1
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Hakkennes MLA, Meijer MS, Menzel JP, Goetz AC, Van Duijn R, Siegler MA, Buda F, Bonnet S. Ligand Rigidity Steers the Selectivity and Efficiency of the Photosubstitution Reaction of Strained Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While photosubstitution reactions in metal complexes are usually thought of as dissociative processes poorly dependent on the environment, they are, in fact, very sensitive to solvent effects. Therefore, it is crucial to explicitly consider solvent molecules in theoretical models of these reactions. Here, we experimentally and computationally investigated the selectivity of the photosubstitution of diimine chelates in a series of sterically strained ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes in water and acetonitrile. The complexes differ essentially by the rigidity of the chelates, which strongly influenced the observed selectivity of the photosubstitution. As the ratio between the different photoproducts was also influenced by the solvent, we developed a full density functional theory modeling of the reaction mechanism that included explicit solvent molecules. Three reaction pathways leading to photodissociation were identified on the triplet hypersurface, each characterized by either one or two energy barriers. Photodissociation in water was promoted by a proton transfer in the triplet state, which was facilitated by the dissociated pyridine ring acting as a pendent base. We show that the temperature variation of the photosubstitution quantum yield is an excellent tool to compare theory with experiments. An unusual phenomenon was observed for one of the compounds in acetonitrile, for which an increase in temperature led to a surprising decrease in the photosubstitution reaction rate. We interpret this experimental observation based on complete mapping of the triplet hypersurface of this complex, revealing thermal deactivation to the singlet ground state through intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs L A Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Goetz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Van Duijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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2
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Synthesis and photobiological evaluation of Ru(II) complexes with expanded chelate polypyridyl ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112031. [PMID: 36327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive Ru(II) complexes capable of ejecting ligands have been used extensively for photocaging applications and for the creation of "photocisplatin" reagents. The incorporation of distortion into the structure of the coordination complex lowers the energy of dissociative excited states, increasing the yield of the photosubstitution reaction. While steric clash between ligands induced by adding substituents at the coordinating face of the ligand has been extensively utilized, a lesser known, more subtle approach is to distort the coordination sphere by altering the chelate ring size. Here a systematic study was performed to alter metal-ligand bond lengths, angles, and to cause intraligand distortion by introducing a "linker" atom or group between two pyridine rings. The synthesis, photochemistry, and photobiology of five Ru(II) complexes containing CH2, NH, O, and S-linked dipyridine ligands was investigated. All systems where stable in the dark, and three of the five were photochemically active in buffer. While a clear periodic trend was not observed, this study lays the foundation for the creation of photoactive systems utilizing an alternative type of distortion to facilitate photosubstitution reactions.
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3
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Chen Q, Cuello-Garibo JA, Bretin L, Zhang L, Ramu V, Aydar Y, Batsiun Y, Bronkhorst S, Husiev Y, Beztsinna N, Chen L, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Ott I, Jager MJ, Brouwer AM, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Bonnet S. Photosubstitution in a trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex inhibits conjunctival melanoma growth in a zebrafish orthotopic xenograft model. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6899-6919. [PMID: 35774173 PMCID: PMC9200134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo data are rare but essential for establishing the clinical potential of ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) compounds, a new family of phototherapeutic drugs that are activated via ligand photosubstitution. Here a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2, dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine) was synthesized and its light-activated anticancer properties were validated in cancer cell monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, and in embryonic zebrafish cancer models. Upon green light irradiation, the non-toxic mtmp ligand is selectively cleaved off, thereby releasing a phototoxic ruthenium-based photoproduct capable notably of binding to nuclear DNA and triggering DNA damage and apoptosis within 24–48 h. In vitro, fifteen minutes of green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 19 J cm−2, 520 nm) were sufficient to generate high phototherapeutic indexes (PI) for this compound in a range of cancer cell lines including lung (A549), prostate (PC3Pro4), conjunctival melanoma (CRMM1, CRMM2, CM2005.1) and uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, Mel270) cancer cell lines. The therapeutic potential of [2](PF6)2 was further evaluated in zebrafish embryo ectopic (PC3Pro4) or orthotopic (CRMM1, CRMM2) tumour models. The ectopic model consisted of red fluorescent PC3Pro4-mCherry cells injected intravenously (IV) into zebrafish, that formed perivascular metastatic lesions at the posterior ventral end of caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). By contrast, in