutella xylostella. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been domesticated for more than two thousand years and its aces have no history of pesticide exposure. Here, we investigated the functional differences between two ace genes, BmAce1 and BmAce2, in the silkworm. qPCR analysis indicated that BmAce1 is highly expressed in muscle and BmAce2 is more ubiquitously expressed among tissues and enriched in the head. Both genes were separately suppressed using chemically synthesized siRNAs. The mRNA abundance of the two ace genes was significantly reduced to about 13% - 75% of the control levels after siRNA injection. The AChE activities were decreased to 32% to 85% of control levels. Silencing BmAce2 resulted in about 26% mortality, faster and higher than the 20% in the siBmAce1-treated group. Silencing BmAce1 impacted motor control and development to a greater extent than silencing BmAce2, although both treatment groups suffered motor disability, slowed development and reduced cocoons. Both genes have essential, differing biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Ye
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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44
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Mou X, Yuan GR, Jiang HB, Liu Z, Wang JJ. Functional characterization of two acetylcholinesterase genes in the brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy), using heterologous expression and RNA interference. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:76-83. [PMID: 28456308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the primary target of organophosphate- and carbamate-based insecticides. We sequenced the full-length cDNAs of two AChE genes from the brown citrus aphid Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy). These two genes, Tcace1 and Tcace2, which encode TcAChE1 and TcAChE2, respectively, had a shared amino acid identity of 29% and were highly similar to other insect ace1 and ace2 genes, respectively, having specific functional motifs. Potential differences in enzymatic function were characterized by the heterologous expression of the two genes using a baculovirus system in Sf9 insect cells. Both of the recombinant AChEs had high specific activities for three typical substrates, acetylthiocholine iodide, butyrylthiocholine iodide, and propinylthiocholine iodide. TcAChE1 had a lower Michaelis-Menten constant value and a higher maximal reaction velocity than recombinant TcAChE2, indicating a higher affinity for substrates and greater catalytic efficiency, respectively. Bioassays showed a greater sensitivity of recombinant TcAChE1 to the 10 tested insecticides. Silencing of Tcace1 and Tcace2 by RNA interference significantly increased the susceptibility of A. citricidus to malathion and carbaryl; however, silencing Tcace1 resulted in a higher mortality rate than silencing Tcace2. Additionally, the specific enzyme activity decreased more after silencing Tcace1 than after silencing Tcace2. Thus, TcAChE1 plays a major role in postsynaptic neurotransmission in A. citricidus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Mou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Chatonnet A, Lenfant N, Marchot P, Selkirk ME. Natural genomic amplification of cholinesterase genes in animals. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:73-81. [PMID: 28382676 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tight control of the concentration of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses requires precise regulation of the number and state of the acetylcholine receptors, and of the synthesis and degradation of the neurotransmitter. In particular, the cholinesterase activity has to be controlled exquisitely. In the genome of the first experimental models used (man, mouse, zebrafish and drosophila), there are only one or two genes coding for cholinesterases, whereas there are more genes for their closest relatives the carboxylesterases. Natural amplification of cholinesterase genes was first found to occur in some cancer cells and in insect species subjected to evolutionary pressure by insecticides. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of numerous representatives of the various metazoan phyla show that moderate amplification of cholinesterase genes is not uncommon in molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, prochordates or lepidosauria. Amplification of acetylcholinesterase genes is also a feature of parasitic nematodes or ticks. In these parasites, over-production of cholinesterase-like proteins in secreted products and the saliva are presumed to have effector roles related to host infection. These amplification events raise questions about the role of the amplified gene products, and the adaptation processes necessary to preserve efficient cholinergic transmission. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chatonnet
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA, Université Montpellier, Place Viala, Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Lenfant
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA, Université Montpellier, Place Viala, Montpellier France.,Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Murray E Selkirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Knutsson S, Kindahl T, Engdahl C, Nikjoo D, Forsgren N, Kitur S, Ekström F, Kamau L, Linusson A. N-Aryl-N'-ethyleneaminothioureas effectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase 1 from disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:415-427. [PMID: 28433681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vector control of disease-transmitting mosquitoes by insecticides has a central role in reducing the number of parasitic- and viral infection cases. The currently used insecticides are efficient, but safety concerns and the development of insecticide-resistant mosquito strains warrant the search for alternative compound classes for vector control. Here, we have designed and synthesized thiourea-based compounds as non-covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE1) from the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae (An. gambiae) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), as well as a naturally occurring resistant-conferring mutant. The N-aryl-N'-ethyleneaminothioureas proved to be inhibitors of AChE1; the most efficient one showed submicromolar potency. Importantly, the inhibitors exhibited selectivity over the human AChE (hAChE), which is desirable for new insecticides. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the thioureas revealed that small changes in the chemical structure had a large effect on inhibition capacity. The thioureas showed to have different SAR when inhibiting AChE1 and hAChE, respectively, enabling an investigation of structure-selectivity relationships. Furthermore, insecticidal activity was demonstrated using adult and larvae An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Knutsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Kindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dariush Nikjoo
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stanley Kitur
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-906 21, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden.
