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Andouard D, Tilloy V, Ribot E, Mayeras M, Diaz-Gonzalez D, El Hamel C, Piras-Douce F, Mantel N, Alain S. Genetic and Functional Characterization of Congenital HCMV Clinical Strains in Ex Vivo First Trimester Placental Model. Pathogens 2023; 12:985. [PMID: 37623946 PMCID: PMC10460061 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection, leading to a variety of symptoms in the unborn child that range from asymptomatic to death in utero. Our objective was to better understand the mechanisms of placental infection by HCMV clinical strains, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy. We thus characterized and compared the replication kinetics of various HCMV clinical strains and laboratory strains by measuring viral loads in an ex vivo model of first trimester villi and decidua, and used NGS and PCA analysis to analyze the genes involved in cell tropism and virulence factors. We observed that first trimester villi and decidua are similarly permissive to laboratory and symptomatic strains, and that asymptomatic strains poorly replicate in decidua tissue. PCA analysis allowed us to segregate our clinical strains based on their clinical characteristics, suggesting a link between gene mutations and symptoms. All these results bring forth elements that can help better understand the mechanisms that induce the appearance of symptoms or in the congenitally infected newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Andouard
- Bacteriology-Virology-Hygien Department, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France; (V.T.); (E.R.); (M.M.)
- RESINFIT—Antimicrobials: Molecular Supports of Resistances and Therapeutic Innovations, UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
- Sanofi Vaccines R&D, 69280 Marcy-l’étoile, France; (F.P.-D.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentin Tilloy
- Bacteriology-Virology-Hygien Department, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France; (V.T.); (E.R.); (M.M.)
- UF9481 Bioinformatics Department, CHU Dupuytren, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Elodie Ribot
- Bacteriology-Virology-Hygien Department, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France; (V.T.); (E.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Melissa Mayeras
- Bacteriology-Virology-Hygien Department, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France; (V.T.); (E.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniel Diaz-Gonzalez
- RESINFIT—Antimicrobials: Molecular Supports of Resistances and Therapeutic Innovations, UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
- UF8843 Medical Genomics Department, CHU Dupuytren, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Chahrazed El Hamel
- Pediatric Department, Mother and Child Biobank (CB-HME), Hôpital de la Mère et de l’enfant, CHU Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | | | - Nathalie Mantel
- Sanofi Vaccines R&D, 69280 Marcy-l’étoile, France; (F.P.-D.); (N.M.)
| | - Sophie Alain
- Bacteriology-Virology-Hygien Department, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France; (V.T.); (E.R.); (M.M.)
- RESINFIT—Antimicrobials: Molecular Supports of Resistances and Therapeutic Innovations, UMR Inserm 1092, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France;
- UF8843 Medical Genomics Department, CHU Dupuytren, 87000 Limoges, France
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2
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Determination of Genotypes in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Strains Obtained from Pediatric and Adult Immunocompromised Patients. JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1095228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Cytomegalovirus causes asymptomatic disease in individuals with normal immune system; and leads to serious complications in immunocompromised individuals and fetus. In CMV, gB is the most studied glycoprotein in terms of genotyping. Up to now, four different gB genotypes (gB 1-4) of CMV have been identified.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the genotypes of CMV strains obtained from patients with immune deficiency.
Methods: Twenty children and 29 adults, 49 patients who were followed in the Department of Adult Hematology and Pediatric Hematology were included in the study. DNA isolation was performed from samples with CMV DNA level of 1000 IU / ml and above, and 474 bp region from the gB region of the virus was amplified by nested PCR. This region was sequenced by the Sanger (ABI 3500 Prism) sequencing. Next generation sequencing (NGS) method was applied to the samples that CMV genotype could not be determined by Sanger sequencing.
Results: Distribution of CMV genotypes of patients determined by Sanger sequencing; while it was determined as 18/49 (36.7%) type 1, 5/49 (10.2%) type 2, 5/49 (10.2%) type 3 and 1/49 (2%) type 4; 14/49 (28.5%) of them were found as mixed genotypes. CMV genotype could not be determined in 6 patients by Sanger sequencing and CMV genotype of these 6 patients were found as mixed genoype by NGS. Mixed genotype was detected in 20 (40.9%) of 49 patients, in total by Sanger sequencing and NGS.
Conclusion: It is remarkable that the most common genotype is mixed genotype. It was concluded that it is appropriate to study the next generation sequencing method in patients whose CMV genotype cannot be determined by Sanger sequencing.