the orthotopic model, CRMM1- and CRMM2-mCherry cells were injected behind the eye where they developed primary lesions. The maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) of [2](PF6)2 was first determined for three different modes of compound administration: (i) incubating the fish in prodrug-containing water (WA); (ii) injecting the prodrug intravenously (IV) into the fish; or (iii) injecting the prodrug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. To test the anticancer efficiency of [2](PF6)2, the embryos were treated 24 h after engraftment at the MTD. Optimally, four consecutive PACT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 114 J cm−2, 520 nm). Most importantly, this PACT protocol was not toxic to the zebrafish. In the ectopic prostate tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed the highest photoindex in vitro (PI > 31), the PACT treatment did not significantly diminish the growth of primary lesions, while in both conjunctival melanoma orthotopic tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed more modest photoindexes (PI ∼ 9), retro-orbitally administered PACT treatment significantly inhibited growth of the engrafted tumors. Overall, this study represents the first demonstration in zebrafish cancer models of the clinical potential of ruthenium-based PACT, here against conjunctival melanoma. A new tris-heteroleptic photoactivated chemotherapy ruthenium complex induces apoptosis upon green light activation in a zebrafish orthothopic conjunctival melanoma xenograft model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchi Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China.,Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yasmin Aydar
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Yevhen Batsiun
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Sharon Bronkhorst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Lanpeng Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
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4
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Busemann A, Flaspohler I, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Goetzfried SK, van Rixel VHS, Ott I, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:667-674. [PMID: 34378103 PMCID: PMC8437835 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Flaspohler
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sina K Goetzfried
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-Ray Facility, Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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5
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Pettinari R, Marchetti F, Tombesi A, Duan F, Zhou L, Messori L, Giacomelli C, Marchetti L, Trincavelli ML, Marzo T, La Mendola D, Balducci G, Alessio E. Ruthenium(II) 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane complexes of curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin: Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 218:111387. [PMID: 33721720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two cationic ruthenium(II) 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3) complexes of curcumin (curcH) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (bdcurcH), namely [Ru(curc)(dmso-S)([9]aneS3)]Cl (1) and [Ru(bdcurc)(dmso-S)([9]aneS3)]Cl (2) were prepared from the [RuCl2(dmso-S)([9]-aneS3)] precursor and structurally characterized, both in solution and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The corresponding PTA complexes [Ru(curc)(PTA)([9]aneS3)]Cl (3) and [Ru(bdcurc)(PTA)([9]aneS3)]Cl (4) have been also synthesized and characterized (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Bioinorganic studies relying on mass spectrometry were performed on complexes 1-4 to assess their interactions with the model protein lysozyme. Overall, a rather limited reactivity with lysozyme was highlighted accompanied by a modest cytotoxic potency against three representative cancer cell lines. The moderate pharmacological activity is likely connected to the relatively high stability of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Alessia Tombesi
- School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Fenghe Duan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Meijer MS, Bonnet S. Diastereoselective Synthesis and Two-Step Photocleavage of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Bearing a Bis(thioether) Ligand. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11689-11698. [PMID: 31433170 PMCID: PMC6724527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Thioethers are good
ligands for photoactivatable ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes, as they form thermally stable complexes that
are prone to ligand photosubstitution. Here, we introduce a novel
symmetric chelating bis(thioether) ligand scaffold, based on 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-propanol
(4) and report the synthesis and stereochemical characterization
of the series of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L)](PF6)2 ([1]–[3](PF6)2), where L is ligand 4, its methyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-methoxypropane (5), or its carboxymethyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-(carboxymethoxy)propane
(6). Coordination of ligands 4–6 to the bis(bipyridine)ruthenium center gives rise to 16
possible isomers, consisting of 8 possible Λ diastereoisomers
and their Δ enantiomers. We found that the synthesis of [1]–[3](PF6)2 is
diastereoselective, yielding a racemic mixture of the Λ-(S)-eq-(S)-ax-OHeq-[Ru]2+ and Δ-(R)-ax-(R)-eq-OHeq-[Ru]2+ isomers. Upon
irradiation with blue light in water, [1]–[3](PF6)2 selectively substitute their
bis(thioether) ligands for water molecules in a two-step photoreaction,
ultimately producing [Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2]2+ as the photoproduct. The relatively stable photochemical
intermediate was identified as cis-[Ru(bpy)2(κ1-L)(H2O)]2+ by mass spectrometry.
