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Li Y, Pu R. Ozone Therapy for Breast Cancer: An Integrative Literature Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354241226667. [PMID: 38258533 PMCID: PMC10807353 DOI: 10.1177/15347354241226667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in women. Despite significant advances in conventional treatment, additional safer complementary treatment options are needed. Recently, ozone therapy has been considered as a type of medical adjunctive treatment that could inhibit cancer cell survival and reduce chemoresistance. However, only a few studies have been conducted on its use in breast cancer, and the optimal dosage and time of administration are unknown. Currently, preclinical studies suggest that ozone alone or in combination with chemotherapy is an effective method for inhibiting breast cancer cell growth. However, rather than investigating the effects of ozone as an antitumor therapy, current clinical trials have generally assessed its effect as an adjunctive therapy for reducing chemotherapy-induced side effects, increasing oxygen tension, normalizing blood flow, restoring blood lymphocytes more rapidly, and reducing fatigue symptoms. In this article, the use of ozone as a medical adjunctive treatment for breast cancer and its role in integrative therapy are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchu Li
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Chengdu Fuxing Hospital, Chengdu, China
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2
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Inguscio CR, Cisterna B, Carton F, Barberis E, Manfredi M, Malatesta M. Modifications of Blood Molecular Components after Treatment with Low Ozone Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17175. [PMID: 38139004 PMCID: PMC10742958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ex vivo treatment of a limited volume of blood with gaseous oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) mixtures and its rapid reinfusion into the patient is a widespread medical procedure. O3 instantly reacts with the blood's antioxidant systems, disappearing before reinfusion, although the molecules formed act as messengers in the organism, inducing multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. An appropriate dose of O3 is obviously essential to ensure both safety and therapeutic efficacy, and in recent years, the low-dose O3 concept has led to a significant reduction in the administered O3 concentrations. However, the molecular events triggered by such low concentrations in the blood still need to be fully elucidated. In this basic study, we analysed the molecular modifications induced ex vivo in sheep blood by 5 and 10 µg O3/mL O2 by means of a powerful metabolomics analysis in association with haemogas, light microscopy and bioanalytical assays. This combined approach revealed increased oxygenation and an increased antioxidant capacity in the O3-treated blood, which accorded with the literature. Moreover, original information was obtained on the impact of these low O3 concentrations on the metabolic pathways of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides, with the modified metabolites being mostly involved in the preservation of the oxidant-antioxidant balance and in energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rita Inguscio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.R.I.); (B.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Barbara Cisterna
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.R.I.); (B.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Flavia Carton
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.R.I.); (B.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Elettra Barberis
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.R.I.); (B.C.); (F.C.)
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3
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Viebahn-Haensler R, León Fernández OS. Ozone as Redox Bioregulator in Preventive Medicine: The Molecular and Pharmacological Basis of the Low-Dose Ozone Concept-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15747. [PMID: 37958730 PMCID: PMC10650789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The best form of prevention against human infection through bacteria, viruses, and other parasites is ozone disinfection of wastewater and drinking water as a highly effective, well-known method. Various preclinical studies showed promising results, which are being revisited and reconsidered in times of pandemics and led to interesting results in recent clinical trials and reports, as presented by the example of protective measures against COVID-19 in particularly vulnerable clinical personnel. The application of ozone in the form of the low-dose concept induces its regulation by interference of ozone or its peroxides into the redox equilibrium of the biological system, which finally results in the restoration of the glutathione equilibrium. The antioxidant system is activated, the immune system is modulated, and thus the defense mechanisms are improved. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, repeated ozone treatments have led to new findings in "immunomodulation" through ozone. The more effective immune response is discussed as the response of innate immune memory and opens interesting aspects for complementary treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Naderi Beni R, Hassani-Nejad Pirkouhi Z, Mehraban F, Seyedarabi A. A Novel Molecular Approach for Enhancing the Safety of Ozone in Autohemotherapy and Insights into Heme Pocket Autoxidation of Hemoglobin. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20714-20729. [PMID: 37332819 PMCID: PMC10269247 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Major ozone autohemotherapy (MAH) is a popular clinical practice for treating a variety of pathological conditions due to the mild and controlled oxidative stress produced by the reaction of ozone gas with other biological components. Previous studies have shown that blood ozonation leads to structural changes in hemoglobin (Hb); therefore, in the present study, the molecular effects of ozonation on Hb of a healthy individual were assessed by ozonating whole blood samples with single doses of ozone at 40, 60, and 80 μg/mL or double doses of ozone at 20 + 20, 30 + 30, and 40 + 40 μg/mL ozone to investigate whether ozonating once versus twice (but with the same final ozone concentration) would have varying effects on Hb. Additionally, our study aimed to verify whether using a very high ozone concentration (80 + 80 μg/mL), despite mixing it with blood in two steps, would result in Hb autoxidation. The pH, oxygen partial pressure, and saturation percentage of the whole blood samples were measured through a venous blood gas test, and the purified Hb samples were analyzed using several techniques including intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV-vis absorption spectroscopies, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and a zeta potential analyzer. Structural and sequence analyses were also used to study the Hb heme pocket autoxidation sites and the residues involved. The results showed that the oligomerization and instability of Hb can be reduced if the ozone concentration to be used in MAH is divided into two doses. Indeed, our study demonstrated that two-step ozonation with 20, 30, and 40 μg/mL of ozone instead of single-dose ozonation with 40, 60, and 80 μg/mL of ozone reduced the potential adverse effects of ozone on Hb including protein instability and oligomerization. Moreover, it was found that for certain residues, their orientation or displacement leads to the entry of excess water molecules into the heme moiety, which can contribute to Hb autoxidation. Additionally, the autoxidation rate was found to be higher in alpha globins compared to beta globins.
