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Maier FI, Klinger D, Grieshober M, Noschka R, Rodriguez A, Wiese S, Forssmann WG, Ständker L, Stenger S. Lysozyme: an endogenous antimicrobial protein with potent activity against extracellular, but not intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:9. [PMID: 38900248 PMCID: PMC11189972 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a key role in the host defense against pathogens. AMPs attack pathogens preferentially at the site of entry to prevent invasive infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) enters its host via the airways. AMPs released into the airways are therefore likely candidates to contribute to the clearance of Mtb immediately after infection. Since lysozyme is detectable in airway secretions, we evaluated its antimicrobial activity against Mtb. We demonstrate that lysozyme inhibits the growth of extracellular Mtb, including isoniazid-resistant strains. Lysozyme also inhibited the growth of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Even though lysozyme entered Mtb-infected human macrophages and co-localized with the pathogen we did not observe antimicrobial activity. This observation was unlikely related to the large size of lysozyme (14.74 kDa) because a smaller lysozyme-derived peptide also co-localized with Mtb without affecting the viability. To evaluate whether the activity of lysozyme against extracellular Mtb could be relevant in vivo, we incubated Mtb with fractions of human serum and screened for antimicrobial activity. After several rounds of sub-fractionation, we identified a highly active fraction-component as lysozyme by mass spectrometry. In summary, our results identify lysozyme as an antimycobacterial protein that is detectable as an active compound in human serum. Our results demonstrate that the activity of AMPs against extracellular bacilli does not predict efficacy against intracellular pathogens despite co-localization within the macrophage. Ongoing experiments are designed to unravel peptide modifications that occur in the intracellular space and interfere with the deleterious activity of lysozyme in the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Immanuel Maier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection and Hygiene, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Klinger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection and Hygiene, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection and Hygiene, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Reiner Noschka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection and Hygiene, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Armando Rodriguez
- Core Facility of Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University, Meyerhoferstraße 4, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility of Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University, Meyerhoferstraße 4, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection and Hygiene, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Saenz-de-Juano MD, Silvestrelli G, Ulbrich SE. One-week storage of refrigerated bovine milk does not affect the size, concentration, or molecular properties of extracellular vesicles. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1164-1174. [PMID: 37709026 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (EV) have gained extensive attention as promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Pre-analytical raw milk storage at low temperatures is an ordinary and usually necessary step after sample collection. It is known that direct freezing of unprocessed whole milk contaminates the native pool of milk EV with other cell structures. However, less evidence is available regarding prolonged cooling at 4°C. The current study assessed whether pre-analytical storage of bovine raw milk for several days affected EV isolation and further analysis. To confirm the independence from the health status of the mammary gland, we analyzed milk samples stored at 4°C for 1, 2, 3, and 7 d past collection, respectively, from 2 quarters of the same cow with different somatic cell counts (SCC). Seven days of refrigeration did not change the milk EV size, concentration, or morphology. We did not detect any changes in the EV cargo regarding the amount of protein and RNA, nor in the specific EV markers TSG101, CD9, and CD81 in milk from quarters with high and low SCC. Overall, we observed fewer CD81 and CD9 markers in quarters with high SCC. Moreover, we found no reduction in the mastitis-related miRNA bta-miR-223-3p, suggesting that refrigeration for several days up to 1 wk is a possible storage option compatible with further EV analyses. The findings of this study enhance the confidence that milk EV are highly stable in the raw milk matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara D Saenz-de-Juano
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Duman H, Karav S. Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214514. [PMID: 37908368 PMCID: PMC10613682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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4
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Horstmann G, Schäfer J, Rosenberger M, Seitl I, Hinrichs J, Fischer L. The behavior of cathepsin D during milk processing and its contribution to bitterness in a model fresh cheese. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00300-4. [PMID: 37268572 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The bovine endopeptidase cathepsin D was investigated regarding its temperature-dependent inactivation and ability to form bitter peptides within a spiked model fresh cheese. Cathepsin D was found to be more susceptible than other milk endogenous peptidases to temperature treatments in skim milk. Inactivation kinetics revealed decimal reduction times of 5.6 min to 10 s in a temperature range from 60 to 80°C. High temperature and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatments from 90 to 140°C completely inactivated cathepsin D within 5 s. A residual cathepsin D activity of around 20% was detected under pasteurization conditions (72°C for 20 s). Therefore, investigations were done to estimate the effect of residual cathepsin D activity on taste in a model fresh cheese. The UHT-treated skim milk was spiked with cathepsin D and acidified with glucono-δ-lactone to produce a model fresh cheese. A trained bitter-sensitive panel was not able to distinguish cathepsin D-spiked model fresh cheeses from the control model fresh cheeses in a triangle test. Model fresh cheese samples were also analyzed for known bitter peptides derived from casein fractions using a HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) approach. In accordance with the sensory evaluation, the MS analyses revealed that the bitter peptides investigated within the cathepsin D-spiked model fresh cheese were not found or were below the limit of detection. Even though cathepsin D may be present during the fermentation of pasteurized milk, it does not seem to be responsible for bitter peptide formation from milk proteins on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Horstmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Schäfer
- Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Rosenberger
- Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Hinrichs
- Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Cai H, Bijl E, Scholten E, Sala G. Effect of plasmin on casein hydrolysis and textural properties of rennet-induced model cheeses. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112421. [PMID: 36869466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin plays an important role in casein hydrolysis during cheese ripening, which may influence the properties of the casein network and the texture of the final product. In view of this, the relation between plasmin-induced casein hydrolysis and textural changes of cheese during ripening was investigated in this study. Four batches of model cheese with different concentrations of added plasmin (0, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 μL/g milk) were prepared, and were stored for 12 weeks at 16 °C. During this period, plasmin activity, casein hydrolysis, textural properties and other compositional characteristics (pH, dry matter) were determined. Our results show that the addition of plasmin had significant effect on both the degree and the pattern of proteolysis. As a result, cheeses with different plasmin content showed different textural properties. With increased plasmin concentration, Young's modulus, hardness, resilience and cohesion decreased, while brittleness increased. All textural properties showed linear relations with the degree of casein hydrolysis, and logarithmic relations with the percentage of intact casein fractions. At the beginning of ripening, only slight changes in textural properties were found, although a substantial part (40-60 %) of the casein fractions was already been broken down. When ripening progressed, ongoing proteolysis significantly weakened the protein network and consequently led to noticeable textural changes. Model cheeses became softer, more brittle and less elastic. The knowledge gained from this study provide new insights in the changes of different textural parameters of model cheese. This will help to optimize the existing products and create new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Cai