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Abstract
Over a century of research has focused on improving our understanding of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), yet it remains the most common congenital infection in the United States, affecting 3 to 6 per 1000 live born infants each year. Pregnancies affected by cCMV are at a heightened risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine fetal demise. Neonates born with cCMV are also at substantial risk for long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae and disability, including sensorineural hearing loss, even those born without clinically apparent disease. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in study of the epidemiology and transmission of cCMV, developing better diagnostic strategies, implementing newborn screening programs, improving therapeutics, and launching vaccine trials. In this article, we review recent developments in the understanding of the virology and immunobiology of cytomegalovirus. We further discuss how this knowledge informs our understanding of the pathophysiology of cCMV and directs strategies aimed at improving outcomes and quality of life for congenitally infected children. We also provide an update on the epidemiology of cCMV in the United States, evolving scientific understanding of maternal-fetal transmission, enhanced screening approaches, and recognition of neonatal and long-term sequelae. Finally, we review the current landscape of pediatric cCMV research and provide recommendations for novel and high-priority areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Pesch
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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4
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Schleiss MR. Antiviral Therapy and Its Long-Term Impact on Hearing Loss Caused by Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Much Remains to Be Learned! J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:186-189. [PMID: 35150282 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Complexity of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in South African HIV-Exposed Infants with Pneumonia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050855. [PMID: 35632596 PMCID: PMC9147013 DOI: 10.3390/v14050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause significant end-organ diseases such as pneumonia in HIV-exposed infants. Complex viral factors may influence pathogenesis including: a large genome with a sizeable coding capacity, numerous gene regions of hypervariability, multiple-strain infections, and tissue compartmentalization of strains. We used a whole genome sequencing approach to assess the complexity of infection by comparing high-throughput sequencing data obtained from respiratory and blood specimens of HIV-exposed infants with severe HCMV pneumonia with those of lung transplant recipients and patients with hematological disorders. There were significantly more specimens from HIV-exposed infants showing multiple HCMV strain infection. Some genotypes, such as UL73 G4B and UL74 G4, were significantly more prevalent in HIV-exposed infants with severe HCMV pneumonia. Some genotypes were predominant in the respiratory specimens of several patients. However, the predominance was not statistically significant, precluding firm conclusions on anatomical compartmentalization in the lung.
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Cadena-Mota S, Muñoz-Escalante JC, Martínez-Rodríguez LE, Bernal-Silva S, Tello-Martínez N, de la Torre-Rodríguez I, Hernández-Sánchez PG, Castillo-Martínez F, Escalante-Padrón F, Lima-Rogel V, González-Ortiz AM, Noyola DE. Incidence of congenital and postnatal cytomegalovirus infection during the first year of life in Mexican preterm infants. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3349-3358. [PMID: 35261048 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection occurs commonly during infancy. Postnatal infection in term infants is usually asymptomatic; however, infection in preterm infants can be associated with clinical manifestations during the neonatal period. Nevertheless, few studies to assess the frequency of cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants have been performed outside of high-income countries. We analyzed the incidence of congenital and postnatal cytomegalovirus infection in a cohort of preterm infants. Cytomegalovirus infection was detected during the neonatal period in four of 178 infants; in three of them the virus was detected during the first three weeks of life and, therefore, congenital infection was confirmed (1.7% incidence). Postnatal infection was detected in 44 (36.4%) of 121 infants who were assessed after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Cytomegalovirus infection was significantly associated to duration of breast feeding. In addition, we characterized cytomegalovirus strains detected in infants together with sequences available at GenBank, based on sequences of the UL18 gene. Cytomegalovirus UL18-sequences clustered in five distinct clades (A-E), and sequences obtained from infants in our study were distributed in four of the five clades; 44.4% of these sequences were included in clade E. Breastfeeding duration was shorter in average (5.6 months) in infants with sequences in clade E compared to infants with sequences in the other three clades (8.2 months; P=0.07). In conclusion, we provide information regarding the high incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants. Further studies are warranted to assess if cytomegalovirus strain characteristics are associated with the risk of infection acquisition during infancy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cadena-Mota
