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Dos Santos FV, Siqueira RL, de Morais Ramos L, Yoshioka SA, Branciforti MC, Correa DS. Silk fibroin-derived electrospun materials for biomedical applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127641. [PMID: 37913875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique for fabricating polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale, exhibiting multiple morphologies and arrangements. By combining silk fibroin (SF) with synthetic and/or natural polymers, electrospun materials with outstanding biological, chemical, electrical, physical, mechanical, and optical properties can be achieved, fulfilling the evolving biomedical demands. This review highlights the remarkable versatility of SF-derived electrospun materials, specifically focusing on their application in tissue regeneration (including cartilage, cornea, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and skin), disease treatment (such as cancer and diabetes), and the development of controlled drug delivery systems. Additionally, we explore the potential future trends in utilizing these nanofibrous materials for creating intelligent biomaterials, incorporating biosensors and wearable sensors for monitoring human health, and also discuss the bottlenecks for its widespread use. This comprehensive overview illuminates the significant impact and exciting prospects of SF-derived electrospun materials in advancing biomedical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vieira Dos Santos
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture, Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Luiz Siqueira
- Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Morais Ramos
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Akinobu Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biomaterials, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Branciforti
- Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza Correa
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture, Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Materials Engineering Department, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Qu J, Feng P, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Li B. Study on the Effect of Stretching on the Strength of Natural Silk Based on Different Feeding Methods. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:100-108. [PMID: 34918508 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silk is an important biological protein fiber, which has been widely developed and used in textile and biomedical fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. Strength is an important indicator that determines the value and use of silk. Although investigations have been made on the mechanical properties of silkworm silks and their dependence relationship with the microstructures, the variation of silk strength formed in the process of silkworm spinning has not been reported. By feeding the same strain of silkworms with mulberry leaves, mulberry leaves + artificial feed, and artificial feed, silks with three filament sizes were obtained, respectively. The tensile test results showed that the strength and filament size of silk are inversely proportional. The structure and fibrosis process of different-strength silks were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with ordinary silk, the β-sheet and crystallinity content of high-strength silk is higher, indicating that its fibrosis process is more sufficient. We proposed that the stretched degree of silk protein determines its structure and properties. During the spinning process of individual silkworms, the secretion of silk protein is not stable, which will cause changes in the stretched degree. The measurement results of the intraindividual stretched degree and strength verified that the degree of stretch determines the strength of the silk. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of the properties of silk protein but also is of interest for the design and development of advanced biomimetic silk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Qu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.,Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Zou S, Wang X, Fan S, Yao X, Zhang Y, Shao H. Electrospun regenerated Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin scaffolds with improved pore size, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility using mesh collectors. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5514-5527. [PMID: 34152355 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Generally, electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds collected by traditional plates present limited pore size and mechanical properties, which may restrict their biomedical applications. Herein, regenerated Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (RASF) with excellent inherent cell adhesion property was chosen as a raw material and the conductive metal meshes were used as collectors to prepare modified RASF scaffolds by electrospinning from its aqueous solution. A traditional intact plate was used as a control. The morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained scaffolds were investigated. Schwann cells were further used to assess the cytocompatibility and cell migration ability of the typical scaffolds. Interestingly, compared with the traditional intact plate, the mesh collector with an appropriate gap size (circa 7 mm) could significantly improve the pore size, porosity and mechanical properties of the RASF scaffolds simultaneously. In addition, the scaffold collected under this condition (RASF-7mmG) showed higher cell viability, deeper cell permeation and faster cell migration of Schwann cells. Combined with the excellent inherent properties of ASF and the obviously enhanced scaffold cytocompatibility and mechanical properties, the RASF-7mmG scaffold is expected to be a candidate with great potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China. and Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials and Advanced Medical Devices, Faculty of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Guo K, Zhang X, Dong Z, Ni Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li H, Xia Q, Zhao P. Ultrafine and High-Strength Silk Fibers Secreted by Bimolter Silkworms. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2537. [PMID: 33143336 PMCID: PMC7693878 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine fibers are widely employed because of their lightness, softness, and warmth retention. Although silkworm silk is one of the most applied natural silks, it is coarse and difficult to transform into ultrafine fibers. Thus, to obtain ultrafine high-performance silk fibers, we employed anti-juvenile hormones in this study to induce bimolter silkworms. We found that the bimolter cocoons were composed of densely packed thin fibers and small apertures, wherein the silk diameter was 54.9% less than that of trimolter silk. Further analysis revealed that the bimolter silk was cleaner and lighter than the control silk. In addition, it was stronger (739 MPa versus 497 MPa) and more stiffness (i.e., a higher Young's modulus) than the trimolter silk. FTIR and X-ray diffraction results revealed that the excellent mechanical properties of bimolter silk can be attributed to the higher β-sheet content and crystallinity. Chitin staining of the anterior silk gland suggested that the lumen is narrower in bimolters, which may lead to the formation of greater numbers of β-sheet structures in the silk. Therefore, this study reveals the relationship between the structures and mechanical properties of bimolter silk and provides a valuable reference for producing high-strength and ultrafine silk fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuhui Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Haoyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (K.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (Y.C.); (H.L.)