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands; Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Etske Bijl
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
| | - Elke Scholten
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Sala
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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6
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Colostrum ingredients, its nutritional and health benefits - an overview. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in ewes’ milk and its relationship to somatic cell counts. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Santillo A, Ciliberti MG, d’Angelo F, Albenzio M. The Effect of Alpha s1 Genotype on Some Physiological and Chemical Milk Characteristics in Garganica Goat. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.897172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study individual milk samples were collected from 80 Garganica goats and the population was genotyped for CSN1S1. Seven different alleles were observed with the A allele found as predominant, followed by the F and B allele, and 14 different genotypes were observed. A proteomic approach was used to classify the individual milk on the basis of protein abundance: four levels of αs1-casein (CN) expression were identified as high (HAS-1), intermediate (IAS-1), low (LAS-1), and null (NAS-1). The present paper aimed to investigate the influence of the level of expression of αs1-casein fraction in milk on proteolytic activities, chemical composition, and renneting properties of individual Garganica goat milk. Results from the present study evidenced that the level of expression of αs1-casein fraction in Garganica goat milk affected chemical composition, curd firmness, and indigenous proteolytic enzymes. In particular, fat, protein, and casein content were higher in HAS-1 and IAS-1 compared to LAS-1 and NAS-1. The SCC decreased passing from the HAS-1 to the NAS-1 and the curd firmness displayed the highest value in HAS-1. The activity of plasmin (PL) was higher in HAS-1 and IAS-1 groups compared to the LAS-1 and NAS-1; whereas, PL plasminogen-derived (PG) activity was the highest in NAS-1 group. On the contrary, the activity of elastase was the highest in LAS-1, intermediate in the IAS-1 group, and the lowest in HAS-1 and NAS-1 groups. Present data demonstrated that the level of synthesis of αs1-CN reflects the efficiency of the mammary gland in the activation of the cellular mechanisms and influences the proteolytic activity in milk, especially the PL-PG system.
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9
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Woźniak D, Cichy W, Dobrzyńska M, Przysławski J, Drzymała-Czyż S. Reasonableness of Enriching Cow’s Milk with Vitamins and Minerals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081079. [PMID: 35454665 PMCID: PMC9025252 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is an exceptional nutritional product that has been used for many millennia in human nutrition. Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including calcium, vitamin B, an especially significant amount of vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D and E. Milk is an attractive product for fortification as it has a high nutritional density in a small volume and a relatively low price. Research shows positive health effects of drinking milk and consuming dairy products. Even more health benefits can be obtained from consuming fortified dairy products. A literature review, current nutritional recommendations, medical recommendations and an analysis of the market situation all recommend introducing milk enriched with minerals in combination with vitamins to the market. This concept corresponds to the current market demand and may supplement the missing and expected range of fortified milk and the correct number of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Woźniak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Wojciech Cichy
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences in Kalisz, Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Dobrzyńska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Juliusz Przysławski
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
| | - Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (D.W.); (M.D.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Gentès M, Caron A, Champagne CP. Potential applications of pulsed electric field in cheesemaking. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Claude Gentès
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Development and Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 3600 Casavant Boulevard West Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 8E3 Canada
| | - Annie Caron
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Development and Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 3600 Casavant Boulevard West Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 8E3 Canada
| | - Claude P Champagne
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Development and Research Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada 3600 Casavant Boulevard West Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 8E3 Canada
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11
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12
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Suresh S, Sankar P, Kalaivanan R, Telang AG. Ameliorative effect of nanocurcumin on Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse mastitis by oxidative stress suppression. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2026384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyam Suresh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanisamy Sankar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramya Kalaivanan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Avinash Gopal Telang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption—Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through Processing. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of bovine colostrum, being the milk secreted by a cow after giving birth, is to transfer passive immunity to the calf. The calves have an immature immune system as they lack immunoglobulins (Igs). Subsequently, the supply of good quality bovine colostrum is required. The quality of colostrum is classified by low bacterial counts and adequate Ig concentrations. Bacterial contamination can contain a variety of human pathogens or high counts of spoilage bacteria, which has become more challenging with the emerging use of bovine colostrum as food and food supplements. There is also a growing risk for the spread of zoonotic diseases originating from bovines. For this reason, processing based on heat treatment or other feasible techniques is required. This review provides an overview of literature on the microbial quality of bovine colostrum and processing methods to improve its microbial quality and keep its nutritional values as food. The highlights of this review are as follows: high quality colostrum is a valuable raw material in food products and supplements; the microbial safety of bovine colostrum is increased using an appropriate processing-suitable effective heat treatment which does not destroy the high nutrition value of colostrum; the heat treatment processes are cost-effective compared to other methods; and heat treatment can be performed in both small- and large-scale production.