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Juan Carlos Muñoz-Escalante
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Luz E Martínez-Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sofía Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Nallely Tello-Martínez
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Pedro G Hernández-Sánchez
- Viral and Human Genomics Laboratory, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Fernanda Castillo-Martínez
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Victoria Lima-Rogel
- Neonatology Department, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ana María González-Ortiz
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital del Niño y la Mujer "Dr. Alberto López Hermosa", San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Daniel E Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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Fernández-Alarcón C, Buchholz G, Contreras H, Wussow F, Nguyen J, Diamond DJ, Schleiss MR. Protection against Congenital CMV Infection Conferred by MVA-Vectored Subunit Vaccines Extends to a Second Pregnancy after Maternal Challenge with a Heterologous, Novel Strain Variant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122551. [PMID: 34960820 PMCID: PMC8703303 DOI: 10.3390/v13122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal reinfection of immune women with novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains acquired during pregnancy can result in symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infection. Novel animal model strategies are needed to explore vaccine-mediated protections against maternal reinfection. To investigate this in the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model, a strictly in vivo-passaged workpool of a novel strain, the CIDMTR strain (dose, 1 × 107 pfu) was used to infect dams that had been challenged in a previous pregnancy with the 22122 strain, following either sham-immunization (vector only) or vaccination with MVA-vectored gB, gH/gL, or pentameric complex (PC) vaccines. Maternal DNAemia cleared by day 21 in the glycoprotein-vaccinated dams, but not in the sham-immunized dams. Mean pup birth weights were 72.85 ± 10.2, 80.0 ± 6.9, 81.4 ± 14.1, and 89.38 ± 8.4 g in sham-immunized, gB, gH/gL, and PC groups, respectively (p < 0.01 for control v. PC). Pup mortality in the sham-immunized group was 6/12 (50%), but reduced to 3/35 (8.6%) in combined vaccine groups (p = 0.0048). Vertical CIDMTR transmission occurred in 6/12 pups (50%) in the sham-vaccinated group, compared to 2/34 pups (6%) in the vaccine groups (p = 0.002). We conclude that guinea pigs immunized with vectored vaccines expressing 22122 strain-specific glycoproteins are protected after a reinfection with a novel, heterologous clinical isolate (CIDMTR) in a second pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Grace Buchholz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Clinical, Virologic and Immunologic Correlates of Breast Milk Acquired Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Setting. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101897. [PMID: 34696327 PMCID: PMC8539954 DOI: 10.3390/v13101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections acquired by very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants are incompletely characterized. To examine CMV transmission in VLBW infants, we evaluated maternal DNAlactia, infant DNAemia, and presence of clinical disease in a blinded study in VLBW infants in our newborn intensive care unit (NICU). To examine these issues, 200 VLBW infants were enrolled in a surveillance study, with weekly breast milk and infant whole blood samples collected, as available. Virologic (breast milk and infant whole blood real time PCR) and immunologic (IgG, IgM, and IgG avidity) correlates were evaluated. A chart review examined whether infants had symptoms compatible with CMV disease. DNAlactia was identified in 65/150 (43%) of lactating mothers. Nine CMV infections were identified in 9/75 CMV-exposed infants (12% of exposed infants). A higher median breast milk viral load (DNAlactia) correlated with an increased likelihood of DNAemia (p = 0.05). Despite potential symptoms compatible with CMV infection, clinicians had not considered the diagnosis of CMV in 6/9 cases (66%). All of these infants had chronic lung disease at discharge. There was no correlation between IgG antibody titer or IgG avidity index and the likelihood of transmission or CMV disease. In conclusion, in VLBW infants receiving milk from seropositive mothers, CMV infections are commonly acquired, and are frequently unrecognized. Future studies are needed to determine whether routine surveillance for CMV of either breast milk or infant plasma is beneficial in preventing or recognizing infection.