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Orlandin JR, Pinto Santos SI, Machado LC, Neto PF, Bressan FF, Godoy Pieri NC, Recchia K, de Paula Coutinho M, Ferreira Pinto PA, Santucci A, Travagli V, Ambrosio CE. Evaluation of targeted oxidative stress induced by oxygen-ozone in vitro after ischemic induction. Redox Rep 2022; 27:259-269. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2143104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodrigues Orlandin
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sarah Ingrid Pinto Santos
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Cristina Machado
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato Neto
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaiana Recchia
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meline de Paula Coutinho
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valter Travagli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrosio
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science & Food Engineering, University of San Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
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Liu L, Zeng L, Gao L, Zeng J, Lu J. Ozone therapy for skin diseases: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Int Wound J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Liyue Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University Changsha Hunan People's Republic of China
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7
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Cenci A, Macchia I, La Sorsa V, Sbarigia C, Di Donna V, Pietraforte D. Mechanisms of Action of Ozone Therapy in Emerging Viral Diseases: Immunomodulatory Effects and Therapeutic Advantages With Reference to SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:871645. [PMID: 35531273 PMCID: PMC9069003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.871645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical oxygen-ozone (O2-O3) is a successful therapeutic approach accounting on the assessed beneficial action of ozone in the range 30–45 μg/ml (expanded range 10–80 μg/ml according to different protocols), as in this dosage range ozone is able to trigger a cellular hormetic response via the modulating activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as signaling molecules. The ozone-dependent ROS-mediated fatty acid oxidation leads to the formation of lipid ozonization products (LOPs), which act as signal transducers by triggering ROS signaling and therefore mitohormetic processes. These processes ultimately activate survival mechanisms at a cellular level, such as the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE system activation, the AMPK/FOXO/mTOR/Sir1 pathway and the Nrf2/NF-kB cross talk. Furthermore, indirectly, via these pathways, LOPs trigger the HIF-1α pathway, the HO-1 signaling and the NO/iNOS biochemical machinery. Ozone-driven shift of cytokine activation pathways, from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory immediately afterwards, also exert direct immunoregulatory effects on regulatory T lymphocytes as well as on the intestinal microbiota, which in turn can affect immune response thus influencing the progression of the disease. In this review, we will describe the biological and biochemical mechanisms of action of ozone therapy with the aim of evaluating both positive and critical aspects of ozone use as a therapeutic adjuvant in the light of emerging viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2 and microbiome-associated disorders related to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cenci
- Core Facilities, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Cenci,
| | - Iole Macchia
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina La Sorsa
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Camargo Ferreira J, Silva Amaral R, Mara Cardoso L, Panelli Marchió S, Aldrovani Rodrigues M, Fonseca Alves CE, de Meira C. Endometrial angiogenesis induced by uterine insufflation with an oxygen-ozone gas mixture in mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1176-1183. [PMID: 34021934 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O3 ) therapy has been used to improve peripheral tissue oxygenation in humans and domestic animals. The goal of the present study was to characterize histological changes in the endometria of healthy equines following tissue exposure to gas mixtures enriched with different concentrations of O3 . Cycling mares without endometrial degeneration were divided into three groups according to treatment (n = 9 mares/group). The uteri from the O3 , ½O3 and control groups were insufflated for 3 min with gas containing 42, 21 and 0 μg O3 ml-1 , respectively. Treatments were performed every three days from D0 to D6. Endometrial samples were collected immediately before the first treatment and 24 hr after the last treatment. The following nine histological parameters were evaluated: (i) the number of endometrial blood vessels, (ii) endometrial vascular degree (EVD), (iii) increase rate of blood vessels, (iv) increase rate of EVD, (v) glandular total area, (vi) glandular lumen area, (vii) intraglandular secretion area, (viii) glandular epithelial height and (ix) luminal epithelial height. In the O3 group, a positive effect from treatment (p < .01) was detected for all vascular parameters (i, ii, iii and iv), glandular total area, intraglandular secretion area and glandular epithelial height. Compared to the control group, the ½O3 group had greater (p < .01) EVD (84.1 ± 12%) and a higher increase rate of blood vessels (151.9 ± 47.1%). Uterine insufflation with low or intermediate concentrations of the O2 -O3 gas mixture induced endometrial angiogenesis. Morphometry, but not morphology, of the endometrial glands was affected by local O3 therapy. These findings would be of great significance for the development of new therapies for infertility in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Silva Amaral
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Science, University of Franca, Franca, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cezinande de Meira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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de Sire A, Agostini F, Lippi L, Mangone M, Marchese S, Cisari C, Bernetti A, Invernizzi M. Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in the Rehabilitation Field: State of the Art on Mechanisms of Action, Safety and Effectiveness in Patients with Musculoskeletal Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030356. [PMID: 33652804 PMCID: PMC7996934 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in oxygen–ozone (O2O3) therapy application has considerably increased in the field of rehabilitation. Despite its widespread use in common clinical practice, the biochemical effects of O2O3 are still far from being understood, although its chemical properties seem to play a pivotal role in exerting its positive effects on different pathological conditions. Indeed, the effectiveness of O2O3 therapy might be partly due to the moderate oxidative stress produced by O3 interactions with biological components. O2O3 therapy is widely used as an adjuvant therapeutic option in several pathological conditions characterized by chronic inflammatory processes and immune over-activation, and most musculoskeletal disorders share these pathophysiological processes. The present comprehensive review depicts the state-of-the-art on the mechanisms of action, safety and effectiveness of O2O3 therapy in the complex scenario of the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Taken together, our findings suggest that O2O3 therapy seems to reduce pain and improve functioning in patients affected by low back pain and knee osteoarthritis, as reported by several studies in the literature. However, to date, further studies are warranted to clearly investigate the therapeutic effects of this promising therapy on other musculoskeletal disorders in the field of rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Sire
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-096-136-9768
| | - Francesco Agostini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Lorenzo Lippi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Massimiliano Mangone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Simone Marchese
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Carlo Cisari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.I.)
| | - Andrea Bernetti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (C.C.); (M.I.)