Global fitting of the time evolution of the UV–vis absorption
spectra of [1]–[3](PF6)2 was employed to derive the photosubstitution quantum
yields (Φ443) for each of the two photochemical reaction
steps separately, revealing very high quantum yields of 0.16–0.25
for the first step and lower values (0.0055–0.0093) for the
second step of the photoreaction. The selective and efficient photochemical
reaction makes the photocleavable bis(thioether) ligand scaffold reported
here a promising candidate for use in e.g. ruthenium-based photo-activated
chemotherapy. Thioethers are excellent photocleavable ligands for ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes but may lead to the formation of several stereoisomers
when they are present in bidentate ligands. Here, a chelating bis(thioether)
ligand was found to coordinate to Ru(II) diastereoselectively, in
spite of the four chiral centers of the resulting complex. Photosubstitution
of this bis(thioether) ligand in water occurs via a selective, two-step
process that involves a relatively stable mono(aqua) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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8
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Hager LA, Mokesch S, Kieler C, Alonso-de Castro S, Baier D, Roller A, Kandioller W, Keppler BK, Berger W, Salassa L, Terenzi A. Ruthenium-arene complexes bearing naphthyl-substituted 1,3-dioxoindan-2-carboxamides ligands for G-quadruplex DNA recognition. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12040-12049. [PMID: 31292575 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quadruplex nucleic acids - DNA/RNA secondary structures formed in guanine rich sequences - proved to have key roles in the biology of cancers and, as such, in recent years they emerged as promising targets for small molecules. Many reports demonstrated that metal complexes can effectively stabilize quadruplex structures, promoting telomerase inhibition, downregulation of the expression of cancer-related genes and ultimately cancer cell death. Although extensively explored as anticancer agents, studies on the ability of ruthenium arene complexes to interact with quadruplex nucleic acids are surprisingly almost unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and characterization of four novel Ru(ii) arene complexes with 1,3-dioxoindan-2-carboxamides ligands bearing pendant naphthyl-groups designed to bind quadruplexes by both stacking and coordinating interactions. We show how improvements on the hydrolytic stability of such complexes, by substituting the chlorido leaving ligand with pyridine, have a dramatic impact on their interaction with quadruplexes and on their cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Hager
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephan Mokesch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Kieler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dina Baier
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Kandioller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Salassa
- Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, 20018, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. and Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, 20018, Spain
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9
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Bratsos I, Alessio E. The Pivotal Role of Ru-dmso Compounds in the Discovery of Well-Behaved Precursors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bratsos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN); Department of Physical Chemistry; NCSR “DEMOKRITOS”; Aghia Paraskevi Attikis 153 10 Athens Greece
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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10
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Battistin F, Balducci G, Wei J, Renfrew AK, Alessio E. Photolabile Ru Model Complexes with Chelating Diimine Ligands for Light‐Triggered Drug Release. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Jianhua Wei
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anna K. Renfrew
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney 2006 Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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11
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McQuitty RJ, Unterkofler S, Euser TG, Russell PSJ, Sadler PJ. Rapid screening of photoactivatable metallodrugs: photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor coupled to ESI mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2017; 7:37340-37348. [PMID: 29308187 PMCID: PMC5735366 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the efficacy of a hyphenated photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor – high-resolution mass spectrometer system as a method for screening the activity of potential new photoactivatable drugs.
