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Siddiqui SA, Li C, Aidoo OF, Fernando I, Haddad MA, Pereira JA, Blinov A, Golik A, Câmara JS. Unravelling the potential of insects for medicinal purposes - A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15938. [PMID: 37206028 PMCID: PMC10189416 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomotherapy, the use of insects for medicinal purposes, has been practised for centuries in many countries around the world. More than 2100 edible insect species are eaten by humans, but little is known about the possibility of using these insects as a promising alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals for treating diseases. This review offers a fundamental understanding of the therapeutic applications of insects and how they might be used in medicine. In this review, 235 insect species from 15 orders are reported to be used as medicine. Hymenoptera contains the largest medicinal insect species, followed by Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Blattodea. Scientists have examined and validated the potential uses of insects along with their products and by-products in treating various diseases, and records show that they are primarily used to treat digestive and skin disorders. Insects are known to be rich sources of bioactive compounds, explaining their therapeutic features such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and so on. Challenges associated with the consumption of insects (entomophagy) and their therapeutic uses include regulation barriers and consumer acceptance. Moreover, the overexploitation of medicinal insects in their natural habitat has led to a population crisis, thus necessitating the investigation and development of their mass-rearing procedure. Lastly, this review suggests potential directions for developing insects used in medicine and offers advice for scientists interested in entomotherapy. In future, entomotherapy may become a sustainable and cost-effective solution for treating various ailments and has the potential to revolutionize modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 D-Quakenbrück, Germany
- Corresponding author. Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Chujun Li
- Guangzhou Unique Biotechnology Co., Ltd, 510663, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, 00233, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Ito Fernando
- Department of Plant Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Moawiya A. Haddad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Jorge A.M. Pereira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Andrey Blinov
- North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009, Stavropol, Russia
| | - Andrey Golik
- North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009, Stavropol, Russia
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Corresponding author. CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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Nitrogen Acquisition Strategies Mediated by Insect Symbionts: A Review of Their Mechanisms, Methodologies, and Case Studies. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010084. [PMID: 35055927 PMCID: PMC8781418 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nitrogen acquisition strategies mediated by insect symbionts through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and nitrogenous waste recycling (NWR) were reviewed and compared in our paper, and a model for nitrogen provisioning in insects was then constructed. In our model, (1) insects acquired nitrogen nutrition from food stuffs directly, and the subprime channels (e.g., BNF or NWR) for nitrogen provisioning were accelerated when the available nitrogen in diets could not fully support the normal growth and development of insects; (2) the NWR strategy was more accessible to more insects due to its energy conservation and mild reaction conditions; (3) ammonia produced by different channels was used for essential nitrogenous metabolites synthesis via the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase pathways. Abstract Nitrogen is usually a restrictive nutrient that affects the growth and development of insects, especially of those living in low nitrogen nutrient niches. In response to the low nitrogen stress, insects have gradually developed symbiont-based stress response strategies—biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous waste recycling—to optimize dietary nitrogen intake. Based on the above two patterns, atmospheric nitrogen or nitrogenous waste (e.g., uric acid, urea) is converted into ammonia, which in turn is incorporated into the organism via the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase pathways. This review summarized the reaction mechanisms, conventional research methods and the various applications of biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogenous waste recycling strategies. Further, we compared the bio-reaction characteristics and conditions of two strategies, then proposed a model for nitrogen provisioning based on different strategies.
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Davis RJ, Belikoff EJ, Dickey AN, Scholl EH, Benoit JB, Scott MJ. Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata, reveals underlying factors of sheep flystrike and maggot debridement therapy. Genomics 2021; 113:3978-3988. [PMID: 34619342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The common green bottle blow fly Lucilia sericata (family, Calliphoridae) is widely used for maggot debridement therapy, which involves the application of sterile maggots to wounds. The larval excretions and secretions are important for consuming necrotic tissue and inhibiting bacterial growth in wounds of patients. Lucilia sericata is also of importance as a pest of sheep and in forensic studies to estimate a postmortem interval. Here we report the assembly of a 565.3 Mb genome from long read PacBio DNA sequencing of genomic DNA. The genome contains 14,704 predicted protein coding genes and 1709 non-coding genes. Targeted annotation and transcriptional analyses identified genes that are highly expressed in the larval salivary glands (secretions) and Malpighian tubules (excretions) under normal growth conditions and following heat stress. The genomic resources will underpin future genetic studies and in development of engineered strains for genetic control of L. sericata and for biotechnology-enhanced maggot therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Esther J Belikoff
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Allison N Dickey
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7566, Raleigh, NC 27695-7566, USA.
| | - Elizabeth H Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7566, Raleigh, NC 27695-7566, USA.