- Infrastruttura Ricerca Formazione Innovazione (IRFI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Mehraban F, Rayati S, Mirzaaghaei V, Seyedarabi A. Highlighting the Importance of Water Alkalinity Using Phosphate Buffer Diluted With Deionized, Double Distilled and Tap Water, in Lowering Oxidation Effects on Human Hemoglobin Ozonated at High Ozone Concentrations in vitro. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:543960. [PMID: 33195405 PMCID: PMC7580503 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.543960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In autohemotherapy, it is important to find a way to lower the effects of oxidation, especially at high concentrations of ozone. One of the parameters, other than ozone concentration, which can have a significant effect on the stability and rate of decomposition of ozone at high concentrations, is the presence of ions in water. A number of spectroscopic techniques including intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV–VIS were used as well as SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE dynamic light scattering and water ion analysis, in order to investigate the effects of two relatively high concentrations of ozone on purified human hemoglobin (Hb) in phosphate buffer and diluted versions with deionized, double distilled and tap water in vitro. Purified human Hb and not whole blood human Hb was used in this study, since the addition of water to the whole blood would have caused the RBCs to lyse, affecting the purification of Hb for further analysis. Therefore, using purified Hb, it was possible to investigate the effects of dilution of 50 mM phosphate buffer to 10 mM phosphate buffer with different water types including non-ion containing deionized and double distilled water as well as ion-containing tap water, when ozonated at 55 and 80 μg/ml ozone. The fundamental changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of Hb were seen to be related to non-ozonated Hb samples diluted with deionized and double distilled waters, respectively. Generally, Hb oligomerization was more likely to occur at the higher concentration of ozone (80 μg/ml) and in samples where phosphate buffer was diluted with non-ion containing deionized and double distilled waters and not the ion-containing tap water. This could be explained by the presence of water alkalinity or bicarbonate ions in tap water, which can scavenge free radicals and reduce Hb oxidation/oligomerization. Therefore, it was concluded that Hb could best withstand high concentrations of ozone in the presence of the undiluted 50 mM phosphate buffer followed by phosphate buffer diluted with tap water, containing bicarbonate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Mehraban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rayati
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mirzaaghaei
- The Founder of Gardina Corporation and Manufacturer of Ozone Therapy Devices in Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Ogut E, Yildirim FB, Sarikcioglu L, Aydin MA, Demir N. Neuroprotective Effects of Ozone Therapy After Sciatic Nerve Cut Injury. Kurume Med J 2020; 65:137-144. [PMID: 31391380 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms654002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of antioxidants have been used to treat peripheral nerve injury. However, there are few definitive experimental studies of ozone therapy for peripheral nerve cut injury. We aimed to examine the effects of mild level ozone therapy on sciatic nerve regeneration. One hundred adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1 (n=20) no cut injury or therapy; group 2 (n=20) sham; group 3 (n=30) nerve cut injury, no therapy; group 4 (n=30) nerve cut injury and ozone therapy. Sciatic functional index (SFI) and withdrawal reflex (WDR) were measured for all groups before nerve cut, at postoperative day 1, and at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. More myelinated (M) nerve fibers were observed after nerve cut injury in the ozone-therapy group. Significant differences were seen in plasma SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) activities (p<0.05), and significant functional improvement was observed at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 (p<0.05) after ozone treatment. This is the first study conducted for the purpose of examining the effects of ozone therapy on sciatic nerve cut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University
| | | | | | | | - Necdet Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University
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12
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Mehraban F, Seyedarabi A, Ahmadian S, Mirzaaghaei V, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Personalizing the safe, appropriate and effective concentration(s) of ozone for a non-diabetic individual and four type II diabetic patients in autohemotherapy through blood hemoglobin analysis. J Transl Med 2019; 17:227. [PMID: 31311548 PMCID: PMC6636166 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with many problems and high costs. In recent decades, a lot of research has been carried out in order to improve methods of treatment of diabetic patients. One of the currently used complementary therapies for diabetes is ozone therapy or autohemotherapy. The beneficial effects of ozone has been proven in many diseases such as diabetes, but the critical issue is the determination of the safe and effective concentration of ozone reacting with blood and in particular hemoglobin. Methods A number of spectroscopic techniques including intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV–VIS spectroscopies were used as well as SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and dynamic light scattering to analyze the effect of ozonation on hemoglobin of a non-diabetic individual and four diabetic patients in order to find the appropriate concentration(s) of ozone for personalized autohemotherapy. Results In this study, we determined the personalized concentration(s) for a safe and effective ozonation of a non-diabetic individual and four diabetic type II patients, based on blood hemoglobin analysis. Conclusions A number of techniques were used to determine the personalized ozone concentration(s) for a safe and effective autohemotherapy based on blood hemoglobin analysis. SDS-PAGE and dynamic light scattering were identified as the two main techniques needed for personalizing the ozone concentration(s) for each individual as otherwise hemoglobin in blood can oligomerise and cause serious damage if the inappropriate ozone concentration is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Mehraban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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OGUT EREN, YILDIRIM FATOSBELGIN, SARIKCIOGLU LEVENT, AYDIN MUTAYASLAN, DEMİR NECDET. Neuroprotective Effects of Ozone Therapy After Sciatic Nerve Cut Injury. Kurume Med J 2018; 65:137-144. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.2739/kurumemedj.ms654002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- EREN OGUT
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University
| | | | | | | | - NECDET DEMİR
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University
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14
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Mehraban F, Seyedarabi A, Seraj Z, Ahmadian S, Poursasan N, Rayati S, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Molecular insights into the effect of ozone on human hemoglobin in autohemotherapy: Highlighting the importance of the presence of blood antioxidants during ozonation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1276-1285. [PMID: 30096397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone has been known for several decades, with its antiseptic and therapeutic effects determined by the hormesis theory. It is shown that the therapeutic efficacy of ozone therapy may be partly due to the controlled and moderate oxidative stress produced by the reaction of ozone with several biological components. In this study, the effect of ozone on healthy human hemoglobin (Hb) in the whole blood environment (in the presence of antioxidants) and in the purified form (in the absence of antioxidants) is investigated using a number of different techniques including intrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy as well as SDS- and Native-PAGE and dynamic light scattering. The results show that the presence of antioxidants prevents damage to Hb while its absence means that as the exposure to ozone is increased, Hb is increasingly damaged. These results highlight the importance for the use of appropriate doses of ozone, for patients with different diseases and hence antioxidant levels, in autohemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Mehraban