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Z.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.X.)
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
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5
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Mu X, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL. From Silk Spinning to 3D Printing: Polymer Manufacturing using Directed Hierarchical Molecular Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901552. [PMID: 32109007 PMCID: PMC7415583 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silk spinning offers an evolution-based manufacturing strategy for industrial polymer manufacturing, yet remains largely inaccessible as the manufacturing mechanisms in biological and synthetic systems, especially at the molecular level, are fundamentally different. The appealing characteristics of silk spinning include the sustainable sourcing of the protein material, the all-aqueous processing into fibers, and the unique material properties of silks in various formats. Substantial progress has been made to mimic silk spinning in artificial manufacturing processes, despite the gap between natural and artificial systems. This report emphasizes the universal spinning conditions utilized by both spiders and silkworms to generate silk fibers in nature, as a scientific and technical framework for directing molecular assembly into high-performance structures. The preparation of regenerated silk feedstocks and mimicking native spinning conditions in artificial manufacturing are discussed, as is progress and challenges in fiber spinning and 3D printing of silk-composites. Silk spinning is a biomimetic model for advanced and sustainable artificial polymer manufacturing, offering benefits in biomedical applications for tissue scaffolds and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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6
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Ziemba AM, Fink TD, Crochiere MC, Puhl DL, Sapkota S, Gilbert RJ, Zha RH. Coating Topologically Complex Electrospun Fibers with Nanothin Silk Fibroin Enhances Neurite Outgrowth in Vitro. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1321-1332. [PMID: 33455379 PMCID: PMC8275559 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers are commonly used for tissue engineering applications because of their uniform morphology, and their efficacy can be further enhanced via surface modification. In this study, we aimed to increase neurite outgrowth along electrospun fibers by coating with silk fibroin (SF), a bioinert protein derived from Bombyx mori cocoon threads, shown to be neurocompatible. Aligned PLLA fibers were electrospun with smooth, pitted, and divoted surface nanotopographies and coated with SF by immersion in coating solution for either 12 or 24 h. Specifically, thin-film coatings of SF were generated by leveraging the controlled self-assembly of SF in aqueous conditions that promote β-sheet assembly. For both 12- and 24-h coatings, Congo Red staining for β-sheet structures confirmed the presence of SF coatings on PLLA fibers. Confocal imaging of fluorescein-labeled SF further demonstrated a homogeneous coating formation on PLLA fibers. No change in the water contact angle of the surfaces was observed after coating; however, an increase in the isoelectric point (pI) to values comparable with the theoretical pI of SF was seen. Notably, there was a significant trend of increased dorsal root ganglia (DRG) adhesion on scaffolds coated with SF, as well as greater neurite outgrowth on pitted and divoted fibers that had been coated with SF. Ultimately, this work demonstrated that thin-film SF coatings formed by self-assembly uniformly coat electrospun fibers, providing a new strategy to increase the neuroregenerative capacity of electrospun scaffolds. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of biomedical modification of topologically complex substrates using noncovalent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M. Ziemba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tanner D. Fink
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Mary Clare Crochiere
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Devan L. Puhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Samichya Sapkota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - R. Helen Zha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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7
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Vigani B, Rossi S, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Rui M, Collina S, Fagiani F, Lanni C, Ferrari F. Dual-Functioning Scaffolds for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Alginate Nanofibers Loaded with the Sigma 1 Receptor (S1R) Agonist RC-33 in Chitosan Films. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E21. [PMID: 31887983 PMCID: PMC7024184 DOI: 10.3390/md18010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work proposed a novel therapeutic platform with both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative potential to be used in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). A dual-functioning scaffold for the delivery of the neuroprotective S1R agonist, RC-33, to be locally implanted at the site of SCI, was developed. RC-33-loaded fibers, containing alginate (ALG) and a mixture of two different grades of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were prepared by electrospinning. After ionotropic cross-linking, fibers were incorporated in chitosan (CS) films to obtain a drug delivery system more flexible, easier to handle, and characterized by a controlled degradation rate. Dialysis equilibrium studies demonstrated that ALG was able to form an interaction product with the cationic RC-33 and to control RC-33 release in the physiological medium. Fibers loaded with RC-33 at the concentration corresponding to 10% of ALG maximum binding capacity were incorporated in films based on CS at two different molecular weights-low (CSL) and medium (CSM)-solubilized in acetic (AA) or glutamic (GA) acid. CSL- based scaffolds were subjected to a degradation test in order to investigate if the different CSL salification could affect the film behavior when in contact with media that mimic SCI environment. CSL AA exhibited a slower biodegradation and a good compatibility towards human neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Marta Rui
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
- Scuola Universitaria IUSS, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.V.); (G.S.); (M.C.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (F.F.); (C.L.)
