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Unraveling the mystery of efficacy in Chinese medicine formula: New approaches and technologies for research on pharmacodynamic substances. ARAB J CHEM 2022; 15:104302. [PMID: 36189434 PMCID: PMC9514000 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the key to unlock treasures of Chinese civilization. TCM and its compound play a beneficial role in medical activities to cure diseases, especially in major public health events such as novel coronavirus epidemics across the globe. The chemical composition in Chinese medicine formula is complex and diverse, but their effective substances resemble "mystery boxes". Revealing their active ingredients and their mechanisms of action has become focal point and difficulty of research for herbalists. Although the existing research methods are numerous and constantly updated iteratively, there is remain a lack of prospective reviews. Hence, this paper provides a comprehensive account of existing new approaches and technologies based on previous studies with an in vitro to in vivo perspective. In addition, the bottlenecks of studies on Chinese medicine formula effective substances are also revealed. Especially, we look ahead to new perspectives, technologies and applications for its future development. This work reviews based on new perspectives to open horizons for the future research. Consequently, herbal compounding pharmaceutical substances study should carry on the essence of TCM while pursuing innovations in the field.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two Dimensional
- 3D, Three Dimensional
- ADME, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion
- AFA DESI-MSI, Air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- Active ingredient
- CDE, Center for Drug Evaluation
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- Chemical components
- Chinese medicine formula
- Compound
- Disease Targets
- GC-MS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- HR-MS, High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- HTS, High Throughput Screening
- HUA, hyperuricemia
- ICPMS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- MALDI MS, Matrix for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
- MD, Microdialysis
- MI, Molecular imprinting
- MSI, Mass spectrometry imaging
- Mass Spectrometry
- NL/PR, Neutral loss/precursor ion
- NMPA, National Medical Products Administration
- OPLS-DA, Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis
- PD, Pharmacodynamic
- PK, Pharmacokinetic
- Q-TOF/MS, Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- QSAR, Quantitative structure-activity relationship
- QqQ-MS, Triple quadruple mass spectrometry
- R-strategy, Reduce strategy
- TCM, Traditional Chinese medicine
- UF, Affinity ultrafiltration
- UPLC, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
- XO, Xanthine oxidase
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Calvo A, Moreno E, Aldalur I, Sanmartín C, Larrea E, González-Peñas E, Irache JM, Espuelas S. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1072-1081. [PMID: 35086139 PMCID: PMC9000957 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives More effective topical treatments remain an unmet need for the localized forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical berberine cream in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major parasites. Methods A cream containing 0.5% berberine-β-glycerophosphate salt and 2.5% menthol was prepared. Its physicochemical and stability properties were determined. The cream was evaluated for its capacity to reduce lesion size and parasitic load as well as to promote wound healing after twice-a-day administration for 35 days. Clinical biochemical profile was used for estimating off-target effects. In vitro time-to-kill curves in L. major-infected macrophages and skin and plasma pharmacokinetics were determined, aiming to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. Results The cream was stable at 40°C for 3 months and at 4°C for at least 8 months. It was able to halt lesion progression in all treated mice. At the end of treatment, parasite load in the skin was reduced by 99.9% (4 log) and genes involved in the wound healing process were up-regulated compared with untreated mice. The observed effects were higher than expected from in vitro time-to-kill kinetic and plasma berberine concentrations, which ranged between 0.07 and 0.22 μM. Conclusions The twice-a-day administration of a topical berberine cream was safe, able to stop parasite progression and improved the appearance of skin CL lesions. The relationship between drug plasma levels and in vivo effect was unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Calvo
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Moreno
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irati Aldalur
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Irache
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Socorro Espuelas
- ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Tang Y, Li S, Hu L, Sun X, Zhang B, Ji W, Ma L, Qian W, Kang A, Zhu D. Hybrid Poly(AMPS-CS)-Au Microneedle Arrays to Enrich Metabolites from Skin for Early Disease Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100764. [PMID: 34028989 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, some metabolites in skin interstitial fluid (SIF) have become emerging re×sources for early disease diagnosis. However, their low level in SIF and difficulty to sampling are the biggest obstacle to further potential application. Here, a swellable microneedle array patch (MNAP) with high mechanical strength is presented, and the rapid enrichment of positively charged metabolites is achieved. The MNAP is fabricated by poly (chondroitin sulfate-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)-gold nanoparticles (GNPs) composites via a micro-molding. The negatively charged copolymer hydrogel not only enrich positively charged metabolites, but also provide swellable capacity. The in situ synthesis of GNPs in the process of copolymerization make the GNPs cross-link to the hydrogel, which further enhance the MNAP mechanical strength and enrichment efficiency for positively charged metabolites. By using the MNAP, around 5 mg SIF in 10 min from the high fat/cholecalciferol/methimazole-induced atherogenesis rat is extracted and 23 metabolites including 13 quaternary ammonium cationic compounds can be detected and quantified by using a LC-QTOF-MS. Dysregulated L-carnitine and choline metabolism are discovered a week earlier in the SIF than in the serum, achieving early diagnosis of the metabolism syndrome disease. This MNAP also helps users complete home sampling for early disease diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Tang
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Su Li
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Linyu Hu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Xuetong Sun
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Ji
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Qian
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - An Kang
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
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Briones Nieva CA, Cid AG, Romero AI, García-Bustos MF, Villegas M, Bermúdez JM. An appraisal of the scientific current situation and new perspectives in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2021; 221:105988. [PMID: 34058160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a Neglected Tropical Diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. It is a major health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world and can produce three different clinical manifestations, among which cutaneous leishmaniasis has a higher incidence in the world than the other clinical forms. There are no recognized and reliable means of chemoprophylaxis or vaccination against infections with different forms of leishmaniasis. In addition, chemotherapy, unfortunately, remains, in many respects, unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is a continuing and urgent need for new therapies against leishmaniasis that are safe and effective in inducing a long-term cure. This review summarizes the latest advances in currently available treatments and improvements in the development of drug administration. In addition, an analysis of the in vivo assays was performed and the challenges facing promising strategies to treat CL are discussed. The treatment of leishmaniasis will most likely evolve into an approach that uses multiple therapies simultaneously to reduce the possibility of developing drug resistance. There is a continuous effort to discover new drugs to improve the treatment of leishmaniasis, but this is mainly at the level of individual researchers. Undoubtedly, more funding is needed in this area, as well as greater participation of the pharmaceutical industry to focus efforts on the development of chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines for this and other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Briones Nieva
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - Alicia Graciela Cid
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - Analía Irma Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda García-Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Salta, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Villegas
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina
| | - José María Bermúdez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química, Universidad Nacional de Salta - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, (4400) Salta, Argentina.
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Fei Y, Wu S, Wang Y, Shen F, Fan G. A fast and high-sensitivity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method combined with in vivo microdialysis for quantification of meropenem in rabbits with sepsis under the simultaneous infusion of total parenteral nutrition: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5100. [PMID: 33624854 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A fast and high-sensitivity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method assisted by microdialysis was established for the determination of meropenem in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) infused plasma. A 10-times dilution was arranged for sample preparation to overcome the severe matrix effect caused by the high salt content in dialysate and complex composition of TPN. This quantification method was proved to be satisfied in selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity (R2 > 0.998), recovery, matrix effect and stability. In the optimized conditions, the calibration curve range was set from 2 to 2000 ng/ml. This validated method was applied to pharmacokinetics study of meropenem in rabbits with sepsis (induced by cecal ligation and punctures) under simultaneous infusion of TPN to simulate the clinical practice. The results demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method assisted by microdialysis can be used successfully for the determination of meropenem in TPN-infused plasma. Moreover, the area under the curve and the maximum concentrations in the plasma of meropenem in control rabbits were significantly smaller (P < 0.05), while clearance and distribution volumes were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in those with sepsis. It could be speculated that drug monitoring in patients with sepsis may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Fei