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Seyedarabi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Seraj
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Poursasan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rayati
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 16315-1618, Tehran 15418, Iran
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Akbudak IH, Kucukatay V, Kilic-Erkek O, Ozdemir Y, Bor-Kucukatay M. Investigation of the effects of major ozone autohemotherapy application on erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 71:365-372. [PMID: 29914015 DOI: 10.3233/ch-180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is used intensively worldwide in treatment and research of various pathologies due to its healing effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of major ozone autohemotherapy on erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. METHODS 10 and 50μg/ml doses of ozone was applied for 20 minute to venous blood samples obtained from 10 healthy male volunteers. Erythrocyte aggregation, deformability were measured by an ektacytometer. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status were measured via a commercial kit. The oxidative stress index was calculated. RESULTS Ozone at 10 and 50μg/ml doses did not alter erythrocyte aggregation. 50μg/ml ozone increased red blood cell (RBC) deformability measured at 0.53 Pa. Compared with the Control value, there was a significant increase in TOS, TAS for the doses of 10 and 50μg/ml. The increase in TAS was found to be more significant at 10μg/ml dose. The most obvious increase in OSI value was observed at 50μg/ml. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that although 10μg/ml ozone has no effect on hemorheology, 50μg/ml ozone concentration has positive effects on RBC deformability, thus circulation at 0.53 Pa corresponding to the shear stress encountered during venous circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hakki Akbudak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Vural Kucukatay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Kilic-Erkek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasin Ozdemir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Melek Bor-Kucukatay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Gai HF, An JX, Qian XY, Wei YJ, Williams JP, Gao GL. Ovarian Damages Produced by Aerosolized Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Pollution in Mice: Possible Protective Medications and Mechanisms. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1400-1410. [PMID: 28584201 PMCID: PMC5463468 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ambient aerosol fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with male reproductive toxicity in experiments and may have adverse effects in the female. However, studies evaluating the protective effects and precise mechanisms of aspirin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, or ozone against toxic effects of PM2.5 are sparse. This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effects and mechanisms of aspirin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, or ozone on fertility in female mice treated with PM2.5. Methods: Eighty-four ICR mice were divided into six groups: control group, PM2.5 group, PM2.5 + aspirin group, PM2.5 + Vitamin C group, PM2.5 + Vitamin E group, and PM2.5 + ozone group. PM2.5 was given by intratracheal instillation every 2 days for 3 weeks. Aspirin, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E were given once a day by oral gavage for 3 weeks, and ozone was administered by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 3 weeks. The levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting analysis was used to analyze the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 in ovaries. Changes in histological structure were examined by light microscope and electron microscopy was used to detect ultramicrostructure. Results: The results demonstrated that PM2.5 decreased AMH levels (P < 0.001); however, aspirin (P < 0.001), Vitamin C (P < 0.001), Vitamin E (P = 0.001), and ozone (P = 0.002) alleviated the decrease. Changes of IL-6, TNF-α, 8-OHdG, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in PM2.5 group were increased compared to control group (P < 0.001), while in PM2.5 + aspirin, PM2.5 + Vitamin C, PM2.5 + Vitamin E, and PM2.5 + ozone groups, they were statistically decreased compared to PM2.5 group (P < 0.001 or P < 0.05). Conclusions: PM2.5 cause the damage of ovaries, and aspirin, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and ozone antagonizes the damage. The protective mechanism is probably due to its ability to blunt the inflammatory and oxidative stress caused by PM2.5, which subsequently suppressing the expression of apoptotic regulatory protein and reducing the incidence of ovary apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Gai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian-Xiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment and Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - John P Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Guo-Lan Gao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Zeng J, Lu J. Mechanisms of action involved in ozone-therapy in skin diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:235-241. [PMID: 29414657 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ozone-therapy initially applied in medicine by an empirical approach, has now reached a new stage where most of the biological mechanisms of ozone action have been clarified, that refers to antimicrobial effects, immunoregulation, antioxidant defenses and epigenetic modification. Current ozone medical preparation in dermatology mainly classified as ozone hydrotherapy, ozonated oil externally used and ozone autohemotherapy (OAHT). Admittedly, ozone is widely used in various fields against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi. More recently, great progress has been obtained in wound healing which is a multiphase process that consists of three overlapping but distinct stages: inflammation, tissue proliferation and remodeling. While the exact mechanisms of ozone-therapy still remain unclear. Therefore, more evidence is required before ozone can be presented as a promising method for the management and prevention of various skin diseases. In this review, we review the application status of ozone in dermatology and summarize possible mechanisms of ozone-therapy on skin diseases, aims to shed a light on providing a series of theoretical basis for its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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18
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Costanzo M, Cisterna B, Vella A, Cestari T, Covi V, Tabaracci G, Malatesta M. Low ozone concentrations stimulate cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial activity and nuclear transcription. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2515. [PMID: 26150162 PMCID: PMC4503975 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone therapy is a modestly invasive procedure based on the regeneration capabilities of low ozone concentrations and used in medicine as an alternative/adjuvant treatment for different diseases. However, the cellular mechanisms accounting for the positive effects of mild ozonization are still largely unexplored. To this aim, in the present study the effects of low ozone concentrations (1 to 20 µg O3/mL O2) on structural and functional cell features have been investigated in vitro by using morphological, morphometrical, cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques at bright field, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Cells exposed to pure O2 or air served as controls. The results demonstrated that the effects of ozone administration are dependent on gas concentration, and the cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial activity and nuclear transcription may be differently affected. This suggests that, to ensure effective and permanent metabolic cell activation, ozone treatments should take into account the cytological and cytokinetic features of the different tissues.