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14
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Effects of pasteurization, microfiltration, and ultraviolet-c treatments on microorganisms and bioactive proteins in bovine skim milk. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Arslan A, Kaplan M, Duman H, Bayraktar A, Ertürk M, Henrick BM, Frese SA, Karav S. Bovine Colostrum and Its Potential for Human Health and Nutrition. Front Nutr 2021; 8:651721. [PMID: 34235166 PMCID: PMC8255475 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.651721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the first milk produced post-partum by mammals and is compositionally distinct from mature milk. Bovine colostrum has a long history of consumption by humans, and there have been a number of studies investigating its potential for applications in human nutrition and health. Extensive characterization of the constituent fractions has identified a wealth of potentially bioactive molecules, their potential for shaping neonatal development, and the potential for their application beyond the neonatal period. Proteins, fats, glycans, minerals, and vitamins are abundant in colostrum, and advances in dairy processing technologies have enabled the advancement of bovine colostrum from relative limitations of a fresh and unprocessed food to a variety of potential applications. In these forms, clinical studies have examined bovine colostrum as having the substantial potential to improve human health. This review discusses the macro-and micronutrient composition of colostrum as well as describing well-characterized bioactives found in bovine colostrum and their potential for human health. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified and future directions are considered in order to elevate the potential for bovine colostrum as a component of a healthy diet for a variety of relevant human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bayraktar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Uluova Dairy, Canakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc. Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Steven A. Frese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Milk Proteins-Their Biological Activities and Use in Cosmetics and Dermatology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113253. [PMID: 34071375 PMCID: PMC8197926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk and colostrum have high biological potential, and due to their natural origin and non-toxicity, they have many uses in cosmetics and dermatology. Research is ongoing on their potential application in other fields of medicine, but there are still few results; most of the published ones are included in this review. These natural products are especially rich in proteins, such as casein, β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and growth factors, and possess various antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory properties, etc. This review describes the physico-chemical properties of milk and colostrum proteins and the natural functions they perform in the body and compares their composition between animal species (cows, goats, and sheep). The milk- and colostrum-based products can be used in dietary supplementation and for performing immunomodulatory functions; they can enhance the effects of certain drugs and can have a lethal effect on pathogenic microorganisms. Milk products are widely used in the treatment of dermatological diseases for promoting the healing of chronic wounds, hastening tissue regeneration, and the treatment of acne vulgaris or plaque psoriasis. They are also increasingly regarded as active ingredients that can improve the condition of the skin by reducing the number of acne lesions and blackheads, regulating sebum secretion, ameliorating inflammatory changes as well as bestowing a range of moisturizing, protective, toning, smoothing, anti-irritation, whitening, soothing, and antiaging effects.
