1
|
Hewage N, Damunupola D, Zeller M, Brückner C. Direct Oxidations of meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin: Porphotrilactones and Entry into a Nonbiological Porphyrin Degradation Pathway. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6584-6589. [PMID: 38652047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The direct oxidations of meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin using cetyltrimethylammonium permanganate (CTAP), RuCl3/Oxone/base or Ag+/oxalic acid each generate distinctive product mixtures that may contain, inter alia, porpho-mono-, di-, and trilactones. The CTAP and RuCl3/Oxone/base oxidations also generate a unique open chain tripyrrin derived from the degradation of a porpholactone oxazolone moiety. Thus, its formation and structure are distinctly different from all biological or nearly all other nonbiological biliverdin-like linear porphyrinoid degradation products that are derived from ring cleavages between the pyrrolic building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma M, Brückner C, Zeller M. Crystal structure of (6,9-diacetyl-5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-secochlorinato)nickel(II). Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2024; 80:649-653. [PMID: 38845721 PMCID: PMC11151305 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989024004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Title compound 1Ni, [Ni(C46H32N4O2)], a secochlorin nickel complex, was prepared by diol cleavage of a precursor trans-di-hydroxy-dimethyl-chlorin. Two crystallographically independent mol-ecules in the structure are related by pseudo-A lattice centering, with mol-ecules differing mainly by a rotation of one of the acetyls and an adjacent phenyl groups. The two mol-ecules have virtually identical conformations characterized by noticeable in-plane deformation in the A1g mode and a prominent out-of-plane deformation in the B1u (ruffling) mode. Directional inter-actions between mol-ecules are scarce, limited to just a few C-H⋯O contacts, and inter-molecular inter-actions are mostly dispersive in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT, 06269-3060, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hao F, Zhang T, Yu D, Yang X, Jiang HW, Xiao JC, Chen QY. Porphyriynes: 18-π-Conjugated Macrocycles Incorporating a Triple Bond. Org Lett 2022; 24:1716-1721. [PMID: 35199515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylporphyriyne (Pyne1), a novel porphyrin analogue with a C≡C bond incorporated into an 18-π-conjugated system, has been created via cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring in Ag(III) N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin. The structure of Pyne1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The mechanism of cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring was investigated by theoretical calculations. The successful synthesis of other Pynes indicated the generality of this protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodeng Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Hua-Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Photodynamic Inactivation is an innovative technique used to combat bacterial and viral infections which involves the use of photosensitizing agents along with light to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species able to kill bacteria and viruses. In the first section of this minireview, porphyrin-based fluorophores are shown to be remarkable dye candidates for PDI (photodynamic inactivation) applications. The second section is dedicated to the description of porphyrin-based antimicrobial materials and their potentialities for industrial applications such as in food packaging or antimicrobial medical devices and hygiene. Finally, the failings and perspectives of PDI are analyzed to demonstrate how the PDI technique could be an efficient and ecologically friendly antimicrobial technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Guilard
- PorphyChem SAS, Dijon 21000, France
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21078, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dorazio SJ, Vogel A, Dechert S, Nevonen DE, Nemykin VN, Brückner C, Meyer F. Siamese-Twin Porphyrin Goes Platinum: Group 10 Monometallic, Homobimetallic, and Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7290-7305. [PMID: 32374995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of PtII-based monometallic (H2PtL), homobimetallic (Pt2L), and heterobimetallic (NiPtL and PdPtL) group 10 complexes of the previously established expanded twin porphyrin (H4L) were prepared. Structural characterization of the bimetallic PtII series (Pt2L, NiPtL, and PdPtL) revealed their similar general structures, with slight differences correlated to the ion size. An improvement of the metal-ion insertion process also allowed efficient preparation of the known Pd2L complex, and the novel heterobimetallic NiPdL complex was also structurally characterized. UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and (spectro)electrochemistry were used to characterize the complexes; the electronic properties followed largely established lines for metal complexes of the twin porphyrin, except that the PtII-based systems exhibited more complex UV-vis spectral signatures. MCD spectra accompanied by density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent DFT computations (TDDFT) rationalize the origins of the optical features of the twin porphyrin. The presence of the nonplanar, nonaromatic macrocyclic π system with conjugation pathways confined to each half of the molecule could be visualized. Significant pyrazole(π) → pyrrole(π*) charge-transfer character was predicted for several transitions in the visible region. This study adds to our fundamental understanding of the formation, structure, and electronic structure of bimetallic complexes of this class of expanded metalloporphyrins containing nonpyrrolic moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarina J Dorazio