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19
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Bocci V, Valacchi G. Nrf2 activation as target to implement therapeutic treatments. Front Chem 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 25699252 PMCID: PMC4313773 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic increase of oxidative stress is typical of serious pathologies such as myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic limb ischemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), type II-diabetes, age-related macular degeneration leads to an epic increase of morbidity and mortality in all countries of the world. The initial inflammation followed by an excessive release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) implies a diffused cellular injury that needs to be corrected by an inducible expression of the innate detoxifying and antioxidant system. The transcription factor Nrf2, when properly activated, is able to restore a redox homeostasis and possibly improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
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Anitua E, Zalduendo MM, Troya M, Orive G. Ozone dosing alters the biological potential and therapeutic outcomes of plasma rich in growth factors. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:240-7. [PMID: 24957247 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Until now, ozone has been used in a rather empirical way. This in-vitro study investigates, for the first time, whether different ozone treatments of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) alter the biological properties and outcomes of this autologous platelet-rich plasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human plasma rich in growth factors was treated with ozone using one of the following protocols: a continuous-flow method; or a syringe method in which constant volumes of ozone and PRGF were mixed. In both cases, ozone was added before, during and after the addition of calcium chloride. Three ozone concentrations, of the therapeutic range 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL, were tested. Fibrin clot properties, growth factor content and the proliferative effect on primary osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts were evaluated. RESULTS Ozone treatment of PRGF using the continuous flow protocol impaired formation of the fibrin scaffold, drastically reduced the levels of growth factors and significantly decreased the proliferative potential of PRGF on primary osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts. In contrast, treatment of PRGF with ozone using the syringe method, before, during and after the coagulation process, did not alter the biological outcomes of the autologous therapy. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ozone dose and the way that ozone combines with PRGF may alter the biological potential and therapeutic outcomes of PRGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anitua
- Foundation Eduardo Anitua, Vitoria, Spain
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21
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Paoli A, Bianco A, Battaglia G, Bellafiore M, Grainer A, Marcolin G, Cardoso CC, Dall'aglio R, Palma A. Sports massage with ozonised oil or non-ozonised oil: Comparative effects on recovery parameters after maximal effort in cyclists. Phys Ther Sport 2013; 14:240-5. [PMID: 23623301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effects of passive rest (PR) and sports massage with (SMOZO) and without (SM) ozonised oil on sports performance psycho-physiological indices in competitive amateur cyclists after 3 pre-fatiguing Wingate cycle and post-recovery ramp tests. DESIGN An intra-subjects experimental design with repeated measures. SETTING Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Padua. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male competitive cyclists (age: 27 ± 3.5 years, body weight: 77.6 ± 8.3 kg, height: 178 ± 7.7 cm) were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects' power output (P), heart rate (HR), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and blood lactate (BL) clearance in response to PR, SMOZO and SM recoveries were compared. RESULTS There were no significant differences in cyclists' heart rate patterns in the three experimental conditions (p > 0.05). After SMOZO recovery, athletes showed a higher Pmax (p < 0.05) and a lower perceived fatigue VAS score (p < 0.033) in the ramp test. Blood lactate decreased more at T2 (mid-time point of treatment) and T3 (final time point of treatment) than T1 (beginning of treatment) compared to SM and PR conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that use of ozonised oil during sports massage increases blood lactate removal, improves performance and reduces the perception of fatigue in cyclists from 3 Wingate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, the Physiological Laboratory, University of Padua, Italy; School of Human Movement Science, University of Padua, Italy.