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Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061106. [PMID: 34207868 PMCID: PMC8227702 DOI: 10.3390/v13061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of the most prevalent viruses across the globe, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised individuals. Recent clinical observations have demonstrated that mixed strain infections are common and may lead to more severe disease progression. This clinical observation illustrates the complexity of the HCMV genome and emphasizes the importance of taking a population-level view of genotypic evolution. Here we review frequently sampled polymorphisms in the glycoproteins of HCMV, comparing the variable regions, and summarizing their corresponding geographic distributions observed to date. The related strain-specific immunity, including neutralization activity and antigen-specific cellular immunity, is also discussed. Given that these glycoproteins are common targets for vaccine design and anti-viral therapies, this observed genetic variation represents an important resource for future efforts to combat HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-746-4111
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Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Vaccines: State of the Art. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050523. [PMID: 34069321 PMCID: PMC8158681 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss in childhood. Up to 2% of neonates, with the highest percentages found in developing countries, are congenitally infected with CMV. At birth, most of these infants are asymptomatic. However, approximately 10% have signs and symptoms of the disease, and 40–60% of symptomatic neonates will later develop permanent neurologic sequelae. To reduce congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, a vaccine able to prevent primary infection is essential. In this narrative review, actual ongoing research about the development of a CMV vaccine is discussed. The progressive increase in knowledge on the ways in which the host’s immune system and CMV relate has made it possible to clarify that the development of a vaccine that is certainly capable of reducing the risk of cCMV infection, and preventing both primary and nonprimary infections is extremely difficult. Many of the ways in which the virus evades the immune system and causes cCMV infection are not yet fully understood, especially in cases of nonprimary infection. Moreover, the schedule that should be recommended and that subjects must be vaccinated to obtain the greatest effect have not been precisely defined. Further studies are needed before the problem of cCMV infection and its related challenges can be totally solved.
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Contributions of the Human Cytomegalovirus U L30-Associated Open Reading Frames to Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02417-20. [PMID: 33568511 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02417-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposon-based insertional mutagenesis screens have assessed how disruption of numerous human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) open reading frames (ORFs) impacts in vitro viral replication. Insertional mutagenesis of the HCMV UL30 gene was previously found to substantially inhibit production of viral progeny. However, there are a number of putative UL30-associated ORFs, and it is unclear how they impact viral replication. Here, we report on the contributions of the eight UL30-associated ORFs to infection. We find that deletion of the canonically annotated UL30 ORF substantially reduces production of infectious virus at both high and low multiplicities of infection (MOI). This deletion likely has complex effects on viral replication, as we find that it reduces the expression of neighboring non-UL30-associated ORFs. Mutation of the initiating methionine of the canonical UL30 ORF indicated that it is dispensable for high- and low-MOI infection in the highly passaged AD169 strain, although it is important for low-MOI infection in the less-passaged TB40/E strain. Comutation of eight methionines in the UL30 region results in a low-MOI viral replication defect, as does mutation of the TATA box responsible for the most abundant UL30 transcript, which is found to be necessary for the accumulation of multiple UL30-associated protein isoforms during infection. In total, our data indicate the importance of the UL30-associated ORFs during low-MOI HCMV infection and further highlight the difficulty associated with the functional interrogation of broadly disruptive mutations: e.g., large deletions or transposon insertions.IMPORTANCE Viral genes and their products are the critical determinants of viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes many gene products whose roles during viral infection have not been assessed. Elucidation of the contributions that various HCMV gene products make to infection provides insight into the infectious program, which could potentially be used to limit HCMV-associated morbidity, a major issue during congenital infection and in immunosuppressed populations. Here, we explored the role of HCMV's UL30-associated gene products and found that they are important for HCMV replication. Future work elucidating the mechanisms through which they contribute to viral infection could highlight novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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12
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Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is a leading cause of hearing loss and neurological disabilities in children, with the disease burden and disabilities due to cCMV greater than many other well recognized childhood conditions. A minority of infants with cCMV will have symptoms at birth. Infants with symptomatic cCMV are at higher risk for sequelae than those born without symptoms. The majority of infants with cCMV are asymptomatic at birth, but 10%-15% will develop hearing loss. Although clinical symptoms can help predict which infants will have sensorineural hearing loss, among asymptomatic cCMV there are currently no predictors of adverse outcome. The identification of a biomarker to identify those at highest risk of sequelae is highly desirable to target interventions to those who could potentially benefit. Because there is increasing rationale for establishing both targeted and universal screening programs for cCMV in the United States and worldwide, this is an urgent priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Kabani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shannon A Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses, as large double-stranded DNA viruses, were long considered to be genetically stable and to exist in a homogeneous state. Recently, the proliferation of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics analysis has expanded our understanding of herpesvirus genomes and the variations found therein. Recent data indicate that herpesviruses exist as diverse populations, both in culture and in vivo, in a manner reminiscent of RNA viruses. In this review, we discuss the past, present, and potential future of alphaherpesvirus genomics, including the technical challenges that face the field. We also review how recent data has enabled genome-wide comparisons of sequence diversity, recombination, allele frequency, and selective pressures, including those introduced by cell culture. While we focus on the human alphaherpesviruses, we draw key insights from related veterinary species and from the beta- and gamma-subfamilies of herpesviruses. Promising technologies and potential future directions for herpesvirus genomics are highlighted as well, including the potential to link viral genetic differences to phenotypic and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad V. Kuny
- Departments of Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Moriah L. Szpara
- Departments of Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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Deng ZL, Dhingra A, Fritz A, Götting J, Münch PC, Steinbrück L, Schulz TF, Ganzenmüller T, McHardy AC. Evaluating assembly and variant calling software for strain-resolved analysis of large DNA viruses. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5868070. [PMID: 34020538 PMCID: PMC8138829 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe complications in immunocompromised individuals and congenitally infected children. Characterizing heterogeneous viral populations and their evolution by high-throughput sequencing of clinical specimens requires the accurate assembly of individual strains or sequence variants and suitable variant calling methods. However, the performance of most methods has not been assessed for populations composed of low divergent viral strains with large genomes, such as HCMV. In an extensive benchmarking study, we evaluated 15 assemblers and 6 variant callers on 10 lab-generated benchmark data sets created with two different library preparation protocols, to identify best practices and challenges for analyzing such data. Most assemblers, especially metaSPAdes and IVA, performed well across a range of metrics in recovering abundant strains. However, only one, Savage, recovered low abundant strains and in a highly fragmented manner. Two variant callers, LoFreq and VarScan2, excelled across all strain abundances. Both shared a large fraction of false positive variant calls, which were strongly enriched in T to G changes in a 'G.G' context. The magnitude of this context-dependent systematic error is linked to the experimental protocol. We provide all benchmarking data, results and the entire benchmarking workflow named QuasiModo, Quasispecies Metric determination on omics, under the GNU General Public License v3.0 (https://github.com/hzi-bifo/Quasimodo), to enable full reproducibility and further benchmarking on these and other data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Luo Deng
- Department Computational Biology of Infection Research of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
| | | | - Adrian Fritz
- Department Computational Biology of Infection Research of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
| | | | - Philipp C Münch
- Department Computational Biology of Infection Research of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Max von Pettenkofer Institute in Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
| | | | | | | | - Alice C McHardy
- Department Computational Biology of Infection Research of the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
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15
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Khalil A, Sotiriadis A, Chaoui R, da Silva Costa F, D'Antonio F, Heath PT, Jones C, Malinger G, Odibo A, Prefumo F, Salomon LJ, Wood S, Ville Y. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: role of ultrasound in congenital infection. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2020; 56:128-151. [PMID: 32400006 DOI: 10.1002/uog.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of London, London, UK
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - A Sotiriadis
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R Chaoui
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - F da Silva Costa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - F D'Antonio
- Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P T Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, St George's University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - G Malinger
- Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Odibo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - F Prefumo
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - L J Salomon
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Y Ville
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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16
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Ross SA, Pati P, Jensen TL, Goll JB, Gelber CE, Singh A, McNeal M, Boppana SB, Bernstein DI. Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity Following Primary Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:715-720. [PMID: 31593588 PMCID: PMC7026889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with multiple cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains (mixed infection) was reported in a variety of hosts. As the virus genetic diversity in primary CMV infection and the changes over time remain incompletely defined, we examined CMV diversity and changes in diversity over time in healthy adolescent females who participated in a phase 2 CMV gB/MF59 vaccine trial. METHODS CMV genetic diversity was determined by genotyping of 5 genes-gB (UL55), gH (UL75), gN (UL73), US28, and UL144-in urine, saliva, and plasma samples from 15 study subjects. RESULTS At the time of primary infection, 5 of 12 (42%) urine samples had multiple virus strains, and 50% of vaccine recipients were infected with gB1 genotype (vaccine strain). Mixed infection was documented in all 15 subjects within 3 months after primary infection, and the majority had different CMV genotypes in different compartments. Changes in genotypes over time were observed in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Infection with multiple CMV genotypes was common during primary infection and further diversification occurred over time. Infection with gB1 genotype in vaccine recipients suggests a lack of strain-specific protection from the vaccine. As only 5 polymorphic genes were assessed, this study likely underestimated the true genetic diversity in primary CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pravasini Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Singh