We explore the efficacy of a hyphenated photonic crystal fibre microflow reactor – high-resolution mass spectrometer system as a method for screening the activity of potential new photoactivatable drugs. The use of light to activate drugs is an area of current development as it offers the possibility of reduced side effects due to improved spatial and temporal targeting and novel mechanisms of anticancer activity. The di-nuclear ruthenium complex [{(η6-indan)RuCl}2(μ-2,3-dpp)](PF6)2, previously studied by Magennis et al. (Inorg. Chem., 2007, 46, 5059) is used as a model drug to compare the system to standard irradiation techniques. The photodecomposition pathways using blue light radiation are the same for PCF and conventional cuvette methods. Reactions in the presence of small biomolecules 5′-guanosine monophosphate (5′-GMP), 5′-adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP), l-cysteine (l-Cys) and glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) were studied. The complex was found to bind to nucleobases in the dark and this binding increased upon irradiation with 488 nm light, forming the adducts [(η6-indan)Ru2(μ-2,3-dpp) + 5′-GMP]2+ and [(η6-indan)Ru + (5′-AMP)]+. These findings are consistent with studies using conventional methods. The dinuclear complex also binds strongly to GSH after irradiation, a possible explanation for its lack of potency in cell line testing. The use of the PCF-MS system dramatically reduced the sample volume required and reduced the irradiation time by four orders of magnitude from 14 hours to 12 seconds. However, the reduced sample volume also results in a reduced MS signal intensity. The dead time of the combined system is 15 min, limited by the intrinsic dead volume of the HR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J McQuitty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV7 4AL, UK.
| | - Sarah Unterkofler
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tijmen G Euser
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. .,NanoPhotonics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Philip St J Russell
- Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstrasse 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV7 4AL, UK.
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12
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van Rixel VHS, Siewert B, Hopkins SL, Askes SHC, Busemann A, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Green light-induced apoptosis in cancer cells by a tetrapyridyl ruthenium prodrug offering two trans coordination sites. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4922-4929. [PMID: 30155140 PMCID: PMC6018302 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, two new photopharmacological ruthenium prodrugs are described that can be activated by green light. Cell death occurs via apoptosis; it is not a consequence of singlet oxygen generation, but of light-induced photosubstitution reactions.
In this work, two new photopharmacological ruthenium prodrugs are described that can be activated by green light. They are based on the tetrapyridyl biqbpy ligand (6,6′-bis[N-(isoquinolyl)-1-amino]-2,2′-bipyridine), which coordinates to the basal plane of the metal centre and leaves two trans coordination sites for the binding of monodentate sulphur ligands. Due to the distortion of the coordination sphere these trans ligands are photosubstituted by water upon green light irradiation. In vitro cytotoxicity data on A431 and A549 cancer cell lines shows an up to 22-fold increase in cytotoxicity after green light irradiation (520 nm, 75 J cm–2), compared to the dark control. Optical microscopy cell imaging and flow cytometry indicate that the cancer cells die via apoptosis. Meanwhile, very low singlet oxygen quantum yields (∼1–2%) and cell-free DNA binding studies conclude that light-induced cell death is not caused by a photodynamic effect, but instead by the changes induced in the coordination sphere of the metal by light, which modifies how the metal complexes bind to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
| | - B Siewert
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
| | - S L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
| | - S H C Askes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
| | - A Busemann
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
| | - M A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-ray Crystallography Facility , Johns Hopkins University , 3400N. Charles St , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Universiteit Leiden , Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC , Leiden , Netherlands .
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13
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Battistin F, Balducci G, Iengo E, Demitri N, Alessio E. Neutral 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Precursors for the Preparation of Highly Water-Soluble Derivatives. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battistin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iengo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Synchrotron Light Source; S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Area Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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14
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Phungsripheng S, Kozawa K, Akita M, Inagaki A. Photocatalytic Oxygenation of Sulfide and Alkenes by Trinuclear Ruthenium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3750-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwas Phungsripheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kozawa
- Chemical
Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Chemical
Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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15