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22
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Clavo B, Santana-Rodriguez N, Gutierrez D, Lopez JC, Suarez G, Lopez L, Robaina F, Bocci V. Long-term improvement in refractory headache following ozone therapy. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 19:453-8. [PMID: 23215625 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Headache afflicts approximately 10%-15% of the general population. Mixed results are obtained from various therapies, usually drugs, but also oxygen inhalation, behavioral psychology, physical therapy, and peripheral or central neurostimulation. When refractory to treatment, it has severe impact on quality of life. OBJECTIVES/SUBJECTS: Five (5) patients are presented who had suffered from severe/persistent headache refractory to standard management (including 5-HT1 agonist triptan drugs) and were treated with ozone therapy. INTERVENTIONS Ozone administration was by major autohemotherapy. The procedure involved venous blood drawn into a sterile single-use glass bottle containing anticoagulant, gently mixed with an equal volume of O3/O2 gas mixture (prefiltered through a sterile 0.20-μm filter) and slowly reinfused back into the donor patient via the antecubital vein. OUTCOME MEASURES The analyzed parameters were analgesia requirements, days of sick leave due to headache, number of headache events, and pain intensity according to the visual analogue scale (VAS); these recorded at three time points: pre-ozone therapy, post-ozone therapy, and before the last follow-up (mean: 64.6±36.8 months). RESULTS The number of headache episodes pretreatment (n=80; range 5-200) was significantly decreased during the first 6 months post-treatment (n=0, range 0-1; p=0.042) and over the 6 months before the last follow-up visit (n=1, range 0-2; p=0.043). The corresponding VAS scores were 8.7±0.8 pretreatment versus 1.1±2.5 the 6 months post-treatment (p=0.003) and versus 3.1±3.3 the 6 months before last follow-up visit (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS Ozone therapy decreased headache episodes and pain severity over a protracted period. This novel approach is effective and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Clavo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chronic Pain Unit of the Dr. Negrin University Hospital, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Ciborowski M, Lipska A, Godzien J, Ferrarini A, Korsak J, Radziwon P, Tomasiak M, Barbas C. Combination of LC-MS- and GC-MS-based metabolomics to study the effect of ozonated autohemotherapy on human blood. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:6231-41. [PMID: 23148940 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozonated autohemotherapy (O3-AHT) is a medical approach during which blood obtained from the patient is ozonated and injected back into the body. Despite an increasing number of evidence that O3-AHT is safe, this type of therapy remains controversial. To extend knowledge about the changes in blood evoked by O3-AHT, LC-MS- and GC-MS-based metabolic fingerprinting was used to compare plasma samples obtained from blood before and after the treatment with potentially therapeutic concentrations of ozone. The procedure was performed in PVC bags utilized for blood storage to study also possible interactions between ozone and plastic. By use of GC-MS, an increase in lactic acid and pyruvic acid was observed, which indicated an increased rate of glycolysis. With LC-MS, changes in plasma antioxidants were observed. Moreover, concentrations of lipid oxidation products (LOP) and lysophospholipids were increased after ozone treatment. This is the first report of increased LOPs metabolites after ozonation of blood. Seven metabolites detected by LC-QTOF-MS only in ozonated samples could be considered as novel biomarkers of oxidative stress. Several plasticizers have been detected by both techniques in blood stored in PVC bags. PVC is known to be an ozone resistant material, but ozonation of blood in PVC bags stimulates leaching of plasticizers into the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Ciborowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract
It is proposed to discuss how ozonetherapy acts on patients affected by vascular and degenerative diseases. Ozone is a strong oxidant but, if used in small dosages on human blood ex vivo, acts as an acceptable stressor. By instantly reacting with PUFA bound to albumin, ozone is entirely consumed but generates two messengers acting in an early and in a late phase: the former is due to hydrogen peroxide, which triggers biochemical pathways on blood cells and the latter is due to alkenals which are infused into the donor patient. After undergoing a partial catabolism, alkenals enter into a great number of body's cells, where they react with Nrf2-Keap1 protein: the transfer of activated Nrf2 into the nucleus and its binding to antioxidant response element (ARE) is the crucial event able to upregulate the synthesis of antioxidant proteins, phase II enzymes and HO-1. With the progress of ozonetherapy, these protective enzymes are able to reverse the oxidative stress induced by chronic inflammation. Consequently, the repetition of graduated stresses induces a multiform adaptive response able to block the progress of the disease and to improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Italy.
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Baieth HESA, Elashmawi IS. Influence of ozone on the rheological and electrical properties of stored human blood. J Biomed Res 2012; 26:185-92. [PMID: 23554748 PMCID: PMC3596068 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.26.20110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood stored in a blood bank undergoes a series of chemical changes and storage lesions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ozone on the rheological and electrical properties of stored human blood. Venous blood samples, obtained from three healthy humans, were treated with different concentrations of ozone (30, 50, 70 and 80 µg/mL) for three weeks in vitro. Ozone was generated from portable medical-grade oxygen using electrical corona arc discharge. The ultraviolet-visible absorption of hemoglobin in the wavelength of 300-700 nm showed that ozone in this range did not interact with iron ions and it was not toxic below the concentration of 80 µg/mL. The changes of blood viscosity were also measured. The electrical conductivity and permittivity, in the frequency range from 5 to 50 MHz, were measured in the control and treated samples subjected to different concentrations of ozone at different stored periods. The results showed that the conductivity and permittivity measurements may serve as a useful indicator in the quality assessment of blood samples stored in the blood bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El-Saied Abdel Baieth
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; ; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Ula 100823, Saudia Arabia
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Abstract
In this article, we scientifically evaluate the bio-oxidative procedure known as oxygen-ozone therapy. Research over a decade has established a comprehensive framework for understanding and recommending this type of autohemotherapy in vascular diseases. In contrast, a non-specific immunomodulation therapy, using heavily oxidized and denatured blood, has been recently used in studies involving a total of approximately 3000 patients and has led to 'disappointing' results. Such a treatment appears to be an inappropriate example of the so-called minor autohemotherapy, and its poor outcomes may discourage any further studies. Therefore it appears necessary to clarify that the use of only a minimal ozone dose and a valid experimental protocol is likely to produce beneficial results. Millions of people suffer from chronic limb, brain, and heart ischemia, and such patients may benefit if appropriate ozone therapy could be implemented. Accordingly, we propose the need for a well designed, multicenter, clinical trial to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velis Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Frosini M, Contartese A, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Bocci V. Selective ozone concentrations may reduce the ischemic damage after a stroke. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:612-8. [PMID: 22263539 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.659247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Stroke is one of the most debilitating diseases, and it is unfortunate that only a small percentage of patients can be treated with thrombolytic agents. Consequently, there is an urgent need of finding an alternative procedure for reoxygenating the so-called penumbra at the earliest time as possible for reducing morbidity and disability. A preliminary, preclinical study has been carried out by using rat hippocampal and cortical brain slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Oxygen-ozone gaseous mixture appeared to be effective in reverting damage of brain tissues, supporting the evaluation of this approach in well-designed clinical trials in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Universit à degli Studi di Siena, Italy