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Suresh B Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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17
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Puhakka L, Pati S, Lappalainen M, Lönnqvist T, Niemensivu R, Lindahl P, Nieminen T, Seuri R, Nupponen I, Boppana S, Saxen H. Viral shedding, and distribution of cytomegalovirus glycoprotein H (UL75), glycoprotein B (UL55), and glycoprotein N (UL73) genotypes in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Virol 2020; 125:104287. [PMID: 32086150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with congenital CMV infection (cCMV) shed virus in urine and saliva for prolonged periods of time. Outcome of cCMV varies from asymptomatic infection with no sequelae in most cases, to severe longterm morbidity. The factors associated with asymptomatic cCMV are not well defined. We evaluated the viral shedding in a cohort of infants with cCMV identified on newborn screening. In addition, we describe the distribution of viral genotypes in our cohort of asymptomatic infants and previous cohorts of cCMV children in the literature. METHODS Study population consisted of 40 children with cCMV identified in screening of 19,868 infants, a prevalence of 2/1000. The viral shedding was evaluated at 3 and 18 months of age by real-time CMV-PCR of saliva and plasma, and CMV culture of urine. CMV positive saliva samples were analyzed for genotypes for CMV envelope glycoproteins gB (UL55), and gH (UL75) by genotype specific real-time PCR, and gN (UL73) by cloning and sequencing RESULTS: At 3 months age 40/40 saliva and urine samples, and 19/40 plasma samples were positive for CMV. At 18 months age all urine samples tested (33/33), 9/37 of saliva samples, and 2/34 plasma samples were positive for CMV. The genotype distribution did not differ from the published data CONCLUSIONS: The urinary virus shedding is more persistent than salivary shedding in children with cCMV. The genotype distribution was similar to previous literature and does not explain the low disease burden of cCMV in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Puhakka
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sunil Pati
- Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Laboratory Services (HUSLAB), Division of Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tuula Lönnqvist
- Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riina Niemensivu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tea Nieminen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Seuri
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irmeli Nupponen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suresh Boppana
- Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harri Saxen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Paradowska E, Jabłońska A, Studzińska M, Kasztelewicz B, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Dzierżanowska-Fangrat K, Woźniakowska-Gęsicka T, Czech-Kowalska J. Distribution of the CMV glycoprotein gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A complex variants and associated clinical manifestations in infants infected congenitally or postnatally. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16352. [PMID: 31705022 PMCID: PMC6841705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity in fetuses following intrauterine infection. The glycoprotein (g) envelope trimeric gH/gL/gO and pentameric gH/gL/pUL128/pUL130/pUL131A complexes are required for CMV entry into fibroblasts and endothelial/epithelial cells, respectively, and both are targets for neutralizing antibodies. The role of sequence variability among viral strains in the outcome of congenital CMV infection is controversial. Variation in the CMV UL75 gene encoding glycoprotein H (gH), the UL115 (gL), the UL74 (gO), and the UL128 locus (UL128L) encoding three structural proteins (pUL128, pUL130, and pUL131A) was determined in 82 newborns with congenital CMV infection and 113 infants with postnatal or unproven congenital CMV infection. Genotyping was performed by sequencing analysis of PCR-amplified fragments and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, and the viral load was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The obtained results demonstrated that (1) different CMV variants and mixed CMV infections can be detected in newborns infected congenitally; (2) the gH1 genotype, UL130 variant 6, and UL131A variant 1 were associated with some signs/symptoms within cohort of pediatric patients, mainly consisting of infants with symptomatic CMV infection. The results revealed that pUL130, pUL131A, and gH polymorphisms seemed to be associated with the outcome of CMV infection in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Kasztelewicz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiśniewska-Ligier
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Justyna Czech-Kowalska
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Patro ARK. Subversion of Immune Response by Human Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1155. [PMID: 31244824 PMCID: PMC6575140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections and is an important pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Despite a robust host immune system, HCMV able to replicate, evade host defenses, establish latency for life. A significant portion of HCMV genome dedicated to encode gene products for modulation of host immune response. Growing number of HCMV gene products are being recognized to play role in immune evasion. Information on viral immune evasion mechanisms by which HCMV persists in host will be useful in devising antiviral intervention strategies and development of new vaccines. This minireview provides a brief overview of immune evasion strategy adapted by HCMV by utilizing its gene products in modulation of host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raj Kumar Patro
- Infectious Disease Biology Group, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, India
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20