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyuan Wu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuming Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, China
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Zhu J, Zhou X, Libanori A, Sun W. Microneedle-based bioassays. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4295-4304. [PMID: 36132929 PMCID: PMC9419780 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00543f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy can be monitored via a number of established bioassays that sample body fluids to assess and monitor health conditions. Traditional bioassays generally include several steps and start with invasive body fluid extraction procedures. These steps are painful and often require specialized techniques and tailored equipment, as well as the supervision of professional medical personnel. Innovations in engineering alternative bioassays to address these shortcomings are thus desired. Microneedles (MNs) represent promising tools to sample body fluids, in view of their minimal invasiveness, painlessness, and uncomplicated implementation. Recent progress in microfabrication and materials engineering, including the development of hollow and solid MNs with uniquely optimized architectures and multi-functional materials, has positioned MN-based platforms as prime candidates for bioassay solutions. In this minireview, we summarize the studies of MN-based platforms for detection and diagnosis. We categorize the platforms based on three different mechanisms: MNs as body fluid reservoirs, MNs integrated with electrochemical assays, and MNs engineered with colorimetric analyses. A discussion of design principles for MN-based bioassay platforms is presented. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with MN-based bioassays in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 511436 China
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Alberto Libanori
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
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7
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Wu F, Zhou Y, Li L, Shen X, Chen G, Wang X, Liang X, Tan M, Huang Z. Computational Approaches in Preclinical Studies on Drug Discovery and Development. Front Chem 2020; 8:726. [PMID: 33062633 PMCID: PMC7517894 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because undesirable pharmacokinetics and toxicity are significant reasons for the failure of drug development in the costly late stage, it has been widely recognized that drug ADMET properties should be considered as early as possible to reduce failure rates in the clinical phase of drug discovery. Concurrently, drug recalls have become increasingly common in recent years, prompting pharmaceutical companies to increase attention toward the safety evaluation of preclinical drugs. In vitro and in vivo drug evaluation techniques are currently more mature in preclinical applications, but these technologies are costly. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer science, in silico technology has been widely used to evaluate the relevant properties of drugs in the preclinical stage and has produced many software programs and in silico models, further promoting the study of ADMET in vitro. In this review, we first introduce the two ADMET prediction categories (molecular modeling and data modeling). Then, we perform a systematic classification and description of the databases and software commonly used for ADMET prediction. We focus on some widely studied ADMT properties as well as PBPK simulation, and we list some applications that are related to the prediction categories and web tools. Finally, we discuss challenges and limitations in the preclinical area and propose some suggestions and prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Langhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xianhuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ganying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xianyang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mengyuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Precision Drug Design of Guangdong Medical University, Research Platform Service Management Center, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
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Gu Y, Gu Q, Yang Q, Yang M, Wang S, Liu J. Finite Element Analysis for Predicting Skin Pharmacokinetics of Nano Transdermal Drug Delivery System Based on the Multilayer Geometry Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6007-6018. [PMID: 32884260 PMCID: PMC7439786 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s261386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin pharmacokinetics is an indispensable indication for studying the drug fate after administration of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). However, the heterogeneity and complex skin structured with stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue inevitably leads the drug diffusion coefficient (Kp) to vary depending on the skin depth, which seriously limits the development of TDDS pharmacokinetics in full thickness skin. Methods A multilayer geometry skin model was established and the Kp of drug in SC, viable epidermis, and dermis was obtained using the technologies of molecular dynamics simulation, in vitro permeation experiments, and in vivo microdialysis, respectively. Besides, finite element analysis (FEA) based on drug Kps in different skin layers was applied