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Bocci V, Zanardi I, Borrelli E, Travagli V. Reliable and effective oxygen-ozone therapy at a crossroads with ozonated saline infusion and ozone rectal insufflation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:482-9. [PMID: 22420654 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aims to highlight the advantages and safety of oxygen-ozone therapy (OOT) and to suggest ways to enhance its acceptance. KEY FINDINGS The treatment of a herniated disk by injecting a gaseous oxygen-ozone mixture inside the nucleus pulposus is a great clinical success. However, the use of OOT lags for a number of reasons, including lack of standardization, the need for numerous treatments, lack of knowledge and even denial. Anecdotally, several million treatments by OOT have been performed worldwide indicating its usefulness, mainly in peripheral arterial diseases and age-related macular degeneration. The scepticism that accompanies the systemic use of ozone can only be overcome by demonstrating the validity of OOT in controlled and randomized clinical trials. Cheaper and quicker methods, such as ozonating physiological saline with successive infusion as well as ozone rectal insufflations, are becoming popular, however, such alternative procedures are erratic, unstable and liable to be toxic, with deleterious consequences, and are likely to discredit the beneficial use of ozone. SUMMARY The approval of ozone in terms of both therapeutic efficacy and safety will depend on the results achieved by authoritative clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Dip. di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Sagai M, Bocci V. Mechanisms of Action Involved in Ozone Therapy: Is healing induced via a mild oxidative stress? Med Gas Res 2011; 1:29. [PMID: 22185664 PMCID: PMC3298518 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential mechanisms of action of ozone therapy are reviewed in this paper. The therapeutic efficacy of ozone therapy may be partly due the controlled and moderate oxidative stress produced by the reactions of ozone with several biological components. The line between effectiveness and toxicity of ozone may be dependent on the strength of the oxidative stress. As with exercise, it is well known that moderate exercise is good for health, whereas excessive exercise is not.Severe oxidative stress activates nuclear transcriptional factor kappa B (NFκB), resulting in an inflammatory response and tissue injury via the production of COX2, PGE2, and cytokines. However, moderate oxidative stress activates another nuclear transcriptional factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 then induces the transcription of antioxidant response elements (ARE). Transcription of ARE results in the production of numerous antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, GPx, glutathione-s-transferase(GSTr), catalase (CAT), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH-quinone-oxidoreductase (NQO-1), phase II enzymes of drug metabolism and heat shock proteins (HSP). Both free antioxidants and anti-oxidative enzymes not only protect cells from oxidation and inflammation but they may be able to reverse the chronic oxidative stress. Based on these observations, ozone therapy may also activate Nrf2 via moderate oxidative stress, and suppress NFκB and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, activation of Nrf2 results in protection against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Mild immune responses are induced via other nuclear transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and activated protein-1 (AP-1).Additionally, the effectiveness of ozone therapy in vascular diseases may also be explained by the activation of another nuclear transcriptional factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1a), which is also induced via moderate oxidative stress. Recently these concepts have become widely accepted. The versatility of ozone in treating vascular and degenerative diseases as well as skin lesions, hernial disc and primary root carious lesions in children is emphasized. Further researches able to elucidate whether the mechanisms of action of ozone therapy involve nuclear transcription factors, such as Nrf2, NFAT, AP-1, and HIF-1α are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sagai
- Department of Physiology, Viale A, Moro 2, 53100, University of Siena, Italy.
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Ozler M, Akay C, Oter S, Ay H, Korkmaz A. Similarities and differences of hyperbaric oxygen and medical ozone applications. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1267-78. [PMID: 21955297 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.627331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment is based on the principle of having the patient breath 100% oxygen in an environment above atmospheric pressure. Ozone (O(3)) is a colourless gas with a specific odour and consists of three oxygen atoms. The classical scientific understanding is that the world has become a place suitable for life for aerobic organisms with the increasing oxygen in the atmosphere billions of years ago. The formation of ozone after oxygen has then protected aerobic creatures from harmful rays. We now use these two gases for treatment purposes. It is noteworthy that the oxygen and ozone molecules that are formed by the same atom in different numbers are used for similar medical indications. We will try to emphasize the similarities and differences of HBO and medical ozone applications in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozler
- Department of Physiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bocci VA, Zanardi I, Travagli V. Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship. J Transl Med 2011; 9:66. [PMID: 21575276 PMCID: PMC3125221 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze why ozone can be medically useful when it dissolves in blood or in other biological fluids. In reviewing a number of clinical studies performed in Peripheral Arterial Diseases (PAD) during the last decades, it has been possible to confirm the long-held view that the inverted U-shaped curve, typical of the hormesis concept, is suitable to represent the therapeutic activity exerted by the so-called ozonated autohemotherapy. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of human blood ozonation have been also critically reviewed in regard to the biological, therapeutic and safety of ozone. It is hoped that this gas, although toxic for the pulmonary system during prolonged inhalation, will be soon recognized as a useful agent in oxidative-stress related diseases, joining other medical gases recently thought to be of therapeutic importance. Finally, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ozone as well as the obtained results in PAD may encourage clinical scientists to evaluate ozone therapy in vascular diseases in comparison to the current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio A Bocci