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Ianni A, Innosa D, Oliva E, Bennato F, Grotta L, Saletti MA, Pomilio F, Sergi M, Martino G. Effect of olive leaves feeding on phenolic composition and lipolytic volatile profile in goat milk. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8835-8845. [PMID: 34024611 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate phenolic composition, antioxidant potential, and lipolytic events in raw milk obtained from goat fed a dietary supplementation with olive leaves (OL), a by-product of the olive oil production chain. For this purpose, 30 Saanen goats were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 15 goats each: the control group received a standard diet that was prepared by taking into account the nutritional needs of lactating goats, whereas the experimental group (EG) was fed with an OL-supplemented diet (10% on a dry matter basis). At the end of the 30 d of the trial, the individual milk samples were collected and immediately analyzed for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (AOA). Subsequently, the individual phenolic compounds have been identified and quantified through an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system and a characterization of free fatty acids released in milk has been performed. The results showed a positive effect of dietary OL supplementation in improving total phenolic content and AOA; furthermore, 19 phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, simple phenols, and secoiridoids, have been identified in EG milk. In addition to this, a reduced accumulation of free fatty acids has been found in EG milk, and this finding leads us to hypothesize an inhibitory action of the identified phenolic compounds toward the enzymes responsible for lipolytic events. The use of the molecular docking approach verified the interactions, defining a fairly interesting framework for cinnamic acid, which should be able to noncovalently bind these enzymes, interfering with the recruitment of the substrate and therefore, slowing down their hydrolytic activity. In any case, this information will be subjected to in vitro evaluations for an accurate characterization of the biochemical mechanisms that can be established in milk naturally enriched with bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ianni
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - D Innosa
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - E Oliva
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - F Bennato
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - L Grotta
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - M A Saletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - F Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - M Sergi
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - G Martino
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Mahgoub S, Alagawany M, Nader M, Omar SM, Abd El-Hack ME, Swelum A, Elnesr SS, Khafaga AF, Taha AE, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Marappan G, El-Sayed AS, Patel SK, Pathak M, Michalak I, Al-Ghamdi ES, Dhama K. Recent Development in Bioactive Peptides from Plant and Animal Products and Their Impact on the Human Health. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mahgoub
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig Egypt
| | - Maha Nader
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Safaa M. Omar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S. Elnesr
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina’ Egypt
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina’ Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig’ Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Up Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashraf S. El-Sayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shailesh K. Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies,Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław’, Poland
| | - Etab S. Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdualziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly- Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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Priyashantha H, Lundh Å, Höjer A, Bernes G, Nilsson D, Hetta M, Saedén KH, Gustafsson AH, Johansson M. Composition and properties of bovine milk: A study from dairy farms in northern Sweden; Part II. Effect of monthly variation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:8595-8609. [PMID: 33896641 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of monthly variation on the composition and properties of raw farm milk collected as part of a full-scale cheese-making trial in a region in northern Sweden. In our companion paper, the contribution of on-farm factors to the variation in milk quality attributes is described. In total, 42 dairy farms were recruited for the study, and farm milk samples were collected monthly over 1 yr and characterized for quality attributes of importance for cheese making. Principal component analysis suggested that milk samples collected during the outdoor period (June-September) were different from milk samples collected during the indoor period. Despite the interaction with the milking system, the results showed that fat and protein concentrations were lower in milk collected during May through August, and lactose concentration was higher in milk collected during April through July than for the other months. Concentrations of free fatty acids were generally low, with the highest value (0.86 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in February and the lowest (0.70 mmol/100 g of fat) observed in June. Plasmin and plasminogen-derived activities varied with sampling month without a clear seasonal pattern. The pH of farm tank milk ranged from 6.60 to 6.82, with the lowest and highest values in September and February, respectively. The highest somatic cell count was observed in August (201 × 103 cells/mL) and the lowest in April (143 × 103 cells/mL). The highest value of gel strength, was recorded in December (88 Pa) and the lowest in July (64 Pa). Rennet coagulation time and gel strength were inversely correlated, with the lowest rennet coagulation time value observed in December. Orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS identified casein micelle size and total proteolysis as the milk quality attributes with major responses to sampling month, with smaller casein micelle size and higher total proteolysis associated with the outdoor months. Using discriminant analysis adaptation of OPLS to further investigate causes behind the variation in milk traits revealed that there were factors in addition to feeding on pasture that differed between outdoor and indoor months. Because fresh grass was seldom the primary feed in the region during the outdoor period, grazing was not considered the sole reason for the observed difference between outdoor and indoor periods in raw milk quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha Priyashantha
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åse Lundh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Höjer
- Norrmejerier Ek. Förening, Mejerivägen 2, SE-906 22 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gun Bernes
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Nilsson
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Monika Johansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Moradi M, Omer AK, Razavi R, Valipour S, Guimarães JT. The relationship between milk somatic cell count and cheese production, quality and safety: A review. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Zhu D, Kebede B, Chen G, McComb K, Frew R. Changes in milk metabolome during the lactation of dairy cows based on 1H NMR and UHPLC–QToF/MS. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Ramírez R, Garrido M, Rocha-Pimienta J, García-Parra J, Delgado-Adámez J. Immunological components and antioxidant activity in human milk processed by different high pressure-thermal treatments at low initial temperature and flash holding times. Food Chem 2020; 343:128546. [PMID: 33214041 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high pressure thermal (HPT) processing on the immunoglobulin (IgM, IgA and IgG), and cytokine content (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α), and antioxidant activity of human milk was analyzed after the application of different treatments between 200, and 800 MPa at low initial temperatures (between -15, and 50 °C) and for 1 s (flash treatments). Low pressures intensities did not induce changes in Igs while at 800 MPa, all combinations reduced the control levels. IL-6 and IL-10 were not affected by any of the treatments applied while IL-8 and TNF-α were reduced at treatments which combined temperatures at 50 °C. In general antioxidant activity was not affected at the processing conditions chosen. The flash HPT treatment applied at 600 MPa and at 0 °C could be the best choice to preserve immunological parameters and the antioxidant activity of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Ramírez
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Garrido
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Pimienta
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Parra
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jonathan Delgado-Adámez
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain.