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8
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Peng Z, Yang X, Liu C, Dong Z, Wang F, Wang X, Hu W, Zhang X, Zhao P, Xia Q. Structural and Mechanical Properties of Silk from Different Instars of Bombyx mori. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1203-1216. [PMID: 30702870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Silkworm silk has excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and promising applications in the biomedical sector. Silkworms spin silk at the beginning and end of each of their five instar stages, as well as spinning mature silk after the fifth instar. We evaluated the mechanical properties and structure of 10 kinds of silk fibers from different stages. A tensile test showed that instar beginning silk, instar end silk, and mature silk possess distinct properties. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that the excellent mechanical properties of instar end silk are attributed to higher β-sheet content and suitable crystallinity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed that P25 protein content in IV-E silk is 2.9× higher than that of cocoon silk. This study can offer guidelines for further biomimetic investigations into the design and manufacture of artificial silk protein fibers with novel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangchuan Peng
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Xi Yang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Chun Liu
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Feng Wang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Xin Wang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science Chongqing , Chongqing 400716 , China.,Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials , Chongqing 400716 , China
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9
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Magaz A, Roberts AD, Faraji S, Nascimento TRL, Medeiros ES, Zhang W, Greenhalgh RD, Mautner A, Li X, Blaker JJ. Porous, Aligned, and Biomimetic Fibers of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Produced by Solution Blow Spinning. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4542-4553. [PMID: 30387602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solution blow spinning (SBS) has emerged as a rapid and scalable technique for the production of polymeric and ceramic materials into micro-/nanofibers. Here, SBS was employed to produce submicrometer fibers of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) from Bombyx mori (silkworm) cocoons based on formic acid or aqueous systems. Spinning in the presence of vapor permitted the production of fibers from aqueous solutions, and high alignment could be obtained by modifying the SBS setup to give a concentrated channeled airflow. The combination of SBS and a thermally induced phase separation technique (TIPS) resulted in the production of macro-/microporous fibers with 3D interconnected pores. Furthermore, a coaxial SBS system enabled a pH gradient and kosmotropic salts to be applied at the point of fiber formation, mimicking some of the aspects of the natural spinning process, fostering fiber formation by self-assembly of the spinning dope. This scalable and fast production of various types of silk-based fibrous scaffolds could be suitable for a myriad of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Magaz
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore
| | - Aled D Roberts
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Sheida Faraji
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana R L Nascimento
- Laboratory of Materials and Biosystems, Department of Materials Engineering , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - Eliton S Medeiros
- Laboratory of Materials and Biosystems, Department of Materials Engineering , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Ryan D Greenhalgh
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Polymer and Composite Engineering Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore.,Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials , The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom
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10