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White JL, Patel EU, Abraham AG, Grabowski MK, Arav-Boger R, Avery RK, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. Prevalence, Magnitude, and Genotype Distribution of Urinary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Shedding Among CMV-Seropositive Children and Adolescents in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz272. [PMID: 31281866 PMCID: PMC6602884 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited nationally representative data on correlates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding among children and adolescents. In addition, the genotype distribution of CMV infections has not been well characterized among general populations in the United States. Methods This study characterized urinary CMV shedding among CMV immunoglobulin G-positive 6- to 19-year-olds in the US household population using data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were weighted and multiple imputation was performed to handle missing data (with the exception of CMV genotypes). Results Prevalence of urinary CMV shedding was significantly lower among 9- to 11-year-olds (20.6%; aPR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44-0.83) and 12- to 19-year-olds (7.0%; aPR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.14-0.30) compared with 6- to 8-year-olds (34.4%). Among CMV shedders, the youngest age group also had the highest urinary CMV viral loads. The prevalence of urinary CMV shedding among obese individuals was significantly lower compared with lean individuals (aPR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47-0.99). Among CMV shedders, glycoprotein B (gB)1 (51%) was the most prevalent gB variant, followed by gB2 (29%), gB3 (21%), and gB4 (13%); glycoprotein H (gH)2 (60%) was more prevalent than gH1 (48%). Multiple (≥2) gB (14%) and multiple gH (7%) infections were detected among CMV shedders. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of young children even above the age of 5 years as a potential source of CMV transmission. The detection of multiple CMV strains among CMV shedders may have implications for the transmission of viral diversity as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L White
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Kate Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Robin K Avery
- Department Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Barrado L, Prieto C, Hernando S, Folgueira L. Detection of glycoproteins B and H genotypes to predict the development of Cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2018; 109:50-56. [PMID: 30500488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study focuses on the role that human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) genotypes play in the development of disease. OBJECTIVES (1) To analyze the frequency of various genotype envelope proteins (gB, gH) in a group of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients; (2) to assess their correlation with CMV disease; (3) to study the association between any of the genotypes and viral loads. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective observational study conducted by analyzing CMV gB and gH genotypes detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-specific assays in 162 CMV-positive blood samples from 62 SOT recipients. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were recorded. RESULTS Mixed gB genotypes were associated with viral syndrome (70%, p = .004), earlier presentation of symptoms (48.27 ± 27.03 versus 74.33 ± 47.25 days, respectively, p = .001), and higher median of the plasma viral load log10 (UI/ml) than infection with a single genotype (p = .004). Furthermore, the gB3 genotype was detected more frequently in patients who presented with asymptomatic viremia (77.27%, p < .0001). The gH1 genotype was more frequent (65%) in patients who presented with asymptomatic viremia (p = .003), and it caused infection later than gH2 or the mixed genotype (84.88 ± 48.10 versus 57.91 ± 39.18 days, respectively, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Patients who presented mixed gB genotypes more frequently developed clinical manifestations and earlier, higher, plasma viral loads. The detection of gB and gH genotypes by real-time PCR can provide relevant information to stratify the risk of SOT recipients to develop symptomatic infection by CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barrado
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Columbiana Prieto
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Hernando
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Folgueira
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute i+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Pl. Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Diamond DJ, LaRosa C, Chiuppesi F, Contreras H, Dadwal S, Wussow F, Bautista S, Nakamura R, Zaia JA. A fifty-year odyssey: prospects for a cytomegalovirus vaccine in transplant and congenital infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:889-911. [PMID: 30246580 PMCID: PMC6343505 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been almost fifty years since the Towne strain was used by Plotkin and collaborators as the first vaccine candidate for cytomegalovirus (CMV). While that approach showed partial efficacy, there have been a multitude of challenges to improve on the promise of a CMV vaccine. Efforts have been dichotomized into a therapeutic vaccine for patients with CMV-infected allografts, either stem cells or solid organ, and a prophylactic vaccine for congenital infection. AREAS COVERED This review will evaluate research prospects for a therapeutic vaccine for transplant recipients that recognizes CMV utilizing primarily T cell responses. Similarly, we will provide an extensive discussion on attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent the manifestations of congenital infection, based on eliciting a humoral anti-CMV protective response. The review will also describe newer developments that have upended the efforts toward such a vaccine through the discovery of a second pathway of CMV infection that utilizes an alternative receptor for entry using a series of antigens that have been determined to be important for prevention of infection. EXPERT COMMENTARY There is a concerted effort to unify separate therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine strategies into a single delivery agent that would be effective for both transplant-related and congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don J. Diamond
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Corinna LaRosa
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Department of Medical Specialties, City of Hope National
Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Supriya Bautista
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research
Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoetic Cell
Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - John A. Zaia
- Center for Gene Therapy, Hematological Malignancy and Stem
Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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23
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Recombinant cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B vaccine: Rethinking the immunological basis of protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6110-6112. [PMID: 29875141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806420115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Pass RF, Arav-Boger R. Maternal and fetal cytomegalovirus infection: diagnosis, management, and prevention. F1000Res 2018; 7:255. [PMID: 29560263 PMCID: PMC5832908 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12517.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a major cause of central nervous system and sensory impairments that affect cognition, motor function, hearing, language development, vestibular function, and vision. Although the importance of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is readily evident, the vast majority of maternal and fetal infections are not identified, even in developed countries. Multiple studies of prenatal cytomegalovirus infections have produced a body of knowledge that can inform the clinical approach to suspected or proven maternal and fetal infection. Reliable diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy and accurate diagnosis of fetal infection are a reality. Approaches to preventing the transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to fetus and to the treatment of fetal infection are being studied. There is evidence that public health approaches based on hygiene can dramatically reduce the rate of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infections during pregnancy. This review will consider the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, the diagnosis and management of primary infection during pregnancy, and approaches to preventing maternal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Pass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, 1600 7th Avenue South, Suite 108, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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25
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Vermillion MS, Klein SL. Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29423318 PMCID: PMC5794984 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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26
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Impacts of Genome-Wide Analyses on Our Understanding of Human Herpesvirus Diversity and Evolution. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.00908-17. [PMID: 29046445 PMCID: PMC5730764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00908-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Until fairly recently, genome-wide evolutionary dynamics and within-host diversity were more commonly examined in the context of small viruses than in the context of large double-stranded DNA viruses such as herpesviruses. The high mutation rates and more compact genomes of RNA viruses have inspired the investigation of population dynamics for these species, and recent data now suggest that herpesviruses might also be considered candidates for population modeling. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics have expanded our understanding of herpesviruses through genome-wide comparisons of sequence diversity, recombination, allele frequency, and selective pressures. Here we discuss recent data on the mechanisms that generate herpesvirus genomic diversity and underlie the evolution of these virus families. We focus on human herpesviruses, with key insights drawn from veterinary herpesviruses and other large DNA virus families. We consider the impacts of cell culture on herpesvirus genomes and how to accurately describe the viral populations under study. The need for a strong foundation of high-quality genomes is also discussed, since it underlies all secondary genomic analyses such as RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation, and ribosome profiling. Areas where we foresee future progress, such as the linking of viral genetic differences to phenotypic or clinical outcomes, are highlighted as well.
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Styczynski J. Who Is the Patient at Risk of CMV Recurrence: A Review of the Current Scientific Evidence with a Focus on Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Infect Dis Ther 2017; 7:1-16. [PMID: 29204910 PMCID: PMC5840099 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-017-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an agent of global infection, and its acquisition in a population is characterized by an age-dependent rise in seropositivity. After primary infection, CMV remains in the host cells in latent form, and it can reactivate in the case of immune suppression. The risk of CMV recurrence is dependent on the level of incompetency of the immune system, manifested as an impairment of T-cell immunity, including the presence and function of CMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This article presents data on the incidence of CMV recurrence in groups of immunocompromised patients, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients and other groups of patients, based on a summary of reported data. The median rate of CMV recurrence in HSCT recipients was estimated as 37% after allogeneic transplant and 12% after autologous transplant, 5% in patients with nontransplant hematological malignancies, 14% in recipients of anti-CD52 therapy, 30% in solid organ transplant recipients, 21% in patients with primary immunodeficiencies, 20% during active replication in HIV-positive patients and 3.3% during antiretroviral therapy, 7% in patients with chronic kidney disease, 0.6% in patients with congenital infection, and 0.6% in neonates with primary infection. The highest risk of CMV recurrence and CMV disease is reported for HSCT CMV-seropositive recipients, regardless of donor serostatus. The odds ratio (OR) for CMV recurrence is higher for recipient-positive versus recipient-negative CMV serostatus transplants (OR 8.0), donor-negative/recipient-positive versus donor-positive/recipient-positive CMV serostatus transplants (OR 1.2), unrelated/mismatched versus matched-family donor transplants (OR 1.6), and acute graft-versus-host-disease versus other diseases (OR 3.2). Other risk factors have minor significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Styczynski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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