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24
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Zou Z, Bouchereau-De Pury C, Hewavitharana AK, Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Cowley DM, Koorts P, Shaw PN, Bansal N. A sensitive and high-throughput fluorescent method for determination of oxidase activities in human, bovine, goat and camel milk. Food Chem 2020; 336:127689. [PMID: 32763736 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Milk oxidases are an integral part of milk immune system, and good indicators for milk thermal history. Current assay methods for milk oxidases are either insensitive, tedious or not cost-effective. In this study, a high-throughput fluorescence assay method for determination of xanthine oxidase (XO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) activities in milk samples was developed. The hydrogen peroxide generated by XO catalysed oxidation of hypoxanthine, and PAO catalysed oxidation of spermine, was coupled to horseradish peroxidase conversion of Amplex® Red (1-(3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazin-10-yl)ethanone) to the fluorescent product resorufin. The assay was highly sensitive, with limits of detection of activity in milk being 3 × 10-7 and 7 × 10-7 U/mL for XO and PAO, respectively. Intra-run and inter-run results showed good assay repeatability and reproducibility. The assay was successfully applied to survey the XO and PAO activities in human, bovine, goat and camel milk samples, and it can be readily adapted for measurements of other oxidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Zou
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Claire Bouchereau-De Pury
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Laïta, Brest Cedex, France
| | | | - Saad S Al-Shehri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Pieter Koorts
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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25
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Gonçalves JL, Kamphuis C, Vernooij H, Araújo JP, Grenfell RC, Juliano L, Anderson KL, Hogeveen H, Dos Santos MV. Pathogen effects on milk yield and composition in chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. Vet J 2020; 262:105473. [PMID: 32792091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic subclinical mastitis (CSM) on milk production and component yields in dairy cows. A total of six herds located in the Midwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil were selected. Herds were visited once every 2 weeks to measure milk yield and to collect milk samples from lactating Holstein cows. Milk samples were collected at two stages (1 and 2), and each stage comprised three milk samplings. In stage 1, a total of 117 of 647 cows were diagnosed with CSM based on at least two of three repeated somatic cell counts (SCC) > 2000,000 cells/mL and positive bacterial milk culture results (BC). Cows with CSM were selected for the second stage. In stage 2, selected cows had quarter sampling aseptically collected for BC analyses prior to milking, and quarter milk yield was measured. Milk components (total protein, fat, lactose, and total solids) were measured using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Mammary quarters were considered healthy if all three repeated SCC results were ≤ 200,000 cells/mL and no bacterial growth was detected on BC. All quarters with positive bacterial growth were classified as having (non-chronic) subclinical mastitis when only one of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL, and CSM when at least two of three SCC results were > 200,000 cells/mL. The effects of CSM by type of pathogen on milk and components yield were assessed using a linear mixed model. Mammary quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens had milk loss of 1.1 kg/quarter milking in comparison to healthy quarters. Milk losses were 0.8 and 1.3 kg/quarter milking when CSM was caused by Staphylococcus aureus or environmental streptococci, respectively. In addition, healthy quarters produced more milk components than quarters with CSM caused by major pathogens. Minor pathogens causing CSM (non-aureus staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp.) had no effect on milk yield. Quarters with CSM had lower milk and component yields when compared with healthy quarters. Milk losses varied according to the type of pathogen and were higher when associated with major pathogens such as S. aureus and environmental streptococci compared with healthy quarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C Kamphuis
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Vernooij
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CN Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J P Araújo
- Institute of Biosciences, 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho' State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - R C Grenfell
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - K L Anderson
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M V Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Microbial Safety of Milk Production and Fermented Dairy Products in Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050752. [PMID: 32429521 PMCID: PMC7285323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Africa, milk production, processing and consumption are integral part of traditional food supply, with dairy products being a staple component of recommended healthy diets. This review provides an overview of the microbial safety characteristics of milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. The object is to highlight the main microbial food safety hazards in the dairy chain and to propose appropriate preventive and control measures. Pathogens of public health concern including Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus and Coxiella burnettii, which have largely been eradicated in many developed nations, still persist in the dairy chain in Africa. Factors such as the natural antimicrobial systems in milk and traditional processing technologies, including fermentation, heating and use of antimicrobial additives, that can potentially contribute to microbial safety of milk and dairy products in Africa will be discussed. Practical approaches to controlling safety hazards in the dairy chain in Africa have been proposed. Governmental regulatory bodies need to set the necessary national and regional safety standards, perform inspections and put measures in place to ensure that the standards are met, including strong enforcement programs within smallholder dairy chains. Dairy chain actors would require upgraded knowledge and training in preventive approaches such as good agricultural practices (GAP), hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) design and implementation and good hygienic practices (GHPs). Food safety education programs should be incorporated into school curricula, beginning at the basic school levels, to improve food safety cognition among students and promote life-long safe food handling behaviour.