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Ruggiero E, Garino C, Mareque-Rivas JC, Habtemariam A, Salassa L. Upconverting Nanoparticles Prompt Remote Near-Infrared Photoactivation of Ru(II)-Arene Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:2801-11. [PMID: 26785101 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterisation (including X-ray diffraction studies and DFT calculations) of two new piano-stool Ru(II) -arene complexes, namely [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(m-CCH-Py)][(PF)6]2 (1) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(m-CCH-Py)][(PF)6]2 (2; p-cym=p-cymene, bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, bpm=2,2'-bipyrimidine, and m-CCH-Py=3-ethynylpyridine), is described and discussed. The reaction of the m-CCH-Py ligand of 1 and 2 with diethyl-3-azidopropyl phosphonate by Cu-catalysed click chemistry affords [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(P-Trz-Py)][(PF)6]2 (3) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(P-Trz-Py)][(PF)6]2 (4; P-Trz-Py=[3-(1-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-propyl]phosphonic acid diethyl ester). Upon light excitation at λ=395 nm, complexes 1-4 photodissociate the monodentate pyridyl ligand and form the aqua adduct ions [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpy)(H2O)](2+) and [(η(6) -p-cym)Ru(bpm)(H2O)](2+). Thulium -doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are functionalised with 4, thus exploiting their surface affinity for the phosphonate group in the complex. The so-obtained nanosystem UCNP@4 undergoes near-infrared (NIR) photoactivation at λ=980 nm, thus producing the corresponding reactive aqua species that binds the DNA-model base guanosine 5'-monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ruggiero
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Juan C Mareque-Rivas
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain. .,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) P.K., 1072, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
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16
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Pracharova J, Radosova Muchova T, Dvorak Tomastikova E, Intini FP, Pacifico C, Natile G, Kasparkova J, Brabec V. Anticancer potential of a photoactivated transplatin derivative containing the methylazaindole ligand mediated by ROS generation and DNA cleavage. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13179-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01467d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced DNA damage by trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(1-methyl-7-azaindole)] is related to its photocytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Pracharova
- Department of Biophysics
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research
- Palacký University
- 783 41 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Eva Dvorak Tomastikova
- Institute of Experimental Botany
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research
- 78371 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Concetta Pacifico
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics
- Faculty of Science
- Palacký University
- CZ-78371 Olomouc
- Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- CZ-61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
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17
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Brabec V, Pracharova J, Stepankova J, Sadler PJ, Kasparkova J. Photo-induced DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of a ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complex. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 160:149-55. [PMID: 26778426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report DNA cleavage by ruthenium(II) arene anticancer complex [(η(6)-p-terp)Ru(II)(en)Cl](+) (p-terp=para-terphenyl, en=1,2-diaminoethane, complex 1) after its photoactivation by UVA and visible light, and the toxic effects of photoactivated 1 in cancer cells. It was shown in our previous work (T. Bugarcic et al., J. Med. Chem. 51 (2008) 5310-5319) that this complex exhibits promising toxic effects in several human tumor cell lines and concomitantly its DNA binding mode involves combined intercalative and monofunctional (coordination) binding modes. We demonstrate in the present work that when photoactivated by UVA or visible light, 1 efficiently photocleaves DNA, also in hypoxic media. Studies of the mechanism underlying DNA cleavage by photoactivated 1 reveal that the photocleavage reaction does not involve generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), although contribution of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) to the DNA photocleavage process cannot be entirely excluded. Notably, the mechanism of DNA photocleavage by 1 appears to involve a direct modification of mainly those guanine residues to which 1 is coordinatively bound. As some tumors are oxygen-deficient and cytotoxic effects of photoactivated ruthenium compounds containing {Ru(η(6)-arene)}(2+) do not require the presence of oxygen, this class of ruthenium complexes may be considered potential candidate agents for improved photodynamic anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 41 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stepankova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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18
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Traven K, Sinreih M, Stojan J, Seršen S, Kljun J, Bezenšek J, Stanovnik B, Turel I, Rižner TL. Ruthenium complexes as inhibitors of the aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1-1C3. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:349-59. [PMID: 25446855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) from the 1C subfamily are important targets for the development of new drugs. In this study, we have investigated the possible interactions between the recombinant AKR1C enzymes AKR1C1-AKR1C3 and ruthenium(II) complexes; in particular, we were interested in the potential inhibitory actions. Five novel ruthenium complexes (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c), two precursor ruthenium compounds (P1, P2), and three ligands (a, b, c) were prepared and included in this study. Two different types of novel ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesized. First, bearing the sulphur macrocycle [9]aneS3, S-bonded dimethylsulphoxide (dmso-S), and an N,N-donor ligand, with the general formula of [Ru([9]aneS3)(dmso)(N,N-ligand)](PF6)2 (1a, 1b), and second, with the general formula of [(η(6)-p-cymene)RuCl(N,N-ligand)]Cl (2a, 2b, 2c). All of these synthesized compounds were characterized by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography (compounds a, b, c, 1a, 1b) and other standard physicochemical methods. To evaluate the potential inhibitory actions of these compounds on the AKR1C enzymes, we followed enzymatically catalyzed oxidation of the substrate 1-acenaphthenol by NAD(+) in the absence and presence of various micromolar concentrations of the individual compounds. Among 10 compounds, one ruthenium complex (2b) and two precursor ruthenium compounds (P1, P2) inhibited all three AKR1C enzymes, and one ruthenium complex (2a) inhibited only AKR1C3. Ligands a, b and c revealed no inhibition of the AKR1C enzymes. All four of the active compounds showed multiple binding with the AKR1C enzymes that was characterized by an initial instantaneous inhibition followed by a slow quasi-irreversible step. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined interactions between these AKR1C enzymes and ruthenium(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Traven