to simulate the paeonol nanoemulsion (PAE-NEs) percutaneous dynamic penetration process in two and three dimensions. In addition, PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was verified by in vivo experiment. Results Coarse-grained modeling of molecular dynamic simulation was successfully established and the Kp of PAE in SC was 2.00×10−6 cm2/h. The Kp of PAE-NE in viable epidermis and in dermis detected using penetration test and microdialysis probe technology, was 1.58×10−5 cm2/h and 3.20×10−5 cm2/h, respectively. In addition, the results of verification indicated that PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was consistent with that by in vivo experiment. Discussion This study demonstrated that the FEA combined with the established multilayer geometry skin model could accurately predict the skin pharmacokinetics of TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingan District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhang Wang
- Institute of Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Zhu J, Zhou X, Kim HJ, Qu M, Jiang X, Lee K, Ren L, Wu Q, Wang C, Zhu X, Tebon P, Zhang S, Lee J, Ashammakhi N, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Gu Z, Sun W, Khademhosseini A. Gelatin Methacryloyl Microneedle Patches for Minimally Invasive Extraction of Skin Interstitial Fluid. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1905910. [PMID: 32101371 PMCID: PMC7182487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201905910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of interstitial fluid (ISF) from skin using microneedles (MNs) has attracted growing interest in recent years due to its potential for minimally invasive diagnostics and biosensors. ISF collection by absorption into a hydrogel MN patch is a promising way that requires the materials to have outstanding swelling ability. Here, a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) patch is developed with an 11 × 11 array of MNs for minimally invasive sampling of ISF. The properties of the patch can be tuned by altering the concentration of the GelMA prepolymer and the crosslinking time; patches are created with swelling ratios between 293% and 423% and compressive moduli between 3.34 MPa and 7.23 MPa. The optimized GelMA MN patch demonstrates efficient extraction of ISF. Furthermore, it efficiently and quantitatively detects glucose and vancomycin in ISF in an in vivo study. This minimally invasive approach of extracting ISF with a GelMA MN patch has the potential to complement blood sampling for the monitoring of target molecules from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Moyuan Qu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qingzhi Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Canran Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xunmin Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- Center of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143701, Republic of Korea
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10
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Nitroimidazole DNDI-0690 in Mouse Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00829-19. [PMID: 31262757 PMCID: PMC6709472 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00829-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitroimidazole DNDI-0690 is a clinical drug candidate for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that also shows potent in vitro and in vivo activity against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). To support further development of this compound into a patient-friendly oral or topical formulation for the treatment of CL, we investigated the free drug exposure at the dermal site of infection and subsequent elimination of the causative Leishmania pathogen. This study evaluates the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of DNDI-0690 in mouse models of CL. Skin microdialysis and Franz diffusion cell permeation studies revealed that DNDI-0690 permeated poorly (<1%) into the skin lesion upon topical drug application (0.063% [wt/vol], 30 μl). In contrast, a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight resulted in the rapid and nearly complete distribution of protein-unbound DNDI-0690 from the plasma into the infected dermis (ratio of the area under the curve [0 to 6 h] of the free DNDI-0690 concentration in skin tissue to blood [fAUC0-6 h, skin tissue/fAUC0-6 h, blood] is greater than 80%). Based on in vivo bioluminescence imaging, two doses of 50 mg/kg DNDI-0690 were sufficient to reduce the Leishmania mexicana parasite load by 100-fold, while 6 such doses were needed to achieve similar killing of L. major; this was confirmed by quantitative PCR. The combination of rapid accumulation and potent activity in the Leishmania-infected dermis indicates the potential of DNDI-0690 as a novel oral treatment for CL.
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11
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Wu S, Lan L, Jiang J, Ding X, Ho CM, Lou Y, Fan G. Simultaneous determination of the potent anti-tuberculosis regimen-Pyrazinamide, ethambutol, protionamide, clofazimine in beagle dog plasma using LC-MS/MS method coupled with 96-well format plate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:44-54. [PMID: 30784889 PMCID: PMC6447767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
LC–MS/MS method for determination of Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Protionamide and Clofazimine in Beagle Dog Plasma. Method validation was conducted according to FDA and NMPA guidelines. Hemolysis effect was investigated in detail. The method is robust and high throughput cooperated with 96-well format plates.