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27
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Kalin R, Koksal Z, Kalin P, Karaman M, Gulcin İ, Ozdemir H. In vitro effects of standard antioxidants on lactoperoxidase enzyme–A molecular docking approach. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 34:e22421. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Kalin
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of ScienceErzurum Technical UniversityErzurum Turkey
| | - Zeynep Koksal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstanbul Medeniyet UniversityIstanbul Turkey
| | - Pinar Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAtaturk UniversityErzurum Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karaman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and ScienceKilis 7 Aralik UniversityKilis Turkey
| | - İlhami Gulcin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAtaturk UniversityErzurum Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAtaturk UniversityErzurum Turkey
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28
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Calf demand provision by mammary gland secretion during the first decade of post-natal development. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02676. [PMID: 31646212 PMCID: PMC6804368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The article highlights the experimental results on calf demand provision by mammary gland secretion during the first days of post-natal development. Changes in mammary gland secretion content during the transition process from colostrum to natural milk were showed. Lactoferrin level changes were demonstrated. Population-based composition of colostrum somatic cells was determined. A hypothesis concerning apoptosis role of the somatic cells and neutrophils’ burst was presented. The present study highlights calf provision with mammary gland secretion during the first 10 days of the postnatal development.
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Katsafadou AI, Politis AP, Mavrogianni VS, Barbagianni MS, Vasileiou NGC, Fthenakis GC, Fragkou IA. Mammary Defences and Immunity against Mastitis in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E726. [PMID: 31561433 PMCID: PMC6826578 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review paper are to present udder defences, including teat of the udder, mammary epithelial cells, leucocytes, immunoglobulins, complement system and chemical antibacterial agents, to describe cooperation and interactions between them and to elaborate on potentials regarding their significance in mammary immunisation strategies. The teat of the udder provides initial protection to the mammary gland. The mammary epithelial cells synthesise antibacterial proteins and the leucocytes produce various inflammation mediators (cytokines or chemokines), phagocytose bacteria and recognise antigenic structures. In the mammary gland, four immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA) have important roles against bacterial pathogens. The complement system is a collection of proteins, participating in the inflammatory process through various pathways. Other components contributing to humoral mammary defence include lactoferrin, lysozyme and the lactoperoxidase/myeloperoxidase systems, as well as oligosaccharides, gangliosides, reactive oxygen species, acute phase proteins (e.g., haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), ribonucleases and a wide range of antimicrobial peptides. Management practices, genetic variations and nutrition can influence mammary defences and should be taken into account in the formulation of prevention strategies against ovine mastitis.
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31
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Dalabasmaz S, Dittrich D, Kellner I, Drewello T, Pischetsrieder M. Identification of peptides reflecting the storage of UHT milk by MALDI-TOF-MS peptide profiling. J Proteomics 2019; 207:103444. [PMID: 31323422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis during the storage of UHT milk is associated with major technological problems, particularly bitter off-flavors and age gelation limiting the shelf life of milk. In this study, untargeted peptide profiling by MALDI-TOF-MS identified peptides that were formed by proteolysis and reflected the storage of UHT milk. Analysis of nine different commercial UHT samples recorded peptide profiles during and at the end of their shelf life. Relative quantification and sequencing of the peptides revealed that the concentrations of 22 peptides increased significantly during the storage of UHT milk due to the activity of endogenous milk proteases and microbial proteases as well as other unidentified proteolytic mechanisms. Based on highly discriminative AUC values from receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we selected ten peptides as marker candidates. Among those, the peptide β-casein192-206 (m/z 1668.9) was the most suitable marker differentiating expired-UHT from regular-UHT samples with 100% accuracy. Additionally, β-casein191-206 (m/z 1782.0) showed 100% specificity and β-casein139-161 (m/z 2696.4) 100% sensitivity. Thus, β-casein192-206, either by itself or in combination with β-casein191-206 and β-casein139-161, presents a reliable marker to monitor the storage of UHT milk based on proteolytic mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE: Enzymatic hydrolysis is the main reason why processed milk spoils during storage. The present study recorded peptide profiles to monitor the release or degradation of peptides in stored UHT milk. Among the detected peptides, statistical analysis revealed that the relative concentration of β-casein192-206 reflected those proteolytic processes most precisely. Food authorities can now refer to β-casein192-206 as a reliable marker to differentiate between freshly processed milk and products at the end of their shelf life. Furthermore, the food industry can use this marker peptide to improve production processes by monitoring the proteolysis during storage. The recorded peptide profile helps to explain the basic mechanisms leading to storage-induced proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Dalabasmaz
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Dittrich
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Kellner
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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32
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Anema SG. Age Gelation, Sedimentation, and Creaming in UHT Milk: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:140-166. [PMID: 33337027 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Demand for ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk and milk protein-based beverages is growing. UHT milk is microbiologically stable. However, on storage, a number of chemical and physical changes occur and these can reduce the quality of the milk. These changes can be sufficiently undesirable so as to limit acceptance or shelf life of the milk. The most severe changes in UHT milk during storage are age gelation, with an irreversible three-dimensional protein network forming throughout, excessive sedimentation with a compact layer of protein-enriched material forming rapidly at the bottom of the pack, and creaming with excessive fat accumulating at the top. For age gelation, it is known that at least two mechanisms can lead to gelation during storage. One mechanism involves proteolytic degradation of the proteins through heat-stable indigenous or exogenous enzymes, destabilizing milk and ultimately forming a gel. The other mechanism is referred to as a physico-chemical mechanism. Several factors are known to affect the physico-chemical age gelation, such as milk/protein concentration, heat load during processing (direct compared with indirect UHT processes), and milk composition. Similar factors to age gelation are known to affect sedimentation. There are relatively few studies on the creaming of UHT milk during storage, suggesting that this defect is less common or less detrimental compared with gelation and sedimentation. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of age gelation, sedimentation, and creaming of UHT milks during storage, providing a critical evaluation of the available literature and, based on this, mechanisms for age gelation and sedimentation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skelte G Anema
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11029, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.,Riddet Inst., Massey Univ., Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Alegbeleye OO, Guimarães JT, Cruz AG, Sant’Ana AS. Hazards of a ‘healthy’ trend? An appraisal of the risks of raw milk consumption and the potential of novel treatment technologies to serve as alternatives to pasteurization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.