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Vigani B, Rossi S, Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Milanesi G, Bruni G, Ferrari F. Coated electrospun alginate-containing fibers as novel delivery systems for regenerative purposes. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6531-6550. [PMID: 30410337 PMCID: PMC6198875 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s175069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the present work was to develop biodegradable alginate (ALG)-containing fibrous membranes intended for tissue repair, acting as both drug delivery systems and cell growth guidance. Methods Membranes were prepared by electrospinning. Since ALG can be electrospun only when blended with other spinnable polymers, dextran (DEX) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were investigated as process adjuvants. ALG/DEX mixtures, characterized by different rheological and conductivity properties, were prepared in phosphate buffer or deionized water; surfactants were added to modulate polymer solution surface tension. The Design of Experiments (DoE) approach (full factorial design) was used to investigate the role of polymer solution features (rheological properties, surface tension, and conductivity) on electrospun fiber morphology. A high viscosity at 1,000 s-1 (1.3-1.9 Pa.s) or a high pseudoplasticity index (≥1.7), combined with a low surface tension (30-32 mN/m) and a low conductivity (800-1,000 μS/cm), was responsible for the production of ALG/DEX homogeneous fibers. Such ranges were successfully employed for the preparation of ALG-containing fibers, using PEO, instead of DEX, as process adjuvant. ALG/DEX and ALG/PEO fibers were subsequently subjected to cross-linking/coating processes to make them slowly biodegradable in aqueous medium. In particular, ALG/PEO fibers were cross-linked and coated with CaCl2/chitosan solutions in water/ethanol mixtures. Due to DEX high content, ALG/DEX fibers were soaked in a polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) solution in ethyl acetate. Results Both cross-linking and coating processes made fibers insoluble in physiological medium and produced an increase in their mechanical resistance, assessed by means of a tensile test. PLGA-coated ALG/DEX and chitosan-coated ALG/PEO fibers were biocompatible and able to support fibroblast adhesion. Conclusion The DoE approach allowed to draw up guidelines useful for the preparation of homogeneous fibers, starting from mixtures of ALG and non-ionic polymers. Such fibers, upon coating, resulted to be good cell substrates, allowing cell adhesion and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,
| | | | | | - Giulia Milanesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,
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11
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Oguz S, Tam N, Aydogdu A, Sumnu G, Sahin S. Development of novel pea flour-based nanofibres by electrospinning method. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seren Oguz
- Department of Food Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Nilay Tam
- Department of Food Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Ayca Aydogdu
- Department of Food Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
- Department of Food Engineering; University of Necmettin Erbakan; Konya 42090 Turkey
| | - Gulum Sumnu
- Department of Food Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
| | - Serpil Sahin
- Department of Food Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara 06800 Turkey
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12
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Effect of molecular weight on electro-spinning performance of regenerated silk. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:1166-1172. [PMID: 28847607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the excellent biocompatibility of silk fibroins (SFs) and ease of fabrication of nano-fibrous webs by the electro-spinning technique, electro-spun SF webs have attracted the attention of researchers for various biomedical applications, including their use as tissue engineering scaffolds and membranes for guided bone regeneration. In this work, the effect of the molecular weight (MW) and concentration of SFs on the structure and properties of the electro-spun SF webs was examined. The fiber morphology and porosity of these SF webs were strongly affected by the viscosity of the SF dope solution. It was found that the electro-spinning rate of the SF solution could be increased significantly (7.5 fold) by controlling the MW and concentration of the SF. Interestingly, as the SF MW and concentration (i.e., solution viscosity) increased, the extent of β-sheet crystallization of the SF decreased, leading to a decrease in the overall crystallinity. The strength and elongation of the electro-spun SF web decreased with an increase in the web porosity (i.e., increasing SF concentration) and a decrease in the MW of the SF.