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Anastasia Vogel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dechert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schnable D, Chaudhri N, Li R, Zeller M, Brückner C. Evaluation of Octaethyl-7,17-dioxobacteriochlorin as a Ligand for Transition Metals. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2870-2880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Schnable
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 101 Wetherill Hall, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, Unit 3060, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yoshida K, Osuka A. Pyrrole-Modified Subporphyrins Bearing a Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclic Unit. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kuzmin SM, Chulovskaya SA, Parfenyuk VI. Structures and properties of porphyrin-based film materials part I. The films obtained via vapor-assisted methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 253:23-34. [PMID: 29444750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to porphyrin-based film materials. Various technological and scientific applications of ones are close to surface and interface related phenomena. In the part I of review the following topics are discussed the recent progress in field of submonolayers, monolayers and multilayers films on the vapor-solid interfaces, including results on (i) conformational behavior of adsorbed molecules, (ii) aggregation and surface phases formation, (iii) on-surface coordination networks, and (iv) on-surface chemical reactions. The examples of combined approaches to developing materials and porphyrin-based film materials application are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Kuzmin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Ivanovo State Power Engineering University, Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - S A Chulovskaya
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - V I Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Kostroma State University, Kostroma, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharma M, Ticho AL, Samankumara L, Zeller M, Brückner C. Conformational Landscapes of Metal(II) Porphyrinato, Chlorinato, and Morpholinochlorinato Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ticho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Lalith Samankumara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University
Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoshida K, Cha W, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of Boron(III)-Coordinated Subchlorophins and Their Peripheral Modifications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2492-2496. [PMID: 28112474 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A pyrrole-cleaving modification to transform boron(III) meso-triphenylsubporphyrin into boron(III) meso-triphenylsubchlorophin has been developed. Boron(III) subchlorophins thus synthesized show absorption and fluorescence spectra that are roughly similar to those of boron(III) subchlorins, but B-methoxy boron(III) subchlorophin showed considerably intensified fluorescence and a small Stokes shift. Peripheral modification reactions of B-phenyl boron(III) subchlorophin such as regioselective nitration with Cu(NO3 )2 ⋅3 H2 O, ipso-substitution reactions of boron(III) α-nitrosubchlorophin with CsF and CsCl, and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of boron(III) α-chlorosubchlorophin with arylacetylenes, have been also explored to tune the optical properties of subchlorophins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li R, Meehan E, Zeller M, Brückner C. Surprising Outcomes of Classic Ring‐Expansion Conditions Applied to Octaethyloxochlorin, 2. Beckmann‐Rearrangement Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Eileen Meehan
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| | - Mathias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Youngstown State University 44555‐3663 Youngstown OH USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 06368‐3060 Storrs CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yoshida K, Cha W, Kim D, Osuka A. Synthesis of Boron(III)-Coordinated Subchlorophins and Their Peripheral Modifications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma M, Banerjee S, Zeller M, Brückner C. Fusion and Desulfurization Reactions of Thiomorpholinochlorins. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12350-12356. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Subhadeep Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brückner C. The Breaking and Mending of meso-Tetraarylporphyrins: Transmuting the Pyrrolic Building Blocks. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1080-92. [PMID: 26967793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring porphyrins and hydroporphyrins vary with respect to their ring substituents and oxidation states, but their tetrapyrrolic frameworks remain fully preserved across all kingdoms of life; there are no naturally occurring porphyrin-like macrocycles known that contain nonpyrrolic building blocks. However, the study of porphyrin analogues in which one or two pyrroles were replaced with nonpyrrolic building blocks might shed light on the correlation between structural modulation and ground and excited state optical properties of the "pigments of life", unlocking their mechanisms of function. Also, porphyrinoids with strong absorbance and emission spectra in the NIR are sought after in technical (e.g., light-harvesting) and biomedical (e.g., imaging and photochemotherapy) applications. These porphyrin analogues, the so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), are synthetically accessible using total syntheses. Alternatively-and most handily-they can also be formed by conversion of synthetic porphyrins. Guided by older reports of the fortuitous modifications of porphyrins into PMPs, our research program generalized the so-dubbed "Breaking and Mending of Porphyrins" approach toward PMPs. This method to convert a pyrrole in meso-tetraarylporphyrins to a nonpyrrolic building block with high precision relies on a number of distinct steps. Step 1: The porphyrin is functionalized in a way that activates one or two peripheral double bonds toward breakage; in all cases surveyed here, this step is an osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation to generate dihydroxychlorin and tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. Step 2: The activated, dihydroxylated β,β'-bond is "broken". Step 3: The functional groups resulting from the ring-cleavage reactions are utilized in subsequent "mending" steps to form the PMPs, that themselves may be subject to further modifications, Step 4. Thus, PMPs in which a pyrrole was degraded to an imine linkage, contracted to a four-membered ring, or expanded by oxygen, sulfur, carbon, or nitrogen atoms to form six-membered building blocks have become accessible. This approach also allowed the replacement of a single β-carbon atom by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Depending on the ring size, conformation, conformational flexibility, the oxidation state of the pyrrole replacements, or the presence of substituents that π-extend the chromophores, the PMPs possess porphyrin- or hydroporphyrin-like optical spectra, or they show altogether unique electronic properties. Some PMP classes allow the fine-tuning of their absorption range; others exhibit panchromatic absorption spectra from the UV to the NIR. Several PMPs take up persistent chiral helimeric conformations that could be resolved. This Account summarizes the scopes of the "Breaking and Mending" methodology with a special focus on laying out the structural diversity of PMPs accessible from meso-tetraarylporphyrins and highlighting their optical properties, with the aim of encouraging their further study and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Costa LD, Costa JIT, Tomé AC. Porphyrin Macrocycle Modification: Pyrrole Ring-Contracted or -Expanded Porphyrinoids. Molecules 2016; 21:320. [PMID: 27005605 PMCID: PMC6274216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several synthetic strategies aiming at the peripheral functionalization of porphyrins were developed. Particularly interesting are those involving the modification of β-pyrrolic positions leading to pyrrole-modified porphyrins containing four-, five-, six- or seven-membered heterocycles. Azeteoporphyrins, porpholactones and morpholinoporphyrins are representative examples of such porphyrinoids. These porphyrin derivatives have recently gained an increasing interest due to their potential application in PDT, as multimodal imaging contrast agents, NIR-absorbing dyes, optical sensors for oxygen, cyanide, hypochlorite and pH, and in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia D Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana I T Costa
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Head ML, Zarate G, Brückner C. Pyrazinoporphyrins: Expanding a Pyrrolic Building Block in meso
-Tetraphenylporphyrin by a Nitrogen Atom. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
19
|
Götz DCG, Gehrold AC, Dorazio SJ, Daddario P, Samankumara L, Bringmann G, Brückner C, Bruhn T. Indaphyrins and Indachlorins: Optical and Chiroptical Properties of a Family of Helimeric Porphyrinoids. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Akhigbe J, Luciano M, Zeller M, Brückner C. Mono- and Bisquinoline-Annulated Porphyrins from Porphyrin β,β'-Dione Oximes. J Org Chem 2014; 80:499-511. [PMID: 25470653 DOI: 10.1021/jo502511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An acid-induced reaction of meso-tetraphenyl-2-hydroxyimino-3-oxoporphyrin leads, with concomitant loss of water, to a formal electrophilic aromatic substitution of the ortho-position of the phenyl group adjacent to the oxime, forming a quinoline moiety. Owing in part to the presence of a π-extended chromophore, the resulting meso-triphenylmonoquinoline-annulated porphyrin (λmax = 750 nm) possesses a much altered optical spectrum from that of the starting oxime (λmax = 667 nm). An oxidative DDQ-induced ring-closure process is also possible, generating the corresponding meso-triphenylmonoquinoline-annulated porphyrin quinoline N-oxide, possessing a slightly shifted and sharpened UV-vis spectrum (λmax = 737 nm). The connectivity of the chromophores was conclusively shown by NMR spectroscopy. Both ketone functionalities in