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35
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Di Gerlando R, Tolone M, Sutera AM, Monteleone G, Portolano B, Sardina MT, Mastrangelo S. Variation of proteomic profile during lactation in Girgentana goat milk: a preliminary study. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1483749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sutera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Annandarajah C, Grewell D, Talbert JN, Raman DR, Clark S. Batch thermosonication for the reduction of plasmin activity in skim milk. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cindu Annandarajah
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa 50011-3080
| | - David Grewell
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa 50011-3080
| | - Joey N. Talbert
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa 50011-1057
| | - D. Raj Raman
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa 50011-3080
| | - Stephanie Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa 50011-1057
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Caballero-Villalobos J, Garzón A, Martínez Marín A, Arias R, Ciocia F, McSweeney P. Plasmin activity in Manchega ewe milk: The effect of lactation, parity and health of the udder, and its influence on milk composition and rennet coagulation. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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El Nahas S, El kasas A, Abou Mossallem A, Abdelhamid M, Warda M. A study on IL8RB gene polymorphism as a potential immuno-compromised adherent in exaggeration of parenteral and mammo-crine oxidative stress during mastitis in buffalo. J Adv Res 2017; 8:617-625. [PMID: 28819569 PMCID: PMC5548339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic markers in inflammatory responses during mastitis afford a reasonable way for improving milk production in the Egyptian buffalo breed. Among them is the interleukin 8 Receptor Gene (IL8RB) (CXCR2); a chemokine receptor gene augments the neutrophil migration during infection. To understand its role better during mastitis in Egyptian buffalos, twenty-five dairy animals representing the normal, sub-clinically, clinically and chronically affected buffalos were randomly selected from different districts. Screening criteria for mastitis were based on somatic cell count and California mastitis test assays on their milk samples. Biochemically, mastitis induced an increase in milk lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities and serum malanoaldehyde concentration. The total antioxidant concentrations, however, decreased in serum and milk during mammary inflammation. The protein profiling of milk whey proved an accelerated mammary inflammatory influx of blood-borne proteins during mastitis. The genomic DNAs were extracted from blood samples and the CXCR2 sequence of 1246 bp covering a part of intron 1, exon 2 and a part of 3'UTR were submitted to Genbank (accession # KY399457.1). The study clearly defined the presence of four SNPs. Three were detected as synonymous substitutions in coding region and one in the 3'UTR region. Only SNP C/A at c.127 was found to be highly associated with mastitis. In conclusion, the results warrant the potential correlation between the genetic SNP variance for certain genes and the incidence of mastitis in buffalo breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. El Nahas
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A.H. El kasas
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A.A. Abou Mossallem
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Center, 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M.I. Abdelhamid
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Warda
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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Nile SH, Keum YS, Nile AS, Kwon YD, Kim DH. Potential cow milk xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of selected phenolic acid derivatives. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
- Department of Crop Science, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Arti Shivraj Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Deuk Kwon
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
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Albenzio M, Santillo A, Caroprese M, Della Malva A, Marino R. Bioactive Peptides in Animal Food Products. Foods 2017; 6:E35. [PMID: 28486398 PMCID: PMC5447911 DOI: 10.3390/foods6050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of animal origin represent physiologically active components in the human diet; they exert a direct action or constitute a substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis upon food processing and consumption. Bioactive peptides may descend from the hydrolysis by digestive enzymes, enzymes endogenous to raw food materials, and enzymes from microorganisms added during food processing. Milk proteins have different polymorphisms for each dairy species that influence the amount and the biochemical characteristics (e.g., amino acid chain, phosphorylation, and glycosylation) of the protein. Milk from other species alternative to cow has been exploited for their role in children with cow milk allergy and in some infant pathologies, such as epilepsy, by monitoring the immune status. Different mechanisms concur for bioactive peptides generation from meat and meat products, and their functionality and application as functional ingredients have proven effects on consumer health. Animal food proteins are currently the main source of a range of biologically-active peptides which have gained special interest because they may also influence numerous physiological responses in the organism. The addition of probiotics to animal food products represent a strategy for the increase of molecules with health and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Caroprese
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Della Malva
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Marino
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Grażyna C, Hanna C, Adam A, Magdalena BM. Natural antioxidants in milk and dairy products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cichosz Grażyna
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Czeczot Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry; I Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Warsaw; ul. Banacha 1 02-097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Ambroziak Adam
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Bielecka Marika Magdalena
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; ul. Oczapowskiego 7 10-719 Olsztyn Poland
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Marchand S, Duquenne B, Heyndrickx M, Coudijzer K, De Block J. Destabilization and off-flavors generated by Pseudomonas proteases during or after UHT-processing of milk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Talukder S, Kerrisk KL, Gabai G, Celi P. Role of oxidant–antioxidant balance in reproduction of domestic animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive process leads to dynamic changes in metabolism and energy consumption, which may be responsible for the excessive production of free radicals (oxidants) that are generated during the physiological process of oxygen consumption. As the ovary is a metabolically active organ, it produces oxidants. Growing follicles, granulose cells of Graffian follicles and ovulated follicles all produce both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to preserve themselves from the oxidative damage of oxidants. Oxidants and antioxidants are involved in several reproductive functions such as the regulation of follicular fluid environment, folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, corpus luteum function, and luteolysis. In this article, the currently available literature is reviewed in relation to the roles of oxidants and oxidative stress in both normal and abnormal reproductive physiological processes.