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13
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Agostini E, Winter G, Engert J. Scale-up of water-based spider silk film casting using a film applicator. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:13-20. [PMID: 28844898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spider silk proteins for applications in drug delivery have attracted an increased interest during the past years. Some possible future medical applications for this biocompatible and biodegradable material are scaffolds for tissue engineering, implantable drug delivery systems and coatings for implants. Recently, we reported on the preparation of water-based spider silk films for drug delivery applications. In the current study, we describe the development of a manufacturing technique for casting larger spider silk films from aqueous solution employing a film applicator. Films were characterized in terms of morphology, water solubility, protein secondary structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Different post-treatments were evaluated (phosphate ions, ethanol, steam sterilization and water vapor) to increase the content of β-sheets thereby achieving water insolubility of the films. Finally, the mechanical properties of the spider silk films were improved by incorporating 2-pyrrolidone as plasticizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Agostini
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Engert
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Kishimoto Y, Morikawa H, Yamanaka S, Tamada Y. Electrospinning of silk fibroin from all aqueous solution at low concentration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 73:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Qi Y, Wang H, Wei K, Yang Y, Zheng RY, Kim IS, Zhang KQ. A Review of Structure Construction of Silk Fibroin Biomaterials from Single Structures to Multi-Level Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E237. [PMID: 28273799 PMCID: PMC5372488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological performance of artificial biomaterials is closely related to their structure characteristics. Cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation are all strongly affected by the different scale structures of biomaterials. Silk fibroin (SF), extracted mainly from silkworms, has become a popular biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, exceptional mechanical properties, tunable degradation, ease of processing, and sufficient supply. As a material with excellent processability, SF can be processed into various forms with different structures, including particulate, fiber, film, and three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds. This review discusses and summarizes the various constructions of SF-based materials, from single structures to multi-level structures, and their applications. In combination with single structures, new techniques for creating special multi-level structures of SF-based materials, such as micropatterning and 3D-printing, are also briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Kai Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ya Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ru-Yue Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ick Soo Kim
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Lab, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Division of Frontier Fibers, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386 8567, Japan.
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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16
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Establishment of 3D culture and induction of osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts using wet-collected aligned scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 71:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Narayanan S, Gokuldas M. Influence of organic solvents on the structural and thermal characteristics of silk protein from the web of Orthaga exvinacea Hampson ( Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Chem Biol 2016; 9:121-125. [PMID: 27698949 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-016-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The silk protein from the web of Orthaga exvinacea was isolated, purified, and casted into films. This film was treated separately with methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl alcohol in 50 % concentration for about 30 min. The treated films were thus dried in a desiccator and subjected to FTIR and TG-DTA analysis. The structural studies revealed that the organic solvents induce conformatory changes in the protein film, especially the most sensitive amide I (1650 cm-1) band. This band had shifted to lower wavenumber (1633-1636 cm-1). Furthermore, the conformatory characteristics associated with amide I band also changed from random coil to β-sheet. Generally, β-sheet contributes strength to the protein film. Among the treated films, film treated with acetone showed much thermal stability. Moreover, the film treated with methanol had shown two different temperatures of maximum degradation. It is concluded that in addition to β-sheet content, various other factors such as various processing conditions and structural organization of protein may influence the stability of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajitha Narayanan
- Insect Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India 673 635
| | - Mankadath Gokuldas
- Insect Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India 673 635
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18
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A novel electrospinning approach to fabricate high strength aqueous silk fibroin nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Li Z, Song L, Huang X, Wang H, Shao H, Xie M, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Tough and VEGF-releasing scaffolds composed of artificial silk fibroin mats and a natural acellular matrix. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blend and coaxially electrospun RSF/BAMG composite scaffolds loaded VEGF exhibited good cell compatibility with improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Lujie Song
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
| | - Minkai Xie
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- P. R. China
| | - Yuemin Xu
- Department of Urology
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital
- Shanghai 200233
- P. R. China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- P. R. China
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20
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Chutipakdeevong J, Ruktanonchai U, Supaphol P. Hybrid biomimetic electrospun fibrous mats derived from poly(ε-caprolactone) and silk fibroin protein for wound dressing application. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesada Chutipakdeevong