meso-tetraphenyl-2,3-dioxoporphyrin can be converted, via the oxime and using the acid- or oxidant-induced reaction pathways, either in one step or in a stepwise fashion, to bisquinoline-annulated porphyrin (λmax = 775 nm) and its N-oxide (λmax = 779 nm), respectively. This process is complementary to a previously established pathway toward bisquinoline-annulated porphyrins. Their zinc(II), nickel(II), and palladium(II) complexes are also described. Several examples of the quinoline-annulated porphyrins were crystallographically characterized, proving their connectivity and showing their conformations that are extremely distorted from planarity. The work presents a full account on the synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties of these classes of NIR-absorbing dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Michael Luciano
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mishra E, Worlinsky JL, Brückner C, Ryzhov V. MS/MS fragmentation behavior study of meso-phenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and meso-thienyl-substituted porphyrins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:18-29. [PMID: 24135805 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Free base and cobalt(II) complexes of six meso-tetraphenylporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles and of three meso-thienylporphyrins were investigated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Their fragmentation was studied in a quadrupole ion trap as a function of the porphyrinoid macrocycle structure and compared with the fragmentation behavior of the benchmark compound meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. In situ oxidation of the neutral cobalt(II) complexes under ESI conditions produced singly charged cobalt(III) porphyrinoid ions; the free bases were ionized by protonation. For the porphyrinoids with an intact porphyrin core, the major fragmentation pathways observed were the losses of the meso-substituent (for meso-phenyl groups) and characteristic fragmentations of one or more meso-substituents (for the meso-thienyl group). Complex fragmentation pathways were observed for porphyrinoids with modifications to the porphyrin core but chemically reasonable structures could be assigned to most fragments, thus delineating general patterns for the behavior of pyrrole-modified porphyrins under CID conditions. ᅟ
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Valicsek Z, Horváth O. Application of the electronic spectra of porphyrins for analytical purposes: The effects of metal ions and structural distortions. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
23
|
Akhigbe J, Haskoor J, Krause JA, Zeller M, Brückner C. Formation, structure, and reactivity of meso-tetraaryl-chlorolactones, -porpholactams, and -chlorolactams, porphyrin and chlorin analogues incorporating oxazolone or imidazolone moieties. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3616-28. [PMID: 23535718 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Banerjee S, Zeller M, Brückner C. meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin-derived oxypyriporphyrin, oxypyrichlorin, and thiomorpholinochlorin, as their Ni(II) complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
trans-Diolchlorin was prepared by nucleophilic addition of methyl-Grignard bromide to meso-tetraphenyl-2,3-dioxoporphyrin, as its free base or Ni(II) complex. The trans-configuration of the vic-diol functionality was shown by single crystal X-ray diffractometry. The nickel complex of the trans-dimethyldiol proved susceptible to Pb(IV) acetate-induced, oxidative diol cleavage, generating a meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bismethylketone Ni(II) complex, the first example of this chromophore class. Under Brønsted-basic conditions, this bisketone cyclized via an intramolecular aldol condensation to provide a meso-tetraphenyloxypyriporphyrin. Reduction of this porphyrin analog saturated the double bond in the pyridinone moiety, generating an oxypyrichlorin. Reaction of the meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bismethylketone Ni(II) complex with Lawesson's reagent induced the formation of a thiomorpholinochlorin substituted with two methylene groups, the first example of any porphyrin analog containing a thiomorpholine moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tamiaki H, Machida S, Mizutani K. Modification of 3-Substituents in (Bacterio)Chlorophyll Derivatives to Prepare 3-Ethylated, Methylated, and Unsubstituted (Nickel) Pyropheophorbides and Their Optical Properties. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4751-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300442t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Machida
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mizutani
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brückner C, Götz DCG, Fox SP, Ryppa C, McCarthy JR, Bruhn T, Akhigbe J, Banerjee S, Daddario P, Daniell HW, Zeller M, Boyle RW, Bringmann G. Helimeric Porphyrinoids: Stereostructure and Chiral Resolution of meso-Tetraarylmorpholinochlorins. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8740-52. [PMID: 21534626 DOI: 10.1021/ja202451t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Daniel C. G. Götz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon P. Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Ryppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Jason R. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Subhadeep Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Pedro Daddario