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.
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Weihrauch D, O'Donnell MJ. Mechanisms of nitrogen excretion in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 47:25-30. [PMID: 33609767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding the toxic effects of ammonia derived from catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids typically involves synthesis of the less soluble compound uric acid in insects, although some species which are not water stressed excrete ammonia directly. Some dipterans metabolize uric acid further to allantoin or urea. Uric acid plays diverse roles as a nitrogenous waste, nitrogen store, pigment, antioxidant and possibly a signaling molecule. Multiple transporters are implicated in urate transport, including members of the ABC and SLC families. Excretion of ammonia by the Malpighian tubules, hindgut, or anal papillae involves multiple transporters, including Na+/K+-ATPase, Rhesus glycoproteins, ammonia transporters (AMTs) and possibly a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K+ channel (HCN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Weihrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Maleki-Ravasan N, Ahmadi N, Soroushzadeh Z, Raz AA, Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N. New Insights Into Culturable and Unculturable Bacteria Across the Life History of Medicinal Maggots Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:505. [PMID: 32322242 PMCID: PMC7156559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the nutritional ecology of dung- and carrion-feeding, bacteria are the integral part of Lucilia sericata life cycle. Nevertheless, the disinfected larvae of the blowfly are applied to treat human chronic wounds in a biosurgery named maggot debridement therapy (MDT). To realize the effects of location/diet on the gut bacteria, to infer the role of bacteria in the blowfly ecology plus in the MDT process, and to disclose bacteria circulating horizontally in and vertically between generations, bacterial communities associated with L. sericata specimens from various sources were investigated using culture-based and culture-independent methods. In total, 265 bacteria, including 20 families, 28 genera, and 40 species, were identified in many sources of the L. sericata. Culture-dependent method identified a number of 144 bacterial isolates, including 21 species, in flies reared in an insectary; specimens were collected from the field, and third-instar larvae retrieved from chronic wounds of patients. Metagenetic approach exposed the occurrences of 121 operational taxonomic units comprising of 32 bacterial species from immature and adult stages of L. sericata. Gammaproteobacteria was distinguished as the dominant class of bacteria by both methods. Bacteria came into the life cycle of L. sericata over the foods and transovarially infected eggs. Enterococcus faecalis, Myroides phaeus, Proteus species, Providencia vermicola, and Serratia marcescens were exchanged among individuals via transstadial transmission. Factors, including diets, feeding status, identification tool, gut compartment, and life stage, governed the bacteria species. Herein, we reemphasized that L. sericata is thoroughly connected to the bacteria both in numerous gut compartments and in different life stages. Among all, transstadially transmitted bacteria are underlined, indicating the lack of antagonistic effect of the larval excretions/secretions on these resident bacteria. While the culture-dependent method generated useful data on the viable aerobic gut bacteria, metagenomic method enabled us to identify bacteria directly from the tissues without any need for cultivation and to facilitate the identification of anaerobic and unculturable bacteria. These findings are planned to pave the way for further research to determine the role of each bacterial species/strain in the insect ecology, as well as in antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Maleki-Ravasan
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Soroushzadeh
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Raz
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Reyes Parrado AE, Arrivillaga-Henríquez J, Oviedo Araújo MJ, Scorza Dagert JV, Ron Garrido L. Terapia Larval con Musca Domestica en el Tratamiento de la úlcera Leishmánicaen un Modelo Murino. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n1.77177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
La leishmaniosis es una enfermedad con gran impacto en salud pública dado a las características de las lesiones tegumentarias. El tratamiento experimental con terapia larval (TL) ha mostrado su uso potencial para la cura de la leishmaniosis, sin embargo, se han utilizado especies de moscas para TL en heridas causadas por Leishmania que no son de fácil colecta y cultivo bajo condiciones de laboratorio como Lucilia sericata o Calliphora vicina. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue usar una especie de mosca de fácil colecta, y de alta fecundidad como la Musca domestica para aplicarlas en TL de úlceras leishmánicas. Se realizó un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo, mediante un diseño experimental empleado un modelo animal (Mesocricetus auratus), infectado con Leishmania amazonensis para evaluar el efecto terapéutico de la TL y comparar los resultados con el tratamiento químico antimonial de la droga experimental “Ulamina”. Se evidencia cicatrización y cura de la úlcera leishmánica en el 66,66 % de los animales tratados con TL en aplicación simple y del 100 % en TL combinada con Ulamina. El uso combinado de TL+Ulamina, muestra un efecto potenciador de la cura clínica de las úlceras, pero con persistente inflamación. Se observó una efectividad óptima de la TL con M. domestica, sobre las úlceras, aunque no se evidenció un efecto sobre L. amazonensis dado a la presencia de amastigotes en los frotis y a los amplicones obtenidos de 480 bp desde las improntas de los animales.