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College; Chulalongkorn University; Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Uracha Ruktanonchai
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC); National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park; Paholyothin Road Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Pitt Supaphol
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College; Chulalongkorn University; Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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21
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Borkner CB, Elsner MB, Scheibel T. Coatings and films made of silk proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15611-15625. [PMID: 25004395 DOI: 10.1021/am5008479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silks are a class of proteinaceous materials produced by arthropods for various purposes. Spider dragline silk is known for its outstanding mechanical properties, and it shows high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and a lack of immunogenicity and allergenicity. The silk produced by the mulberry silkworm B. mori has been used as a textile fiber and in medical devices for a long time. Here, recent progress in the processing of different silk materials into highly tailored isotropic and anisotropic coatings for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, cell adhesion, and implant coatings as well as for optics and biosensors is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Borkner
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, ‡Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), §Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), ∥Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), and ⊥Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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Hodgkinson T, Yuan XF, Bayat A. Electrospun silk fibroin fiber diameter influences in vitro dermal fibroblast behavior and promotes healing of ex vivo wound models. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414551661. [PMID: 25383171 PMCID: PMC4221927 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414551661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicating the nanostructured components of extracellular matrix is a target for dermal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Electrospinning Bombyx mori silk fibroin (BMSF) allows the production of nano- to microscale fibrous scaffolds. For BMSF electrospun scaffolds to be successful, understanding and optimizing the cellular response to material morphology is essential. Primary human dermal fibroblast response to nine variants of BMSF scaffolds composed of nano- to microscale fibers ranging from ~250 to ~1200 nm was assessed in vitro with regard to cell proliferation, viability, cellular morphology, and gene expression. BMSF support of epithelial migration was then assessed through utilization of a novel ex vivo human skin wound healing model. Scaffolds composed of the smallest diameter fibers, ~250 -300 nm, supported cell proliferation significantly more than fibers with diameters approximately 1 μm (p < 0.001). Cell morphology was observed to depart from a stellate morphology with numerous cell -fiber interactions to an elongated, fiber-aligned morphology with interaction predominately with single fibers. The expressions of extracellular matrix genes, collagen types I and III (p < 0.001), and proliferation markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (p < 0.001), increased with decreasing fiber diameter. The re-epithelialization of ex vivo wound models was significantly improved with the addition of BMSF electrospun scaffolds, with migratory keratinocytes incorporated into scaffolds. BMSF scaffolds with nanofibrous architectures enhanced proliferation in comparison to microfibrous scaffolds and provided an effective template for migratory keratinocytes during re-epithelialization. The results may aid in the development of effective BMSF electrospun scaffolds for wound healing applications
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ; School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Xue-Feng Yuan
- National Supercomputer Centre in Guangzhou (NSCC-GZ), Research Institute for Application of High Performance Computing, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Jiang N, Huang X, Li Z, Song L, Wang H, Xu Y, Shao H, Zhang Y. Silk fibroin tissue engineering scaffolds with aligned electrospun fibers in multiple layers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05918b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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24
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Hodgkinson T, Chen Y, Bayat A, Yuan XF. Rheology and Electrospinning of Regenerated Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Aqueous Solutions. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1288-98. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4018319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and ‡School of Chemical
Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Chen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and ‡School of Chemical
Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and ‡School of Chemical
Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Feng Yuan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and ‡School of Chemical
Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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25
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Karahaliloğlu Z, Ercan B, Denkbaş EB, Webster TJ. Nanofeatured silk fibroin membranes for dermal wound healing applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:135-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Karahaliloğlu
- Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division; Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Batur Ercan
- Chemical Engineering Department; Northeastern University; Boston 02115 Massachusetts
| | - Emir B. Denkbaş
- Chemistry Department; Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University; Beytepe 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Chemical Engineering Department; Northeastern University; Boston 02115 Massachusetts
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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26