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Calamari L, Gobbi L, Russo F, Cappelli FP. Pattern of γ-glutamyl transferase activity in cow milk throughout lactation and relationships with metabolic conditions and milk composition. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3891-900. [PMID: 26440169 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this experiment was to study the γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity in milk during lactation and its relationship with metabolic status of dairy cows, milk yield, milk composition, and cheesemaking properties. The study was performed in a tied stall barn and involved 20 lactations from 12 healthy multiparous Italian Friesian dairy cows. During lactation starting at d 10, milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for composition, somatic cells count, titratable acidity, and milk coagulation properties. The GGT activity was measured in defatted samples. Blood samples were collected weekly to assess biochemical indicators related to energy, protein, and mineral metabolism, markers of inflammation and some enzyme activities. The lactations of each cow were retrospectively categorized into 2 groups according to their milk GGT activity value through lactation. A median value of GGT activity in the milk of all lactations was calculated (3,045 U/L), and 10 lactations with lower GGT activity were classified as low while 10 lactations with greater GGT activity were classified as high. The average value of milk GGT activity during lactation was 3,863 and 3,024 U/L for high and low, respectively. The GGT activity decreased in early lactation and reached minimum values in the second month (3,289 and 2,355 U/L for high and low, respectively). Thereafter GGT activity increased progressively, reaching values in late lactation of 4,511 and 3,540 U/L in high and low, respectively. On average, milk yield was 40.81 and 42.76 kg/d in high and low, respectively, and a negative partial correlation with milk GGT activity was observed. A greater milk protein concentration was observed in high (3.39%) compared with low (3.18%), and a positive partial correlation with milk GGT activity was observed. Greater titratable acidity in high than that in low (3.75 vs. 3.45 degrees Soxhlet-Henkel/50 mL, respectively) was also observed. Plasma glucose was greater in cows of high than in low group, while plasma urea was lower in the high than in the low group. No relationship between plasma GGT and milk GGT activity was observed. Our results show an important effect of lactation stage on milk GGT activity. The individual effect observed from consecutive lactations and the relationship between milk GGT activity and milk protein concentration in healthy cows could open prospects for GGT as a future tool in improving milk protein content.
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46
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Rashidinejad A, Birch EJ, Everett DW. Green tea catechins suppress xanthine oxidase activity in dairy products: An improved HPLC analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Konkit M, Kim W. Activities of amylase, proteinase, and lipase enzymes from Lactococcus chungangensis and its application in dairy products. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:4999-5007. [PMID: 27108177 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several enzymes are involved in the process of converting milk to lactic acid and coagulated milk to curd and, therefore, are important in dairy fermented products. Amylase, proteinase, and lipase are enzymes that play an important role in degrading milk into monomeric molecules such as oligosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids, which are the main molecules responsible for flavors in cheese. In the current study, we determined the amylase, proteinase, and lipase activities of Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 28(T), a bacterial strain of nondairy origin, and compared them with those of the reference strain, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis KCTC 3769(T), which is commonly used in the dairy industry. Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 28(T) and L. lactis ssp. lactis KCTC 3769(T) were both found to have amylase, proteinase, and lipase activities in broth culture, cream cheese, and yogurt. Notably, the proteinase and lipase activities of L. chungangensis CAU 28(T) were higher than those of L. lactis ssp. lactis KCTC 3769(T), with proteinase activity of 10.50 U/mL in tryptic soy broth and 8.64 U/mL in cream cheese, and lipase activity of 100 U/mL of tryptic soy broth, and 100 U/mL of cream cheese. In contrast, the amylase activity was low, with 5.28 U/mL in tryptic soy broth and 8.86 U/mL in cream cheese. These enzyme activities in L. chungangensis CAU 28(T) suggest that this strain has potential to be used for manufacturing dairy fermented products, even though the strain is of nondairy origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytiya Konkit
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Transcellular route as the most probable explanation for the presence of plasminogen in mammal׳s milk. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:221-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Segat A, Misra N, Cullen P, Innocente N. Effect of atmospheric pressure cold plasma (ACP) on activity and structure of alkaline phosphatase. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Vijayakumar S, Grewell D, Annandarajah C, Benner L, Clark S. Quality characteristics and plasmin activity of thermosonicated skim milk and cream. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6678-91. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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