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Aldo Moro, 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Simos Y, Karkabounas S, Verginadis I, Charalampidis P, Filiou D, Charalabopoulos K, Zioris I, Kalfakakou V, Evangellou A. Intra-peritoneal application of catechins and EGCG as in vivo inhibitors of ozone-induced oxidative stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:579-585. [PMID: 21111587 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as a prominent feature of many acute and chronic diseases as well as of the normal aging process. We examined the effects of intra-peritoneal administration of catechins and EGCG as in vivo inhibitors of oxidative stress induced by ozone administration in two groups of Wistar rats. The first group was treated by intra-peritoneal administration of catechins and EGCG after the administration of ozone and the second group was pretreated by intra-peritoneal administration of catechins and EGCG prior to ozone administration. We determined in blood the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, levels of copper and zinc and in urine malonaldehyde contents. Ozone administration resulted in significant reduction of glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma zinc levels and plasma and Red Blood Cells antioxidant capacity. Catechins and EGCG upregulate superoxide dismutase activity and maintain plasma and Red Blood Cells antioxidant capacity. Malonaldehyde levels at the end of the study were significantly increased only in the first group. Our data demonstrate that treatment with catechins and EGCG cannot reverse or prevent the effects of oxidative stress although some modulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Simos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Bocci V, Zanardi I, Huijberts MSP, Travagli V. Diabetes and chronic oxidative stress. A perspective based on the possible usefulness of ozone therapy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2011; 5:45-49. [PMID: 22814842 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that hyperglycemia, present in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, causes a variety of biochemical derangements leading to a diffused vascular damage responsible for several pathologic manifestations. Although preclinical and clinical studies have been performed by an unreliable administration route, the correct approach of oxygen-ozonetherapy may break a vicious circle. Messengers, released by a precise interaction ex vivo of the patient's blood with an equivalent calculated dose of ozone (0.42-0.84 mM), react with a variety of cells after blood infusion and restore a number of functions went astray. This paper aims to open a debate on this new therapy for improving the prognosis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Travagli V, Zanardi I, Bernini P, Nepi S, Tenori L, Bocci V. Effects of ozone blood treatment on the metabolite profile of human blood. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:165-74. [PMID: 20335512 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809360069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabonomic characterization of the effects caused by ozone and other stressors on normal human blood was performed. Samples of blood obtained from healthy subjects were treated ex vivo with increasing concentrations of ozone and/or with UV radiation and heat. (1)H-NMR analysis of plasma samples after treatments showed the quantitative variation of some metabolites and the formation of new metabolites normally absent. Both the increment of some metabolites like formate, acetoacetate, and acetate and the decrement of pyruvate were of particular interest. Moreover, the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the transformation of uric acid into allantoin after ozonation within the therapeutic concentration range were observed. In the ozonated spectra, 2 unidentified peaks appeared at 2.82 ppm and 8.08 ppm. They are related to the direct antioxidant activity of albumin in the presence of ozone and they could be considered as specific markers of the blood ozonation.
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone As U-Shaped Dose Responses Molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response 2010. [DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-0001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone as u-shaped dose responses molecules (hormetins). Dose Response 2010; 9:32-49. [PMID: 21431076 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox environment involves a broad network of pro-oxidant and antioxidant components. Health benefit or damage can be induced as a consequence of an adaptive cellular stress response. A consequence of hormetic amplification is an increase in the homeodynamic space of a living system in terms of an increased defense capacity and a reduced load of damaged macromolecules. Ozone, when used at appropriate doses, promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides allows them to become late and long-lasting messengers. Healthy aging may be achieved by hormesis through mild and periodic, but not severe or chronic, physical and mental challenges, and by the use of nutritional hormesis incorporating mild stress-inducing molecules called hormetins. The paradoxical concept that ozone eventually induces an antioxidant response capable of reversing a chronic oxidative stress is common in the animal and vegetal kingdom; it is already supported by findings of an increased level of antioxidant enzymes during ozone therapy. Those facts can include ozone as a hormetin. The established scientific foundations of hormesis are ready to pave the way for new and effective approaches in redox-related disease research and intervention; ozone therapy can be a good candidate.
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Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Bocci V, Borrelli E, Travagli V, Zanardi I. The ozone paradox: ozone is a strong oxidant as well as a medical drug. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:646-82. [PMID: 19260079 DOI: 10.1002/med.20150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After five decades characterized by empiricism and several pitfalls, some of the basic mechanisms of action of ozone in pulmonary toxicology and in medicine have been clarified. The present knowledge allows to understand the prolonged inhalation of ozone can be very deleterious first for the lungs and successively for the whole organism. On the other hand, a small ozone dose well calibrated against the potent antioxidant capacity of blood can trigger several useful biochemical mechanisms and reactivate the antioxidant system. In detail, firstly ex vivo and second during the infusion of ozonated blood into the donor, the ozone therapy approach involves blood cells and the endothelium, which by transferring the ozone messengers to billions of cells will generate a therapeutic effect. Thus, in spite of a common prejudice, single ozone doses can be therapeutically used in selected human diseases without any toxicity or side effects. Moreover, the versatility and amplitude of beneficial effect of ozone applications have become evident in orthopedics, cutaneous, and mucosal infections as well as in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of ozone therapy as treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2009; 123:820; author reply 820. [PMID: 19379546 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215109005350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bocci V, Travagli V, Zanardi I. The failure of HIV vaccines: a new autovaccine may overcome some problems. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:662-4. [PMID: 19223126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of an autovaccine for HIV is borne out by: (1) the present lack of a valid vaccine; (2) by a remarkable improvement of the HAART, which however does not prevent HIV mutagenicity and a consequent valid immunological response and (3) the persistence of a hidden infection ready to thrive again. The preparation of the autovaccine is described as well as the administration schedule but only a clinical study will define its validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena, Italy.
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Zanardi I, Travagli V, Gabbrielli A, Chiasserini L, Bocci V. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Sesame Oil Derivatives. Lipids 2008; 43:877-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bocci VA. Why orthodox medicine has not yet taken advantage of ozone therapy. Arch Med Res 2007; 39:259-60. [PMID: 18164976 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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