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Sullivan ST, Tang C, Kennedy A, Talwar S, Khan SA. Electrospinning and heat treatment of whey protein nanofibers. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Xie M, Song L, Wang J, Fan S, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Evaluation of stretched electrospun silk fibroin matrices seeded with urothelial cells for urethra reconstruction. J Surg Res 2013; 184:774-81. [PMID: 23706393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the feasibility of urethral reconstruction using stretched electrospun silk fibroin matrices. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel electrospun silk fibroin matrix was prepared. The structure of the material was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and a porosity test. Canine urothelial cells were isolated, expanded, and seeded onto the material for 1 wk to obtain a tissue-engineered graft. The tissue-engineered graft was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy. A dorsal urethral mucosal defect was created in nine female beagle dogs. In the experimental group, tissue-engineered mucosa was used to repair urethra mucosa defects in six dogs. No substitute was used in the three dogs of the control group. Retrograde urethrography was performed at 1, 2, and 6 mo after grafting. The urethral grafts were analyzed grossly and histologically. RESULTS Scanning electron microscope and a porosity test revealed that the material had a three-dimensional porous structure. Urothelial cells grew on the material and showed good biocompatibility with the stretched silk fibroin matrices. Canines implanted with tissue-engineered mucosa voided without difficulty. Retrograde urethrography revealed no signs of stricture. Histologic staining showed gradual epithelial cell development and stratified epithelial layers at 1, 2, and 6 mo. The canines in the control group showed difficulty in voiding. Retrograde urethrography showed urethra stricture. Histologic staining showed that no or only one layer of epithelial cells developed. A severe inflammatory reaction was also observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Stretched electrospun silk fibroin matrices have good biocompatibility with urothelial cells, which could prove to be a potential material for use in urethra reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkai Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
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28
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Development of electrospun beaded fibers from Thai silk fibroin and gelatin for controlled release application. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 55:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Motta A, Segnana P, Verin L, Monica SL, Fumarola C, Bucci G, Gussago F, Cantoni AM, Ampollini L, Migliaresi C. Physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of two fibroin materials. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:874-85. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Motta
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Trento Italy
| | - Paola Segnana
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; Italy
| | - Lucia Verin
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Trento Italy
| | - Silvia La Monica
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Pathology and Immunology; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Claudia Fumarola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Pathology and Immunology; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Giovanna Bucci
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Francesca Gussago
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery Unit; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Animal Health, Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Thoracic Surgery Unit; University of Parma; Italy
| | - Claudio Migliaresi
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies and Biotech Research Centre; University of Trento; Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Trento Italy
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Pan H, Zhang Y, Hang Y, Shao H, Hu X, Xu Y, Feng C. Significantly reinforced composite fibers electrospun from silk fibroin/carbon nanotube aqueous solutions. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2859-67. [PMID: 22881188 DOI: 10.1021/bm300877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcomposite fibers of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were successfully prepared by an electrospinning process from aqueous solutions. A quiescent blended solution and a three-dimensional Raman image of the composite fibers showed that functionalized MWNTs (F-MWNTs) were well dispersed in the solutions and the RSF fibers, respectively. Raman spectra and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns of RSF/F-MWNT electrospun fibers indicated that the composite fibers had higher β-sheet content and crystallinity than the pure RSF electrospun fibers, respectively. The mechanical properties of the RSF electrospun fibers were improved drastically by incorporating F-MWNTs. Compared with the pure RSF electrospun fibers, the composite fibers with 1.0 wt % F-MWNTs exhibited a 2.8-fold increase in breaking strength, a 4.4-fold increase in Young's modulus, and a 2.1-fold increase in breaking energy. Cytotoxicity test preliminarily demonstrated that the electrospun fiber mats have good biocompatibility for tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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31
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Synthetic/Biopolymer Nanofibrous Composites as Dynamic Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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32
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Electrospun scaffolds of self-assembling peptides with poly(ethylene oxide) for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2526-32. [PMID: 21345384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural, mechanical and biochemical properties have to be considered when searching for suitable extracellular matrix substitutes. Fibrous structures of synthetic or natural polymers have received increasing interest as three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications as they can be easily produced by electrospinning with different topographical features by changing the process parameters. On the other hand, the nanobiotechnology approach suggests mimicking molecular architectures in nature through self-assembly. In particular, self-assembling peptide-based biomaterials have been successfully used as scaffolds for cell growth. In order to amalgamate these two strategies nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds of hybrid polymer were designed and obtained by mixing poly(ethylene oxide) and self-assembling peptides in aqueous solution. The results of in vitro osteoblast adhesion and proliferation assays on the electrospun scaffolds obtained using different self-assembling peptide sequences are discussed.