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Fonseca-Muñoz A, Pérez-Pacheco R, Ortega-Morales BO, Reyes-Estebanez M, Vásquez-López A, Chan-Bacab M, Ruiz-Vega J, Granados-Echegoyen CA. Bactericidal Activity of Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larval Excretions-Secretions Against Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1598-1604. [PMID: 31287880 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius) larval excretions-secretions (ES) on Staphylococcus aureus was determined using a portable colorimetric method without the need for any dedicated spectral instrument. Polystyrene 96 well microplates were used and 100 μl of the bacterial inoculum (5 × 105 CFU/ml) plus 100 μl of the dipteran exosecretions at different concentrations were added to each well. Subsequently, 50 μl of a 1% solution of the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stain was added to each well to determine the bacterial viability. The color development in each well was measured with the ImageJ software S. aureus was exposed to different concentrations of the ES of both species individually. At a concentration of 800 ppm ES of C. rufifacies or Co. macellaria, bacterial growth was inhibited 97.45 ± 1.70% and 82.21 ± 1.88%, respectively. As expected, exposure to a lower concentration (i.e., 50 ppm) was less inhibitory (C. rufifacies ES, 77.65 ± 4.25% and Co. macellaria ES, 43.54 ± 4.63%). This study demonstrates for the first time the bactericidal activity of C. rufifacies and Co. macellaria ES against S. aureus. This finding is promising as it could result in the identification and synthesis of proteins capable of suppressing pathogen development in wounds. Additionally, the proposed method can simplify the use of expensive laboratory instruments for antimicrobial activity determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fonseca-Muñoz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Naturales, CIIDIR-IPN-Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Rafael Pérez-Pacheco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Alfonso Vásquez-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Manuel Chan-Bacab
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
| | - Jaime Ruiz-Vega
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Oaxaca, Calle Hornos, Santa Cruz, Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, México, CP
| | - Carlos A Granados-Echegoyen
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología (DEMAB), Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Col. Buenavista, Campeche, México, CP
- Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre (CEDESU), CONACYT- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (UAC), Avenida Héroe de Nacozari, Campeche, México, CP
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Eichmann J, Oberpaul M, Weidner T, Gerlach D, Czermak P. Selection of High Producers From Combinatorial Libraries for the Production of Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli and Vibrio natriegens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:254. [PMID: 31637238 PMCID: PMC6788121 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization of recombinant protein production in bacteria is an important stage of process development, especially for difficult-to-express proteins that are particularly sensitive or recalcitrant. The optimal expression level must be neither too low, which would limit yields, nor too high, which would promote the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Expression can be optimized by testing different combinations of elements such as ribosome binding sites and N-terminal affinity tags, but the rate of protein synthesis is strongly dependent on mRNA secondary structures so the combined effects of these elements must be taken into account. This substantially increases the complexity of high-throughput expression screening. To address this limitation, we generated libraries of constructs systematically combining different ribosome binding sites, N-terminal affinity tags, and periplasmic translocation sequences representing two secretion pathways. Each construct also contained a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag to allow the identification of high producers and a thrombin cleavage site enabling the removal of fusion tags. To achieve proof of principle, we generated libraries of 200 different combinations of elements for the expression of an antimicrobial peptide (AMPs), an antifungal peptide, and the enzyme urate oxidase (uricase) in Escherichia coli and Vibrio natriegens. High producers for all three difficult-to-express products were enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Our results indicated that the E. coli ssYahJ secretion signal is recognized in V. natriegens and efficiently mediates translocation to the periplasm. Our combinatorial library approach therefore allows the cross-species direct selection of high-producer clones for difficult-to-express proteins by systematically evaluating the combined impact of multiple construct elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eichmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Oberpaul
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Gerlach
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
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iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis identifies proteins involved in limb regeneration of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 26:10-19. [PMID: 29482113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) has a striking capacity for limb regeneration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach was utilised to investigate protein abundance changes during limb regeneration in this species. A total of 1830 proteins were identified, of which 181 were significantly differentially expressed, with 94 upregulated and 87 downregulated. Our results highlight the complexity of limb regeneration and its regulation through cooperation of various biological processes including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR confirmed that mRNA levels of differentially expressed genes were correlated with protein levels. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with crab limb regeneration.
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