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Seršen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Bezenšek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Stanovnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Musetti C, Spagnul C, Mion G, Da Ros S, Gianferrara T, Sissi C. DNA Targeting by Cationic Porphyrin–Ruthenium(II) Conjugates. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Musetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
- present address: Glaxo Smith Kline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (USA)
| | - Cinzia Spagnul
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Giuliana Mion
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Sivia Da Ros
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
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20
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Kljun J, Scott AJ, Lanišnik Rižner T, Keiser J, Turel I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Organoruthenium Complexes with Azole Antifungal Agents. First Crystal Structure of a Tioconazole Metal Complex. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om401096y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN→FIST
Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antony James Scott
- The University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov
trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH−4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH−4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN→FIST
Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Camilo MR, Cardoso CR, Carlos RM, Lever ABP. Photosolvolysis of cis-[Ru(α-diimine)2(4-aminopyridine)2](2+) complexes: photophysical, spectroscopic, and density functional theory analysis. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3694-708. [PMID: 24620830 DOI: 10.1021/ic5000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical and photophysical properties of the cis-[Ru(II)(α-diimine)2(4-APy)2](2+) complexes, where α-diimine = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 4-APy = 4-aminopyridine I, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Ph2phen) II, 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) III, and 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy) IV, are reported. The four complexes were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography, (1)H NMR, UV-visible, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon photolysis in acetonitrile solution these complexes undergo 4-APy dissociation to give the monoacetonitrile complex (for II, III, and IV) or the bis(acetonitrile) complex (for I). A fairly wide range of excitation wavelengths (from 420 to 580 nm) were employed to explore the photophysics of these systems. Quantum yields and transient spectra are provided. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT analysis of singlet and triplet excited states facilitated our understanding of the photochemical behavior. A detailed assessment of the geometric and electronic structures of the lowest energy spin triplet charge transfer state ((3)MLCT) and spin triplet metal centered state ((3)MC) (dπ → σ* transitions) for species I-IV is presented. A second, previously unobserved, and nondissociative, (3)MC state is identified and is likely involved in the primary step of photodissociation. This new (3)MC state may indeed play a major role in many other photodissociation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Camilo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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22
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Belsa L, López C, González A, Font-Bardı́a M, Calvet T, Calvis C, Messeguer R. Neutral and Ionic Cycloruthenated 2-Phenylindoles as Cytotoxic Agents. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400941b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Belsa
- Departament de Quı́mica
Inorgànica,
Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción López
- Departament de Quı́mica
Inorgànica,
Facultat de Quı́mica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asensio González
- Laboratori de Quı́mica Orgànica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Pl. Pius
XII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Font-Bardı́a
- Unitat
de Difracció de Raig-X, Centre Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Barcelona, Solé i Sabarı́s 1-3, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament de Crystal·lografı́a,
Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologı́a, Universitat de Barcelona, Martı́ i Franquès s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Calvis
- Biomed Division, LEITAT Tecnological Center, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Edifici Hèlix, Baldiri Reixach
15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Messeguer
- Biomed Division, LEITAT Tecnological Center, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Edifici Hèlix, Baldiri Reixach
15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Finazzi I, Bratsos I, Gianferrara T, Bergamo A, Demitri N, Balducci G, Alessio E. Photolabile RuIIHalf-Sandwich Complexes Suitable for Developing “Caged” Compounds: Chemical Investigation and Unexpected Dinuclear Species with Bridging Diamine Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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