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Silk fibroin as a vehicle for drug delivery applications. J Control Release 2011; 150:128-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Cell-culture compatible silk fibroin scaffolds concomitantly patterned by freezing conditions and salt concentration. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Dong Z. Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of electrospinning heparin-modified silk fibroin nanofibers. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 48:345-53. [PMID: 21182858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the electrospun silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds were modified with heparin by grafting after plasma treatment and blending electrospinning. Morphology, microstructure, chemical composition and grafting efficiency of the heparin-modified silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds were characterized to evaluate the effect of modification by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The results showed that the heparin was successfully introduced to the silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds by both the two kinds of modification, and there was a hydrogen bonding between the silk fibroin and heparin. Moreover, the hydrophilicity, O-containing groups and negative charge density of the heparin-modified scaffolds were enhanced. In vitro coagulation time tests showed that the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) of the heparin-modified scaffolds were much higher than those of the pure silk fibroin scaffolds. L929 fibroblasts and EVCs spread and proliferated better on the heparin-modified scaffolds than on the pure silk fibroin scaffolds. Macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes were not observed in the heparin-modified scaffolds, which indicated that the modified scaffolds could induce minor inflammation in vivo. The results indicated that the electrospun heparin-modified silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds could be considered as ideal candidates for tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 178 East Ganjiang Road, Suzhou 215021, China
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36
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Das AM. Kinetic Study and Reaction Mechanism of Vinyl Monomer Modified Antheraea assama Silk Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100867g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Das
- North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat 785 006, Assam, India
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Zhang K, Mo X, Huang C, He C, Wang H. Electrospun scaffolds from silk fibroin and their cellular compatibility. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 93:976-83. [PMID: 19722283 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning offers an attractive opportunity for producing silk fibroin (SF) nano/micro fibrous scaffolds with potential for tissue regeneration and repair. Electrospun scaffolds of silk fibroin were fabricated as a biomimetic scaffold for tissue engineering. The morphology of the electrospun scaffolds was investigated with SEM and AFM. The SEM images indicated that electrospun SF fibers were ribbon-shaped and the average width increased with increasing SF concentrations. The AFM images revealed that, after treated with methanol, there was a groove on the surface of fiber, which is conducive to cell attachment. The structure of electrospun SF fibers was characterized by NMR, WAXD, and DSC. The results displayed that SF in electrospun fibers was present in a random coil conformation, SF conformation transformed from random coil to beta-sheet when treated with methanol. Cell attachment and proliferation studies with pig iliac endothelial cells (PIECs) demonstrated that electrospun SF scaffolds significantly promoted cell attachment and proliferation in comparison with cast SF films. These results suggest electrospun SF scaffolds may be potential candidates for cardiovascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, DongHua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Siri S, Maensiri S. Alternative biomaterials: Natural, non-woven, fibroin-based silk nanofibers of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:529-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Amiraliyan N, Nouri M, Haghighat Kish M. Structural characterization and mechanical properties of electrospun silk fibroin nanofiber mats. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x10040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang X, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL. Electrospun silk biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:988-1006. [PMID: 19643154 PMCID: PMC2774469 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a versatile technique that enables the development of nanofiber-based biomaterial scaffolds. Scaffolds can be generated that are useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine since they mimic the nanoscale properties of certain fibrous components of the native extracellular matrix in tissues. Silk is a natural protein with excellent biocompatibility, remarkable mechanical properties as well as tailorable degradability. Integrating these protein polymer advantages with electrospinning results in scaffolds with combined biochemical, topographical and mechanical cues with versatility for a range of biomaterial, cell and tissue studies and applications. This review covers research related to electrospinning of silk, including process parameters, post treatment of the spun fibers, functionalization of nanofibers, and the potential applications for these material systems in regenerative medicine. Research challenges and future trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Fu C, Shao Z, Fritz V. Animal silks: their structures, properties and artificial production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6515-29. [DOI: 10.1039/b911049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Inspiration from Natural Silks and Their Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(08)00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kundu J, Dewan M, Ghoshal S, Kundu SC. Mulberry non-engineered silk gland protein vis-à-vis silk cocoon protein engineered by silkworms as biomaterial matrices. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2679-2689. [PMID: 18283532 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin from silk gland of Bombyx mori 5th instar larvae was utilized to fabricate films, which may find possible applications as two-dimensional matrices for tissue engineering. Bombyx mori cocoon fibroin is well characterized as potential biomaterial by virtue of its good mechanical strength, water stability, thermal properties, surface roughness and biocompatibility. The present study aims to characterize the biophysical, thermal, mechanical, rheological, swelling properties along with spectroscopic analysis, surface morphology and biocompatibility of the silk gland fibroin films compared with cocoon fibroin. Fibroin solutions showed increased turbidity and shear thinning at higher concentration. The films after methanol treatment swelled moderately and were less hydrophilic compared to the untreated. The spectroscopic analysis of the films illustrated the presence of various amide peaks and conformational transition from random coil to beta sheet on methanol treatment. X-ray diffraction studies also confirmed the secondary structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed distinct weight loss of the films. The films were mechanically stronger and AFM studies showed surfaces were rougher on methanol treatment. The matrices were biocompatible and supported L929 mouse fibroblast cell growth and proliferation. The results substantiate the silk gland fibroin films as potential biomaterial matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
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Zhu J, Zhang Y, Shao H, Hu X. Electrospinning and rheology of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin aqueous solutions: The effects of pH and concentration. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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