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Heather W. Daniell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Akhigbe J, Peters G, Zeller M, Brückner C. Unexpected hydroxylamine-induced ring-closure reactions of meso-tetraphenylsecochlorin bisaldehyde. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2306-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Samankumara LP, Zeller M, Krause JA, Brückner C. Syntheses, structures, modification, and optical properties of meso-tetraaryl-2,3-dimethoxychlorin, and two isomeric meso-tetraaryl-2,3,12,13-tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1951-65. [PMID: 20449503 DOI: 10.1039/b924539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalith P Samankumara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Akhigbe J, Ryppa C, Zeller M, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins. 2. Intramolecular Cannizzaro Reaction of meso-Tetraphenylsecochlorin Bisaldehyde. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4927-33. [PMID: 19489565 DOI: 10.1021/jo9006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Claudia Ryppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryppa C, Niedzwiedzki D, Morozowich NL, Srikanth R, Zeller M, Frank HA, Brückner C. Stepwise conversion of two pyrrole moieties of octaethylporphyrin to pyridin-3-ones: synthesis, mass spectral, and photophysical properties of mono and bis(oxypyri)porphyrins. Chemistry 2009; 15:5749-62. [PMID: 19388039 PMCID: PMC3748135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Free-base octaethylporphyrin (OEP) was converted in two steps (beta,beta'-dihydroxylation and oxidative diol cleavage with concomitant aldol condensation) to the corresponding oxypyriporphyrin. This conversion was previously described to be applicable only to the Ni(II) complex of OEP. Modified diol cleavage conditions made this reaction sequence now applicable to free-base OEP. The single-crystal structure of the resulting free-base oxypyriporphyrin was determined, proving its near-perfect planarity. The reaction sequence can also be applied to oxypyriporphyrin itself, generating the unprecedented bacteriochlorin-type bis(oxypyri)porphyrin as two separable isomers. The ground-state (UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies) and excited-state (transient triplet-triplet absorption, triplet lifetimes, and triplet EPR spectroscopy) photophysical properties of all chromophores are compared with those of OEP, chlorins, and oxochlorins. The pyridone-modified porphyrins possess unique spectroscopic signatures that distinguish them from regular porphyrins or chlorins. The presence of the pyridone moiety alters the ESI(+) collision-induced fragmentation properties of these oxypyriporphyrins only to a minor degree when compared with those of OEP or chlorins, confirming their stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ryppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| | - Dariusz Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| | - Nicole L. Morozowich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| | - Rapole Srikanth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663 (U.S.A.)
| | - Harry A. Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269-3060 (U.S.A.), Fax: (+1) 860 486 2743
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li KL, Guo CC, Chen QY. Unprecedented Degradation of Nickel(II) 2,3,12,13-Tetrabromo-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins by the Anion of E-Benzaldoxime: A Novel Approach to Nickel(II) Chlorophins and Bacteriophins. Org Lett 2009; 11:2724-7. [PMID: 19476341 DOI: 10.1021/ol901052w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lai Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Can-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China, and Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lau KSF, Zhao S, Ryppa C, Jockusch S, Turro NJ, Zeller M, Gouterman M, Khalil GE, Brückner C. Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of the Platinum(II) Complexes of Indaphyrin and Thiaindaphyrin. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:4067-74. [PMID: 19341300 DOI: 10.1021/ic802041z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. F. Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Shengxian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Claudia Ryppa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Martin Gouterman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Gamal E. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Köpke T, Pink M, Zaleski JM. Elucidation of the extraordinary 4-membered pyrrole ring-contracted azeteoporphyrinoid as an intermediate in chlorin oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4940-2. [PMID: 17136254 DOI: 10.1039/b611567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 2,3-dioxochlorins with benzeneselenic anhydride (BSA) results in the formation of unusual ring-contracted azetine derivatives that further react with BSA to afford porpholactones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Köpke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Köpke T, Pink M, Zaleski JM. Photochemical preparation of pyrrole ring-contracted chlorins by the Wolff rearrangement. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:4059-62. [PMID: 17312956 DOI: 10.1039/b612776m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Köpke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|