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Salim AMA, Shakeel M, Ji J, Kang T, Zhang Y, Ali E, Xiao Z, Lu Y, Wan H, Li J. Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 206:16-25. [PMID: 28111266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two acetylcholinesterase genes (SlAce1 and SlAce2) were cloned from Spodoptera litura, which is an important pest that causes widespread economic damage to vegetables and ornamental plants. We analyzed their expression patterns and compared their biological functions by using RNA interference. Our results showed that SlAce1 and SlAce2 cDNA contains 2085bp and 1917bp nucleotides and encoding proteins of 694 and 638 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenic analysis indicated that the lineage of SlAce genes and SlAce1 was completely different from SlAce2. Although both genes were expressed in all developmental stages and majorly in the brain. The expression levels of the both genes were suppressed by inserting their related dsRNA in the 6th instar larvae, which led to 47.3% (SlAce1) and 37.9% (SlAce2) mortality. Interestingly, the suppression of the SlAce2 transcripts also led to significant reductions in the fecundity, hatching, and offspring in the parental generation of S. litura. It is concluded that SlAce2 is responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and also plays role in female breeding, embryo progress, and the development of progeny. Considerable larval mortality was observed after both AChE genes (i.e. Ace1 and Ace2) were silenced in S. litura confirms its insecticidal effectiveness, which provided a molecular basis in biological pest control approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla M A Salim
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ji
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tinghao Kang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yashu Zhang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ehsan Ali
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhao Xiao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Hu Wan
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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48
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Kim YH, Kim JH, Kim K, Lee SH. Expression of acetylcholinesterase 1 is associated with brood rearing status in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39864. [PMID: 28045085 PMCID: PMC5206625 DOI: 10.1038/srep39864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase 1 (AmAChE1) of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, has been suggested to have non-neuronal functions. A systematic expression profiling of AmAChE1 over a year-long cycle on a monthly basis revealed that AmAChE1 was predominantly expressed in both head and abdomen during the winter months and was moderately expressed during the rainy summer months. Interestingly, AmAChE1 expression was inhibited when bees were stimulated for brood rearing by placing overwintering beehives in strawberry greenhouses with a pollen diet, whereas it resumed when the beehives were moved back to the cold field, thereby suppressing brood rearing. In early spring, pollen diet supplementation accelerated the induction of brood-rearing activity and the inhibition of AmAChE1 expression. When active beehives were placed in a screen tent in late spring, thereby artificially suppressing brood-rearing activity, AmAChE1 was highly expressed. In contrast, AmAChE1 expression was inhibited when beehives were allowed to restore brood rearing by removing the screen, supporting the hypothesis that brood rearing status is a main factor in the regulation of AmAChE1 expression. Since brood rearing status is influenced by various stress factors, including temperature and diet shortage, our finding discreetly suggests that AmAChE1 is likely involved in the stress response or stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Applied Biology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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49
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Huang WK, Wu QS, Peng H, Kong LA, Liu SM, Yin HQ, Cui RQ, Zhan LP, Cui JK, Peng DL. Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) increase the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to fosthiazate in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38102. [PMID: 27897265 PMCID: PMC5126670 DOI: 10.1038/srep38102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes severe damage to continuously cropping vegetables. The control of this nematode relies heavily on organophosphate nematicides in China. Here, we described resistance to the organophosphate nematicide fosthiazate in a greenhouse-collected resistant population (RP) and a laboratory susceptible population (SP) of M. incognita. Fosthiazate was 2.74-fold less toxic to nematodes from RP than that from SP. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) transcription level in the RP was significantly higher than that in the SP. Eighteen nonsynonymous amino acid differences in ace2 were observed between the cDNA fragments of the RP and SP. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein activity in the RP was significantly reduced compared with that in the SP. After knocking down the ace2 gene, the ace2 transcription level was significantly decreased, but no negative impact on the infection of juveniles was observed. The 50% lethal concentration of the RNAi RP population decreased 40%, but the inhibition rate of fosthiazate against AChE activity was significantly increased in RP population. Thus, the increased fosthiazate insensitivity in the M. incognita resistant population was strongly associated with mutations in ace2. These results provide valuable insights into the resistance mechanism of root-knot nematode to organophosphate nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin-Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ling-An Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shi-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua-Qun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.,Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ru-Qiang Cui
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiang-Kuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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50
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Wang DM, Zhang BX, Liu XM, Rao XJ, Li SG, Li MY, Liu S. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE GENES FROM THE RICE LEAFFOLDER, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93:129-142. [PMID: 27447944 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two full-length cDNA sequences (Cmace1 and Cmace2) encoding putative acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) were cloned and characterized from the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, an important lepidopteran rice pest in Asia. Cmace1 encodes a CmAChE1 consisting of 689 amino acid residues, while Cmace2 encodes a 639 amino acids CmAChE2. The two CmAChEs both have N-terminal signal peptides and conserved motifs including the catalytic triad, choline-binding sites, oxianion hole, acyl pocket, peripheral anionic subsite, and the characteristic FGESAG motif and conserved 14 aromatic amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cmace1 and Cmace2 are clustered into distinct clusters that are completely diverged from each other. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Cmace1 and Cmace2 were predominately expressed in the larval brain and at the fifth-instar larvae stage, and the transcription levels of Cmace1 were significantly higher than those of Cmace2 in all the tested samples. Recombinant CmAChE1 and CmAChE2 were heterologously expressed in baculovirus system. Using acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) as substrate, the Michaelis constant (Km ) values of rCmAChE1 and rCmAChE2 were 39.81 ± 6.49 and 68.29 ± 6.72 μmol/l, respectively; and the maximum velocity (Vmax ) values of the two rCmAChEs were 0.60 ± 0.02 and 0.31 ± 0.06 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Inhibition assay indicated that rCmAChE1 was more sensitive to the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and triazophos than rCmAChE2. This study is the first report of molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two acetylcholinesterase genes/enzymes in C. medinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bang-Xian Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shi-Guang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mao-Ye Li
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Su Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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