Tuberculosis is one of the top concerns in the world and acutely threatens human health. A new potent candidate regimen containing pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB), protionamide (PTO) and clofazimine (CFZ) was proposed by Parabolic Response Surface/Feedback System Control (FSC/PRS) system and showed excellent outcomes in vitro and vivo studies. Here, a convenient liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneously determination of four compounds in beagle dog plasma. The plasma samples, 50 μL for each, were pretreated by methanol on 96-well format plates and a further dilution step was designed to reduce predictable matrix effect and lessen the burden of subsequent analysis. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent SB-Aq column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) at 30 °C by a gradient elution within 6 min. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.2% formic acid-5 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution (phase A) and 0.2% formic acid methanol (phase B) with a total flow rate of 1 mL/min. The 30% of post-column eluant was injected into mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI) source under positive mode and multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM). This quantification method was proved to be satisfied in selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity (r2 > 0.998), recovery, matrix effect and stability. Under the specialized conditions, the calibration curves ranged from 20 to 5000 ng/mL for PZA, 1 to 500 ng/mL for EMB, 1 to 500 ng/mL for PTO, and 1 to 200 ng/mL for CFZ. The quantitative accuracy was further assessed under different degrees of hemolyses in detail. This method was proved to be robust and efficient, and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the new regimen in Beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Wu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Liai Lan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, No. 1878 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200081, PR China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yuefen Lou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University, No. 1878 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200081, PR China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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12
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Voelkner NMF, Voelkner A, Derendorf H. Determination of Dermal Pharmacokinetics by Microdialysis Sampling in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 85:e58. [PMID: 31026128 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of absorption and availability at the site of action of a drug candidate is an important element of drug discovery and development, as clinical response is a function of the bioavailability of the active agent and its continued presence at the site of action. Evaluation of dermal pharmacokinetics facilitates the selection of new compounds or chemical structures for advancement as possible clinical candidates. An advantage of microdialysis is that it allows the measurement of compound concentrations at the site of action without disturbing the tissue milieu, making it possible to determine the relationship between this important variable and plasma concentrations of the agent. Described in this unit are laboratory protocols for performing dermal microdialysis experiments in rat for the purpose of defining the pharmacokinetics parameters of test agents. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivea M F Voelkner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Neurosciences, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (RFUMS), North Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at RFUMS, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander Voelkner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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13
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Wu JY, Li YJ, Liu TT, Ou G, Hu XB, Tang TT, Wang JM, Liu XY, Xiang DX. Microemulsions vs chitosan derivative-coated microemulsions for dermal delivery of 8-methoxypsoralen. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2327-2340. [PMID: 31015760 PMCID: PMC6448538 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s191940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is one of the most commonly utilized drugs in psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for treatment of vitiligo. However, poor skin retention and systemic side effects limit the clinical application of 8-MOP. Methods Microemulsions (MEs) and chitosan derivative-coated 8-MOP MEs were developed and compared for dermal delivery of 8-MOP. Ex vivo skin retention/permeation study was performed to select the ME formulation with the highest retention:permeation ratio. Four different chitosan-coated MEs were prepared and compared with the ME formulation for their ability to distribute 8-MOP in the skin. Results Among various ME formulations developed, a formulation containing 2.9% ethyl oleate, 17.2% Cromophor EL35, 8.6% ethanol and 71.3% water showed the highest ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.98). Of four chitosan-coated MEs prepared, carboxymethyl chitosan-coated MEs (CC-MEs) and hydroxypropyl chitosan-coated MEs (HC-MEs) showed higher ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.46 and 1.84). and were selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic study. AUCskin (0–12 h) for 8-MOP MEs (4578.56 h·ng·mL−1) was higher than HC-MEs (3422.47 h·ng·mL−1), CC-MEs (2808.51 h·ng·mL−1) and tincture (1500.16 h·ng·mL−1). Also, AUCplasma (0–12 h) for MEs (39.35±13.90 h·ng·mL−1) was significantly lower than HC-MEs (66.32 h·ng·mL−1), CC-MEs (59.70 h·ng·mL−1) and tincture (73.02 h·ng·mL−1). Conclusion These combined results suggested that the MEs developed could be a promising and safe alternative for targeted skin delivery of 8-MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ge Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiong-Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tian-Tian Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jie-Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin-Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China, .,Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
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